Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PIPING DESIGN
and
ENGINEERING
Sixth Edition
(Revised 1981)
ITT
rfl Grinnell Industrial Piping, Inc.
PIPING DESIGN
cnd
ENGINEERING
SIXTH EDITION
(Revised 1981)
ITT
PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
CoPYRIGHT 1963, 1971, 19?8, 1976, 1981
ITT GRINNELL CORPORATION
ll5fl]I crionell Industrial piping, Inc.
sP 3000
FOREWORD
The plan of this book has been to compile in a single publication engineering data
and technical information for the use of engineers engaged in the design and
application of pressure piping systems hitherto available only by consulting a number
of sources. To this we have added considerable material never previously published.
We have endeavored to cover, as broadly as possible, all ofthe more importantphases
of piping design and engineering.
We gratefully acknowledge our indebtedness to all members ofthe engineering staff
of ITT Grinnell Industrial Piping Inc. and theITT Grinnell PipeHanger Division who
had a Dart in the production of this material.
Page
HEAT TRANSFER 80
PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RATINGS. . . . . . . 81
Seamless Carbon Steel Grade B, A.S.Tlvt. A53 and A 106 82
Seamless Carbon Steel Grade C, A.S.T.M. A106 85
Seamless Clxomium,Silicon-Molybdenum Steel A.S.T.M. A335 Grade p1 I
1/a% Chromjtm - th% Molybdenum 88
Seamless Chromium-Molydenum Steel A.S.T.M. A335 Grad,e p2Z
2/e% Ctvomium -
1% Molybdenum
Seamless Stainless Steel A.S.TM. A312 and 4376 Grades 304 & 304H
91
94
Seamless Stainless Steel A.S.T.M. 4312 and A376 Grades 316 &316H
98
A.S.T.M. Chemical Requirements . t02
Selection of Materials
Piping and Tubing Materials. . .
103
Fitting and Flange Matedals . . to4
Bolting Materials .
105
Gasket Materials 106
Corrosion Chemical Resistance of Piping Materials.
107
Pr-esure-Temperalure Ratings for Steel pipe Flalges and Flanged Fittrngs
113
Alloy-Stee1 Bolt Stud Dimensions.
122
Numbers for Ring-Joint Gaskets and Grooves . .
124
Sugg€sted Specifications for Power Plant piping Materials
128
PIPE FABRICATION
Procedures .
129
Pipe Bending Tolerances. . . . .
130
Method of Dimensioning Welded Assemblies. . . . . 133
FabricatingTolerances. . . . . 134
Butt Welding End Preparation
Manual Shielded Metal-Arc and Automatic Submerged Arc Welding . . . 135
Manual Inert-Gas Tungsten-Arc Root Pass Welcling.
136
Butt Welding Ends to ANSI 816.25 and p.F.I. ES-1 137
Typical Details of Bnnch Connections 139
Brarch and Flange Comections t40
Commercial Split Type Backing Ring
1,41
ITT Grinaell Consumable Backing Rings
Standard Pipe Bends
Calculations of Pipe Bends
kngth of Arcs for Radius
NUCLEAR PIPING t46
PIPE HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
The Design of Pipe Hangen . . . . .
149
The Determination of llanger Locations . . . . . . 1s0
Hanger Spans
150
Thermal Movement Calculations.
153
Hangerload Calculations. . . . 1s6
Center of Gravity of Bends and Elbows 158
Selection of the Proper llanger. 162
Rigid Hangers .
164
Rollers . .
168
Typical Pipe Support Specifications 170
vl
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PIPE HANGERS AND SUPPORTS (continued)
.
Weights of Piping Materials . ......172
Materials
Thermal Expansion of Piping ......., 198
.
Insulation Weight Factors . . .,.... L99
.
Deflection of Empty Pipe . . -.....2OO
Pipe
Bending Stress in Empty .,....201
Pipe.
Bending Stress in Water Filled .....,,....202
.. . . .
Minimum Distance to First RigidHanger. ........ . 203
Beam Dimensions ....,.204
Force Applied at Hanger... ......,205
GENERAI TABLES
Thermal Expansion of Pipe Materials . 206
Propefiies of Saturated Stea.n . 206
Tamna'arrr"o h- ar^ l^' 207
BTU Content and Theoretica! Air Requlements for Combustion of Various Fuels. 207
Heat I-os from Horizontal Bare Steel Pipes . . . . . 201
Wirc and Sheet Metal Guages . 208
Drill Sizes 209
Americal National Wood Sqews 209
Tap Drills for ANSI Pipe Threads 209
Tap Dril1 Sizes for Unified and American Screw Threads. 210
Safe Loads for Chains and Ropes 211
Areas and Circumferences of Circles for Diameters in Units and Fractions 216
Table for Gauging Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks
Weight per Foot of Solid Steel Rounds
- Flat Ends 219
220
Equalization of Pipe Discharge Rates. 222
Equalization of Copper Tubing Discharge Rates . . 222
Safe I-oads on Steel Pipe Columns 223
American Standard Taper Tfueads 224
Anerican Standard Straight Tfueads . 225
General Thread Information . 22s
Bdtish Standard Taper Tlueads 226
Normal Engagement for Tight Joints. 226
TrigonometdcFormulas. . . . . 227
Natural Functions of Angles . 228
Ilardness Comparison. . . . . . 230
Properties of Common Materials.
Weights in Lbs / Ft.3 of Air at Various Presswes and Temperatues. . . 232
Specific Gravity of Gases Related to Free Ar . . . . . . 232
Temperatueconyenions ., . 233
hessureConversions . . ..,. 234
hoperties ofwater at Satuntion Pressure . . ... 235
Decimal Equivalents. . . .. . . 236
Metric ConversionTable. . . . 237
Conversion Factors 238
hoperties of Pipe 244
Index 250
vu
CODE REQUIREMENTS
Codes fo! various piping services have been developed by nationally rccognized bodies. The sound engineering
psctices incorporated in these Codes indicate the minimum safety requirements for the selection of materials,
dimensions, design, ercction, ard testing of piping systems. By means of inte4retation and revision thes€ Codes
continua.lly reflect the knowledge gained through the research and expeiience of the entirc industly.
Generaly, piping Codes form the basis for state or municipal safety laws, Compliance with a Code which has
attained this status is mandatory for a.l1 systems induded withir its judsdiction. Although some of today's
piping installations are not witiin the scope of.Lny maldatory Code, it is advisable to comply with the applic-
able Code in the intelests of safety and as a basis for contract negotiaXions. Crntracts with valious ageocies of
the Federal Government are regulated by FedeEl specifications or lules which have no direct connection with
the Codes enumerated below,
Use$ of this book are cautioned that the piping Codes are now changing morc often than in previous years.
Although the fotmulas and other data in this book are in accordance with the Code rles in effect at the time
of this pubtcation, it must be recognized that Cod€ fldes may change, and piping engineering and design work
pelfolmed in accoralance with infolmation contained herein does not provide complete assurance that all Code
rcqufuements have been met, The reader is urged to faniliadze himself with the Code Editioo and Adderda
which contain mandatory requirements applicable to his work,
The A.S,M.E. Boiler and hessure Vess€l Code is mandatory in many cities and states in the United States and
Canada. Local application of this Code into law is oot uniform, making it necessary to investigate the city or
state laws which have jurisdiction o1€r the installatiod in question. Compliance witi this Code is required in al
locations to qualify fot insuance apprcval,
Section I: "Powe! Boilers" concems all piping connections to pover boilers or superheaters including the
first stop valve on single boilels, ot including the second stop valve fo! qoss con]lected multiple boiler in-
I
stallations. Section refe$ to ANSI 831.1 which conlains rules for design and constuction of "boile!
extemal piping". "Boiler extemal piping" is under the julisdiction of Section I and requfues inspection and
code stamping in accordance with Section I even though the flrles fo! its design and construction are con-
tained in ANSI 831.1.
Section II: "Matedal Specifications" gives detailed specilications of the materiat which are acceptable under
this Code.
Section III "Nuclear Components " co'Icems all nuclear piping. ft is the responsibility of the designer to
determine whether or not a particular piping $ystem is "nuclear" piping, since Section III makes this
determination the rcsponsibility of the designer. ln geneol, piping whose failurc could result ir the release of
radiation which would endanger the public or plant persormel is considered "nuclear" piping,
Section VIII: "Unlired Prcssure Vessels" concems piping, or|ly to the extent of the flanged or threaded con-
nections to the vess€l; exc€pt that the ertire section vill apply in those special cases where unlired pressure
vessels are made from pipe and fittings.
Section IX: "Welding and Brazirg Qualifications" establishes the minimum requilements for Crde welding.
Section Xl: "Rules for Inseivice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components" contains rulos for the
examination and repair of components throughout the life of the plant,
A.S.M.E. also sponsors and publishes the following American National Standards on piping, Variou$ U.S. and
Canadiao legislatures have adopted some of these standards as legal requircment$ for that piping. The minimum
s€fety requirements of these standards have been accepted by the irdustry as a staidaid for all piping outside the
jurisdictiol of othei C,odes. The piping systems covered by these standaJds are lirted belorv:
1: Power Piping 831.1
2i Fuel cas Piping B31.2
3: Petroleum Refinery Piping B31.3
4: Liquid Petroleum Transpodation Piping Syslems 831.4
5: Refr(geration Piping B31.5
6: Cas Tmnsmfusion and Distribution Piping Systems 831,8
I'f'T' (IIiIN\I.]I,I, IIPIN(i DUSl(iN A\D DN(IINI'I'IIINC
Having determined the basis of the problem, the The dimensional properties of pipe, stress inten-
applicable Code l'ill establish minimum safety require-
sification factors, and flexibility factors, for elborvs
ments for the material at the design conditions of and bends are tabulated on pages 8 to 16 for all of
pressure and tcmperature. Some Codes s'pecify ther- the common pipe sizes. Formulae for derivation of
dimensional propcrtics are given orr pagc 7 and for-
mal expansion Iactors and moduli of elasticity for
mulae for stress intensification factors and flexibility
commonly used piping materials as ryell as forrnulae to
factors for elbol-s and bends as rvell as other piping
determine stress intensification factors and flexibility
components &re given on page 8.
factors for piping components. Beyond this, the
Codes impose no restrictions rvith regard to analysis
In order to simplify the calculation of stresses and
anchor forces. trbles hare ["en pieprred lor various
methods or procedures. Hox'ever, Codes do state that
in calculating the flexibility of a piping system betu'een configurations commonly encountered in piping work.
anchor points, the system shall be treated as a tvhole, The first group, "Tables of Common Shapes" and
examples demonstrating their application, is found on
and that the significance of all parts of the line in-
pages 17 to 32.
cLrding restraints such as solid hangers or guides shall
The second group of tables, on "Expansion Bends"
be recognized. In addition, Codes require that calcu-
lations shall take into account stress intensification and examples of their use, is shol-n on pages 34 to 45.
factors which apply to components other than sections
\lihen the configuration of a piping systern is such
of straight pipe. that the forementioned tables and short-cut methods
The ANSI 831.1 Code for Pressure Piping states
lill not apply, it is necessary to solve the problem
using the basic equations of analvtical methods. 'I'his
that formal calculations or model tests shall be required
'where reasonable doubt exists a,s to the adequate involles use of line inertias of the various piping
components for rvhich values may be computed using
flexibility of a system. In the absence of better
the tables and formulae given on pages46 to 81. Basic
information, the need for a formal stress analysis for a
equations and representative examples illustrating
two-anchor system of uniform size is indicated when
their application are shown on pages 52 io 6? for the
the following approximate criterion is not satisfied:
follorving cases:
DV
< o.o3 Single Plane System
-j*
\tr - u)'
Single Plane System Containing Circular Arcs
lvhere D = nominel pipe size, in inches Multiple Plane System
I : resultant of movements to be absorbed Multiple Plane System Containing Circular Arcs
by pipe line, in inches
U: anchor distance (length of straight line The piping engineer lho has a working knorvledge
joining anchors), in feet of the information outlined in this section can deter-
Z : developed length of line axis, in feet
mine the anchor forces, moments and expansion stresses
in rnost of the cases he encounters. For the analvsis
Use of the simplified methods, formulae and tables of speciat cases such as branch ,,onnections, variable
shown on the following pages rvill facilitate the solution or couugated sections, hinged anchors, moving anchors,
of piping stress problems. etc., reference should be made to the bibliography.
]TT GIII\NI'I,I, P]PI\G DF]SI(iN A\D ]IN(iINI.]I'ITI \(;
The nomenclature used in this section rvill be in The pipe rvall thickness is determined from the
accordance Nith the tabulation shorr-n belorv: applicable formula of the pertirent C'ode as illustrated
A1 Inside Area of Pipc Cross Sectior in the following cxample:
.4,y N{etal Area of Pipc Cross Section Giuen:
C Allorvarrce for 'fhreading, \lechanical Strength, Code Section 1, ANSI 831.1
ard/or corrosion (inches), Cold Spring Factor
Pressure, (P) 1,200 psi
c Expansion Factor (A function of the Product of Z Temperature 680" F
and A) Nlaterial A.S.T.\I. 4-106 Grade B
Center of Gravity Nominal Pipe Size l0 in.
D Outside Diameter of Pipe
d Inside Diameter of Pipe lind.' \{inimum Theoretical Wall Thickness (t-)
Nlinimum Nominal \Vall Thickness (t)
A Total Thermal Expansion
D" Nominal Pipe Size Datq,:
E Modulus of Elasticiiy at temperature (oF.)
F Force (in direction indicated by sub-ccript) ,PD
'^ = zs+ w-r L from 831.1 Code
1, Stress Intensifrcation Factor
Ip Moment of Inertia of Pipe Cross Section C : 0.000 in. (for l0 in. pipe) from B31.1 Code
I, Moment of Inertia of a system about the X axis
U:O.4 from B31.1 Code
Iza Product of Inertia of a system in the Xf plane,
etc. D : 10.75 in. from page 14
Factors as indicated (constant for specific
conditions) S ot 610. F : 15,000 psil
I from B31.1 Code
L Length (feet) :
Sat 7oo" F 14,350 psiJ
I Length (inches)
M Moment Wall Thickness Tolerance : 12]/6 from A.S.T.M. A-106
P Pressure (gauge) (psi)
Solution:
psi Pounds per Square Inch
a Expansion Bend Factor ssr680'F: 14,350 + ?(15,000 - 14,350) : 14,610 psi
R N{ean Radius of a Bend, Reactions (Forces and
Moments) By substitution:
r I{ean Radius of Pipe Wall
I * :
Allorvable Stress
Unit x t,,L o ooo 0 427 in'
s
q
Stress
Section Modulus of Pipe Cross Section
"ffi*H,.
which is the theoretical minimum for rvall thickness
t Pipe Wall Thickness without allorving for rvall thickness tolerance.
tm Minimurn Pipe Wall Thickness Thickness adiusted for wall thickness tolerance:
T Torque, or Temperature in "F
0.+27 0.427
xl - -- lt ihl\ rn.
r,t Indicates Horizontal Direction (East-West)
1007a - r2+% 1.00 - 0.125 0.875
\\'irik: thc A\SI B31.1 Corlc lor Pressure Pilrirrg the use of the A'1, factor, must not exceed 21,98g
coruirdel',s strcsscs rltrc to thcrntal crpllsiorr scllarately psr,
from primary stresses due to pressure, l,eight, etc., Il. In the Tablcs of Expansion Bcnds on pages 34
some other Codes require computation of combined to 45, the Allolable Bending Stress of 21,98E
stress and give formulae for determination of allol'able psi rvould be used directly to cnter the tables xs
combiued stress values. shorvn in the examples oll pagcs 52 to 6?.
trVhen the torsional stress is negligible (as in single C. \\rhcn the anchor forccs and bcuding moments arc
plane systems) only the longitudinal stress is significant determined by the use of a force diagram, us
and the combined stress, or resultant fibcr stress, is shorvn on pages 56 to 6?, examinc the systenr
determined by thc formula: for the maximum berrding moment, .L1, in both the
s:sz:sa+sp straight and cun'ecl pipe. Apply these l,ahres for
l1 in the appropriate formulrr:
When the torsional stress is signilicant (as in most
M or
multiple plane systems) the combined stress, or re-
sultant fiber stress, is derived from the follorving
ss: S-_ $l}: I.I
( x
formula:
Tbe greatest value ol .sa must not excccd the Allorvable
s : *[", + sc + /4Gl + (sz - scF] Stress Range of 21,988 psi.
Example : \Yhere the torsional stress is significant (as in some
multiple plane systems), the Expansion Stress, sa, is:
Giuett:
: r{s6f a a15.;
ss
(lode Section I, .{NSI l}31.1
llaterial A.S.T.M. Specification 4-106 Grade l.J
For the proper valucs of s, and s" it is necessary to
l)ressure 1200 psi inspect the system to find:
'l'emperature 750'F I. The maximum value of s3 and the accompanying
l'ipc Size 8 inch Sch. 80 value of s1 at the same point.
lladius of lJerd i)D" : 5 X 8 in. : 40 in. IL The maximum value of s7 and the accompanyirrg
Dala: value of s6 at the same point.
,4/ : +C./ ln(nes- Solve the formula for Case I and then for Case II. The
-1u : 12.76 inches!]
higher of the trvo values for s is the f'Iaximum Rcsultant
from page Stress of the system, $hich must not exceerl the Allorv-
s- : 24.52 inchessi 13
able Stress Ilange
^S1.
d:1.0 ) Example :
*n. n : 15.000 nsi l
^J"'
Sat ?50. F : 12,950 psi )
I from B3l.l Code Giuen:
Note that this figure does not exceed the s at 750' F Data:
value as required by the Piping Code : d 7.625 inches
Sa = /(1.25S.s 6sq" { p 75q..25S,1 p) I: 0.500 inches
: 1(1.25 X 15,000 + .25 X 12,950) : 21,988 psi Ar : 45.7 inches2
this value represents the maximum expansion stress from page 13
Aa:72-76inches2
lhich the Code requirements rvill allorv rvithin the S- : 24.52 inchess
system and rnay be applied to the stress calculation in
auy one of the three methods shorvn belotv: i:t.0
A. In the Tables of Common Shapes on pages 1? Ser 6bo. : 15,000 psi
from 1131.1 Code
to 32, the maximum bending stress, found by S,1 75s. : 12,950
EXPANSION AI{D STRESSES
Find: 'fhe Allol'able Strcss Ilangc, Sa, and the COLD SPRINGING
Exprlsiou Stress, sr, of the ijystcm. A piping system may be Cold Sprung, or Prestressed,
to reduce anchor forces and moments caused bv thermal
SoLtrtion:
expansion. This is ar"complished by shortining lhe
51 : /( t.25^S n * .25 S zio" r') overrll length of pipe by any desired amounl, not in
"16,-a. "t excess of the calculated expansion. The amount of
:1(1.25 X 15,000 + .25 X t2,950) : 21,988 psi
Cold Spring, C.S., is usually expressed as a percentage
Fiud valucs for ss arrd s1 in either of the trlo methods or fraction of the iotal expansion A,
This procedure is recognized by the ANSI Code for
shoNn l)tto\1':
Pressure Piping B31.1 which states:
A. In the trbles of Commorr Shapes on page-< 1? to "The beneGcial effeot of judjcious cold springinq
32, by substitutilg the A'6 and /,1 flctor':r i:r ilie in assisting tlre syslem to rttain its most fivorible
position sooner is recognized. Inasmuch as the life
appropriutc formulas: of a system under cyclic conditions depends on the
*sa : 14,800 psi stress range rather than the stress level at anv one
time. no crediI for cold spring is allorved rr ith regird to
*sr = 5780 psi stresses. In calculatins end thrusts and moments
acting on equipment, the actual reactions at any one
""
: vG,l +lGt timc lather than thejr range are significant. Credit
: Vfr+,sool- + {ib78oP: 18,780 psi
for cold springing is accordingly allorved in the calcu-
laiions of thrusts and moments, provided an effective
method of obtaining the designed cold spring is specifred
which is less than the allorvable stress range of &no useo,
21,9E8 psi.
"In a piping system with no cold spring or an equal
B. When the anchor forces, bencling moments, and percentage of cold springing in all directions, the
torques &r'e detcrmincd by the use of a force dia- reactions (forces and moments) of Rr and B" in the
gr&nt, as showt ou pages 56 to 67, examine the hot and cold conditions, respectively, shall be obtain-
sJ'stcm to iinrl the conditions lor Clse I and ed as follows from the reaction I derived from the
Oase II, as iudicrted aboyc: flexibility calculations based on the modulus of elas-
ticity at room temperature, -8", using equations (9)
Casc I and (10)
F
*Nlasimum 11 : 378,-100 inclr porrr<ls 1r, _ (1 _ 3c)#E (e)
*I'ut,,u,.tu: 7ti,800 iuch pounds R": CR, or
: lI 3;3.100
X 1.0 - 15.132 psi
n.:[rL -f^r,l']a
Jc L,,J
", ,i_, 2l.ST
lhichever is grcutcr., lrrtl lith the lur.thcr condition
7 70,800 tlrat
sa:2.L: z xzl.n: 1565Psi ,s, E"
Da
.'X -
Ith
islossthan I
t tru'E
f,r + ' a !. :;
! 2." =; -r
,; =.1 i.
i at 1-
---::-:-.:+,
T:.:"*!;e
- - - a !::r;
: j j :::;
t
! ! ri
'=
zF
LU
[fr :. ?: " 2
'-.-'a
: !I:,:
9
t6ZE-4,-'
i ;1 'y: -=^v,,i=-d
-i,1
jbd'-,o(J:
*.!g:"-".-
:':;1E91;
ti;;.;LzlE
_-
/
-
V a,!;o
F ; ": .:=-tr;-: -4i..1-"
99=g:: -.
,l ;': l:9:--
::= !!3 9; "i:,:t :
o l- ,i- -1Ld <n +a{F-i B
z --l ^ ,*1" iE ." " !.:-;- -
t- ;.os .9
F
F 3l: lF-
J ;
a
.2 .. l-"
.< t^ dl:" alx .il'* d l'*
a i\f
F
st- ^l
jL* ilu
:
ic. i
i:U
::1
or' 3 j.n
- l
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
Table D-2
MEAN RADIUS
r > 3/16 and 6/r < 0.1
l= 1.0
t< 3116 or sh > 0.1
Buttwelds
i = 1.8 foi as welded
i = 1.0 for flush welds
6 = allowable mismatch
lF.l .*
i = 2.0 max or
Concentric Reducer per
ANSI 816.9
t = 0.5 + 0.01 a tD> t, t"
(see Note 2)
ITT GRINNELL PIPING D]'SIGN AND ENGIN]'ITIIIN(i
-
u (t;j
'=" C)
Branch Connections See Figlre D
ANSI 831.1
1, Appendi]( D
ce
(see Noies 3 and 4)
-Note 1:
-'St;ess
intensification facror of 1.3 may be used for socket weld fittin8 if toe of weld blends snroothlv lviih no undercLrr wrln
pipe wall as shown in the concave, unequal leg fill€t weld of ANSI 831.1 Figure 127.4.4.
