International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com

Volume 2, Issue 3, May – June 2013 ISSN 2278-6856

Investigative analysis of repudiation attack on

MANET with different routing protocols
Amit M Holkar1, Neha Shinde Holkar2 and Dhiiraj Nitnawwre3
1
ME Scholar (Digital Communication)
Institute of Engineering & Technology, DAVV-Indore,
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
2
ME Scholar (Information Technology)
Medicaps Institute of Science & Technology, Indore
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

3
Assistant Professor (Department of ECE)
Institute of Engineering & Technology, DAVV-Indore,
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Abstract: In this paper we present an investigative analysis
of Repudiation attack that arrives at the application layer in
mobile ad-hoc network. Most of the research work in MANET
is focused on network layer attack analysis because most
attacks can be identified and its effect can be neutralized on
network layer itself. But some attacks bypasses the network
layer and reaches to affect the application layer .In this
paper, we also implemented different routing protocols for
the analysis and compare them using performance
parameters like Throughput, Delay & Load. In order to
suggest the most efficient routing protocol under the
influence of repudiation attack, we use this comparative
study. In this comparative study we found that AODV
protocol is better if we consider Throughput and Delay as
performance parameter and DSR is better if we consider
Load as performance parameter.
Keywords: Repudiation, routing protocols, mobile nodes,
scenario
1. Introduction
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a decentralized self
configured wireless system having free nodes. A MANET
also consists of mobile nodes, a router with multiple hosts
and wireless communication devices. Security in Mobile
Ad-hoc Networks always draws attention of the
researcher due to its unsecured boundaries, infrastructure
less system and dynamic & random behavior. Most of the
works in MANET have been focused on the Network
Layer attacks because the attacks can be identified and its
effects can be minimized on the Network layer itself. On
the other hand, few attacks bypass the network layer
security and reached the Application Layer. This paper
investigate the effect of Application layer attack on
Mobile Ad-hoc Network using OPNET simulator and
compare the outcomes of investigation of with and
without attacks using different routing protocols. In our
simulation, we investigate the Repudiation attack using a
misbehavior node and compare it with a scenario of nodes
applying different routing protocols.
Volume 2, Issue 3 May – June 2013
The mobile ad hoc network has the following typical
features [1]:
1. Unreliability of wireless links between nodes. Because
of the limited energy supply for the wireless nodes and
the mobility of the nodes, the wireless links between
mobile nodes in the ad hoc network are not consistent for
the communication participants.
2. Constantly changing topology. Due to the continuous
motion of nodes, the topology of the mobile ad hoc
network changes constantly: the nodes can continuously
move into and out of the radio range of the other nodes in
the ad hoc network, and the routing information changes
all the time because of the movement of the nodes.
3. Lack of incorporation of security features in statically
configured wireless routing protocol not meant for ad hoc
environments. Because the topology of the ad hoc
networks is changing constantly, it is necessary for each
pair of adjacent nodes to incorporate in the routing issue
so as to prevent some kind of potential attacks that try to
make use of vulnerabilities in the statically configured
routing protocol.
1.1 Routing Protocols
This section presents the most common routing protocols
in mobile ad-hoc networks. There are basically three
types of routing protocols which are discussed below:
1.1.1 Table Driven Routing Protocol
In table driven routing protocols each node in the network
maintains the updated routing table information by
frequent exchanging the information among the nodes.
This reduces the delay time of sending data or
information from one node to another because nodes will
spend no time in discovering the route. This type of
routing protocols approximately works the same way as
the wired network routing protocol works. The table
driven protocols are DSDV and WRP.
1.1.2 On Demand Routing Protocols
In on demand routing protocols, a node simply maintains
routes information to get destination that it needs to send
Page 356
 International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 3, May – June 2013 ISSN 2278-6856

