Term Project

Report:
• Transportation Demand Forecasting (Assignment 1 by 7 March, 2019)
• OD-Survey (Assignment 2)
• Presentation (Quiz 4)

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Sleeper
• “Wooden, cast iron or R.C.C members which are laid
transverse to the track alignment to support the rails
and to transfer the load from the rails to the underlying
ballast are called wooded sleepers, cast iron sleepers
or R.C.C. sleepers respectively”
• Earlier types of sleepers were of stone or wood and
were laid underneath the rails through out the lenght.
Cross pieces were fixed at some distance to maintain
proper gauge. These were costly, did not provide
smooth running and produced more noise
• Now a days only transverse/ cross sleepers are in use
which were introduced in 1835

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Types of Sleepers
• Timber
• Steel
• Cast iron
• R.C.C
• Pre-stressed concrete.

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 Sleeper Density
• Sleeper spacing provided on a particular railway line,
depends upon:
– Strength of the rail
– Type and design of sleeper
– Depth of ballast cushion
– Bearing capacity of the formation
– Axle loads, volume and speed of traffic
– Volume of traffic and the maximum permissible speed
– Suitable space for working of track maintenance tools
• Sleeper density is described as “n + x” where “n” is
the number of yards in a rail length and “x” is a
number dependent on factors listed above. In
Pakistan it is “n + 4” or “n + 5”
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 Functions of Sleepers
• To hold the rails at proper gauge in all situations. i.e. exact
gauge along straights and flat curves, slightly loose on sharp
curves and slightly tight in diamond crossings
• To support the rails firmly and evenly throughout
• To distribute the load transmitted through rails over large area
of ballast underneath or to bridge girders
• To provide an elastic medium between the rails and ballast and
also to absorb the vibrations caused due to moving axle loads
• To maintain proper alignment of the track
• To provide general stability of permanent way throughout
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Requirements of a Good Sleeper
• Low initial cost and the maintenance cost
• Simple fittings required for fixing the rails on to
the sleepers
• More crushing strength for the sleepers
• Should be able to maintain a perfect alignment,
gauge and levels of the rails and should afford
efficient adjustment and maintenance
• provide sufficient bearing area to hold the rail
seats and for the ballast to be supported on, to
resist the crushing due to movement of heavy
axle loads
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Requirements of a Good Sleeper
• Sleeper spacing should be such as its easy to remove
and replace the ballast during regular maintenance
• Capable to resist the shocks and vibrations caused due
to fast moving vehicles at high speeds
• Provide insulation facilities for track circuiting in the
electrified sections
• Strong enough to withstand the pressure during
packing process
• Should be of such a design that they remain in their
positions and do not get disturbed by moving trains
• Material used for the sleeper be such that it does not
attract the sabotage and the theft qualities
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Ballast
• The material used as an elastic cushion
between the sleeper and the top of he
formation, is called ‘Ballast’

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Functions of Ballast
• Provides a hard and level bed for the sleepers
• Holds the sleepers in proper position during the
passage of moving trains
• Provides to some extent an elastic bed for the track
• Transmits and distributes the moving load of the trains
from the sleepers to the formation uniformly
• Protects the formation surface from direct exposure to
sun, rain and frost
• Provides a proper drainage to the track, keeping the
sleepers in dry condition

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Functions of Ballast
• Obstructs growth of vegetation at the track formation
• Provides proper super elevation to the outer rail on
curves
• Provides an easy means for correcting the unevenness
of the track
• Provides lateral and longitudinal stability to the track
• Protects sleepers from capillary moisture of formation
• Provides a media for absorption of all impacts caused
by rolling stock

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Requirements of Good Ballast
• Should resist crushing under dynamic loads
• Designed depth of ballast should be able to uniformly
distribute the weight of passing trains on formation
• Should not make the track dusty due to powder
formation under dynamic wheel loads
• Should be reasonably elastic
• Should have resistance to abrasion and weathering
• Should be non-porous to provide durability to the
ballast
• Should hold the sleepers laterally and longitudinally
under all conditions traffic, especially on the curves
• Should be able to facilitate easy drainage to rain water

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Formation
• The prepared surface on which the ballast is laid.
It is also known as the "road bed”
• Formation level is the level of prepared surface
on its Centre line
• Formation width is the distance between the
edges of the prepared surface
• Side slope is the inclined surface of an
embankment or cutting
• Cess is that part of the formation lying between
the toe of the ballast and the edge of the
formation
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Stations
• Any place on railway line where traffic is
booked and dealt with. It includes the place
where authority to proceed is given under
system or working other than by automatic
signals. The place may be demarcated by a
level piece of ground or a platform alongside
the railway line for convenience of traveling
public

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 Stations
• Classification (Functional Utility)

– Halt Station. Serve underdeveloped traffic area

generally on branch lines and slow trains may stop
– Wayside Station. On this arrangement is made to
cross over a slower train by express train or up and
down trains. (A small railway station between the
principal stations or a station where the train stops
only on a signal).
– Junction Station. Here branch line meets the main line
so arrangement should be made to interchange traffic
between main and branch lines and clean/ repair of
vehicles which terminate at junction stations.