Note 2:
The equation applies only if the following conditions are met:
(a) Cone ansle, a, does not exceed 600, and the reducer is concentric'
(b) The larser of ,r /11 andt2/r, doesnotexceed l0o.
rc) th< watl rhickne\s b not les( lhan I, Lhroughourrhebodlofrher.ducer.er,cptinandimmedi,lell udiacPnr Io llr. c)'
lindrical p.rrion on Ihe smdll end..vliere Ihe rhickne's rhall nol be rc's thJn 1?
Note 3 |
The equation applies onlv if the following conditions are mel:
(a) The reinforcement area raquirements ot ANSI 831.1, paragraph 104 3 are met
(b) The axis of the branch pipe is normal to the surface of rhe run pipe lvall'
- For branch connecrions in a prpe,lhe arc distance
(c) measured berween the centers of adixceni branches along the sufface of
th" ;;; ;;" is not tess ran tirree t-i-* ttt" *. of iheir inside radii in the longitudinal direcrion or is not less than lwo
iir""- it i .t their radii r long lhe .ircumfe' ence of Ihe run pipe
"'rrn
(d)Theinsidecornerradius,/r(seeFisDl)isbetweenl0pe'cent3ndsopercentof4'
(e) The outer radius, r, , Gee Fig. D-l)isnot less than thelarserof ?),12,(Tb+ v)12 [for Fig D-l(c)i or?'fl2'
(f) The outer radius, /3, (see Fig. D-1) is not tess than the larse' of
(r) o.oo2 0do
(2) 2 (Sh 9)3-times the offset for the confisurations sho$t in Fiss D-l (a) and D-l (b)
(b) Rnl4- < so and /'r?/R'?l < 0.s
Note 5i
Factors shown apply to b endinS; flexib ilitv factor for iorsion equals O 9'
10
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
EXPANSION FACTOR, c
Temp. Carbon Carbon C-lIoly Cr.-\Ioiy Austenitic Cr. Stainless
1.
.F c
Steel Steel
c> .3o7a
<t Lorv
Cr.-\Iolv
(cr S 3%)
.
( 57", < Cr.
<s%)
Stainless
Steels
12
Steels
Cr., 17Cr.
25
20
Cr'
Ni
Wrought
Iron
=.30,,; & 27 Cr.
70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 40 40 35 47 44
1i0 98 r06 106 113 90 t25 120
PROPERTIES OF PIPE
I1
ITT GRINNEI,L - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINUI'ITING
PROPERTIES OF PIPE
l'ipe d :l:r Ip s,, Fa ::tors /i and i
Size
Sch.l Nall \Ioment Section Short Long Radius of Curvaiurc
Insitlc Inside NIetal Nomincl I'ipe l)ianeters
Out- No. \\'rll I)iem.
Thnrk- ol llodulus lirdius ttrtliLrs
Inertia Inchcs3
Inc]ros'
Diom.
Inches
Inches Inches' ''"::1 3 4 5 0
.412
h 397 2.63 1.00 r .00 1.00
1 . 500 0.200 |.767 1.068 0.3912 o
i |.62 1 .00 1.00 I .00 1.00
r+'
1.900' k 1.7r 1.00 I .00 100 1 .00
1.338 0.281 1.406 1 .429 0.4826 0.508 i 1.00 1.00 I .00 1.00 1 .00
,10 sid.
2.3C0
H 9.89
5.466
268
5.993
4.788
3
239
.425
k
i
7 .42
128
1.00
.1 95
1.00
1.00
1186
I 100 1118
I 1.00
1
1
.00
I .00
.24
.00
4.000'
3.513
"a*
N
I 2.45 1.E7 1.18 1
t2
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
PROPERTIES OF PIPE
Pipe
.lize
Insidc trletel -'-""i"'' Section lladius of Curvature
{Jut- ^iillii'' 1;1x'9"''I#l- Arec - Yl., llloJuhLs Nominrl I'ipe Diameters
rn( n€s Inches' Inchr:"' i"f i "l Inrlresl
Dirm. Jnches
31"
.: 000" \s 3.3ti4 0 3t8 889 ;'l "* k 7.90
4.026 0.237 12.73 7 .23 3.2r i 2 .5t)
h 5.30
382ii10337 11.50 s6J 4.27 .i 1.96
k
3 C2{i 0.437 10.33 11.65 5.18
k
3.438 0.531 9.28 13.27 5.90
tt
3.152 10.674 7.80 15.29 6.79
'.
k 8.99 1.50
5.047 0.258 15 .17 5 .45 I 2.79 t.1l 1.00
k I .00 1 .00
4.313 0.625 30.03 10.80 1 .00 1 .00
k 2 .17
6.065 0.280 8.50 i 1.18 1.00
k | .52 1.02
0.432 12.23 r .00 1 .00
6',
5.501 0.562 14.98
k 1.12 t.00
a 625', 1. {J0 1 .00
k 1.00 1 .00
5.189 0.718 17.81 I 1.00 1 .00
8.071 0 .277 51.2 .26 63.4 14.69 .. | 482 3.24 2 .59 2.16
7
.. | .. 171 l 41 1.22 t .08
8" 7.625 0.500 t2.76 6.81 4.54 | 2.27 1.70 r.36 1.l3
8 625',
105.7 24.52 2.31 1.77 | 1 rl 1.00 r .00 1 .00
1.40 1 .12
7 .439 0 593 43 .5 14.96 \2r.4 2a.u 1 .00 1 .00
13
ITT GRINN]II,L PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINIIE]],ING
-
PROPERTIES OF PIPE
Pipe d t AI AI I. s," !- ectors ,t and ?
Size
and
Out-
Sch. Nominal
U'all
Inside lTa]1
Thick- Inside fletrl lloment Section Short Radius of Curvature
Diam. \IodrLlLrs Radius IladiLrs Nominal I'ipe Diameters
side Inches Inchest Inches, Inertia
Diam. Inches lnchesa 3 1 5 6
8" 226 1.13 .00 1.00 .00
160 6.813 0.906 21.97 165.9 38.48 1 1
a.625' i 1.11 1 .00 1.00 1.00 t .00
40 std. 10.020 0.365 78.9 1l .91 160.8 29.90 k t2 22 8 15 4.07 3.06 2.41 2.01
i 3.12 2 61 1 . 6,1 1.36 1.17 1.04
60 XS 9.750 0.500 16.10 212.0 39.43 k 8.68 2.811 2.17 |.74 t.'15
L 2.72 2.08 1 .31 1.08 1 .00 1 .00
t0' 80 9.564 0.593 71.8 18.92 241.9 k 2.39 1.79 1.43 1.20
10.75', i 1.15 1.00 1.00 1.00
120 9.064 0.843 26.21 321.3 60.34 k 1 .60 1.20 1 .00 1 .00
N 1 .00 1 .00 1 .00 r .00
140 8.750 1.000 60.1 30.63 367.8 k 1 .31 1 .00 1 .00 1 .00
68.43 1.00 1 .00 1 .00 1 .00
160 8.500 1 .125 34.01 399.4 71.31 k 2.26 1.13 1 .00 1.00 1.00
1. 11 1.00 1.00 1.00 100
20 12.250 0.250 117.9 9.84 191.9 30.1 k 7 .16 4.30 3.58
i 2.39 1.98 1.70
sid. 12.000 0.375 113. 1 14.58 2t'9.3 43.8 k 1,1.08 L33 4.66 3.50 2.80 2.31
,i 3.74 2.86 1.79 1.48 1 .28 l.14
40 11.938 0.406 111 .9 t5.74 300.3 47 .1
k 4.28 3.21 2 .51- 2.14
.i 1.70 1.40 |.21 1.07
xs 11.750 0.500 108.4 19 .24 k 10 .31 6.88 3 .41 2.54 2.06 1.72
1, 3.05 2.33 r .47 7.2r 1 .04 1 .00
12', 60 11.626 0.562 106.2 21.52 400.5 62.8 k 3.03 2.27 1 .82 1.51
12.75' i 1. 11 1 .00 r .00
140 10.500 1 .125 86.6 41.08 700.7 109.9 1 .38 1.03 1.00 1.00
i 1 .00 1.00 1 .00 1.00
160 10.126 r.312 80.5 47 .14 781.3 122.6 k 2.28 1. 1.1 1 .00 1.00 1.00
1' 1.12 1 .00 1.00 1.00 1 .00
20 13.376 0.312 140.5 1.3 .42 314.3 44.9 + 5.90 4 .42 3.54 2 .95
14', 2.10 |.74 1.50 1.33
14.00'
30 srd. 13.250 0 375 137.9 16.05 372.8 53.3
k 14 59 L72 4.86 2 .92 2 .13
3.85 2.91 1.85 1.53 1.32 1 .17
L+
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
PROPERTIES OF PIPE
d Ar Au Ic s- l'a( itors A and i
Size
Nominal Inside \Vall \loment Short Long Radius of Curvaiure
and Sch. Inside N{etal Sectior Nominal Pipe Diameters
Out- Wall Thick- of )Iodulus Rxdius Radius
Diam. Area Inertia
Inches Inches'? Inches'? I Inchess 3 4 5 6
Diam. Inches Inchesr
h t0.71 7 .16 3.58 2 .69 2.15 1.79
XS 13.000 0.500 132.7 2t .21 483.8 69. r 1, 3.14 2.40 1.51 r.25 1.07 1.00
h 2.98 2.23 t.79 1.49
60 12. E1-1 0.593 129.0 24.9E 562.4 80.3 1 .33 1.10 1 .00 1 .00
\o27.5 146.E
k |.24 1 .00 1.00 l 00
140 11.500 1.250 103.9 50.07 1.00 1 .00 1.00 1.00
1116.I
k l lt 1.00 1.00 1.00
160 11. 188 1.406 98.3 L 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
la
ITT GRINN]'LL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
-
PROPERTIES OF PIPE
d Ar A:r I. s- I actors t and i
and Sch. Nominal Wall f{oment Radius of Cuntrture
Out- No. Wall Inside Thick- Inside NIetal Section Short Long
Di&m. of Nominal Pipe Diameters
side ness Inertia \{odtlus Radius Radius
Diam. Inches Inches Inches, Inches' IIrchesl Inches3 Elbow
I B-- +-l-.f 6
100 15.688 1.156 193.3 61. 18 2180.2 242 .2 r 1. E8 1.41 I 12 1 .00
1.00 1 .00 1.00 r .00
160 14.438 1.7El 163.7 90.74 3020.6 k 1.13 1 .00 1.00 r .00
1 .00 1.00 1 .00 1 .00
10 19.500 0.250 298.6 k 21.46 r0.73 8.05 6.41
i 4.9E 3.13 2 .59 2.23 1.97
20 std. 19.250 0.375 291.0 23.12 1114 111 .4 k 21. 18 14. t3 7.06 5.30 1.21 3.53
t 4.93 3.77 2.37 1.96 1. 69 1.49
140 16.500 1.750 213.8 100.3 4217 121.7 k 1 .31 1 .00 1.00 1.00
i 1.00 1 .00 1.00 1.00
160 16.064 1.968 202.7 111 .5 45E6 458.6 k 1.14 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 r.00 1.00 1.00
10 23.500 0.250 133.7 1316 109.6 k 25.86 12.93 9.70 7.76 6 .17
5.64 2.93 2 .53 2.21
20 std. 23.250 0.375 424.6 27.83 1943 161.9 lc 25.58 17.06 8.53 6.40 5 .12 4.26
5. 60 4.27 2 .69 2.22 1.91 1. tig
120 20.376 1.812 326.I 126.3 7827 h 1.56 1 .17 r .00 1.00
652.2
1 .00 r .00 1 .00 1 .00
1,1{) r9. E76 2.062 310.3 142 .1 8627 718.9 k L34 1 .00 1.00 r .00
1 .00 1 .00 1.00 1 .00
lo
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
|,7
I1"I GRINNI.ILI,. PIPING DESIGN AND I,]NGI\I'IJITIN(i
centroid. 'I'his force mr.rltiplicd by its distancc from the of pipe arranged in various config[rations. The com-
curvcd section gives the bending moment, i1{. The parative values for bending stress and anchor force
stress then is (M/S- )i. are derived flom the k values in the vadous tables
and are expressed as a percentage of the lowest value.
Example 3 :
(]O\IP-\Ii,.\TI\TU
lle,qultrnt
. _](erar *J-U
,t\w
16.1 /\/
(Jiuen:'lhe same piping systcm as in Example l,
except that the turn at poirrt b is a long radius l clding
elborv.
113
(t\
Data: 400 r-J-C---4
S- : 10.81 inches3
i:2.44 i
)
page 13 372
,--rl----
Find: 'lhe appro\imate bending stress, s6, in the 3(i0
rvelding elborv at point 1.,. \."\
,Solalioz: Assuming all oi the -sections to be straight )__J-----r
pipe, determinc the location of the cerrtroid:
i g
349
,_i----1
eb 95 X 47.5 : 4513 qb 95 X 38 : 3610
Dc 38X 0:
133 4513
0 bc 38XI9:722
133 1332
506
,---J-i
IJi13
::::33.9feet
I;JJ
ii" = -:::1
133
: 32.0 feet
612
I--t
Mat point b = 699 X 12 5 X 12 Bending stresses due to thermal expansion are not
significantly aflected by increasing thc pipe wall thick-
= 104,850 inch pounds ness, r&th€rJ increasing pipe wall thickness has a more
or less undesirable efrect in that the reacting forces and
: 104.850 moments are increased in a direct ratio. This fact is
sB ar b X Z.++
poiDr
ffi illustrated by studying the equation for the maximum
bending stress, sn : htcD/L,lnthe Tables of Common
: 15,220 Psi (aPProximatelY) Shapes. The equation is independent of the pipe rvall
thickness. Likel'ise studying the equation for re-
The tables are also helpful in comparing the relative acting force rvill shorv that the pipe wali thickness
merits of several tentative piping layouts. This func- afrects -1o, which ciirectly affects the reacting force.
tion is illustrated in the scale sketches beloiv, rvherein The aforementioned is true not only in the Tables of
two points are connected r'vith the same total footage Comrnon Shapes but in any stress calculation,
18
EXPANS]ON AND STRESSES
-\ commonly ercountered piping expansion problem intervals to prer.ent lateral movement of the pipe.
:. thc long stlaight run of pipe lith a Li shtpe of eqLtal The follol irg cxample illustrates the application of the
ength legs prolidcd to absorb tlie expartsion. 'l'he Trbles of Common Shapes to this type of problem.
-.rlaight pipilg nrns are rtsuelly gttided lt regular
Example 4
RESTRAINED BY GUIDES
RESTRAIIIED AY GUIOES
u":
Solution:
r. ,s
^""'i(!)
L24 ,R IJ 1'A
e12 h - 12-' - 12 x 30; x 1", , x
\.21]
;:i - ro;o pould.
l9
ITT GITINNELL PIPING DI]SIGN AND ]'NGINEIIIIIN(I
f,,
Rcacting Fotce F": k,' c =ilb
t,-
Reacting Force r" : tt,' c' jL I^
L- tir'c'
Reacting Force 11 !: rzto
Rez.cting Force f o: f"'c'Ilttt
Nlsintutrr Llcrrrling Slles. ,"-lr'" f
p'i
5.0 219 49 .1
5.0 39.5 528
52 .5
11.2 569 2J1
630
700 43.0 010 5.+ 203
41.7 052 5. ii 2t0 58.7
5. ti ti1 .8
ltr.2 i;96 310
855
20
EXPANSION AND STNESSES
Z SIIAPE
Fx+
1 1.5 2 3 4
L L
7
1l kb k, 1. k6
n
0.6 9.251 43..0 83.8 38 91 32 85 73 6.0 22 66 0.6
0,8 12.8 39.0 69 .0 11 .8 76 r0.5 29 71 23 62 20 5ti 0.8
|
6.0 491 124.a 215 .5 46t 172 214 422 95 232 386 205 381 63 190 6.0
6.2 526 129 .4 251 .5 493 116 254 450 98 240 414 76 212 408 196 6.2
562 133.8 263.5 526 120 267 474 102 28 443 79 219 436 67 203 6.1
6.6 598 138.2 273.0 561 r24 276 506 105 256 472 a1 227 69 210 6.6
6.8 633 142.6 282.O 598 128 285 108 265 502 84 234 495 217 6.8
7.0 670 145.0 287 .0 636 132 291 t11 271 86 212 526 7.0
7.2 7i5 152.0 300.0 674 136 303 601 115 242 89 218 230 7.2
758 156.5 309 .0 7t4 140 312 639 118 290 599 92 256 588 78 237
803 161.0 319.0 756 143 321 680 122 299 633 94 263 620 81 241
7.8 850 328.0 798 148 330 724 125 308 668 97 270 ti55 83 250 78
8.0 898 170.0 337.0 8,10 152 340 770 129 703 99 279 694 257 8.0
ITT GRINN]'LL _ PIPINC DESIGN AND ENGINEDRING
f-
Reacting Force F*:kr'c'fi
Maximum Bending Stress ,u : ku . .
" l,
Ip in inchesa .L in feet D in inches
L L
2 5 6 7 I 10
a
L L
E I" kt lrb lrh L. Ict kb kt k. lco
n
1.0 2.40]' 7.2ol 2'46l 4.2 2.521 8.821 2.581 9.291 2.641 2.671 e.e2l 10.1 2.73 10.3 10.4 1.0
1.2 3.701 4.481 10.9 4.651 12.0 | 4.781 12.8 |
4 Rll 13.3 5.0 | 13.9 |
5.2 | 14.0 5.29 14-4 5 1{.9 1.2
r.4 5.3r1 6.461 13.6 6.791 15.2 6.981 16.3 7.1 I 17.o 17.9 18.1 7.45 18.6 7 I9.4 t.4
1.6 7.221 '?:391
13_53 8.461 16.3 8-931 18.4
|
| 9.201 19.8
I
e.5 | 20.8 3:t I 22.O
|
r6i I 22.3 r0.41 22.9 23.9 1.tt
12.3 26.1 I 1ti
| I
1.8 -'*l 15.751 10.481 19.0 11.081 21.6 |
Lr,42l 23.4
tl |
li.e I
|
_-l I 26.7 t2.97 13.1t 24.5 1.8
I I I I I
2.O 12.001 1s.ool 72.5 | 21.8 13.241 24.8 |
73.871 27.r I
14L I 28.8 14.e I ao.z I
15-3 | 31.2 15.53 32.3 t5.71 43.2 2.O
14.851 20.251 15.8 | 24.5 166 | 28.5 |
16.9 | 31.0 I L7.5 t 33.4 I 18.0 | rs.o I
36.2 20.0 38.0 21.0 38.6
2.4 18.001 22.501 10.6 | 2a.o 20.4 | 32.2 |
20.8 | 35.3 I 21.3 I
38.0 | 22.5 | ?f 3 | 23.8 | 41.7 25.2 26.3 41.1
2.6 2r.521 24.831 23.4 | 31.1 I 35.9
I 25.5 I 3s.7 | 26.2 |
42.7 | 27 .5 | +s.s 29.0
I |
47.3 30.7 49.5 31.7 2.6
'LL 3e.7 30.6 50.7 34.7 56.9 2.a
2.8 25.A21 27.r01 27.3 | 34.2 28.9 | 44.0 31.7 47.5 53.0 36.3
3.0
I
29.451 29..151 31.2
I
37.4 33.6
I
I
I
|
I
48.7 | 35.8 | 48.7
tt I
37.7
|
I |*o
| 3e.3
I
so.z
I
.n"
|
5.0 88.2 52.9 | s5.3 70.8 104.6 85.2 114.7 9?.S 107.5 1r30.0 117.8 1136.7 125.9 hsz.s t33.0 117.9 139.4
l | | I
95.9 55.3 | 1(.l4 L l 74.3 114.0 I 89.5 r25.0 1103.0 | 134.0 1r 12.0 124.5 1149.4 133.2 141.0 163-0 r47.9 5.2
5.4 103.8 57.7 | 113.5 77.a 93.9 136.3 1108.3 | 146.0 120.0 131.3 1162.4 140.{i 172.6 t49.0 5.4
tt2.1 60.1 | t22.6 81.3 134.0 | 98.3 147.6 1113.5 | 159.0 l12ti.2 S 1138.1 lr77.o llii 148.1 1187.0 157.1 194.5 165.2
120.7 62.4 132.0 84.8 144.6 l].02.7 159.0 1118.8 | 172.0 tI44.9 t192.6 165.2 211.0 173.9 5.!
1132.5 1155.6 1202.7
| I I l1$.0 I
6.0 129.6 88.4 155.8 t107.0 171.3 1124.1 t85.2 1138.8 1197.8 1151.8 lron.o lror.r
64.8 I 141.6 1219.2 182.6 6.C
6.2 138.8 91.9 167.2 lru.s 184.0 t129.5 199.0 1145.1 1213.0 1158.8 l22s.o 1171.0
152.4 1236.0 t81.8 191.4 6.'
6.4 148.4 33:3 | 163.3 s5.4 1179.1 1116.0 193.0 1134.9 213.0 1151.4 1228.5 1r65.8 124r.8 [78 I 1253.0
j2z 1.o
rs0.2 200.2 6.4
6.6 158.2 71.9 I 174.2 98.S 11r1.0 1120.5 212.2 1t40.3 224.O l1i7 .7 1245.0 lr72.s l2ss.5 hse.o r98-7 209.1 6.t
6.8 168.4 I 74.3 | r45.2 1102.4 1204.0 1125.0 226.4 |it45.7 244.2 1164.0 t279.O e07.2 6.t
1180.0 lre4.b 12e2.0
tl I I I I I 1262.5 I I I I
.I
7.0 178.9 | 76.7 I 196.3 t106.0 .|217.0 1129.4 24OJ lr5I.7 261.8 1170.3 l24o.7 1187.1 l2es.z 1202.5 1314 216.0
1189.8 179.1 209.1 1109.5 1230.5 1133.9 256.0 1156.6 279.a 1176.7 l29s.s lls4.3 t319 1210.5 1336 .6 7.t
7.4 1200.9 I 81.5 22t.9 1113.0 1244.2 1138.4 27r.5 1162.I 1297.8 t183-1 1319.0 1201.6 lres 1218.5 t358 4
7.6 t212.4 | 83.8 234.7 lrlo,c .|239.2 1142.9 1287.5 1167.6 1316 U8e.5 1339.0 1208.9 1359 1226.5 lo6-r 242.3
7.a 1224.2 86'2 247.6 F20.0 t27 4.5 1147.4 1304.3 1173.1 t334 l1e5.e 1381 1284.6 1404
7.t
I | I I I tl
12r6.2 I I I 135e.0 I I
260.0 8.(
8.0 1236.2 |
88.6 260.7 1123.5 1289.8 1152.0 1322 1778.6 lBs2 t202.4 I379 lzzs.s l405 1242.7 1427
268.9 5 8.t
8.2 1248.7 I et.o
27 5.0 lr27.0 1305 t156-6 1340 1184.1 1372 l2os.e l4oo 1231.0 1250.9 1451
277.4 4 8.!