required data packets. The routes to get their desire repudiation attack on a commercial system: a selfish
destinations will expire automatically after some time of person could deny conducting an operation on a credit
idleness, while the network is not being used. These card purchase or deny any on-line transaction [3].
routing protocols are AODV, DSR and TORA.
1.1.3 Hybrid routing Protocols
Table 1: Security attacks at each layer [4]
In this type of routing protocol is the combination of the
above two categories. In which nodes belonging to a Sno Layer Attacks
particular geographical area or within a certain
detachment from an anxious node are said to be in Repudiation, Data Corruption,
1 Application
routing area and uses table driven routing protocol. Malicious code attack
Communication between nodes in different areas will rely
on the source initiated or on-demand routing protocols. Session Hijacking, SYN
This routing protocol Include ZRP. 2 Transport
flooding
2 Application Layer attacks
Wormhole, blackhole,
Applications layer need to be designed to handle frequent Byzantine, flooding, resource
3 Network
disconnection and reconnection with peer applications as consumption,location
well as widely varying delay and packet loss disclosure attacks
characteristics [2]. Like other layers application layer also Traffic analysis, monitoring,
vulnerable and attractive layer for the attacker to attack. 4 Data Link disruption MAC (802.11),
Because this layer contains user data that supports many WEP Weakness
protocols such as SMTP, HTTP, TELNET and FTP Jamming, interceptions,
which have many vulnerabilities and access points for 5 Physical
eavesdropping
attackers. The main attacks in application layer are
malicious code attacks and repudiation attacks.

2.1 Malicious code attack 3 Simulation Environments

In this attack a malicious node attack on the operation
system (OS) of the other host node on the network.
Malicious node sent a Malware or Trojan virus in to a
victim node. These attacks are severe and cause victim
node to stop using the network resources. Malicious code
attacks are a vulnerable program that attack on host
nodes. Trojan virus infects the operation system however
Malware code copy itself on the network and keep
spreading around the network. the aim of these attack are
to constrain itself on the network and whenever a
new nodes get IP access it start itself on the operation
system on the node without giving any notice to node.
These attacks mostly seek the specific information on the
legitimate node and sent information to malicious node
which will be used to collection personal information and
specifics information to attack on other nodes.
2.2 Repudiation attack
Transport layer and network layer security is not enough
to prevent the attacker to attack on the nodes in network.
Repudiation is the attack which is by passed by attacker
from transport and network layer. Repudiation attacks
refer as denial of participation in the communication.
Repudiation attack can be seen as Malware
whereas an attacker node keep accessing the system as a
selfish node and deny any conducting operation which is
coming from system in order to communication on the
network. Therefore, the solution that taken to solve
authentication or non-repudiation attacks in network
layer or in transport layer is not enough. Example of
In this paper we have explained the investigative result
obtained from the simulation of different scenarios using
OPNET Modeller 14.5. There are four different network
scenario which we implement in OPNET and they are
given below:
1. MANET using DSR protocol without attack.
2. MANET using AODV protocol without attack.
3. MANET using DSR protocol with Repudiation attack.
4. MANET using AODV protocol with Repudiation
attack.
We compare the above scenarios by taking Delay and
Throughput as performance parameter.
3.1 Network Scenario Description
In the simulation of mobile ad-hoc networks through
OPNET we use 5 MANET node, 1Misbehavior node,
Profile configuration, Application configuration &
Mobility configuration. Attributes of MANET stations are
used as below:
1.Adhoc routing protocol-AODV/DSR
2.Packet size (packets)-infinity
3.Addrssing mode –IPv4
4.Transmit power -0.0005 (W)
5.Buffer size (bits)-256000
6.Larg packet processing-Drop
Application configuration model is used in the network
topology. The application config node can be used for the
following specification.

