Papermaking

Miceyli Martinez
Period 1
Chemistry
GPO
Investigate the world- We are investigating the origins of how
paper is made and how it has developed since then.

Communicating Ideas - We are communicating to the class my

understanding of the history of making paper.
I can statements
I can investigate the origins of how paper is made and how it
has developed since then.

I can make paper and discover the history of making paper.

Pulp and Paper Industry
Environmental Impact

● 40% of the waste in the U.S is paper

● Pulpwood plantations and mills endanger natural habitats.
● The pulp and paper industry is a big contributor to the problem of deforestation and is partly
to blame for the endangerment of some species that live in the forests.
● 30 million acres of forest are destroyed annually.
● The life cycle of paper is damaging to the environment. It starts off with a tree being cut
down and ends its life by being burned emitting carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Economic Concerns

- The forest products industry accounts for approximately 4 percent of the total U.S. manufacturing
GDP, manufactures ​over $2​00 billion in products annually
- Payroll of approximately $50 billion annually and is among the top 10 manufacturing sector
employers in 4​5 states.
- The stable and benign global economy of the past several years is now gone. The strong growth, low
inflation, favorable interest rates, easy liquidity and positive consumer sentiment, is a thing of the
past. The current credit crisis has shaken the financial markets, undermined the confidence of
consumers and investors, and caused enormous financial damage everywhere.
History of Papermaking
- Papermaking was invented by the Chinese in 105 A.D.
- The Chinese used to use bamboo to create paper
- The paper that we know now wasn’t invented till the Han Dynasty, which
lasted from 206 BCE to 220 CE
- By the 7th century, papermaking had spread to Korea and Japan
The chemistry of papermaking
a. Basic structure of pulp and paper - sheets is a felted mat of cellulose fibres held together
by hydrogen bonds
b. Wood handling- wood is converted into chips or logs suitable for pulping in a series of
steps which may include debarking, sawing, chipping and screening.
c. Pulping - Pulping is the process of separating cellulose fibers from two separate cellulose
fibers from other components of the fiber source.
d. Bleaching - The bleaching process refines and brightens up raw pulp.
e. Recycled Paper - Recycled paper can be repulped in a relatively mild process which uses
water and sometimes NaOH. Small metal pieces and plastics may be separated during
and/or after repulping, using a debris rope, cyclones or centrifugation. Filling agents, glues
and resins are removed in a cleaning stage by blowing air through the pulp slurry,
sometimes with the addition of flocculating agents.
The chemistry of papermaking
f. Papermaking Additives - titanium dioxide, rosin, clay (kaolin), starch, dyes and pigments,
latex, Alum (Al2(SO4)3)
g. Chemical by-product - Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peracids
are always produced on-site, while chlorine (Cl2) and sodium hydroxide or caustic (NaOH)
are usually produced off-site. Tall oil, a product derived from the resin and fatty acids that
are extracted during
h. Occupational Hazards -
I. Injuries & non-malignant diseases - (from survey) injuries: workers being caught in or
between rotating rolls or equipment (“nip-points”), workers being crushed by falling or
tumbling objects, Other causes of multiple deaths included electrocution, hydrogen sulphide
and other toxic gas inhalation, massive thermal/chemical burns and one case of heat
exhaustion. non-malignant disease: chemical-induced lung injury with severe inflammation,
asthma, eye irritation, pulmonary disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Cardiovascular
mortality, glues
J. Cancer - Haematological Malignancies, Gastrointestinal Cancers, Respiratory System
Cancers
Steps in paper making
We chose to make our paper out of grass.

1. We blended the grass with water and

waited until it was liquified enough to
convert to paper.
2. We poured the grass evenly in to the
mold and made sure there were no
holes in the mold.
3. Then we left the mesh under the paper
mold and put a paper on top of it.
4. Then put papers on both sides then
grabbed a sponge and started to soak
up the excess water. Then decorated it.
5. Placed paper on both sides and ironed it
until ready.
Final Products
Joceyline -Pineapple leave

Miceyli- pineapple leaves