8.4 1261.5 193.4 280.3 1130.5 1320 1161.2 1358 1189.7 lse2 1422 1238.5 1455 1250.2 1476
8.6 127 4.6 | 95.8 1304 113{.0 1330 11e5.8 1377 1195.3 1413 l22t.9 1246.0 l{80 l2$7.5 1502 246.7 8.(
8.8 s8.2 Dza.+ 295.7 8.t
l3e5 l2oo.e 1434 12$.b 1275.8 1529
1287.9
I I |'$ 1137.5 1351
I I
1170.4 tl I I lito I I I
t.-^
9.0 t302 hzs.o 1416 1206.6 1456 lzgs.o l4e5 I261.0 1530 1284.1 305 9.t
1100.5 1332 t111 9 1367 ll292.4 t589
9.2 l3r6 1102.9 1437 1212.4 124r.6 1520 1268.6 314 9.i
1348 J384
9.4 1105.4 1365 1148.0 1402 1184.2 1458 1218.2 l163 1218.2 545 p74.2 5R4 1301 1618 323 9.,
9.6 1345 1107.? 1381 1r 51.5 l4r, 1188.8 1180 1221.0 527 12s4.8 1283.8 t611 H99 1648 332 9.1
9.8 1360 1110.1 1397 1r 55.0 l413 1193.4 1502 1229.8 126 r.4 lg;3 1291.4 l$e 1680 342 9.1
10.0 l|375 351
1172.6 1414 1158.7 1466 1198.1 1525 1236.r lD/a 1268.2 laz+ l2ee.0 1666 1326 171r
22
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
T-
Reacting Force In: k"'c'-fi
f-
Reacting tr'olce Fn : hv' c' :"2
L L
10
--' 2 6 8
L L
kt kt
t 116 kt k!, ha
n
1.0 0.5 4.7 1.1 9.9 2.4 r.4 10.7 :.9 10.9 3.0 L.6 11.4 1.0
4.4 o.7 7r.7 1.6 12 .5 1.8 14.6 2.0 15.5 2.1 16.2 t.2
1.4 6.4 1.0 14.6 E.0 2.1 2.2 1rJ.8 8.2 20.L 8.2 2.6 21.O
8.4 t7 .5 10.E 2.t3 t7 .7 10.2 2.7 23.O 10.9 2.9 24.8 11.0 3.0 25.8 1.6
1.5 20.+ 13.ti 20.4 12.9 27 .2 L3.6 29.5 14.0 30. ti 1-d
10.4
2.0 12 .4 1.7 23.3 3.6 23.3 3.6 31.5 16.5 3.8 4.0 2.0
2.2 16.0 2.0 26.6 20.3 3.9 28.3 20.6 4.0 36.6 20.0 4.2 30.0 21.5 41.8 2.2
:. -r 19.7 29.0 24.1 33.'1 25.6 4.5 2+.0 41.O 4.9 48.2
':. ri 23 .4 2.7 33.2 28.0 4.0 30.0 4.9 46.8 28.0 49.1 2.6
27 .1 3.0 32.0 4.9 43.0 51.9 33.0 5.6 39.5 6.0 61.0 2.8
3.0 30.9 40.1 36.1 18.7 40.7 57 .O 40.8 6.0 59.6 46 .5 6.5 67.0 3.0
3.2 36.3 43.7 .11.0 5.7 53.2 48.0 6.3 62.8 47.0 68.0 5.1.0 6.9 74.O
3. -1 41,7 4.0 47.3 .17.0 6.2 57.7 56.0 6.8 61).0 7.0 75.0 {i2.0 81.0 3.4
3.6 46.1 +.+ 50.9 53.0 6.6 02.0 64.0 7,1.0 65.0 83.0 71 .0 7.8 88.0 3.6
3.8 4.8 60.0 '7 1 07.0 72.O 7.8 80.0 76.0 91.0 81.0 8.3 95.0
-1.0 58.0 5.2 58-0 69.0 71.0 80.0 4.2 86.0 87.0 8.4 100 92.0 8.8 103 4.0
1.2 65.0 62.0 77.O 8.0 76.0 90.0 92.0 9t.0 8.9 107 105 9.3 11r
72.t) 5.9 65.0 86.0 8.4 80.0 100 9.1 gs.0 109 9.4 115 118 9.8 120 4.1
1.6 79.0 6.3 60.0 95.0 8.8 85.0 111 9.5 105 120 9,E 122 732 10.3 128
1.6 86.0 6.7 72.0 104 9.0 80.0 122 9.9 111 133 10.3 130 10.8 4.8
50 94.0 7.O 76.0 113 9.6 94.0 132 10.4 717 10.8 138 159 11.3 146 5.0
52 103 7.5 80.0 12+ 10.0 99.0 10.9 r22 153 11.3 1-1ti 3.i2 1L.7
5. r t12 7.9 84.0 10.5 10{ 11.3 128 1?3 u.7 188 12.l 163 5.4
;. ti 12L 8.3 88.0 146 10.9 108 t72 11.8 134 189 12.2 lL2 206 12.$ 171 5.6
131 92.0 \57 r1.4 113 185 12.3 140 206 12.b 171 13.0 180
i.0 1.10 9.2 96.0 168 11.8 118 199 146 221 13.1 179 212 13.5 188 6.0
a2 150 9.5 9$.0 1lJ0 12.3 r23 2t6 13.2 153 211 13.6 186 261 1,1.0 198 6.2
161 9.9 103 193 12.7 127 232 13.6 100 258 1.r.l 193 283 14.5 208 6. -1
eti 171 10.3 107 206 13.1 r32 248 14.1 166 1.1.5 20L 306 15.0 2ta 6. [i
182 10.7 110 220 13.6 137 261 14.5 292 15.0 208 329 224 6.8
;0 192 11. 1 114 23+ 1'1.0 280 14.9 180 310 15.5 215 16.0 na 7.0
:2 201 r1.5 117 2+lJ 14.4 299 1E6 329 15.9 222 16.4 217
;.{ 216 11.0 121 2t4 1.{.8 752 319 15.8 1.)2 348 16.3 229 30e 16.8 256 7.1
7.6
;.6 228 \2.3 125 271) 15.2 157 338 16.2 1118 16.7 236 125 17.2 265
;.S 210 128 295 15.6 \62 16.6 201 3E6 17.I 450 17 .7 274 7.8
!.0 252 13.1 132 312 16.1 167 377 77.1 211 408 17 .5 251 18.2 283 8.0
!.2 2{i6 136 330 16.6 1t'2 3r8 2L7 430 17 .g 259 502 18.6 293 8.2
!.1 280 13.9 140 :J48 17.0 176 120 1E.0 22+ 453 18 .4 20a 530 19.0 303 8.4
:d 2)i, 1.1 3 1{3 181 412 18.4 23L 476 lll. $ 2 r-7 5til 19.5 313 8. ii
309 1t.7 747 384 18.0 186 18.9 237 503 19.3 286 592 20 .0 324 8.8
r0
,2
323 75.2 402 18.4 191 487 19.4 244 531 19.8
20.2
295 624 20.6
21.0
335
345
9.0
339 15.{; 421 r8.8 19i; 5L2 19.7 251 560 304
'+ 355 16.0 160 4'10 .2
11) 201 20.1 257 5E8 20.7 3t2 ii89 2l .4 354 9.4
,ti 371 16.4 4ri0 19.6 205 562 20 .5 2t\4 618 21.1. 320 1-22 21.8 36.1 9.6
,E 387 16.8 169 4E0 20.0 210 587 20.9 2 t-0 616 21.|i 329 754 22.2 9.8
: ,.0 403 775 500 20 .4 215 613 21.4 277 675 22.O 337 22.7 384 10.0
]TT (;ITINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENCINUI'RING
t5
1.0 0.7 | 9.3 10 2.0 | 11.4 L
t.1 | r2.7 15.6 11.8 3.3 2.2
1.5 I 16.1
15
20
2.6
z. l| 20
rj 15.6
3.3 | 20
5.8 2.8 16.6 | 6.0
1.6 1.8 | t,J.E 8.4 21 .4 | 9.0 3.6
1.8 2.2 | 23
3.9 | 25 11 4.2 2tr lu 4,3
30 4.9 3r l14 5.0
2.0 26 15 17 18
16 30 18 38 2t 19 5.8
20 34 2l 30 22 6.3 40 22 6.6
2.6 24
4l 26 4+ 26 7.1 4tt 2E
39 26 4+ 31
2.8 49 31 52 8.2
43 31 47 39 8.6 9.0
3.0 47 38 50
39 5L 1+
60 9.3 66 52 9.8
3.4 55 5L 66 10.0 72
55 5L 59 59
00 10.5
3.6 50 5U 59 tt4 68
72
7a
10.7
11.5
79 ?0 tl.1
3.8 56 64 67 69
86 80 11 .8
E3 12.2 93 90 12 ,4
4.0 62 6E i3
1.2 09 73 82
a7 89 12.8 100 | 101 13.1 109 | 4.0
76 92
90 95 13.6 108 | 1t5 13.8 117 I 4.2
E4 a2 102
107 101 115 lt2J 1.1.5 125 | 4_4
+.E 92 87 1r1
118 108 15.I 122 113 15.3 13{ 4.6
130 It5 t5.E 130 | 137 16.0 r42 | 4.8
5.0 71.2 ) 92 120 13.2 16.5 1i2
5.2 11.8| 96 131 139 16.7 752
5.+ 12.4 100 1+.5
17.2 tE8 17 .4 161 5.2
5.6 13.0 I 105 154 15.2
17. 0 205 18.1 170 5.4
5.E 13.6 | 18.1 | 141 18.7 222 I8.8
109 166 15.E r8.8 148 | 22O I9.4 211 19.6
178
147
5.6
5.8
6.0 14.2 | 774 179
6.2 14.9 216 1q.7 | 155 214 20.1 178
119 t9l 17 .1 231 20.3 161 262 20.7
262 20.3 196 6.0
15.7 | 121 201 17.8 219 2E0 21.4
185 283 21.O 205 6.2
d.6 Id.4 | 129 219 18.5 2r.c | 7,4 193 21.8 215 6.4
6.8 17.1 I 134 234
300 22.1 207 330 22.6 221 6.6
19.1 285 321 22.9 209 353 23.4 233 6.8
208 17.8 139 250 10.8 | 147 304 23.6
220 18.5 | 14+ 26tt 219 376 24.2 243 7.O
323 21.2
232 19.1 | 149 282 314
403 21.9 253 7.2
2f6 19.8 ti5 2i)9
21.a
25.5
235 430 25.6 263
260 20.4 | 1i3 212 457 26.2 7.6
387 26.1 485 26.9 283 7.4
8.0 276 21.1 r63 335 172 410
8.2 2tn 2r .8 1u8 177 432
26.7 260 513 27.6 294 8.0
s.1 305 22.5 i 1;3 1t2
208 28.3 303 4.2
s.6 32L 23 .2 | r78 3!2 28.2 277 573 2S.0 313 8.4
187 430 29.0
8.E 338 23.9 I rE3 41t 286 605 29.7 323 8.6
192 506 29.7 294 037 30.4 8.8
s.0 188 197 532
9.2 372 192 30.5 303 31.1 9.0
203 560 31..2 412
9. -1 389 r97 209 588
31.7 353
9.6 406 202 32.0 321 32 ,4 363 9.4
9.8 423
2t4 619 32.7 330 33.0
207 2r9 649 9.6
10.0 440 212 33.4 339 383 9.8
224 680 31.2 348 34.3 395
EXPANSTON AND STRESSES
!-l z 4 6 8 10
L
L; t', l;u kr k! L
kb 1t6 k'l kt
n
1.0 2.6 0.8 9.7 2.9 1.8 10.8 2.3 11 .8 3.4 2.4 12.2 2.5 12 .5 1.0
12 t 45 1.3 11.0 5.0 2.5 15 5.2 3.1 l{i -1 6 17.1 6.2 t.2
lrl b.7 1.8 15.0 7.7 3.3 1U 3.9 20.9 I 4.0 4.2 22.a
1d | 89 2.3 19.0 4.0 23 1I 4.7 12 4.8 72 5.0 28.0 1.6
i.E | 11.: 23.0 13.3 1.1 30 16 33.2 1.8
rol13.5 3.2 24.5 16.3 5.4 31 18 6.2 19 20 6.7 38.6 2.0
l.r | 17.5 3.8 33.0 20 6.3 22 7.O 40 7.1 24 7.6 15.2 2.2
il|21.5 4.5 25 7.2 .10 27 ?.9 46 29 8.3 49 30 8.4 52
I ,r I 25.5 5.1 42 .O 30 8.0 33 8.8 5L 36 9.1 56 37 9.3 2.6
r. s 29.7 5.8 46.5 36 8.9 50 40 9.6 57 10.0 62 10 .2 65 2.4
:t 0 3.1.2 51 43 s.8 48 10.5 63 52 10.I
. 68 11.0 72 3.0
) 2 40.4 7.1 56 .19 10.6 59 56 11.4 69 ti0 1l.E 75 ii3 11.S 80 3.2
J+ 17 7.8 61 56 ii4 ti5 12.3 70 12.7 82 72 12.8 88 3.4
i. ii 52 8.5 66 ti-1 12.3 69 71 13.1 8L 80 13.6 89 82 g6 3.6
.i.3 59 9.2 7L 72 L3.2 83 14.0 90 96 9+ 104 3.8
=.0 66 10.0 76 81 1.1. 1 79 93 15.0 93 102 104 108 t5.7 L12 4.0
=.2 72
r.1 80 ll.ti
10.8 E1 90 15.0 84 104 15.8 $9 113 16.4 111 123 121 4.2
86 100 89 1I6 Iii.7 106 126 17.2 t18 138 17 .4 130 4.4
=d 88
rs 97 13.2
12.1 91
96
111
t22
16.8
L7 .7 99
128 17.6
18.5
1t2 110 18.1 126 153 18.3 138 4.6
11E 18.9 133 168 19 .2 r17 ,1. 8
;0 107 14.0 102 133 10.1 19.4 125 170 1S.8 142 183 20.1
i2 rt7 14.8 107 19.4 109 168 20.3 132 185 20.7 150 200 21.0 164 5.2
11 t27 112 20.3 t1{ 183 21.2 139 201 2r.6 158 218 2l .9 173
i.6 137 10.4 117 171 21 .1 ll$ 200 22.2 1-16 219 22.1 I60 236 22.a 1E2
r.3 148 17 .2 123 185 22.0 125 23.1, 238 23.3 191 o.6
.,0 159 18.0 129 199 131 21.0 160 25a 21.2 182 278 21.5 200
.. 2 6.0
170 18.9 215 23.a 130 21.9 107 277 25 .1. 191 299 209 6.2
r. 1 181 19.7 110 230 1+1 26'J 25.9 1t'4 206 26.0 199 321 26 .1 219 6.4
r. d 19-1 20.6 116 215 1+0 238 26.8 181 316 26.9 208 3.16 2t-.3 229 6.6
'r _\ 208 152 260 26.1 151 309 27.8 188 340 27 .9 216 2a.2 239 0.8
..0 222 22.1 158 276 27.4 330 2a.7 105 367 28.8 399 29.2 249 7.0
.2 236 23.2 103 2U3 28.3 161 29..1 202 389 2U.6 233 427 30.0 259
.1250 24.2 169 311 29.2 106 3t'2 30.2 208 412 30..1 211 30.9 269
7.2
7.4
;. d 201 25 .I 330 30. I I71 393 31.0 215 31.2 2+9 .{83 279 7.6
..! 279 26.0 181 350 31.0 177 ,115 31.8 4ti3 32.O 257 511 32.6 289
:0 296 27 .O 187 370 32.0 184 228 490 32.a 265 33.4 299
:2 313 27 .9 r92 31)0 32.E r89 '160 33..1 235 519 ,iJ
5.10
570 34.3
8.0
:+ 330
idi3.17
28.8 r98 .110 l9+ 4E4 3-1.3 2|t 31.6 2E3 603 35.2
309
319
8.2
8.4
29.7 201 430 34.6 199 510 24E 578
:.s 364 30.6 2r0 .151 204 s36 36.0 255 608 36.4
2\)2
331
637 36.0
36.9
330
341
8.6
8.8
r.0 I 382 31.4 2l() 173 36.3 209 562 37.0 262 6.r0 37.4 310 710 37.8 352 9.0
:.2 | +00 32.3 222 496 3t'.2 590 37.8 268 $ t-2 38.1 318 38.6 362 s.2
-..+ | +19 33.2 519 38.1 2r9 38.7 275 701 38.9 326 741 39.5 372 9.4
61138 31.1 231 5f2 3{).0 221 39.6 282 39.7 33.1 a2r 40.3
.. s '157 35.0 210 5ti6 .10.0 229 680 404 2E8 768 -10.5 312 858 {t.2
382
392
9.6
9.8
0 1 .176 30.0 216 590 .11.0 235 710 41.3 296 800 41 .3 896 42.0 .103 10.0
ITT GITINNEI,L PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
17 17.2 77 3.0
3.0 39 19.0
45 8.8 52 14.I 82 62 18
21.0 93
9.9 60 15.8 90 7l 20 s6
23 .0 101 3.6
?0 99 81 22 105
3.6 59 11.0 1r4 2+.6 110 3.8
12.0 80 19 109 94 2+
3.8 69
2l 108 26 26.5 116 4.0
4.0 79 108 s1 4.2
4.2 89 15.0 118 102 23 t2l 2a 134 2S r27
tr4 25 30 t44 31 136
4.4 100 128
150 154 33 4.6
4.6 11r 18.0 138 128 27
167 164 154
4.8 t2& 19.9 148 29
IUJ 198
5.0 139 2t.a 159 31 173
203 39 218 39
5.2 152 169 4l 5.+
197 22r 234
165 24.4 t79 36
259 5.6
38 20s 240 43
5.8
1?9
193 27 .O
18S
199 q 260 45 280 46 5.8
26
EXPANSION .\N D STR ESSES
h
4/3 2 4
L L
i k" Ict lco h, kt h
0.2 0.07 0.6 0.29 1.8 7 0.53 11 0.69 4.6 o.2
0.4 0.60 0.7 3.0 0.75 2.O 8 1.4 4.8 0.4
1.15 0.8 5.8 1.9 2.2 1l 3.8 5.0 18 0.6
0.8 2.4 0.9 9.5 3.6 4.8 +.4 20 o.o 23 0.8
1.0 6.2 3_0 8 4.9 26 6.0 29 1.0
t.2 6 2l 8 3.6 29 10 34 7.0 38
L.1 I 1.6 28 11 39 4A 18 8.0 49
1.6 13 1.9 36 18 4.8 50 22 26 9.0 62 1.6
1.8 19 45 5.4 62 .8.1 10.0 76 1.8
2.0 27 58 37 6.0 41 9.0 88 11.0 92 2.O
2.2 2.6 68 48 6.6 90 10.0 104 60 12.0 110
4A 2.9 80 60 106 7l 11.0 121 13.0 129 2.4
s3 8.0 123 a7 140 94 14.5 150 2.6
2.8 3.5 108 9l 9-0 142 105 13.5 162 114 t7l 2.4
3.0 81 3.8 124 110 10.0 162 128 185 17 193 3.0
99 4.I t42 130 10.5 183 151 209 160 19 2t9 3.2
3..+ 118 4.4 160 152 20tr 178 t7 189 20 246 3.4
3.6 138 4.8 180 178 12 230 208 19 259 220 273 3.6
3.8 160 5.2 20r 206 13 240 20 288 254 23 301 3.8
{.0 184 222 239 74 280 2l 318 292 24 331 4.0
210 6.1 244 273 307 318 23 349 26 362 4.2
239 266 310 16 335 361 380 378 2a 396 4.4
27I 6.9 288 351 17 365 .rr0 25 4I4 424 29 432 4.6
4.8 303 311 398 18 306 461 26 450 481 30 469 4.8
336 334 445 19 428 512 2a 480 537 506 5.0
27
ITT GRINNEI,I, PIPING DI.]SIGN AND ENGINEERIN(;
L &b
I' SIIAPE-MODIFIED
T.
Reacting Torce 'r- k"'r'fr
f-
Reacting Force ho.".-fi
,D
: nt'
Maximum Bending Stress s3 "' 7,
L Direc-
4/3 tron
ol Fyn
h, k, kh k! hb h Force
kt
i lt.2 3.30 2.24 12.6
1 2.62 0.51 10..15 2.63 o.75 10.50 242 1.4r
16.5 4.37 2.79 17.6 I
14.1 3.38 1.01 14.45 3.6S 1.85
a.42 0.69
4\2 0.86 13.3 4.5 o .42 14.5
r.o 4.17 1-26 13.8 4.12 1.15 13.5
2.60 5.30 2.44 16.r 2.r+ 17.3
J
2 5.46 2.66 5.50 2t.3 4.50 22.O
4.70 7. 10 4.70 .5
21" 7.08 4.65
3 7 .20 .87 28.2 s.+ 2a.2
9.30 7.60 28.7 9.33 7.75 28.2 9.40 7
6
28
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
T'WO PLANE II
u-^
f.
Reacting Force F' : h.. c. :"zlb
D
Sendlng Stless ss : /f6. ct Psl
.D
'Iolslonetblress st :,cr'c'
ZPsl
Jp )n lncnes_ -L in feet D in inches
'Where no value for &; is listed the torsional stress is
negligible.
tr'or method of combining stress see pages 4 and 5.
NorE: f,ette!6 indicete locetion of maximum combined stress,
L L
0.25 0.50 I 2 3
t
L , L
E ka ko At i./ L lu h, kh kt tr kb kt
i
c c
1 0.040 0.55 0.195 ). .42 0.70 3.43 0.75 1.54 7.09 0.75 2.05 9.12 0.65 2 26 9.8 o .52 1
c c
2 0.050 0.62 0.27 7.24 3.31 1.73 4.40 11.2 3.0 18.9 11 .0 24.8 3.4
B B B
0.055 0.67 0.31 1.90 6.36 11 .3 4.9 12.9 6.8 19.5 33.4 7.8
B B B
I 0. o58 0.72 0.3{ 2. t4 1.72 7 .70 10.5 16.6 22.2 36.7 12.0
B 3 B B
0.060 0.76 0.36 1.86 6.34 4.71 15.6 20.0 22.O 12.2 34.5 16.0
B B B B B B
6 0.061 0.78 0.37 2 .40 1.99 6.95 t7.6 24.4 40.0 44.6
B B B B B B
7 0.063 0.80 0.38 2.08 7 .40 10.2 19.3 24.5 32.0 44.7 44.9 7
B B B B ! I
8 0.0635 0.81 0.39 2.63 2 .16 7.80 10.9 21.0 26 .5 49.0 51 .4 8
B B B B a B
0.064 0.825 0.396 2.69 2.22 8.10 tr .4 28.0 37.6 56.0 I
n B B B B !