Volume 2, Issue 3 May – June 2013 Page 357

 International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 3, May – June 2013 ISSN 2278-6856

1. ACE Tiers information 4 Simulation result & Analysis

2. Application specification
3. Voice encoder schemes
Profile configuration model is used in the network
topology. The profile config node can be used to create
user profiles. These user profiles can then be specified on
different nodes in the network to generate application
layers traffic. Mobility configuration is used to define the
mobility of wireless stations.
We got four comparative results, two for each routing
protocol (AODV & DSR), between scenarios with one
attack and one without attack. We simulate the result
keeping simulation time of 300 sec. All results are taken
on the scale of time-average. Below we describe the
analysis of our simulated result:

3.2 Implementation of Repudiation attack

As discussed earlier, repudiation attack denies the
participation in communication. We found two ways to
create a repudiation attack by either fail a node or by
creating a misbehavior node by changing the attributes of
a MANET node so that it behaves differently from the
other nodes. By failing the node we mean completely
denying a node to communicate, but it is likely to have
one less MANET node in the network. Therefore we have Figure 2: Comparison of Simulation result of Delay in
used second option to create a Misbehavior node by MANET using AODV & DSR protocols without attack
changing the following tabulated attributes.
Above graph shows that AODV is having less delay than
Table 2: Comparison of MANET node attributes with DSR in no attack scenario
Misbehavior node attributes

Value
Value (Misbehavior
S No Attributes (MANET
node)
node)

1 Trajectory Vector None

Transmit
2 0.005 0.001
Power (W)

Figure 3: Comparison of Simulation result of Delay in

3 Data Rate 11mbps 2Mbps MANET using AODV & DSR protocols with repudiation
attack

Large In above simulated result it is shown that AODV has less

4 Packet Drop Fragment delay than DSR with repudiation attack.
processing

Figure 4: Comparison of Simulation result of Throughput

Figure 1 Scenario representing misbehavior node in MANET using AODV & DSR protocols without attack

Volume 2, Issue 3 May – June 2013 Page 358

 International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 3, May – June 2013 ISSN 2278-6856

Above graph shows that while taking throughput as a
performance parameter, both protocols are giving almost
same result but still AODV is on the higher side.
Processing and Management (IJIPM), Vol. 1, No. 1,
pp. 4-14, July 2010.
[8] Shuyao Yu, Youkun Zhang, Chuck Song, and Kai
Chen. A security architecture for Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks.

Figure 5: Comparison of Simulation result of Throughput

in MANET using AODV & DSR protocols with
repudiation attack

5 Conclusions
On analysis of above simulation results we conclude that
AODV protocol gives better result in case of both delay
and throughput. It may also be conclude that AODV
protocol performs better in dealing with Application layer
attack.

References
[1] Amitabh Mishra and Ketan M. Nadkarni, Security in
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, in Book The Handbook
of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks (Chapter 30), CRC
Press LLC, 2003.
[2] Amit M Holkar, Neha Shinde Holkar and Dhiiraj
Nitnawwre, Investigatioin of Application attack on
MANET, IJCA June 2013 edition (ISBN No- 973-93-
80875-44-0)
[3] B. Wu, J. Chen, J. Wu, M. Cardei, “A Survey of
Attacks and Countermeasures in Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks,” Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, Florida Atlantic Universitymi
[4] Amit M Holkar, Neha Shinde Holkar and Dhiiraj
Nitnawwre, Investigatioin of Application attack on
MANET, IJCA June 2013 edition (ISBN No- 973-93-
80875-44-0)
[5] B. Wu, J. Chen, J. Wu, M. Cardei, “A Survey of
Attacks and Countermeasures in Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks,” Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, Florida Atlantic Universitymi
[6] Renu Mishr, Sanjeev Sharma, Rajeev Agrawal, IEEE
2010, Vulnerabilities and Security of Ad-hoc
Networks.
[7] N. Meghanathan, “A Simulation-based Performance
Analysis of Multicast Routing in Mobile Ad hoc
Networks,” International Journal of Information
Volume 2, Issue 3 May – June 2013 Page 359