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Stations
• Classification (Functional Utility)
– Terminal Station. The station at which a railway
line or one of its branches terminates or ends is
called terminal station or terminal junction.
Additional arrangements include reversing of
engine (Turntable or Triangle) siding for various
purposes are needed

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Yards
• Definition. Yard is system of tracks laid within
definite limits for various purposes such as
storing of vehicles, making of train etc. In yards
movements do not follow any time table but
certain prescribe rules regulations and signals are
followed.
• Types of Yards
– Passenger Yards. Its function is to provide facilities for
safe movements of passenger. Passenger platforms
are also passenger yards. Separate sidings are
provided at junction to accommodate passenger
trains during idle period.

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Yards
• Types of Yards
– Goods Yards. These are provided for loading and
unloading of goods. Goods platforms are goods yards.
Good cannot be loaded and unloaded at all places on
the railway line. Peculiar characteristics of goods and
goods traffic necessitate provision of goods yards at
number of places along railway track.
– Marshalling Yards. The main purpose is to isolate, hold
and dispatch wagons to various destinations. Also
holds empty wagons and acts as distributing centre.

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Yards
• Types of Yards
– Locomotive Yards. Provided for cleaning repairing,
servicing, watering and oiling etc of locomotives.
• Design of Marshalling Yard. Important points to
be considered in designing of marshalling yards
are as follows:-
– Shutting operating should not disturb the timetable of
regular trains.
– Sorting capacity is the efficiency and not the storing
capacity.
– Wagons should be dispatched in given period rather
than stored.
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Yards
• Design of Marshalling Yard…….
– Wagons should move in one direction only, both
direction movements will result in non economy
and delays
– Should cater for future extension.
– Should preferably be parallel to running lines.
– Should be provided on all major railway stations,
specially converging railway lines.
– Repair facilities should be provided on one or
more sidings.

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Yards
• Layout of Marshalling Yard. An ideal layout should
consists:
– Reception Siding. These receive incoming trains.
Generally laid in the form of a grid, the Sidings being
of equal length. Incoming trains wait here for their
turn in shunting operation.
– Sorting Siding. These are used during shunting
operations and each siding is allocated to wagons
bound for different destinations. Generally laid in the
form of a balloon. The number depends upon the
number of destinations for which traffic is sorted out.

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Yards
• Layout of Marshalling Yard…………
– Reception Siding
– Sorting Siding
– Departure Siding. These are similar to reception
sidings and may be omitted where main lines are
not busy and there are large intervals between
departures of successive goods trains.

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Types of Marshaling Yards
• Flat Yard. Sorting work is done by locomotives. Suitable for
limited space but leads to more power consumption.
• Gravitational Yard. Topography of area leads to the decision as
tracks are so laid that gravitational force is used on down
grade. Wagon brakes are used to control movement of
vehicles. Moving upgrade requires use of locomotives.
• Hump Yard. Wagons are pushed to top of hump by
locomotives. Then the wagons are allowed to go down the
slope by gravity. Modern trend is to adopt such marshalling
yards as shunting operations are quicker and economical.

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RAILWAY ENGINEERING

COMPONENTS OF A RAILWAY TRACK

A PICTORIAL VIEW

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WELDED RAIL
JOINT
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Bonded main line 6-bolt rail joint on a segment
of 155 lb/yd (76.9 kg/m) rail. Note how bolts are
oppositely oriented to prevent complete
separation of the joint in the event of being
struck by a wheel during a derailment

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Fishplate between two sections
of jointed bullhead rail

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PERMANENT WAY
RAILS OVER MONO BLOCK RCC SLEEPERS 33
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RAILS OVER TWO BLOCK RCC SLEEPERS)
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RAIL JOINT
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BEARING PLATE & DOG SPIKES
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BEARING PLATE & DOG SPIKES WITH WOODEN SLEEPERS
RAILS FIXED IN CHAIR SECURED TO WOODEN SLEEPERS
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USING ROUND SPIKES
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RAIL FIXED IN CHAIR
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RCC SLEEPERS AND FIXING ARRANGEMENTS
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RCC SLEEPERS AND FIXING ARRANGEMENTS
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CAST IRON SLEEPER
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CAST IRON SLEEPER
CREEP ANCHORS

RAIL FASTENINGS

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REPAIRED AND MODIFIED SLEEPERS
FISH PLATE AND FISH BOLTS

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BEARING PLATE (BENEATH THE
SLEEPER)

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