10 0.0647 0.84 0.40 2.i1 2.28 8.40 11 .8 23.4 29 .5 40.6 59.3 10
2S
ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
-
k"lkb
D DI
1 10.20 1.63 0.51 J 1.26 6.6 2.O
D
2 t0.28 2.O1 I
o ."+e e. zz 15.0 1.07 9.3 16.0
D
3 t0.32 2.r5 0.30 | 5.70 13.3 22.O 2.76 21.O
D
4 | 0.34 2.27 7.00 19.6 26.4 4.86 31.4
D
5 t0.35 2.32 7.86 24.4 29.6 7 .20 51.0
D
6 0.36 2.36 8.50 28.5 31.6 9.58 66.7 40.0
D D D
7 | O .37 2.38 8.96 31.6 9.38 81.8
D D D
8 | 0.38 2.10 9.30 40.0 9.20 43.2
D D D
I I 0.38 2.42 43.1 9.00 108 48.1
D D D DI
10 I 0.3C 2.43 9.80 38.0 15.9 8.70 119 14.1 | 10
0.67 3.20
D
D
4.35
D
s.z lo.is I z.o 6.3
c
z.rsl z".ol | ,
1.35 5.80 4.30 9.96 ^t
11.0 I |
I
9.3 15.0 10.5 117.7
D D
1.70 7.00 6.23 13.8 rols lo.ss I zr.z 24.O
D D DIDI
1.88 7 .44 7 .44 16.9 21.5 l7 .40I 36 .2 30.0
D D D IDI
2.01 8.94 18.8 3t 4 17.75152.6 31.0
D D DIDI
2.09 8.00 37 0 17.70 16S-5 .10.5
D D D IDI
2.t5 8.13 10.3 2t.l 41.6 17.70185.7 49 .4 03.6 | 6.75 1145
D D D IDI
2.17 8. 14 10.7 2r.7 45.0 I 7.14 1100 r55 1 60.2 34.5
D D D
2.23 8.30 11.0 22.2 +slo lohlrre 64.0 r8d 171.0136.8
D D DIDI D
2.26 8.36 r1.3 22.6 50.6 16.45 1127 7t.5 6 182.8138.8
30
EXPA\SION AI{D STRESSES
I'/a : ti
'I 0.25 I 2 3 4
L L
L. kt ka hl kt kb ka
E
n
D D c c c c
I 1.00 3.3{ 1.16 1.50 1.7 1.90 2.2 2. ."1 8. 2.38 I
2 2.79
D
8.58 1.50 5.86
D
4.10
D
8.65 14.3
c
10.7
c
19.5 11. ;l c
12 35 26.0
c
2
D D D D D
3 4.06 12.0 1.39 11.15 1n. o 5 .12 19.3 16.4 10.7 26.1 st.z 2!. 30.8 43.0
L/a-8
i 0.25 0.5 1 2 3 4
i
L
L l^ kl kb
i
I t.22 4.2 1.69
cl
5.201
D
1.8 6.3
c
c
c
8.3
c
l,^ c
8.8
c
1
D D D
24.5 2
2 4. 10 10.0 9.36 5.60 9.9
c
1 1.9
c l,;; 2A
c
l*'
D D D D
3 lJ.6 2.79 15.1 19.0 7.84 23.2 28.4 29.6 40.5 17 34.3
D D D D c c c
8.75 20.0
D
2.62 23.4
31.6
29.0
38.6
9.2
9.7
D
40.9
.8
39.0
30.6
D
23.0 88.8
57.0
zt. o
l:;r 07
86
ris.9
108
10.2 23.0 61
D D D D c Iror c
11.0 25.0 38.7 46.8 10. 1 8-1.0 2ri.3 r28 E9.0 5 107 161 6
]ue c
li
D D D D c
7 11.8 26.0 .15.0 5.1.0 10. I 107 67 .2 28.9 t71 10'1 r29 225
D D D 1206 c
8 r2.3 27 .O 50.0 59.6 9.8 130 82. 1 31.2 225 119 1-19 299 6
D D D D c l270 c
I 12.7 27.8 54.0 64.0 9.4 r52 95.5 3r.9 279 133 108 390 I
D D D D D c 1312
l0 r3.0 28.,{ 57.3 9.05 t09.5 33.6 335 145 i{06 475 li:; 10
ITT G1TINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
-
30.21 0.95 3.2 4.9 0.31 1.37 41.40 2.09 10.0 t.4l 6.9 0.60 o.74
22.40 1.36 4.0 0.45 t.a2 30.54 3.03 6.92 t.a2 1.95 5.0 1.01 1 .07
19.62 1.66 3.78 4.4 2.5 2.13 22.14 3.33 4.7a L.29 2.00 1.10 1.11 7t
19.20 1.68 2.80 2.80 4.8 2.0 2.53 18. 12 3.70 0.98 2.00 2.8 1.14 I
26.7 I. 1I 1.20 1.40 6.4 0.9 0.37 4.10 13.50 o .42 1.27 0.45 2.06 1.0 0.66 1.30 2
34.5 1.65 0. s4 0.94 0.8 0.58 5.66 0.45 0.85 0.29 2.38 0.70 0.66 1.66
43.4 1.98 0.74 0.74 0.64 0.65 21.0 0.39 0.65 o.2l 0.56 0.68 2.01 4
2.t7 0.62 0.62 0.72 8.6 25.3 0 .42 o .52 0.17 3.10 0.45 0.63 2.38 5
61.0 2.31 0.53 0.53 t2.6 0.48 0.77 10.2 29 .4 0.51 o .4+ 0. 14 3.43 0.39 0.68 2.76 6
70.0 2.43 o.47 o.47 0.43 0.81 11.6 33.5 0.51 0.39 o.t2 3.79 0.35 o.72 3.13 7
79.2 2.70 0.42 o.42 15.7 0.39 0.91 13.2 37 .6 0.63 0.35 0. 11 4.16 0.32 3.50 8
88.2 2.76 0.38 0.38 0.35 0.93 14.6 41.4 0.53 0.31 4.50 0.28 0.76 3.84 I
2.41 0.35 035 4.20
24.7 5.0 o.77 4.7 1.68 0.96 6.7 0.52 t.r2 o.72
22.3 4.86 0.54 3.6 L .62 0.74 6.0 4.80 0.37 1.10 3.9 2.0 0.61 1
9.3 0.15 o.22 1.1 1.00 0.71 3.6 1.48 0.13 0.80 0.51 2
10.4 o.24 0.13 0.60 0 -74 0.70 0. 10 0.76 0.09 0.65 0.6 0.88 o.42
t2.o 0.11 0. o.44 0.69 0.82 0.09 o.47 0.64 0.4 0.66 0.45 4
13.7 o.21 0. 0.34 0.58 0.95 0.16 0.35 0.67 0.3 0.58 0.50
o.22 0. 0.30 0.57 1.06 o.L2 0.27 0.70 o.24 0.51 0.54
0.20 0. o.25 1.18 0.10 0.23 o.74 0.20 0.50 0.59
19.5 0.21 0. o.22 0.56 7.25 0. 15 0.20 0.80 0.18 0.48 0.65 8
21.6 0.21 0. 0.21 0.59 t.42 0. 10 0.18 0.01 0.83 0. 17 0.49 0.69 s
0.25 88.2 0.ori 18.f 1.13 0.71 1+.7 2.2 o.12 102.3 8.19 0.9ii 0.tr2 r7.0 2. 7 I 0.3E
0. ;0 a iz rz.u 0.67 0. c5 0.9 2,IJ 0. 61 69.0 10.77 13.7 0.5E 0.82 I I.4 3.6 1 0.53
0.75 30.3 8..lri 7.8 o .42 0. 12 l c.i 0.60 14. t- 10.30 8.75 0.35 0.79 7.4 3.4 0.52
.1 0.90 (}.1 1
28.14 s.'1g ;.s 0.28 4.7 2.7 0.56 31 .5 6.10 0.23 0.67 5.2 3. 1 0.47
2 8.01 4.t5 r.6 0.09 0.57 I 1.4 1.5 0..10 9.0 4.9 1 .70 0.07 0 .47 1.6 0.33
6. 21 0.00G1 0.77 0.06 0.47 1 0.7 1.0 0.31 5.3-1 0 0.80 0.04 0.36 0.70 1.1 i0.25
,4 6.24 0 05; 0.47 0.037 0.43 0. { 0.7G 0.30 5.50 0.03 0..16 0.026 0.32 0.41 0.80 I 0.23
'5 6. iig o."r-,;;l o. aa 0.026 0.42 I 0.20 0.63 0.31 6.06 0.03 0.32 0.010 0.30 0.29 0.67 0.22
6 7 .11 0.057t 0.25 0.021 0.43 0.22 0.5.+ 0.33 6.24 0.24 0.015 0.30 0.21 0.5i 1 0.21
7 7.98 0.069 0.21 0.017 0.45 0.19 0.50 0.35 6.50 0.04 0. 18 0 .011 0.2i 0.16
8 E.60 0.075 0. 17 0.015 0.47 | 0.15 0.45 0.37 6.80 0.04 0.16 0.0105 0.31 0.14 0.4i 1 0.21
ig 9.50 0.0501 0.15 0.012 0.48 0. r{ 0.45 0.41 7.02 0.14 o .32 0 .12 0.4+ 10.26
10 10 08 0.070 0 14 0.010 0.52 0.13 0.45 0.44 0.12 0.33 0. 11 0.12 I O -27
025 r17.0 9.87 23 .4 0.85 10.5 3.3 0.3.1 132.0 11 .46 0.75 3.8 0.26
0.50 81.0 13.35 1ti.0 0.53 0.76 13.6 0.49 E8:8 r7.2 0.46 14.8 5.1 0.43
50.6 12.06 9.8 0.30 0.72 8.4 4.0 0.49 56.0 11 10 r0.7 0.27 9.3 o .12
I 35.1 11.07 0.20 0.60 5.8 0.41 38.0 12.12 7.3 0.17 6.4 4.2 0.38
2 9.78 1.8 0.05 0.37 1.6 1.9 0.27 u:4 2.0 0.046 1.8 2.2 0.26
3 4.95 0.85 0.03 0.30 0.75 1.3 0.22 4.92 4.29 0.91 0.023 0.82 1.4 0.19
T
T
4.90 0.49 0.010 0.26 0. '13 0.9 0.19 4.10 0.50 0.013 0.45 1.0 0.16
5 1.70 0.32 0.014 o.23 0.29 0.71 0.17 3.90 0.011 0.29 0.78 0.14
6 4.75 0.23 0. 011 o.22 0.21 0.59 0.16 3.95 0.235 0. 21 0.63
4.80 0.18 0.0092 0.22 0.16 0.51 0.167 4.10 0.16 0.55
8 5.00 0.15 0.0083 0.23 0.13 o .47 0.176 4.20 o .12 o .47
s 5.20 z 0.13 0.0065 o.23 0. 11 0 .42 0.183 4.45
z 0.0051 0.10 0.43
+
10 0. 11 0.0055 o.23 0.10 o.32 0.186 4.62 0.0{,) 0.39
-:L __1L
,l 25 1+7.0 0.69 0.255 161.0 0.62 0,41
,l 50 96.6 0.40 0.38 106.0 19.4 0. 37 0.55
61.8 o.24 0.39 67 .2 17 .7 o.21 o.52
1 41.5 0.15 0.35 45.6 15.3 0.09 0.49
2 I I.4 0.0.1 0.23 12 .6 8.25 0.034 0.28
3 5.1 0.019 0.15 5.46 0.016 0.20
+ 3.9 0.012 0.116 3.8
t 0.012 0.16
3.6 0. 102 0.007 0. 1.+
The tables for steel expansion bends on pages 34 : -l'abular F, .\ttttll Itt Ho' t iotr
Acturl F, X ;.
'l abular I)eflectiort
to 45 permit the sclection of bends designed to absorb
,
<- Fx
Fx+
-Fx
E\PANSION AND STRESSES
Thermal Expansior at 600o F : 4.60 inches/100 ft. Refer to the tables to lind bends rvhich will accommo-
date a deflection of 1.7.tr ilches. In this crse three
(see page 7)
bends are shol.n rvhich fulfill this requirement. Final
Find: I. A. suitable bend lhich rlill absorb the ex- choice will depend upon space llmitations, economy of
plnsion in the restrained line l-ithout excceding the materials and labor, and the intelsity of the anchor
illorvable bendirrg stress. forces.
Lrp. U 1
40 8 11t31 2338 12.0 r 0.0 102.1
1':Rl I
I
Iirp. U I
1' : 2nl 4l 6 2.03
J lr79 2012 12.0 12.0 r03.8
* Actual F. n.i.n E,
F\n, '^:::^'
- Trb. F. X i' l" , Er
I, : 1037 x ffi x fii = ro+s (F, for anv other choice of benr] is obtained similarlv)
:iat the pipe line is unguided (i.e., the line is unre- 'l'abunr Defleclion X {/ > 3.9t X
::rained). - I+g
22,300
: 1.7.1 inches
flnd: I. A suitable bend rvhich r-ill absorb the Refer to the tables to find bends rvhose values for
::ipansion in the unrestrained line l'ithout exceeding deflection times the appropriate Q value rvill accom-
:Le allorvable bending stress. modate a deflection of 1.74 inches. As in Example 1
there are several such bends from r,rhich to choose, five
II, The approxima.te anchor forces. of rvhich are listed below.
I Found
I I Tabular Actual Tabular II Height, width Developed
Typo Rad. Tabular Approx,
;i a Deflec. Deflec., in Lgth. beiween
Bend
on
page in
D,
Deflec.,
lnches XO mches t, lb
ID
feet feet Anchors, feet
Developed Length
I II Act. Deflec. Tabular II widih
I I I 't anular
Anchor Ea. Bend
Actual llach Total
TvDe Rad. Height Deflec., Spacing, inches 1b feet Ilend
of
;i in tn
feet
inches
Bends feet
tb
Bend D"
1488 4.3 33.4 334.0
23 .5 0.966 721
Douhle\ 5.1 o .47 10
6 309.0
Offset .f 742 1592 6 30.9
.5 0.966
Exp. U\ 6 5 0.45 10 23
Developed Length
I II Actual Tabular II widrh
'Iabula,r
I I I Tabular
Deflec , No. Anchor Deflec. Approx. 1n
feet
Each Toial
Tvpe Rad. Hqieht Deflec., a of Spacing, Eeno,
-btla,, lb
lb Bend
;f 1n tq inches XQ
Bends feei inches
Bend D" feet
1514 4.3 43.4 303.8
7 33 .57 1.38
Double\ o.47 1.40 0.66
6 36.8 294.4
Offset , 8 29.38 t.21
Exp. Ul 0.45 1.31 0.59
6 5
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
Example 5 (Exact solution for unrcstrailed bcnds) Locate gravity aris X-X.
Giten: A- (i" schedule 120 A.S.T II A 106 Grade Ilend 31.1 X569:178
B Doublc Offset Expalsion l3cnd, bcnt orl a-10 inch Straights 55.5ij X 0: 0
radius is to be installed il a lirte 6'-r fcct krrig operatirrg 80.96 178
at 625' F. -{ssume that the beridirrg stress shall not
ercecd 22,500 Psi. r7R
Fx.- =-Fx
ITT GRINNI,]I,I, PIPINIi DESITIN ,\ND UN(IINEERIN(I
_ I LcI p
^,IiI
17281" I.
/, (aboLrt glavity tris -Y-X) 12.52n3k :
i'or Slrcss o/ 10,000 psi, E oJ 29 X l0':
| ,(llrccrlon : 0.;2En:/i
lncllcs
,
D.
- : 9161p pourds
1'].
.t-
,? in feel l) irr irr,.ho. 1a in itrchesa
/, distance bett'een anchors in feet
c erpln:riou frcior -.see page 11
A" total thcrmrl c\p&Dsiou in inches
For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106
lllrlirrs oi lJenrl /?
40
I
0 322 | 1.90 2259 2.44 2051
8',
80 0.500 r.27 3586 1 .52 2990
]
10, 40 0.365 2.45 2992
60 0.500 2.05 4619
0.375
I
12' std. | 3. 12 3364
XS 0.500 2.42 5323
0.375
| 2',-8', 10' 20'
0.500I
16" std. ,r.69 3549 Pipe I'ipe
xs 4.25
300 1.50 1.4ti
18', Std. 0.375 5.5r 37r6 400 1.46 1.41
xs 0.500 5.00 500 1 .42
1.38
1.37
600
20' std. 0.375 6.34 3855 700 1.34 |.29
xs 0 500 5.75 6181 800 1.31 1.25
38
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
CIRCLE BEND
No. 11 Bend
GcneraL:
Leugih : 0.2838
p LcI p
L.EI
x-
-
17281" I"
.{. 1ul'out grrrilY 3\is X-X) - 3.14R3fr
0.312n:l .
Defleclior r - lnchcq E in feet D in inches 1r itr inches4
-/); I disiance betl een anchorsir feet
It)lr/-l P c expalsiolt factor see Page 11
/l- : Dorrnds A, total thermal erpansion in inches
RDi
- For Stress of 10,000 Psi, E of 29 X 106
Pipe
Size
D"
39
ITT GITINNEI,L PIPING DESIGN AND UNGINEEITING
EXPANSION U BEND
No. 9 Bend.
GeneraL:
Length:0.283fi
Modificd Length : 6.2838&
lt _ L^EI
- '-_" LtI :,"
I r'281, I,
,1r \rbour gravlty rxis X-X) -- 3.l4R3k
For
'Shsss
o/ 10,000 psi, E of 29 \, 106:
.
[JeHenllon -
0.312.R:t.
rcllcs fcct D in inches 1r in inchesa
D-
II E irr
,I, distance betrveen archors in feet
r00;1p c expansion factor see p&ge11
Fr : Pounds
Brr' A, total thelmal erpausiol in inches
6D,, al)"
13
r ls J
40 0.280 2,782 2360 0.93 1. 1415
0.432 0.36 1,072 3394 0.75 2037
80
40
EXPANSION AND STRE-CSES
EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS : 2 FT
No. 9 Bend
GenerqL:
Lerrgth :0.2838 + 4ft
trIodilied Lclgth : 6.2t3nir + 4fi
- L"EIp LcI p
ri28I, I,
1" (about grar"ity axis ,Y-X)
: 3.11n3/i * S/i'!i * 6.28nft + 1.33
For Stress o/ 10,000 psz, !- o/ 29 X 106:
.
uen.crron
(0.3t2n" + u.;gin- + 0.02.r n)ft
(/i l b;
!t132
-1- -8 in feet D in inches Ia in inchesa
' (R + I)Di 1n.1r". .L distance betlreen anchors in feet
10671P c expansion factol-see page 11
-
1.,: ,-^ pounds
^
\tt i | )ut A. total thermal expansion in inches
Iladius of Bend -B
Pipe
ll'all 5I 6D" 8D" 10D"
Sch. Thick-
Size
D" Deflec- Deffec- Deflec- Deflec- Anchor
tion, i orce, tion, Force, tion,
ln. ID ln. 1b tn, ID "iffo
40 0. 154 0.41 255 0.43 233 0.56 200 0.76
EO 0. 213 0.32 332 0.30 305 0.56 261 0.76 228
40 0.203 0.39 0.43 394 0. 63 333 0.87 288
80 O.2t'6 0.34 0. 43 495 0. 63 418 0.87 362
4L
ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS : R
No' 9 Bend
Gmeral:
Length : 8.283R
- A'EIp LcIP
17281, I"
.r, (about gravity axis x-x)
_ (8.?lbk + 0.167)ng
I well
Scb. I Thick-
Deflec-| Anchor
No. I ness
tion, I Force,
in. I lb
4035
16' std.
XS
0.375
0.500 6458 2',-8' | 10'-20'
42
EXPANS]ON AND STRESSES
EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS : 2R
No. 9 Bend
General:
Lerigth:10.2E38
\{odilicd Lerrgth : 0.28344 + +R
-- A,EIp LcI p
i28l , I,
1" (about. gravity axis X-X)
= (17 .42h + 1.333)R3
For Srress o/ 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106:
uenecl
.rorL (0.8u;f | 0.0tic2)R'.
lnches
D; -
8331P
-
l?z : Pounds
F.1)
B in feet L distance betq'een anchors in feet
D in inches c expansion factor see page 11
1p in iuchesa A, total thermal expansion in inches
Radius of Bend rB
Pipe \Yall
Sch. Thick- )" 6D" aD" 10 D"
D,, No. Deflec- Anchor Deflec- Deflec- Deflec-
l, in. Anchor
Force, tion, Force, Force, t1On, Force,
in. lb Ib ln. tb rn.
.10 0151 0.35 280 0..:13 233 0.70 r7a 1.09 140
t0 0.218 0.27 0.39 305 0.70 229 1.09 183
.10 0 203 0..r0 425 0.51 0.90 266 1.41 212
EO 0.276 0.35 0.51 41ti 0.90 1.41 268
40 0 216 0.68 479 1.06 359 1.66 287
80 0.300 0 .12 712 0. 60 613 1.06 463 1.66 370
3l', 40 o.226 o .72 68.1 0.87 570 1.27 428 1.98 342
80 0.318 0.50 896 0.71 |.27 1.98 448
o.237 0. E8 803 | .o7 669 1.47 501 2.30 401
80 0.337 0.61 1067 0.83 889 r .17 667 2.30 534
5', 40 o.258 1.27 1090 908 2.07 682 2.9L
EO 0 375 0. 85 1!t85 1.05 1238 1.86 928 2.91 743
6', 40 0.2E0 1.65 1388 2 .04 1179 885
80 0 .132 1.06 2037 1.29 1697 2.25 1272
8', 40 0.322 2.34 1928 3.08
EO 0.500 1.60 3062 r .93 2553
10, 40 0.365 3.00 2553
60 0.500 2.51 3943
0 Factor
Temper-
ature, 2',t0'
Pipe Inclusive
5 & 6D" 8 & 10D,,
300 1 .40 1. 48
400 1.36 1. 45
500 1.33 1.42
600 1.30 I .40
ITT GIIINNELI, PIPING DI']SICiN AND ITNGINIi]'III\(I
EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS : 4R
No. I Bend
GenErctl:
Length:14.283R
Modified Length : 6.283R& + 8n
L,EI p LcI p
17281, I,
1, (about gravity axis X-X) : (44'27ic + 10'66)R3
DJUI P
f- : Dounos
RDi '
R in feet
-
D in inches
I p ln lncnes-
-L distance betrveen anchorsin feet
c expansion factor-see Page l1
A, total thermal expansion in inches
Wall
I'ipe -thich-
Size Deflec- Deflec- -{nchor Deuec-
D" t, in. tlon, tion, j Fqf."' tion,
tn. in. Ib
1.30 113 2. 13
40 0.15,1 0.67 187 0.83
2',
0.53 2+1 0.77 1.36 li'2 2 .13
80 0. 218
0.99 1.76 178 2.71
o.77 283
2i' 40 0.203
0.69 0.99 |.7b 223 2.74
80 0.276
1.30 2.08 239 3.25
40 0 216 105 384
2.08 309 3.25
80 0.300 0.t1 495 1 .t7
.226 1.34 456 1.66 380 247
40 0
498 2.47
0 .318 0.97 599 1 .39
80
2.03 446 335
40 0.237 1.05 536
162 593 145
80 0.337 i.18
233 727 2 .87 606
40 0.258 820
80 0.375 162 992 2.04
8 & 10r"
44
EXPANSIO\ A\D STRESSES
General:
Length = 6.283R
Modified Length : 6.2838ft
J.EI p LcI p
'"- 17281,- 1,
1" (about gru'ity axis X-X) : 3 61R3tr
For Slrcss o/ 10,000 psi, E ol 29 X 106:
. : 0.2ri0nrA. ,
Incnes
-Detlectron -
- : r20gI P Pounos
li. .Rt
.B in feet L distance betu'een anchors in Ieet
D in inches c exPansion factor see Page 11
1r, in inchesa A, total thermal expansion in inches
For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106
Radius of Bend A
lVall
Pipe Sch. Thick-
Size No. Anchor Defiec- Deflec-
D"
ness Deflec- Deflec-
tion, Force, tion, Force, Force, tion, Force,
rn, lb ln. tb in. lb tb
40 0.154 0.10 407 0 .12 339 0.19 255 0.30 201
EO 0.218 0.08 0. 1l 442 0.19 332 0.30 266
3" ,10 0.216 0. 16 834 0.19 694 0.29 521 0.46 117
80 0.300 0 .12 1075 0.17 897 0 .29 672 0.46 538
D" 40 0.258 0.36 1582 0.44 1318 0.58 s89 0.81 791
80 0.375 o.24 2157 0.29 1796 o.52 1317 0.81 1078
45
ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
LINE INERTIAS
C'NTROID
When determining the location of the centroid of a
systern and the value of the inertias it is necessary to The centroid of a system is located by the algebraic
consider each uniJony segment individually. The summation of the individual products-segment value
value of each segment is a function of its length, shape, times the normal disiance tt om axis to c'g.
and location applied at its center of gravity. For Norr: Alecbraic summ:Ltion ltcans trormal distance may be
plus or minui rnd r[ust bc ooDsidered in adding rcsults,
convenience appiy all dimensions in feet and decirnals.
90" Bend
Any Benil
D:R-C
Nore: \fhere dr errd d"rppnnr irrdepcndenr of sine or e'rsine
th.y crc crl)fcss"d in rrJi-rrs. l' = 0.01;-15 rcdrxrrq. a,/-c s
0 to 90' +
90 to 180' :
180 to 270" J
270 to 3ti0" T' Note: Ior values of I see pages 12 to 16.
46
EXP.\\SIO\ AND STRESSES
Any Bend in Plane of Projection Straight line tr Plane of Projection Parallel to Either
Axis
: l;(02 - Ar)|lx' (Eq. Iv)
(moy be
+or-)
x- -T
I,u : Lr.rJ (lilq. vI)
NorE: 0r &nd ,! s.r'e eripressed in radians.
1' : 0.017.15 radians.
Straight Line in Plane of Projection Inclined to Axes
Y
. -" sin20
tzu:t" - vII)
24 +txU (Eq.
f:r:l [ra
Y
PRODUCT OF INERTIA
-/---- /
Lro\oted c9-
-Tl,,nou o",
The product of inertia of an element is its length |t .i,r-)I
multiplied by its distances from trvo axes. The product
of inertia of an entire branch is the sum of all of these
products. Since distances r and y may have f or
signs the result will be positive or negatir.e.
-
x
--- L-+
The following formulas give product of inertia for I
90'Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes through c.g. 90'Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes not through
+Y
(moy be
I + 0r -l
c.Q>* ]\
-".-+*X
+Y
I
I"v: -h(0.137R8)
(Eq. IX ,a)
--J-
f (moy le
*X'.'-
^l I
|
+at-)
-z (Eq. xI)
Nors: Values of 0.137-P4 are tabulated on page 51.
: l.8lRry
48
E\PANSION AND STRESSES
MOMXNT OF INERTIA
Any Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes through
Center of Curvature
I3
I" :;+ Zr2 (perpendicular to axis) (Eq. XIVB)
- or;]-
+ -R'(sin 0e sin dy)y + f; t.i"'a - sir'rt
(Eq. XIII) I
Angle I
0 to
90 to 130"
180 to 270"
90'
I
270 io 360"
r,: r,"'ff + ru" (Eq. xv,4 )
* \orE: Nleasure dr and d, from the *X axis tolard the *Y ru: r,"ff + r," (Eq. XYB)
sris for proper signs. \Ihere ,r end tr appcar independent of
sire and' coiine tLev are erpressed in radius. 1" : 0.01715
radians. Norr: For values of slnz a/12 and. cos' d/12 lee page 51.
49
ITT GITINNDLI, PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEUITING
-
Straight Line Perpendicular to Plane of Projection Any Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes through
Y
Center of Curvature
'---
':':-1--L - -a
- - -x
I, : l.\Ly'zI l
(Eq. XVI)
Iu - l.}Lr2l r": -
(sin 2d2 sin 2d1
)l R"
r,l@, - e,)
t 2
(Eq. XIxa)
90' Bend in Plane of Projection
(sin 2d'
z,:r[to,-o,t+ - sin 2d' )-l RB
-_,-)
t
(Eq. XIXB)
L= Length of Arc
' (ge - sr)R
1- = lc(0.119n3)' * k!^t)
2"u2 (Eq. xVILa )
: ft(0.149R3) * r.57kRu2
AU
EXPANSION AND
FUNCTIONS OF O
0
nld
Sirrr L
-n
Cosr d
+# | n'aiun"
0.08333 0 0
0 0
+0.03608 1.05 60
60 0.06250 0.02083
0 0 7.37 90
90 0.08333
0.00558 1.83
105 0.07775 -0.02083
02083 2.88
165 0.0055E 0.07775 - 0 .
FUNCTIONS OF R
Pipe
Size
10
'i 2
2
1.2 .:l::
1 1.6 2.3
r
i.o 2.0 1.
30 70 t9 51 76 I 108 r49 t2
l4 47 1t1 217 30 51 81 r21 | 172 236
l6 70 165 324 76 121 180 257 16
DI
ITT GRIN}JI'I,I, PIPI\(I I)IISI(iN INI) It-\:(I]NT]I']iI\CI
Gir:ut: A 10 inch pipirrg s1'stem in accordalce l'ith tr.: the distarcc in X directiou flom points a to e
12 22-
To find c.g.
of each seg-
ment see page
46.
ab = 14'
bc : 72'
cd : 24'
d,e : 40'
\rI 1rx13.22X7.1)0 :+
= 2030
b( VI
\rI
12 X 12 22 X 11.1)0
24X6.22X2.116 :++ 2t94
qt2
.1e \iI {0( - 13 781 X (-9.01) -+ 4983
I'a : * 9649
\I\ra : 1116
-+14X7.e6', :
XI\TA 12 X 14.96, 2686
rr : $is3
1,,
-\IT,T x 18.22j
1-t 4ri4E
Giuen: A. 10 inch piping system in accordance with Pass these reaction forces through the centroid. The
the sketch shorvn above. product o{ these forces and their respective distances
from any point gives the bending moment at that
Maximum Operating Pressure 400 psi
point. Assume counterclockwise rotation as + and
Maximum Operating Temperature 750" F
Piping Specification A.S.T.M. A 106 Grade A
clockwise rotation as -,
Solve for reaction moments at points a and i, as
Data: follows:
I : 0.500 inchesl M*" : - (2795X 0.40) + (1467 X 17.37)
page 2 and t4
: schedule 60 I : +24,364 ft lb
Ip--l: 212 inchesa l M"rh: + (2795 X 9.60) - (1467 X 34'63)
S- = 39.+3 inches'' :
-23,970 ft lb
: 1.74 I page 74
/c5""6
F; the resultant of F" and 1r, rvhen passed through
.ru""a : 1.00
I
) the centroid gives the position of the neutral axis.
c51 75q' : 996 page II The maximum bending moment occurs at that point
which is furthest from the neutral axis. A scale draw-
8e : 17,675 psi page 3
ing will show that this point is located betrveen / and g
Find: Reaction forces F" and Fu at point [. (At at a normal distance of 9.4 feet from the neutral axis.
point a reaction forces are equal and opposite.) The bending moment and bending stress in this curved
Reaction moments at points o and h. section of pipe are determined as follows:
Amountand location of Maximum Bending Stress, s3. M : \'@W+ O467P X e.4 : 2e,672rtlb
Solution: Determine the location of the centroid and : 29,672 X 12 : 356,064 inch Pounds
calculate the line inertias in the same manner as out-
lined on page 50 except that the flexibility factor k t,: M 356,06{ X 1.00: e030Psi
*i: ffi
must be included for all curved segments of the system.
Solve for F, and Fo using the equa,tions shown on The maximum bending moment in straight pipe
page 50: occurs a,t point g.
L,:40+12:52feet X 9.60) + (1467 X 1.21)
M^ro -- + (2795
Lt, : 24 - 14 : 10 feet : +28,607 fr tb
2r,369 x 52 + 10,457 X l9 : 28,60? X 12 : 3r{3,284 inch pounds
r,- _ x 996 x 212
9415X21,369-(1O,457F M
sp=-:- 343,607
. :8714psi
: Z/95 pounds s^ 39.43
_ 9415 X l0 + 10,457 Xjz x 996 X 212 The maximum bending stress is 9030 psi, occurring
',,.n - g4l5 x 2t,369 - (lo,4or.1- in member /9 and is less than the allowable stress
: 1467 pounds range of 22,500 psi.
o4t
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
To {ind c.g. of
each segmcnt sec
page 46.
: 9.84 ft
al,
: 3.68 ft
cd
/-aENreotD e/ : 15.08 ft
l \r/ rr. zzgs!
tir : 35.84 ft'
_r
:L oc-,. {)1
, Ll(lcllus
ojll"".t" : 4.16 ft
tll )
>L : 99.15 :
:Lr' +3133 I >I'a' = +952.0
3133 I: t
Cl lir +3.1.63 fi = HT: +e 6ort
vI 9.84X17.37X5.32 :+ 909
+ 1.57 X 1.74 X 4.16 X 15.86 X 12.89
X 4.103) : + 2307
\.I -1.74(0.137
3.68 X 11.37 X 1-1.10 :+ 603
\B +1.74(0.137 X 4.101 + 1.57 X.1.74 X 4.16 X 6.88 X 12.89
: + 1025
\.I 15.68X537X2.40 :+202
.\B +1.7{(0.137 X 1.16' + 1.57 X 1.74 X 4.16 X 3.86(-8.09) :- 33E
gh \-I 35.81(-16.71)( 9.60) : + 57J9
1,, = +10.157
!u __:: + 9. Ell5.32)'
1.74(0.149 X 4.16t + r.57 X r.74 X 4.16(12.Eg)'?
3. 68(14.40y
1.74(0.149 X 4.16D + 1.57 X1.71X 4.16(12.SSF
T + 1s.68(2. {0)'
1.74(0.i49 X 4.163) + 1.57 X1.74 X 4.16(8.09X
35.81(9. 60)2
II\''1 !.81(17.37)1
y't.71X
2969
\\'II R 1.74(0.149 X 4.163) + 1.57 4.16(15.86)'z 2479
XI\: B __::_::: + B. C8(11.37)? 180
X|II B 1.74(0.149 X 4.161 + 1.57 X1.74 X 4.16(6.E8)'
\I\-.4 15.68(5.37)' 452
.tu IVII A 1.74(0.149 X 4.163) + 1.57 )<1.71 x 4.16(3.86)' 183
XIY B
ff *35 8+tt6 71)'
DD
ITT GRINNE'I,I, - PIPING DESIGN AND F]NGIN]iEN]\(i
l*"*
\-
<i{ rAY
't
o:,J,/
4"'\+
It
Giuen: .L 10 inch piping system in accordance rvith Determine the location of the centroid and calculate
the sketch shot'n above. the line inertias for each projection.
Calculation of the line inertias results in two moments
Maximum Operating Temperature 750' F of inertia for each axis rvhich are added.
Maximum Operating Pressure, P 350 psi
A Total I, : 2013 + 3531 : 5544 feets
Piping Specification A.S.T M. A 106 Grade
To\al I, : 2617 + 3077 : 5724leeLz
Data: Total 1, : 2889 + 1998 : 4887 feeta
t: 0.365 inchesl
from page 2 and 14 Products of inertia from the calculations are:
: schedule 40 j
: f 1461 feet3
1,,
d: 10.02 inches 1"": *2360lee's
1r, : 160.8 inchesa In" : * 529 leet3
S- : 29.9 inches" fntroduce these values into the lollorving equations
.4r : 78.9 inchesz and solve for [., Fn, artd F".
-4,lr : 11.91 inchesz 1,'"-*** +F,1. - - F"1.": L"cIP
FoI"o
cat zso. : 996 from page 11 -F"I.a + FrI, - F"Iu":: LvcIc
Sr : 17,675 Psi from page 3 -F"1." - FoI,. * F"I" L"cIr
L, : distance in X direction from 0 to e
Find: ReacLiort forces F'", Fu, and F ", at point e' (At : 14 feet
point @ reaction forces are equal and opposite )
Reaction Moments M,o, M.", and M, at points o Zs : distance in Y direction from o to e
and e. : 20 - 8: 12 feet
Amountand location of Maximum Combined Stress, s'
tr, : distance in Z direction from a to e
Solution; Assume point n fixed and point e tempo- : 18 feet
rarily released. 'fhe thermal expansion rvould then
move point e in the direction and by the amounts A", L,cIp:14 X 996 X 160'8 :2'2+2,195lblta
A,,, and a, to a ne\- location e'. LucIr: 12 X 996 X 1608: 1'92l,882lbJtB
EsLoblish ax"s -1- X', I Y', and -vZ' at poinl e i.cl p : 18 X 996 X 160.8 - 2,882,8221b lr3
opposite to the direction of A,, Ar' and A, respectively' :2'242'195
Project the piping system into the three planes forrned
(l ) +F,5544 - Fa1'467 - F"2360 : f ,921,882
(2) 146i + Fa 5724 - F" r)29
by ih""u at"". The three planes are denoted as the -tr'" : 2,882,822
XY, XZ, and YZ Planes.
(3) -F"236O - Fa 529 + I'' 4887
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
PROIECTION IN XY PLANE
ab : 201
bc
cd : 18',
de
l*
;
i
I 20 +280 +2 +40
I
II 1.3X18:23.4
t1 +7
0
+98 0-8I -8 - tr2
II 8 0 o I -187.2
-4 -32
:,L = 6L4 zlt' : i37a I >ty' : -Zgt Y
tor t
:: ffi: +r.zs, ,:-ffi;:-445'
ab VI 20x3.22X6.45 : +1062
bc VI 14X1.22X(-3.55)
cd VIII 1.3 X 18X (-5.78) X (-3.55) :+481
d.e VI 8X(-5.78)X0.45 :- 2l
1," : +1461
,013
I,
ab XIV ,,I 20 >< a.222 1350
bc XIV B i+14xr22, 250
cd xvr 1.3X18X5.78' 780
iLe xIv "1 8 X 5.78' 267
2647
PROJECTION IN XZ PLANE
I
Centroid (calculated \rith origin at e)
Lx'
1.3 X 20 :26 +18
14 +18
18 +9
1.3X 8:10.4 0
2L - 68-4
462
:+964
1.3 X 20 X 7.25 X 5.r1
14X0.25X5.11
:+ 18
18X(-6.75)X(-3.89) -+473
:+905
1.3 X 8 X (-6.75) X (-12.89)
678
xvr 1.3X20X5.1l'z 365
xrv ,{ 14 X 5.11'
XIV B ; + 18 '1 3.8s' 1730
xvI 1.3 X 8 X 12.89',
3531
r.3x.20x.7.25',
= 230
$+r+x {o.zrP
- a20
18 X
6.753
1.3X8X6.76'
1, = 2389
58
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
bc II -8 -145.6 +18
18
|
-8 -r14 + I +162
+ 8l 1
-4 -32 | 0 0
I
>L : 612 |
zLu' = -281n t
zZ"' : +US S
n: 41i
' 61 2 =
_.':n z =ffi = +tt.za
I!"
abl vl 20x6.38X4.76 : +607
6c IIII 13X 14X (-3.62)X-1.76 = -3r4
crl, \'l 18X( 3.62)X(-1.24) = +i76
:,40
de \I 8 X 0.38 X (-13.24)
I"' : +5n
I!
ab XIV ,{ 20 x 4.76? : 453
bc x\rI r .3x 14 X 4.76!
cd \I\: B : 810
r;+18x4.24' : 1402
de XIV / 8 X 13.24'
I" = ffi7
I,
ab XIV B ?9-"ov^
12'--'--'
rc, 1480
XIV B (0.38)' 44
dc
;+8X
1998
59
ITT GRINNI'I,L __ PIPI\G D]'S]G\ A\D ]iN(]I\I.]]'III\(I
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Line Constant Line
(l) +5544 1161 -2360 -2,212,195 (1)
(4) 1 +0.26.1 +0.426 +.10-t (4)
It rvill be noted that coemcients located symmetri- Line (7-B): The solution of equation on line (7,4)
cally opposite in reference to a diagonal drarvn frorn deriving a value of 731 pounds for lrr.
the upper left to the lorver right are equal. Equations Line (4,{); Line (4) restated as an equation substitut-
of this shape can be solved rnost conveniently by the ing the values for F" and F, found on lines (118)
folloli'ing procedure: and (7B) respectively.
Insert the coefficients and constants for equations Line (48): The solution of equation on line (4,4)
(1), (2), and (3) in ihe lines marked (1), (2), and (3). deriving a value of 1111 pounds for F".
The constant takes the opposite sign because each line I{aving determined values for the reaction lorces
reads as the left side of an equation, and ":0" is F", Fo and F,, return to the plane projection dia-
omitted from the table. grams and apply the respective reactions at the
Fill lines in the order indicated by the numbers at the centroid of each plane. The forces at the ccntroid
left side of the table as follorvs: multiplied by their distance from point e give the
Line (4): Divide figures in line (1) by the negatiYe reaction moments at point e. The forces at' the
coefficient of ,l7, in line (1) (i.e., by -55aa). centroid multiplied by the distance from any other
Line (5): Multiply figures in line (1) by the coefficient point give the bending moments at that point.
of F, in line (a) (i.e., by +0.264). These moments are listed in the follorving table rvith
Line (6): The algebraic sum of lines (2) and (5), f', positive sign for counterclockl.ise rotation.
coefficient becomes 0. Each point of the system is subjected to a torque
Line (7): Divide figures in line (6) by the negative produced by the moment in the plane perpendicular to
coefficient of .F, in line (6) (i.e., by -5339). the line segment. A corner point (such as b) must be
Line (8): Multiply ligures in line (1) by the coefficient considered first as part of one line segmeut ob and
of F" in line (a) (i.e., by +0.426). secondly as part of the other line segmcnt bc. The
Line (9): X{ultiply figures in line (6) by the coefficient moment causing torque can be readily identified as the
of F, in line (7) (i.e., by +0.216). one rvhose subscript does not contain the letter desig-
Line (10): The algebraic surn of lines (3), (8) and nating the direction of the line segment. For example:
(9), F, and /, coefficients become 0. the torque at point b is M., then b is considered as a
Line (11): Divide figures in Iine (10) by the negative part of segrnent ab (ab being parallel to the f axis), and
coefficient of F, in line (10) (i.e., by -3634). My, n'hen b is considered as a part of segment bc
Line (11,4): Line (11) restated as an equation. (bc being parallel to theX axis).
Line (114); The solution of equation on line (I1,4) Once the torque moment has been determined, the
deriving a value of 1206 pounds for l7,. resultant bending moment is found by the vectorial
Line (7,4): Line (7) restated as an equation substitut- sum (square root of the sum of the squares) of the other
ing the value for -F, found on line (118). two moments at the point in question.
60
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
+1206X16.39-731 X 4.76
: +16,275
731 X 8.22
,1206 X 3.62 731 X 4.76
-1111 X 3.55
: -
-9953
As pori, of al
ru : /(7Eltt + O'J53)' = 12,675
As prrt of cd
As plrlt of 6c
(231X : 13,321
,v - {13/91s)-'+ 't' :7846 ,M: V(13--13,.3r-sI
+ (7s15x = 15,8s0 r:28r
-l\s part of de
As part ol cd
,u = r.{ursoPdsst.:Y : stso ,1 : y'Gal3)t+ (281)' :5320
T- 3066 fi Ib
- 3066 X 12 : 36,792 inch Pounds s" : r4rrtT (rrt : \/ 15547P + 405?4)'
4
: 6352 psi
M 24+,560
_ : psr
'" s- 29.9
6t/y
The maximum combined stress s is 8271 psi' occur-
T 36,792
8r:2s^:2xrg-s
ring at point o, and is less than the allowable stress
- 615 psi
range S of 17,675 PSi'
OI
ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
ARCS
MI'LTIPLE PLANE SYSTEM CONTAINING CIRCI]LAR
{N,
*'
in with Reaction
-- moments M.r, M," and Mu" at points
Gium: L 10 inch piping system accordance
o u-rra lr. to""t and location of Maximum Combined
the sketch shown above.
Stress, s.
Maximum Operating Pressure P 350 psi
Soluiion: Project the piping system into
the.three
Uu*ito"- Operatin! Temperature 750' F planes, determine the location of the centrold and
Piping Speciication ASTM A 106GradeA as out-
ialculate the line inertias in the same manner
k'
Data: il""J-"t otg" 56, except that the flexibility factor'
plane
I= 0.365 inchesl
page 2 and 14 -r.i i" *"'ira"a for all curved segments in the
- schedule 40 J of projection.
d : 10.02 inches Total I" : + 3283 :
1993 5276 lI3
62
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
PROIECTION IN XT PLANE
Radii:
bc-R:4.!61
de-R:1.25'
ls-R:4.t8'
:+989
15.84,<732X853
bc +i.q+ro.rr7' +.iot) tt 57 / 2.44 x4.16\5.81(-2 04)
= + 34.4
cil 8.5S( - 1 13)(-3.55) =+ 500
d.e l.8l r.2s(-6.23)(-3 55) : + 388.0
eI r 3 x^12.s9(-6.68)(-3 55) : + 102.5
Is 1.81 x 4.16( - 6.68)( -2.04) : - 64.9
9h 3. 84( - 6.68X2 .53)
1484
ab XIV B 9#*15.84(8.53)' 92 .5
bc xvlr .{ 2.[4e.149 x 4.163) + r.57 x2.44 x 4.16(? 04F
108.3
cd xlv ,{ 8.59(3.55X 28 .5
dc XVIII ,4 1.81 X 1.25(3.55)', 206.3
el xvI
Tg XVIII A i(3 ?'6]iat'f,ili'J'r + 1.8r x 4 16(2.04x
29.3
9h XIV B -8J)' 4 3.6a12.53y"
ab 15.8{{7 32)r
bc i-.+i[d.us z 4 l0') t- t.5? > 2 14 v 4 16(5 81v
tal'
cd #+s ss(t
de 1.15(0.r19 X 1.25i) + 1.81 X1.25(6.23X
el 1.3 X 12.59(6.68)'
Is 1.8l X 4. 16(6.68X
gh 3.81(6.68)'
PROJECTION IN XZ PLANE
el XIV B ff + 12.5s(3.4eX
Js XVIII B 1.15(0.149 X 4.16' + 1.81 X 4.16(12.43X 1176
gh XVI 1.3 x 3.84(13.94)' 970
3283
I,
ab xvI 1.3 X 15.81(8.39I 1450
b. XVIII B 1.15(0.r49 X 4.169 + 1.81 X 4.16(6.88)! 369
PROJECTION IN TZ PLANE
Radii:
bc- R:4.t$'
de-R:I.2-o'
f(J-R=+.16'
65
ITT CI]TINIiI'I,I, PII,ING DESIGN AND I,]N(IINI'IIITI \C.
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
(See page 60)
-l |
706 (2)
(2) +6643 | -1921'cs2
(5) +1334 4re ] sc7.275
|
(5)
I
( l1)
(7 A)
(7 B)
-t" ll,l*'n* I llr-1 ,,,1
(7
(.7
A)
B)
M= (435Y :
,/-(4s71)+ 49s3
+893X4.06+960X436
: +7Elr
ar = Vi?dEB)iTl6IEI - 10,086
+571 X7.67 -960 X3.61
= *914
68
\:EI,OCITY AND PRE,C.qf RE DROP
,f : 0.02E
'ry,
(from chart page 72)
and (i0'F) rihen thc iliiiril prcssttre does not much
excced l psi or 28 itrches of \\'ater, gage prcssure.
J' \|2 Reasonable accltracf is obtlrined for temperliurcs
-d- 2.2t
h,, y l"'. " ln.r. 121 rl,or.el \yithirr the range of -10'to 100'F and rvhcu thc pressure
drop docs not ercced trvo-thirds of the initial gage
0.028 x 150 x (1.65)'? X 0.813 prcssufe. For guscs other thau air the irrdicated
1. til pressure drop rvilL vary directly \rith the spccific
gravity of the gas (air : 1) (see trble on prge 212).
: 102.E inchcs of rvater The Actual LD. irrdcx at the top ard to thc right of the
graph rnny be used to deternire valucs for pipe other
Under ccrtain limiting conditions, suflicicnt accrtracy than Standard \\'all.
in pressure drop calculations is obtailed l ith simplified IIol'of lligh Pressure Gas in Standrrd \Yall Pipe
equations rvhich perniit a direct plot of florv against is usually accompalied by a considerable pressure drop
prcssure drop. Graphs of this nature are shol'rr otr ihe antl decrcase of the density along the entire line. The
folloiving pages for l\rater in Pipe, \Yater in Tubing, fleq is eyplns:nd hv thc equrtiot.-
Steam in Pipe, Lorv Pressure Cas in Pipe, and lligh
(f\ \'F1'z N
/=-
Pressure Gas in Pipe.
Florv of Water in Standard Wall Pipe on pagcs 70 Q:33.e5
to 7l is based upon an avcrage n'ater temperature of
140'F. Rcasonable accuracy is obiained for rvatcr Nhere 0 : flol'of frcc gas at 60" F (cubic feet/minute)
tcmperatures within the ralge of 50o to 200" F. The d : inside diarneter of the pipe (inches)
prcssure loss scale is 10/6 greater th&n the pressure loss Pr : initirl prcssure (psi absolute)
in clcan neq, pipe. The Actual I.D. index at the top Pu: final pressure (psi absolute)
and to the right of the graph may be used to detcrmine :
so spccific gravity of the gas (air : 1)
values for pipe other than Standard \Vall. L: effectir-e lcngth of the pipe lirre (feet)
Florv of Water in Type L Copper Tube on page 73
is based upon an average 11ater temperature of 1-10'F. The graph on page ?8 indicates values of Jpt' - p"'
Reasonable accuracy is obtained for n &ter temperatures psi absolute for various \.alues of P1 and P2 psi gage.
within thc range of 50o to 200" F. The Actual I.D. The graph on page 79 irrdicates Q in cubic feet/minute
indcx at the right of the graph may be used to obtain for values ol \,TP:- It / \T.L for various pipe .sizes.
values for any smooth drarvn tubirrg. Reasonable accuracy is obtailed for temperaturcs
Florv of Steam in Standard Wall Pipe on pages 74 rvithin the range of 40" to 100" F. For values of so
to ?5 is based upon saturated steam at f psi gage (see page 212). The Actual LD. index at the iop
(approximately 214'F). For a giver pressure drop at and to the right of the graph may be used to determine
other pressures and temperatures t'he indicated load values for pipe other than Standard Wall.
69
ITT CIRINN]II,L PIPING DESIGN AND I'\(iINNI,]ITI\( I
-
oat
t0 /,,,,t,,,,j
ACTUAL
lNcHEs /
FLO' POUNDS/ HOUR oe
9 9 R*" +" e e RR3 ?8 8 E HnB g H g 4l
too
ao a,o
€.o
5,O 50
4.0 FLOW OF WATIR IN STANDARD 4p
WALL PIPE AT r/n"E-
lrv |
3.O 10
cr"
to
8TU/ HR.- FLoW (LB/ nR)x'tEV PERATITRE DROP(f) op.
0.0
o6 o,6
o5 o5
o4
03
q3
0-
o-
o2 i9
o _c _q K "jd { f, e R ng ?
0,1
o
I o.0a
o,o6
3
o.o5 I
I
\y
oo3 ,e
(I
o
E
0'o2 _9
o
E
f ool
\9
E 0.o04 ,,P
(Il o006
ooo5
/3
ooo3 /nl
o.oo? lf
/3
o00l
o,oooa
o.oo06
o.@o5
o.aoo4
o.@o3
oo@2
ooool
g gsE g s g BEggB: 3
o
o n 6'o
d dci
0 0
o -
FLOry GAIONS / MINUTE
VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DROP
oq Iq e R3 8
3E 36:^q
/-o
3.o
/$
/v
t.o /\e
oa
o6 1'"
o5
19=
\'v
/&' 6
/^v
0-oa t0--
o,o6
o,05
o
0.o3
h
H
ii
oo2 \
I
o.ot =
0
0.004
o
0'006 cr
oms 0
ooo4 &
l
o.oo2 H
o-oooa
0.0006
o,o005
o.ooo4
oooo3
g c ggg Eg
oi o s!a(j @9
.to
o9
oa
.o7
o6
.o5
-o4
o.o3
* .o?5 Y"-2"
z UJ
a t-? N
\2 .O2 6
/2- a
o-
to-20"
SMOOTH
TUBES
"/a- 4
alo5 2 34
REYNOIDS NUMBER R"=ry=#
s= SP GR. AT 60- E
o
E.
30
.20
gccc
d
g
d
gE
.:
99q
cgs
9
g
ooo
rt! ,/ secoNo
VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DROP
3
ocio
3 d33 3- d n 4a q o
300
OF WATER IN TYPE L
FLOVr'
200
COPPER TUBE AT I4O" F
ro0
ao
50
30
2a
t0
a
6
5
F 3
- 2
oa
o6
o5
Q3
o.2
ol A^ EQUTVALENT RESISTANCE OF 50
"" FITTINGS (F€Er oF ruBe)=NOM|NAL
.oa 40 TUBE srzE (NcH€s) x FAcToR (sE!ow) 40
30 gOoELBow 2 30
.05 9oor.r.El6ow I
20 45oEL6ow 1,5 20
IAO. OPEN FETURN ?
TEE OUTIEI A
FEDUC€R I
caTE VALVE 1,5
AN6LE FAOI^TOR VALVE 6
lo GLobE v^LvE 34
e
coNvEcroR a
HEATER A
qE€.€EB
o doo H gEEEEU 3 e3333-'
oi'o" ,ic"is/.ooior
EnessunE ruee
fl-v-
ooooj oooo\ oq
ACTUAL I,O. / r t tt / , t t t / t t t t / / t / t /
'
/t / t
tNCHES /
FLOW POUNDS/ HOUR
o ()0 6 Q
o
.!
o
o o oo o
n ]f)(o @: R
R
- R9P
+ ;6 RF
6 :i/
i
o5
o.4 FLOW OF STEAM .?
o3 IN STANDARD
WALL PIPE
ol
o.oa
0.06
0.o4
o.o3 /^2
tr
c o.oz
o
5
p oooe
o v.w! J
L,.r o.oo4
ca
l
S o.oo3
d
0
o.oo2
o9 R 3 933 38
FLOW
POUNDS,/ HOUR
74
\IIiLOC]ITY ,\ND PRF]SSURE DITOP
Q^Aq\o
/ ' / t / r /t/ t r
rt ow porvns
-- --/ ,r/ uorrp
--'
aoo,ooo ro.ooo 2 3 4 56 I t35 5 6X d
/^o
4.4
o3
o.l
JN
o.oa
o.o6
o.o5
a.o4
o.o3
(L
aaz'
o
F
o
o.or r!
o.ooa _'
0-
0.006
o.oo5 3
d
o.oo4 0
o.oo3 c
0.002 d
o.ool
o.ooo8
o.0006
0.ooo5
o.ooo4
o0003
oom2
75
ITT GRINNELL-PIPING DESIGN AND I]NGINI'EITINC'
,*I 350 .15{J txr s50 j 600 650 t00 800 850 1)0O 950 l_
'*l '*T rtro l *-l lxn
i92 0 i?3 0.756 0.710 o 725 it2 686 06i.t 0 663 0d58 10 612 I 0.032
)a 1.000 0$a 0 908 0 8a0 0 855 0 832 811
;:: i8l 0.767 0.75.1 0 ?.r2 o.?31 0 Tlll
I 0 88r 0 861 0.8{3 0.826 810
5 1129 r 069 03.1 1.003 0.9t.1 0 9.18 92.1 901
o.sb! I o 815 osrrlorts 0.806
1 062 035 0r0 0 987 0.965 0.9.15 0.e25 ,ilot 891 l
10 1.199 1.159 1 12{ 1.0'.lr l
0.cl1 0.8!7 0 8a{
I 082 1.058 1.036 1.015 9!5 0 9.12 0.927
I 1317 1.213 1.233 1.r98 l.Iri5 r35 108 'Js9 I
l5
t.412
3rj8
1.378 r$5 I .224 1!8 r.170 1.1,1,1 1.120 I 09? .0t6 ,K 037 I Ol0 1 oo2 0.955
z) 1.426 2116
282 \ 2b2 't 224 1.198 l.tit .130 1.109 1.0!0 1.07r 1.05{ I 038 |.022
1.567 r.528 1.4?5 1.,129 I 387 1 319
1 l19 1.101 1.08.r
t.2i2 1.1i? 1.157
r 1.5r7 1.173 :r: 3{i1 1.32S 1,299 1,2.16 |.222 .1911
30
35
1.657
|.742
624
1.715 r 655 i 602 I 55.1 ilii 1r5 I 1. {O2
506 I 4?i
L371 13,11
1.108
t.31.1
1.379
1.289
|.3.r2
.261
-32i
12tl
1.303
1.220
1.280
t.t!9
t 258
L
1.238
t8{} 1.16r
1.218
1.1{3
1.200
,lll | I r t38 1 I 631 i:,2 1.,138
l
45 1 898
8?2 803
1.847 r.818
682
1 759 1.706 lili 611 571 I I 537 1.503 1..t71 1.t1r 1,t13 .386 1.361 1.33; 3t5 I 2113 1.273 1.253
| r 640 t .565 1,532 1.5m 1.{71 1.1.13 1.117 1.392 I 30C l.3J$ | 325 1.305
50 | 972 r 968 1.895 1 832 I1t-i 727 1 68r 1 601
1.551 1.523 1,1S6 Lril l 1.17 1.121 1.402
60 2.110 2 042 r 973 r 912 r 858 L.808 1.763 1.721 1.683 1.6,1? 1.613 1.581
1 R79 I 83,1 1.08{ 1.652 r.622 1.591 1.5rii 1.5{l 1.,19{
223a 2 180 2 105 2 039 1!8r I e2? 1.793 1,718
I
70
2 2 230 2 159 2 0!7 2 040 t.!88 I Ci! 1.811i 1.856 1.81? 1.781 1.718 1.716 1.686 l 6i,7 1.630 5?9
80 2.360 311,
1.ii3 1.7{3 1.711 !.(rst I.ri6l
1.8i,1 1.838 1.801
90 2171 2 137 2 3,1C 2 211 2 207 2111- 2 092 2 012 1 t9s 1.052 1,912
'{50 5 099 L
'*u '1 900 4.707 4.5,18 4.,{13 | 4.2s3 ,1.186 ,1.088 3.998 3.915 3.838 3.766 3.698 3.634 3.5?4 3.517
5m5 4.986 4.810 I osq | 4.s32 .1.416 1.311 1.2t5 4.r2i .1.015 3.908 3.896 3.828 3.76,1 3.70.1
500 5 370
550 5 630 5.506 5 2s9 5 061 4.'n2 4 162 ,1.638 I 526 4.+21 i|.330 4.161 .1.086 .1.014 3.916 3.882
,1.12r .1.053
5 136 I 4,982
I 4.621 4 i25 4 ,133 4.347 1,267 '1.1!2
5 806 5 52ti 5,312 1.452 1.732
600 5 883
5 790 5.554 5_201 5.059 4.932 4.818 4.616 1.526 4. {t2 .1 303 I 289 4.218
6 727 6.107
65{l
6.052 5 7t9 5.1r1 5 260 5.126 5.005 .t 895 4,?93 ! 698 ,1.6l I ,1 528 !.,5r 4.377
7m 4,965 4.865 L t-t +.687 1.606 4.530
61312 6.025 5.802 5.6r6 5..156 5.314 5.071 t-
750 6 597 5.028 .t 933 I 812 { ?59 ,1.679
5.8!7 5..198 5.361 5.212 5.132
8m 6 825 6 514 6 258 6.016
5.110 5 2S5 5. r87 5 087 .1.906 1.824
6 837 6 488 6.227 6.014 5.835
850 7.048
ffipIessrLrcsaturlte.lsteam'.\tincreasedpresstlesendtempel&ttIessteampipewill
(xj convcrsion drop as inciicatccl
nith pressure urup !1 !r*!u'
in.chart'
rrv loa,l
carry indicated in chari times (X)
load as indic-ated rl'ove, $'rin
lactor alroleJ
conrcrsior''lactor 'uludruu
c;rrected by dividing same by proper factor above'
To simDlifv the use of the chart r! ls suggested thrt the steam Ioads rn question bc
Then apply ionected loed directly to low pressure chari.
VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DROP
20,000 -
0000
8,000
. 6.000
Q s.ooo
I u.o-
- ""-
t1
,000
!,o00
ao0
800
600
600
500
500
3oo
300
LO0
ao
60
50
30
?a
€gE€se
6 q qC 0 o
g sE€g$: g 3ggE3'
d cr d o
pREssuRE DRop TNCHES oF WATER ,/ Foor oF PIPE
ITT GRINNELL- PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINIIEITI\('
300
tt I
too F
P
l
,oo l
J
O i
o-' @
o 6o
<60
50
40
h,"
lr--
30 ti
r^- li!-
to
6102030 40 50 60 ao
DISCHARGE P RESSURE B PSI, GAUGE
Example:
Qiuen: 3,000 CFM (free air) at 125 psi (gage) entering a 100 loot pipe line and discharging
at 100 psi (gage)
Find: The required pipe size.
Solution: Fromchart above, for inlet pressure of 125 psi and outlet pressure of iOO psi, ruE 77 : gO'
\/T- Pr" 80
: 8
\/ r.L vT x 100
From chart on page ?9, for this value of 8 and 3,000 CFM find 2|" Nomilal Pipe Size'
78
)r'I'l'l- ,\ND PIiESSIIRII DITOP
YDLr
oB'\ -!o ,e
tol SYtO
AX to'
6XICF
6X to'
5X tou
rot
FLow oF HIGH PREssuRE ons
PIPE
iilii
IN STANDARD WALL 3X
to
2X lo
to
aq@o
6o,0c0
50.@o
40000
/tti
30000
20000
oooo
&ooo
6,OOO -''9
5 OOO
4,OOO
1o9
3,OOO 'o9
',o1
z
o.6
.\Flpoo _
'.ap
" eoo
=
o 600
-5ee
400 "^a
300
i
2Aa z
I
100
ao
!
60
50
40
3O 1,
IQ
a
6
5
,F=-
-+:
79
ITT GRINNFJ],L PIPING DDSIGN AND ENCiINT]EIi,I\C;
HEAT TRANSITI'R
The major factors l-hich govern the transfer of heat \Vhen rvatcr is thc cold fluid theequ.r.tion Q : A{I /ro"-
through pipe l'alls include ihe temperature differcnce may be rvdttcn
bet11'een the hot and cold fluids, the convection of both
fluids, the surface condition at the inner and outer l'alls,
, 500c(t. - tt)
and the conductivity of the pipe material. For the
^: U4*-
average practical probiem, rvhere fine economies are : 500G (t" - ti) ,
or (see aDo'el
not the paramount consicleration, thcse factors can rJ k
be combined jnto one coeficient designated "Li". G : quantity of rvater (gal/min)
The basic equation for determining heat transfcr is:
The area of pipe rvall available for heat iransfer is
8: AUlbs- io be thc surface next to the cold fluid. If
Q : Total heat transfer (BTU/hr)
considcred
,4 : Total area of heat transfer surface (ft2) the cold fluid is inside the pipe ihe internal surface rvill
U : Overall coefficient (BTU/hr. ft'/'F) bc ihe transfer area. If the cold fluid is outside the
h""- : Log mean temperature difierence betl'een hot pipe thc external surface l'ill be the transfer area. The
and cold fluid ('F) latter condition is usually preferable since this area can
GTD _ STD be extended by the use of 6ns, ribs, etc.
Exact, coefficients can usualll' be found only by
GTD
Z.J rog10 experimentation under oper.iting conditions. Approxi-
c.m
mate ranges of valucs for U have been compiled for
GTD :
Greatest temper&ture difference ('F) betrveen general use. 'fhcir application requires a ccrtain
boih fluids amount of judgement l-hich should bc bascd upon the
STD : Smallest tempera,ture difference ('F) bcts-een follorving considerations :
both fluids (1) Maximum valucs should be used only rvhen the
As GTD and STD approach the same r.alue the log velocity of the cooling and cooled fluids is high and
mean temperature difference approaches the arithmetic rvhen con'osion or scaling of the pipc is negligible.
GTD (2) The colurnn headed "Free Convections" are
mean lempera{urp. When
*r,, is 2 or less it is crrs-
thosc obtained l'ith pipe coils and pipe immersed in
tomary to use this arithmetic mean temperature: liquicls under normally static conditions.
. /r, . i.\ //" -t i r\ (3) 'I'hc column headed "Forced Convcctions" covers
:
l"
'^:\r )- \ z
initial temperature of the hot fluid ('F)
) pipe coiis and pipe immerscd in Iiquids that arc agitated
either by mechanical means or by a continuous flol' of
:
l" final temperature of the hot fluid ('F) the fluid through the vessel.
L: final temperature of the cold fluid ("F) (4) Il in doubt select the lol-er value of U to give a
L: initial temperature of the cold fluid ('F) higlrer r u,lue of coil area requireu.
5-10 I 20 50
t+lt.
Steam lloilers
;! onnensers,
:--------feeo
:--::..
\\ Srcr
He&teIS
Steam to Air Tlca-rf pC ln li;;-T
Heatcrc
Pressure-temperature ratings tabulated on the fol- fabrication tolerances, such as thinning due to bend-
lorving pages of carbon steel and lorv alloy steel pipe ing. The allowable stress values and formulae used
commonly used iu power plant piping systems within are in accordance with all addenda, interpretations,
the scope of the Code for Pressure Piping, ANSI andr/or revisions applicable to these codes in effect
831.1 198C) and Section I on Power Boilers of the Dec. 31, 1981. Pipe wall thicl<nesses and weights are
1980 -
ASME Boilel and Pressure Vessel Code. No al- as given in ANSI 836.10 1979 and ANSI 836.19
lowances have been included in these ratings for 19?6. -
-
The follov'ing formulae were used for the pressure-temperature ratings published in this bulletin:
B3i.i 1980 Pipine Code, Parasraph 10,1 ASME Power Boiler Code, Section I. Parasfaph PG'27.2.2
Where = Minimum pipe rvall thickness in inches (87rlol" ol nominal wall thickness).
1,,,
P = Maximum internal service pressure in pounds per square inch gage. Where the calculated maximum
allowable working pressure exceeds an even unit of 10, the next higher unit of 10 may be used.
O- Outside diameter of pipc in inches.
E = An efficiency factor for longitudinal welded pipe. Pressure-temperature ratings shown in this bulletin
are based on .D = 1.00. Reference must be made to the applicable Code to determine the t factor for all pine
other than seamless.
S = Allowable stress in material due to internal pressure, at the design temperature, in pounds per
square lnch.
*C = Allowance for threading and structural stability.
.065 inch for r.. to 3 _ inch pipe size.
.000 for 4 inch pipe size and larger.
*A:.000" for plain end pipe, or depth of thread or groove for threaded or grooved end pipe.
*NOTE:No allo$ ance has been made herein for corrosion and,lor erosion i{such allorances
a.erequired, asdetermined by the design er, they shalt be
addtd to (' in tho applicablc turmLrlac above and tht r(luc€d allouable !rcssu.e |.alculared therL{nder.
The Code for Pressure Piping831.1, states: "(1) ratings are not tabulated for temperature levels where
Upon prolonged exposrue to temperatures above ??5o allorvable stress values are not given at the same
F, the carbide phase of carbon steel may be converted temperature in the Code for Pressure Piping.
to graphite, and (2) upon prolonged exposure to The applicable Code should be checked to assure
temperatures above 8?5oF the carbon phase of Car- that selection of pipe to any specification is rvithin
on-Molybdenum steel may be converted to graphite," the code limitations.
In view of these limitations, pressure-temperature For permissible allorvances for variations in pres-
ratings ar.e not tabulated in this bulletin for temper- sLrre and temperature, reference should be made to
atures above these values. Also, pressure-temperature paragraph 702.2.4 in the Code for Pressure Piping.
81
PI l'I\(i I)lisl(i\ -\\l) l'.l\(iI\ Illll:tl\( l
RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM A53 Gratle
B and ASTM A.106 Grade B
RATINGS
PRESSURE
-OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM A53 Grade B and ASTM -4106 Grade B
Pipe -
Schcdnlc Maximum Workinr. Pressure, PSI
Inches N umber Desisnation Inches
83
RATINGS
PRESSURE
-OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM A53 Grade B and ASTM A.106 Grade B
TEMPERATURE. DECREES I', 20 TO 650 ?00 ?5t) ,-i 5
I'ipe
Size Schedule Thickness Maximum Workins Irressufc, PSI
Inches Numb€r l)esignation Inches
]E
i :'
0.1:t:3
0.5011
0.562
6,19
'744
8,lE
ii19
710
799
558
640
i2l
513
662
R4
PIPING }IATERIAT,S
RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM -4106 Grade C
Pipe I \\rall
Size I SchedLrlc wall Thickness Maximum Workin!. Pressur€, PSI
In.hes I Nunbcr I)esienatjon I Inches
85
ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIG\ A\D 1]NGIN]'I'RT)'iG
RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM -4106 Grade C
Pipe -
Size Sch€du1€ Wall Thickness Maximum workine P.essur€, PSI
Inches Number Designation Inches
RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM .4.106 Grade C
775
TI.]MPER,{1'URE, DEGREES I'.- 20 fo ri;u ?00 750
13,:150
;t,ow,{uLE qTRI.'Sq 'q' lql 17.;0t) 16.600 1,1.r-00
I'ipe
-I wall
Size Schedule wall J Thickn€ss Nlarimuln Workins I'r€ssure, PSI
Number Designatio. I l ches
87
ITT GRINNELI, PIPING D]'SIC]\ AND IiNCiI\EDITIN(i
ALLOWABLE STRESS
{SI PSI - 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 6,500 4,000
Pipe
- wall
Wall Thickness Maximum Working Pressure' PSI
Size Schedule
lnches Number Designation Inches
1075 661
40 STD. 0.140 | 2363 2264 2064 1761
t522 937
rYl 80 XS 0.191 3242 3151 2866 2461
3344 2104 t294
(1.660) 160 0.250 | nazs 4248 3864
3641 2241
xxs 0.382 | 7194 6906 6283 5541
691 425
40 STD. 0.226 t48l 1350 1146
3y, 1928 1643 1001 616
0.318 2208 2179
(4.000) 80 XS
r25\ 1061 639 393
0.237 1433 13?5
40 STD. 1543 938
2076 1992 1813
0.337
4 r20
80
T 0.438 2'.140 2630 2393 2047
2535
1256
1571
173
966
3379 3244 2951
(4.500) 160 0.531 1245
4214 3838 3320 2088
xxs 0.6?4 4394
5 120
80
T 0.500 2521 2420 2202 1880
2399
1150
1482
708
912
0.625 3202 3074 2796
(5.563) 160 3411 2941 1836 1130
xxs 0.?50 3906 3750
88
PIPING I,IATERIALS
PRESSURE
-O['TEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
RATINGS
ALLOWABLE STRESS (S' PSI - 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 6,500 4,000
Pipe - Wall
Size Schedule Wall Thickness Maximum Workins Pressurc, PSI
Inches Number Desigration Inches
E9
RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Chromium-Molvbdenum Allov Steel Pine lo $-SlM A335 Grade Pl1
MOLYBDENUM)
(1%% aHROMIUM - %%
20 L 850
To 800 90u ] 950 I l 0u0 I 1 050
TEMPERATURE. DEGREES F.
- 15.u00 I rl,aoo I 13.1'10 11,000 6,500 4,000
ALLOWABLE STRESS'S" PSI
Prpe I - Wal
wall I Thr'kness Maximum Workrng Pressure, PSI
size I s"nearte I
Inches I Nu-lre. I Desisnarion Inches
399 363 305 18r 112
10 0.250 415
498 453 382 227 140
20 0.312
460 274 169
30 S;, 0.375 625 600 54ti
16
40
60
80
f 0.500
0.656
0.844
840
1108
1439
806
1064
1381
733
968
1257
619
819
1065
370
491
642
228
302
395
PRESSURE TEMPERATURERATINGS
OF PLAIN END
Seamless Chromium-Molybdenum Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM A335 Grade P22
(2y1% CHROMIUM 17" MOLYBDENUM)
ALLOWAI]LE STRESS "S" PSI 1;.00r:) 11.100 r3,t00 11.000 7.i100 5.rJot) J.200
t'ipe - Wall
Size Schedule MariimLrm Workins Pressure, PSI
Desisnalion
,10 STI). 0.109 374;l ;l59il 3269 281t 2101 156.1 1133
\' XS 0.I47 i,252 3012 .15E7 3992 3052 221;9 1611J
(0.8.10) l6t) 0.188 6992 6712 6106 5378 1227 i11.12 2215
XXS 0.29.1 12153 1166? 10611 9698 83r9 6207 1.195
1il STD. 0.11ti 3059 29117 26i2 2290 1695 t2{i0 912
.\ XS 0.15.1 1299 4t27 1t755 J2'16 2116 ]li 19 1i]1?
( 1.660) 160 0.2;0 1,125 1218 3864 :i:11,1 252,1 187? 1:159
:lu STD. 0.15,1 178? l?15 1560 1326 963 ?lri 5I9
2 XS 0.218 25i9 24i5 2252 1921 111.1 1051 761
12.:ti 5) llil.) 0.311 .12111 ,1062 :t695 3193 210{ 178? 1291
XXS 0..1116 55118 5:l16 1836 421i i]2118 2108 lTrl
STD. 0.203 1951 1876 170? 1152 1058 786 i69
2\t AU XS 0.216 2708 2599 2365 2022 1.r89 110? 801
(1t.500) 160 0.438 3598 r1,15.1 31.12 2it):\ 2016 1J99 108i,
XXS 0.600 ;i1,1 .1909 ,146ii 38t2 2982 22t)2 1595
3\'2 :lu STD. t.226 1516 1.1iJil 13;0 l116 83t) 447
(,1.000) XS 0.:lt8 2208 2119 1928 L6lll 1201 llgil 647
Note: Economics and general practice dictat€ a ma-{imlrm temperature range of 1100 F
91
RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
SeamlessChromium-MolybdenumAlloySteelPipetoASTMA32sGradeP22
MOLYBDENUM)
(2X% CHROMIUM - 1%
Pipe
- Wall
Wall Thickness Ma:.rmum Working Pressure, PSI
Size Schedule
' lnches Number Designation Inches
845 608 452 328
0.280 1098 998
40 STD. 967 719 521
1794 1722 156ii 1331
0.432
6
(6.625)
80
720 T 0.562 2369 2274 2069 1?65 1293
1708
961
\2',70
696
920
3082 2959 2692 2308
160 0.?19 11.11
3617 329i) 2834 2119
XXS 0.864 376'.t
2858
53
2600 222 1646 1224 88ii
0.906 2977
160
458 327 243 176
0.250 621 596
20 565 105 301 218
?35 669
30 0.307 483 359 2ri0
40 s;. 0.365 912 875
1213
?96
1103 93,1 674 501 36ll
0.500 12ti4 .t3ti
10
(10.750)
60
80 T 0.594 1510
7842
14,19
1768
1318
1608
1118 809
994
602
739 535
100 0.719
1621 118? 882 639
2182 2095 1906
120 0.844
1949 1,133 1066 7i2
2612 250? 2281
140 1.000 1638 1218 882
2845 2ir88 2217
160 "*a 1.125 2963
RATINGS
PRESSURE
-OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Chromium-Molybdenum Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM .4.335 Grade P22
(2%7O CHROMIUM - T% MOLYBDENTJM)
ALLOWABLE STRESS
IS" PSI - 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 ?,800 5,800 4,200
Pipe - Wall
Size Sch€dule Wall Thickness Maximum Working Pressur€, PSI
lnches Number Designation Inches
! sir.
0.312
0.3?5
0.438
461
555
649
442
623
102
484
567
339
408
4?8
242
292
342
180
217
254
130
184
30
xs 0.500 744 650 393 292 2t2
0.562 838 805 732 618 443 330 239
18 40
(18.000) 0.750 1126 1081 984 832 599 445
60
0.938 1420 1363 1240 1051 760 565 409
80
1.156 1695 1542 1311 952 708 513
100
1.3?5 2118 2034 r850 1150 855 619
120
7.562 2426 2829 2118 1808 1326 986 774
140
1.781 2790 2678 2436 2085 1142 827
160
Note: Economics and gen€ral practice dictate a ma-\imum temperature range of f100 F'
ITT GRIN\I]LL PTPING DIISIGN r\ND ItN(lI \Illilt I\ (i
RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Stainless Allov Steel Pipe to ASTM A312 & 4376 Grade TP-304 & TP-304H
PRESSURE
-OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
RATINGS
Seamless Stainless Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM .{312 & A376 Grade TP-304 & TP-304H
T€mp€ralure Degfees F 7 5{) 800 850 900 950 1.000 1.0i0 1.100 1.150 1.200
Altowable srress is' PSI _ 15,500 15.100 14.900 11,600 l.r i]00 13.700 12,100 9.700 'i,700 6,000
10s .083 2895 2821 2783 2727 267 | 2559 2260 18.1ti 1524 118?
40s .109 3855 3705 3631 11556 :140? 1i009 2114 2069 1612
80s .t41 542t1 52ai 52ti 5112 5007 4797 4237 3520 3013 2348
160 .188 7225 7038 6945 ti805 ti6ti5 6386 5640 47 42 4112 32i,1
XXS 12558 12214 t2012 11829 I 1586 11100 9804 8552 8242 6422
10s .083 2242 2223 2194 2150 2105 20t ? t7u2 1,150 1186 921
40s .tlll 3161 8080 3039 2978 29t'.t 2794 2468 2020 1673 r303
80s .15.1 1448 .1328 42'tr .1185 4099 3921 3468 2862 2415 1881
160 .219 6610 6.169 6388 6254 6t26 s869 ;183 4311 i1785 2949
XXS .308 10036 9777 9647 945:l 9259 88?0 ?834 ii188 4821
t0s .r09 2377 2316 2245 2239 2193 2101 1856 1511 1238 96,1
40s .133 2912 2866 2828 2771 2714 2601 229',7 1877 1550 1208
1 80s .179 4092 3986 3934 385.1 3775 3617 3191 2630 2208 t720
160 .250 5956 580:l 5726 5610 5.195 5265 4650 3876 33,15 2ii06
XXS .358 9114 8879 8?61 8585 8409 8056 7ll5 6060 5,197 4284
l0s .109 1859 1811 1?87 1751 1715 16,{:l 1451 1178 958 i47
,10s .140 2442 2:t79 2347 2300 2253 2158 1906 t273 992
t l,i 80s .191 3392 3304 :t260 3195 3129 2998 2648 21i0 180:l 1405
160 .250 4572 4154 4307 12t8 4041 3569 2948 2192 t942
XXS .382 7,134 1242 7146 7002 6858 6571 5803 .1887 4314 3361
10s .109 t229 1197 1181 1157 11:J4 1086 959 775 625 487
40s 2189 2l:13 2104 2062 2021) 1935 1709 1390 1136 885
Ilr 80s .200 3082 3003 2963 2903 2841 2'.724 2106 1968 1628 t269
160 .281 4477 4362 4U04 42t'.i 4131 3951 3495 2885 2435 1898
xxs .400 6698 6525 6438 6309 61?9 5920 5228 4381 3823 2979
10s .109 1281 1248 1231 12t7 1182 111t2 1000 808 653 508
10s .t54 1846 1?98 17'75 1739 1703 1632 1441 1169 951 741
80s .2t8 2664 2596 2561 2510 2454 2355 2080 1ti97 1396 1087
160 .344 4:172 4259 4203 .1118 4034 3861 3413 2816 2373 18,19
XXS .436 5t22 5501 5390 521-9 5058 446t 3197 2491
10s .t20 1166 1136 I l2l 1099 10?6 1031 9r0 785 593 162
10s .20t 2019 1967 1941 1902 186:l t576 1280 1044 813
zti 80s .276 2798 2726 2689 2635 258r 2473 2t134 1783 1469 1145
160 3892 3791 :]'7 4l 3666 3591 3440 3038 2498 2091 1629
xxs .552 6017 5861 5?84 1667 5551 5318 4697 3917 3383 2636
10s .120 953 928 91ti 898 879 812 714 600 482
40s .216 1750 1704 1682 1648 1614 1545 1366 i 107 900 '701
80s .300 2478 2474 2382 2335 2287 2t9r 1935 1576 1293 1008
160 .438 3718 3622 357 4 3502 3430 3286 2902 2384 1990 1551
xxs .600 5284 5148 5080 4977 4875 4670 4725 3421 2924 2278,
10s .120 831 810 ?99 783 761 ii49 523 420 327
31, ,{0s .226 1598 1557 1536 1505 7474 t4t2 724'7 10li) 819 638
80s .318 22'31 2222 2rg1 2749 2105 2016 1781 r449 r 186 924
95
PRESSURE
-OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
RATINGS
Seamless Stainless Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM ABl2 & .A.376 Grade TP-304 & TP-304H
Temperal.ure Degrees F. .29 TO luo 200 300 10i) 500 c00 700
Altowabt€ str€ss "s" PSI _ 18.700 17.700 16,600 16.100 15,900 I5.900 15.900 15.900
Schedule \{ all
Size Number Thickness MaximLrm Working Pressure, PSI
10s .120 889 842 789 766 75ii 156 i56 156
.10s .237 1?86 1691 1586 15118 1519 i 519 1519 l5t9
4 80s .ll:17 2587 2,1,19 2291 2226 22n0 220\:) 2200 2200
120 ..1:18 3416 3233 3032 2904 2904 2901 2904
160 .531 12Ltl i1988 :17 40 3n27 3582 1J582 3582 3582
XXS .674 5478 5185 ,1863 .1r- 16 1658 1658 1ii58 {6;8
t0s .134
,i57
:100 ?10 689 680 680 68t) 680
10s .2,48 1;?0 1486 139.1 1352 1335 1335 13i]5
5 80s .:375 2311 2191 2054 1993 1968 l9ti8 19611 r968
L20 .500 3143 zSi5 2',790 2i06 26i2 2672 2672 2612
160 .625 3991 3??8 3543 :1436 3394 :lil94
XXS .754 48?0 4609 1323 .119::l .1141 4141 { 111 .1t 41
100 .594 2369 2242 2103 2040 2014 2011 2014 201,1
t20 .719 2896 2712 2571 2494 2463 2463 216u 2l6ll
1,10 .812 3301 3124 2930 2842 280? 2807 280i 2807
XXS .875 :1576 3381 :t174 3078 30.10 3040 .3010 :10.10
160 .906 :1712 3513 8295 :1196 3156 :t156 3156 1t156
l0s .165 506 479 450 436 ,131 131 1:t1 131
20 .250 ii5 733 688 66? 659 659 659 659
:t0 .30r- 955 90,1 8.{8 822 812 812 E12 812
40s .365 113? 1076 1009 979 967 967 967 967
l0 80s .500 1575 1.191 1:198 1356 r339 1339 1339 1;Jil9
80 .r94 1882 1781 16?1 ti20 1600 1600 1600 l60t)
100 .it9 2296 2tt:l 2038 19',i7 t952 1952 1952 1952
t20 .844 2721 2515 24r5 2:112 2:t1:l 2313 2313
l4i) i.000 3256 3082 2891 2803 2769 2i69 27t:9 2769
160 1.125 3694 :1,196 11279 3180 3141 31.11 3141 It1.11
r0s .180 168 r13 .116 103 :198 398 398 898
20 .250 651 617 578 56r 5,54 554 551
30 .3s0 863 81? 766 7.13 'i81 7:14 t:31 1:34
40s .375 982 930 ,372 8,16 835 835 835 8lJ5
.10 .,106 1065 100E 945 917 906 906 906 90ii
80s .50t) 1321 1250 1173 1137 1123 1123 1123 1123
\2 60 .562 1489 14ll-) 1322 l2a2 1266 t266 1266 t266
8l) .688 1835 t737 1629 1580 1560 l;60 1560 $.t60
100 .8,14 22i3 2t52 2018 1957 1933 1933 19311 193il
l2i) 1.000 2716 25ir 2,111 2338 2309 2309 2309 231)9
t4i) t.t2n 30?6 2972 2'731 2649 26t6 2616 2616 2{;t(;
160 1.312 3629 3.135 3221 :1724 3085 3085 3085 3085
Note: These ratings reflect the use ofthe higher of two slress values permitled under ANSI B 31.1 Pover Piping, s€e note in introduction,
96
PIPIN(; ]IATLR].\I-S
PRESSURE
-OFTEMPERATURE
PI,AIN END
RATINGS
Seamless Stainless Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM .4.312 & ,\376 Grade TP-304 & TP-304H
Tempcrat,rre Degrees F 750 800 850 900 950 j.000 1.050 1,100 I l;rl 1.200
Alloqable Stress 'S" I'Sl l5,5lio 15.100 1.1.900 1d,600 11.1100 13 700 12.100 9,?00 7,?00 ti.000
Schedule
Size Number Thickness trlaxinrum Workins Pressur€, I,SI
l0S .r20 7:l'1 '718 709 694 680 ii5l 575 463 371 289
,10s .23'.7 1480 r442 1423 1395 1:166 1309 1156 9iJ5 I5'i 590
4 80s .337 2t45 2089 2062 2020 1979 1896 167.1 1361 12 866
120 .438 2831 27 58 2722 2667 2612 2502 2210 1805 1488 1159
160 .53r 3492 3.102 :l:157 3289 3222 308ii 2726 2236 18(nl 1.150
XXS 4511 4.{24 ,1;lti5 4277 ,1189 .1013 2927 21i:l t92i
l0s .1114 66ll 616 637 625 6r2 586 518 411 331 2t;0
10s .258 1302 1268 t251 t226 1201 1151 I0lii 822 663 ,al1
80s .375 t9t8 1869 18.1,1 1807 t77{) 1ii96 1497 1216 990 i11
120 .500 2605 2538 2504 2454 2.10:l 2302 2033 lti5u 1363 1062
160 .625 ::l:108 3223 3l8t) :J116 3052 2924 258:l 2116 1756 1it68
XXS .?50 40iJ6 3932 3880 3802 3i24 ;l56l.l 31; l zi,s4 2115 1695
10s .1:11 555 5,11 523 BT2 491 1it4 :t.19 279 2li
40s .280 1181 I151 I 136 1113 1090 104,1 922 601 168
80s .432 1853 1806 1782 l71i; l?r0 1638 t447 1171 955 744
120 .562 24,18 2384 2353 21105 2258 2163 19i1 1556 1276 995
160 .?19 3185 3103 3062 11000 2939 2815 2186 2035 1686 l3 t.l
XXS .86,1 3893 11792 3i t2 366? 3591 llllI 8039 2091 r630
10s .l{E 47:l 161 136 {18 369 29i 2:a t- 185
20 .250 80ll 783 712 i51 '7 4t 710 627 505 ,105 :116
iJL) .277 890 867 855 838 821 78ii 695 560 ,150 3s0
40s .322 1041 1011 1000 980 960 920 812 6;ti 52'3 Jll
{i0 .106 l3l9 1285 t26E 12tB t2Ii t 166 1030 8:t3 6?3 521
8 80s .500 16,1I 1599 15i1 15,16 1511 1151) 1281 1038 812 656
t0t) .59,1 lgtil r 913 1888 1850 1812 l7llfi l53ll l2{6 1011 ?90
120 .7t 9 2.101 2339 2308 2261 2215 2122 187,1 1526 1251 975
110 .812 2736 2tiiis 2630 257i 2521 2418 2136 1713 1135 1118
XXS .87; 2964 2887 2819 2792 27U4 2620 2311 1891 1562 12ti
1ti0 .906 11076 2997 2957 2898 2838 2719 24t2 1961 1625 1266
10s .lti5 420 ,109 ,r0,1 395 it87 31-l 328 263 2t0 1ii,1
20 .250 642 625 617 ti05 592 5ii? 50r 403 323 252
30 .i107 792 71r 761 ?30 ?00 618 .198 399 il11
.10s .365 918 906 888 E69 833 736 593 372
80S .500 1306 t272 1230 1205 115.1 1019 824 665 518
.591 1560 1520 1500 1169 1139 1379 1218 986 799 62ll
10Lr .719 1903 1851 1829 li92 1756 1682 1.186 1206 981 765
120 .8,1.1 2255 2t97 2r68 2t24 2080 1993 1760 1132 l17t 913
l.1t) 1.000 2699 2629 2595 2542 2190 21186 2101- 1719 1,115 tr02
l6l-) 1.125 3062 298:l 2913 2884 2825 2706 2i190 1955 161? 1260
10s .180 388 il78 il1:l 365 ll58 31:l 30il 243 19,1 15t
.230 526 519 i09 .198
5.10 117 12r 3lJ9 271 2tr
;lLr .33t) 716 697 iiSll 671 660 633 559 150 361 281
10s .375 81.1 793 78:l 767 751 72A 636 512 .111 il20
..106 8llll 860 819 832 81.1 ?80 689 556 44ti 3.18
l2 80s .500 1095 1067 10511 1031 1010 9ri8 ti90 556 .133
60 .562 1231 1202 1187 11ti3 1139 1091 964 7t9 628 189
80 .688 r;21 1.182 1.162 110;] 13,14 I187 961 7i9 60?
100 .lJ:ll 1881 18:.t6 l8l I t77,4 1r-38 16ti5 1,1? I l194 97r
120 1.000 22i,r 2193 216.1 2120 2071 1990 )7 5i r129 1169 911
110 Lt25 2550 24a4 2,151 2442 2352 2251 1991 r622 I332 1038
Itit) t.ll t 2 3008 293t) 2E9t 28;13 2775 2659 2318 1920 1587 12:16
IJ?
t,tt)t \(I l)1,:sl( i\ .\\I) ll\(l1\llllliI\(i
RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATUR!]
PI,AIN END
Seamless Stainless Alloy Steet Pipe to ASTM 4312 & 4376 Grade TP-316 & TP-316H
Ttmperalrrre Desrtss F -20 TO 100 200 300 .100 500 {i00 6;0 ?00
Allowable Strcss "S PSI - 18,700 18,701.) 18.30t) 18.000 l?,900 1?.000 16,600 Iti.lt00
Pipe SchedLile
Number Thickness Ma\ imurrr $irkins Prcssure. PSI
10s .083 J'l9:l 319:l 3.118 3362 illl,11 3176 ;lt0l it0.15
l0s .r09 .1651 1651 ,1551 4476 1152 1228 {128 J05.1
80S .147 6548 651E 6108 6ll0:] 6268 59;3 5813 570E
I {n) .188 8716 8716 u5:l(l 8390 834r1 7921 i'i37 7597
XXS .294 15151 1,1827 115ii4 14503 Iit.150 13206
10s .08i1 2753 2753 2494 2650 2636 250:l 2111 2400
.ll)s .l l3 381.1 :181,1 :ti:J2 3671 3651 :1.167 3;186 382.1
Iti0 .219 8011 801I ?839 77tr ?66u 1282 71Ll 698t]
xxs .308 12108 12r08 118.19 1r655 11590 11007 l0?.18 105;1
10s .109 2868 2868 2806 2?60 2'i 45 2607 2516 2500
.l0s .t;3 3;;0 ;]t5t) :1174 ;llL7 3398 :1227 3t5l 3095
I 80s .I;9 4937 49117 4831 4752 4i26 ,1.188 4:182 .1:103
160 .2,60 7186 7186 7{):12 6917 6879 iis33 6iJ79 6264
X\S .3;8 10996 10996 10761 1058,{ r0525 9996 9761 9585
10s .109 22,13 224:3 2t95 2r59 2147 2039 1991 1955
2946 2883 2836 2aj2{) 2678 2615 25ri8
'l0s .110 29,16
ljl 80s .191 4092 1092 400,1 3939 3917 3720 3632 34,67
10s .109 1948 1948 1906 1875 1865 t77l 1729 1ti98
10s .115 26.11 2114r 2585 2542 2528 2401 2343 2:,\O2'
3560 3381 :t301 u24l
I'r 80s .200 l]?l9 3?19 3639 3580
160 .281 54t2 54t)2 5286 5200 5171 49ll 4795 4709
XXS .400 8080 8080 790? 7t 18 773,5 ?3,16 7173 70,13
3 80s .300 2990 299{) 2926 2878 21162 27tlt 2654 2606
10s .120 1003 1003 981 965 960 9t2 890 874
1928 1886 1855 1845 1752 t? 11 1680
3'i 40s .226 192r1
.318 2752 2693 2649 2685 2502 2443 2399
80s 2',152
note in introduction.
Note: These ratitgs reflect the use of the higher of two str$s values permitted undet ANSI B 31,1 Power Piping, see
PII'I\Ci ]I..\TEItIAI,S
RATINGS
PRESSURE
-OFTEMPERATURFJ
PI,AIN !]NI)
Seamless Stainless Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM A3f2 & A376 Grade TP-316 & Tt'-316H
Trmperatu.e Desrees F 75r) ll0(l 8at) 900 950 1.000 1.050 t.t{)0 1,1;0 1.200
Allou able Slress S ' PSI 16.000 1;.800 15.700 i5,500 15.10t) 1;.300 11.500 12,10n 9.Ii00 7.100
Pipe Schedule -
Size Number Thickness Maximum Workin!. I'ressure. PSI
t0s .(,83 2989 2951 293:r 2895 2a t-i 2858 2709 23(;r) 19i19 1.161
.10s .109 3979 3!29 390J it85; 3i130 llli0r) 3606 :\t;2 2ri3l 19rJ9
EOS .117 ;603 ;5t;l ;.19r'l ;.128 5il9;l 53;i 507? 1195 383+ 289i)
l(i0 _188 7158 ?318 i22; ?178 7131 6u62 5310 1010
XXS .291 12963 12801 12720 t25r'r8 1211 t- 12396 I I718 109:t2 i0190 ;921
l0s .083 2:J56 2:12(: 2:l12 228,2 226i 22,4:l 2l35 1t;il I510 1111)
.10s .1t3 3263 :t222 :12t2 :161 31.11 ;1121 2957 2342 2129 11iOri
80s J;86 1529 1501-) {.l.lii 1,11.r 1385 1156 :1659 307i] 2il2l
160 .219 6t68 6?26 6610 659? 655.1 62li 55;0 18t?
XXS .308 i0360 102110 1016; 10036 99;1 9906 988rl ililll5 ?87; 5916
l0s .109 21151 2123 2108 2:t i? 2362 28.16 2224 l9il I 1575 1 l9t)
40s .138 303; 2999 29U0 2942 292;t 290.1 2132 2:199 t9?3 1.190
I 80s _179 1224 41? I 1115 4092 1066 l0:19 3828 3362 28l0 2122
161-) .2;O 6l.1ll t:072 6033 5956 5918 5ll?9 55i2 1955 12,;i 321.1
XXS .1158 94011 9291 9232 9111 9055 899? 8526 ii J] 6997 52811
10s .109 1919 1895 188:l 1$9 1817 r835 17:t9 lSli; 1219 921
.10s .110 2520 2189 27i:3 21!2 2426 2410 22111 1985 162t) t221
1l; 80s .191 3501 u157 :1.135 :l:t92 lJ;170 3318 3173 2ii t 221.)5 l;;J3
160 .25tJ '1.i20 1661 .16iJ1 ,1572 t313 1513 t27l iJ7ii9 :11i2 2:195
XXS .382 'i6i I ?5?8 7;30 i !u4 7ll8{i 7338 695.1 621? 5190 l L.lrt
10s .109 1ri67 1616 1G35 160.1 1591 151{l t:105 105.1 ?96
.10s .1.15 2260 2232 22t1 2189 21i 5 2161 2018 t7 t6 11,15 I091
80s .200 3182 3t42 :3t22 3082 :1062 3013 2881 25t6 2ti:) 1565
16t) .281 4622 .15ti.1 1177 4.1.19 1120 1189 3689 3100 23{t)
(i65.1 5iirjo
X\S .100 6911 682? 6?E.l 6698 6611 6265 rl6? 1
10s .109 t322 1306 1298 1281 L2?3 126,1 1198 l03ll u31 627
.10s .151 1906 1882 1E?t) 18,16 l8il.1 1822 t727 1195 1210 914
2 80s .218 27,50 2i16 2699 266,1 2617 2€30 2193 2169 17?6 I311
l6t) 4513 4157 1129 l3?2 1316 4090 3599 3020 2280
XXS .13ti 5907 58ll:l 5796 5122 5686 5619 5:t5il 1?5il {0ii9 )oi2
10s .r20 t2t4 1189 11E1 1lG6 1159 11;1 t09l 910 151 570
10s .20:l 2081 2058 20,15 20r9 2006 r993 1889 1637 1329 1003
2\, 80s .276 2888 2852 2831 2798 27ut) 2762 261? 22i9 lrl?t) ll12
160 t0l7 3967 3912 3892 :t867 38.12 3611 319.1 2661 2009
XXS .552 6211 613:l 609.1 6017 59?8 5939 5628 4457 3796 2866
10s .r20 98.1 971 947 911 891 761 61.1 {ti3
40s .216 1806 1783 1772 17i0 173i1 1727 161]; 1116 1115 865
80s .300 2558 2s26 2510 2478 2116 2319 2015 1616 121:l
160 .138 :t8lt8 3790 3?66 :1718 i1691 36?0 31?8 30{7 25llil 1913
XXS .600 538ti 5852 5281 s250 5216 49,1B .1:t?6 :\722 2810
10s .120 858 8{7 812 831 il26 820 7?iJ 6ti9 5lJ,t ,103
x',i .10s .226 1ii{9 1629 1618 1598 1587 t371 1,195 t292 10.12 ?87
80s .318 2355 2323 231l 2241 2:2$7 2252 2134 1852 1509 t 139
stress values permitted under ANSI B 31.1 Power Piping, see note irl introduction.
Note: 1. These ntings Jeflect the use of the higher of two
Note: 2. Grade 316 may be used at Tempelatuies over 1000 F. provided the carbon is 0.04 percent 01 higher'
99
ITT (iI \\l.ll,l. PIPI\(i I)llsl(l\,\\l) il\(il\Illlltl\(l
RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Stainless Allov Steel Pipe to ASTM .4312 & A376 Grade TP-316 & TP-816H
Iri.300
Allosable Stress "S" PSI - r8,700 18.700 18.300 18,000 17.900 17,00{J 16,60i)
Pipe Schedule -
Size Number Thickness Maximum Workins Pressure, PSI
100
PIPING I{ATERiAI,S
RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Stainless Allov Steel Pipe to ASTM .{312 & A376 Grade TP-316 & TP-316H
850 900 950 1,000 1,050 1.100 1,1jio 1.200
Temperature Degrees F 75{l 800
Altos.able stress "s" PSI 16,000. 15,800 15,700 15,500 i5.400 15,300 14,500 12.400 9.800 7,400
Pipe Schedule -
Size Number Thickness Maximum Workins Pressur€, PSI
10s .t20 761 751 73',7 728 690 592 473 357
40s .2:17 1528 1509 1500 1480 1471 1461 1385 1196 964 728
,1 80s 2214 21Sti 2t72 2145 2t31 2t17 2006 1740 1.115 1068
120 .438 2923 2886 2868 2831 2813 2795 2649 2307 189,1 1430
160 .531 3605 3560 3537 3492 3469 u447 3267 2858 2368 1?88
xxs .674 4687 4629 4599 ,1541 4511 4482 4248 1'.i 42 3148 237i
10s .134 685 676 612 663 659 655 620 533 425 321
40s .254 1344 r327 1318 1302 1293 r.285 1218 1050 844 638
5 80s 1980 1955 19,13 1918 1906 1894 1795 1554 1260 951
120 .50i) 2689 2655 2638 2605 2588 2571 2437 2119 t734 1310
160 .625 3415 3351 3308 3287 3266 3095 2704 2239 1688
XXS .750 4167 4l l4 4088 4036 4010 3984 3776 3315 2768 2090
10s .134 573 56ii 362 555 552 t48 519 446 355 2ii8
40s .280 t219 1201 119? 1181 1t7 4 1166 1105 952 '164
80s .422 1913 1889 187? 1841 r.829 1131 1501 1215 ''.t7
918
120 .562 2527 2495 2479 2448 2432 24t6 2290 1989 1624 1227
160 .719 3288 3247 3226 3185 3165 314.1 2980 2602 2746 1621
XXS .864 4018 3968 3943 3893 3868 3813 3642 3195 2662 2010
10s .1.18 ,188 482 4?3 470 161 ,142 380 302 22u
2t) .250 829 819 81,1 803 798 793 752 646 516 390
30 .217 918 907 901 890 884 878 832 776 572 432
40s .322 1074 1061 1054 1041 1034 1027 974 838 672 507
60 .406 1362 1345 1336 1319 13lt 1302 1284 1065 856 646
8 80s .500 169,1 1673 r662 1611 1630 1620 t327 1072 809
100 .594 202',7 2002 1989 1964 1951 1938 1591 1291 975
120 .719 2478 2447 2432 2,101 2385 2370 2246 1951 1592 1,202
140 .812 2424 2?89 2111 2'736 27 t13 2701 2559 2228 t827 1379
XXS .875 3059 3021 3002 2964 2945 2925 2773 24r7 1988 1501
1ijo .906 31?6 3136 3116 3076 305? 303? 2878 2511 2068 1562
10s .165 433 428 425 120 4t7 4).4 393 337 268 202
20 .250 663 6;4 650 612 638 634 601 516 4n 310
30 .307 817 80? 802 792 786 781 74{l 63? 508 384
40s .365 973 961 954 942 936 930 881 758 607 ,158
80s .500 1348 1331 1322 1306 t297 1289 t22l 1053 847 639
10 80 .59,{ 1610 1590 1580 1560 1540 1459 1261 I0l? 768
100 .?19 1961 1940 1927 1903 1891 1878 1780 l54l 7249 943
120 .844 2328 2299 2244 2255 2241 2226 2110 1831 1491 1126
l4{) 1.000 2786 2751 2134 2699 2682 2664 2525 2197 1801 1360
160 1.t25 3161 3121 3101 3062 3042 3022 2864 2499 2058
10s .180 401 396 393 388 385 383 363 311 187
20 .250 55',7 550 547 540 505 433 2i;0
30 .330 739 729 '125 716 ?11 ?06 669 459 346
40s .375 841 830 825 814 809 804 762 523 395
40 .406 9ll 900 894 883 871 871 82rl 710 568 429
12 80s .500 1130 1r 16 1109 1095 1088 1081 t024 882 707 534
60 .562 7274 1258 t250 1234 1226 t27t3 995 780 604
80 .688 1570 1541 r52l 15tt 1502 t423 1229 991 748
100 .u4 t945 1921 1908 1884 1872 1860 1763 1526 1236 934
120 1.000 2324 2295 2280 2251 2231 2222 2r06 1827 1488 t724
140 t.125 2632 2599 2583 2550 2517 2385 2074 r696 r2al
160 r.3t2 3105 3066 3047 3008 2988 2969 2474 2454 2019
Note: 1. These ratjngs reflect the u6e of the higher of two stress \aalues permitted under ANSI B 31,1 Pover Piping, see note ir introduction.
Note: 2. Grade 316 may be used at Tempentures over 1000 F, provided the carbon is 0,04 petcent or highet.
101
ITT GIIINNELL PIPING D]'SIG\ AND U\GINI']F]IIIN('
-i'
i;
E
U.l(l to 0.20 0.30 to 0.{iL 0.10 to 0.30 0.50 to 0.81 0.{1to 0.65
0.I5 n1,rr 0.3010 0.iiO 0.030 1.00 to 2.00 1.00 to 6.00 0.+5 to 0.05
0.1, mt|i 0.:10 to 0.60 0.030 I 0.J0 m,tr 1.00 to 6.00 0.+5 to 0.ii5
0. i; rl)r \ 0.30 to 0.(;0 0.030 0.50 to 1.0o {i.00 to 8.00 0.{-l to 0.(i5
i
0.1,1ntrr 0.30 to 0.00 0.25 to 1.00 3.00 to 10.00 0.00 to i.10 '.
0.15 miri 0.30 to 0.60 0.50 to 1.00 1.00 to 1.50 0.1{ to 0.65
0.1; mx\ 0.30 to 0.6I 0.50 mllx 0.30 to L25 0.11to 0.65
0.i; mr\ 0.30 to 0.00 0.030 0.50 m&x 1.90 to 2.60 ll 87 to 1.13 . .
TP 3O4L 0.03ii rr.r\" 2.00 m&\ 0.030 | 0.7; m:rx 8.0 to 13.Q 18.00to20.00 1 .. 1..
TI'3C1) 2.00 mr\ 0.010 0.030 0.75 mL1\ 12.0 to 15.0 22.00 to 2.1.00
Tt,3r0 2.00 mr\ 0.0 r0 I 0.030 0.75 m.rr 111.0 to 22.0 2'1.00 to 26.00
Tt,31d I 2.00 mr\ 0.010 0.030 0.75 mex 11.0 to 11.0 i.ti.00 to 18.00 2.00 to 3.00
TP 316N},
TP 317 2.00 msx 0.75 mtr 11.0 to 11.0 1E.00 to 20.00 3.00 to.1.00
TP 321 0.0t mar | 2.00 ma:i 0.0;i0 | 0.75 max 9.0 to 13.t) 17.00 ro 20.00
TP 321H
0.04 kr 0.llj tr.03ll {1.7; nld\ 9.(l to l:].0 17.00 to 20.00
TP 3.17 {).03 m&x I 2.{)0 max 0.030 0.75 max 9.0 to 13.0 17.00 to 20.00
0.(l'1 to 0.10 t,.0;U I lr.7ir max 9.0 to 13.0 17.00 to 20.00
TP 347H
TP 3-1IJ 0.013 mex | :1.00 ma\ | 0.04t) 0.030 0.75 max 9.0 to 13.1) 17.00 to 20.00
TP 34iJH 0.0'1 to 0.1{) 0.u;lr) I u.75 ma\ 9.0 to 13.0 17.00 to 20.00
a For rmalt diameler or rhin wals or both, where many drawing passes art required, a taJbon maximum of 0.040 perc€ is necessaJv in
Eades TP 304L and TP 316 L. SmaI ourside diameter and [8ht $ ail tubes are defined as lhose less than UJ(ru Inch rn oulsoe druneler ano lers
'rian
0.049 inch in averase wal thickn€ss (0.044 inch minirnum wall rhickness).
t The titadum content'shall be not less ahan five times the carbon content and not morcthan0.70 perc€nt- - --
c itii
iiriuntiurn oiui riniatm contenr shall be not less rhan refl times lhe carbon content and not more than 1.00-per€en1
dciadepscsha'iraveatitaniumcontentofnotlessthanfourtimesthecarboncontentandnotmor€than0.70percent,oracolumbum
contenr ofeishr to len limes lhe carbon conrenl.
;- ftri cotuitium ptuiianiuLr. cont*t thull be no! less rhan eighr rim€s lhe carbon conlent and nol more lhan 1O0 peicent.
./ rhe riranium coritent shatl b€ not less lhan four limes the carbon contenr and nol mole than 050 percenl.
I For welded TP 316 and TP ll6H Dip€. the nickel ranse shall be 10.0-14 0%
-are-iainiicir
l,ip lo+r.r'-ir-rp lleN iir ctremtsr;es 16 tp lo4 ana Tp 3t6, respecthrly. excepr thal lhev also contain 0.10{.16% hvdros€n
The m€thod of nitroeen analvsb shall be a rnatter of agreemeni belween the Purchaser and the manulaclurer'
' From 1980 A.S.T.M. Specifications Steel Pipins Vaterials.
for
to2
PIPING MATERIALS
SELECTION OF MATERIALS
Sclcction of nraterials for a specific application solids and slurries are conveyed in piping n'ith consider-
requires a knorvledge of currcnt, industry-rvide practices. able succcss. All manner of corrosive fluids and
Rcscirrclr,,rgrnizr,rior.s ilro crrnsltl,lly seeking irn- soh'ents are pipcd l'ith comparative case and safety.
pror"cd mctliods for haudling the eler increasing prob- The entire piping industry has met these challenging
lems encouute|td iri ihe fluid transportation of moclern problcms l-ith a l-ide &ssortment of metallic and non-
indnstry. I'rcssurcs no\r co\"cr the rarge from high metallic piping mtterials and protcctive coatings.
vacuum to severrl thousand pclunds per square inch. The scvere servicc conditions found in main steam
Temperature-s of 300'Ir to i500'F are nolr eD- and reheat lines of central pol'er stations have been
countcrcd rather frerluently and these extremes may be successfully handled s'ith a varicty of materials. A
excccdcd in tomorros''s discoveries, Solids, semi- list of piping matcrials ar-ailable is shorvn on ihis page.
CARBON STEEL
Welded
Electric Resistant welded Al35 Steam and water piping as encountered in steam
Al34 power plant piping such as main steam lines, bleed
Electric Fusion Welded A139 steam Lines, boiler feed lines, boiler blow{ff lines,
A.671 A67 2 drain piping;up to 7500 F. Non{oFosive gas and air
lines ill proce$s piping.
Seamless A53
A106
SpiJal Welded A2!l
LOW ALLOY STEEL
Carbon Moly A.335 P1- 4.69l CM-XX
1/2/. Clvome Moly
-1/2% 4.335 P2. .4369 FP2. 4.69l
lz Cr For se ic€$ wherc temperatures are above 7500 F
I% ChJorne - Y2% Moly A335 P12. A369 FPl2, A69l l Cr as encounteled in high pressure and temperature main
l%% Ctuom. - 1/2% Moly A33s P11. A369 FPl l. A691 l/a Cr steam and rcheat lines. The particulal selection
zlaVo Chrcme - 1% Mo\y A335 P22. A369 FP22.A691 2%Cr depends on operalilg temperatue and corosion
considerations.
A'335 P5
4-6% Chrome w/Silicon A335 P5b
ZCUehJome wtriiarium Al35 P5c Prccessing as encountered in oil rcfinedes, air p!e-
4{7, Chro4ete/Columbiqlr A335 P5c heaters where highly corrosive conditions exist, cata-
1/o Ctuone -lz% Moly A335 P7 lytic processirB units.
9% Cl|.Jollre - 1% Moly A335 p9
3/r% Nickel seamless and
rcsistant welded A333 crade 3 Low termpela1ure process piping where impact
toughness is requiled.
STAINLESS STEEL
18% Ch$rne - 87o Nickel A312 TP 304 & H & L. A3s 8 TP 304
Piping for nuclear and fossil central station work,
187a Chrome - 12% Nickel A312 TP 316 & H & L. A358 TP 316 oi,narhAerar. in}anql enainF
'.,{ianr ^^hhn{ti^n
18% Chrome - l2% Nickel 4312 TP 317 exnau$ DrDes. cotto$ve serqces.
18% Chome - 10% Nickel A312 TP 321 & H
18% Ctuome - l07a Nickel A312 TP 347 & H. A358 TP 34?
COPPER PIPE 842 Process steam, air and water piping.
COPPER TUBE 888 Instrumental lines and domestic use.
ALI]MINUM ALLOYS 8210,8241
Corosive services
* General applications aie subject to the various code limitations, and specific service conditions.
103
ITT GRINNT]LL - PTPING DESIGN AND DNGINF]I]III\C
Flanges, fittings, bolting material and gaskets are The intermediate alloy steels have limiting temper.
covered in succeeding pages. atures for short time service between 1200-13000 F
If structural stability is a factor of consideration, and the austenitic stainless steels have been used up
the limiting temperature in general practice for use of to 1600" F for special services.
carbon steel is 7500F and for carbon moly steel is In oil refinery work the "chrome steels," 4--4/o,
850a F, whereas, if stability is not to be considered, 7V.9%, and 13ti Chrome, have found considerable
900-1000' F for carbon steel and 950-1050" F for favor for high temperature service for oxidation and
carbon moly steel are the limiting temperatures. corrosion resistance,
Temperature ranges as practiced in fossil type cent- Suitable materials for the sub-zero, or low temper-
ral power stations for low alloy steels are: % Chrome ature, applications include fine grain carbon steel,
y: Moly ?50-950o F, 1 Chrome % Moly 850-9750 F, nickel alloys steels, and austenitic stainless steels.
17n Chrome % Moly 900-10000 F and 21/a Chrome 1 The corrosive conditions found in the chemical and
Moly up to a design maximum of 10500 F. process industries have been successfully overcome
Sdewed Flanges and Flanged Fitthgs A.S.T.M. 862 (1501b) ANSI816.24 A.S.T.M. 861 up to 5000 F.
ANSI B16.24 A,S.T,M. 862 up to 4000 F.
Solder Fittinss A.S.T.M. 862 ANSI B16.I8
AI,|JOY STEEL High tempelatue and prer-
Cast A.S.T.M. A217 ANSI B16.5 sure steam, oil and corrosion rcsis-
tance sewices. The padicular
Forge-d
A.S.T.M. A182 ANSI B16.5 selection depeflds on operaling
Stainless A.S,T.M. A182 Made to ordet temperature and corrosion con-
Heat Resistant A.S.T.M. A297 Made to orde!
sidelations,
COPPER No established stardarfu With copper pipe and tube.
Fitinss
Solder
AIUMINUM
Butt WeldirS Fittit8s A.S.T.M. 8361 No established standards With aluminum pipe
104
PIPING }'IATERIALS
Boltine Material
Matedal Dimensional
Matedal and Appearance
Specilication Thrcaded to S pecification Applications
Hgh Pressure
Nuts for Carbon and Alloy Steel A.S.T.r\,I. A194 ANSI B1,1 ANSI B18.2.2 a]Id
Temperature
HEh Pressure
Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel A.S.T.M. A193 ANSI BI,1 ANSI B18.2.1 :md
Bolts and Studs Temperatule
Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs and Stud Bolts A.S.T.M. A32O ANSI B1.1 ANSr B18.2.1 Low Temperature
Nuts for Alloy SteelBolts, Studs and Stud Bofts A.S.T.M. A194 ANSI B1.1 ANSI B18.2.2 Service
r05
ITT GIiIN\I'I,I,, PIPING ])I,]SI('IN AND ENGI-\I'EITING
Gasket Materials
Hot-f lcclium and -iIigh Plc;.sules Black Rubber, Red Rubber-\1:irc Inserted
Hot Lorv Pressutes I'trorvn llubber-Cloth Inserted
Hot....... Comp. Asbestos
Oils (lIot)
TenT ps. up to 750' I Comp. Asbestos
Ternps. up to 100C" F Ineot hon, Special Ring-Type,Ioiut
106
PIPING XIATERIALS
CORROSION
Corrosion occurs rvhen an electric potential forces These materials include the stainless steels, lead, nickel,
ions of the corroding material into aqueous solution. copper, tin, aluminum, and their alloys. Various
This reaction l'ill contilue so long as the material is in plastic, mineral, and oiher nou-metallic materials are
contact lrith 11,ater, or r-ater vapor, and the material in.hr/la.l in thic or^rrn
reniains anodic (ncgative voltage) to its environment. Protective coating, cladding, lining, plating and
The voltage may lesult flom, (1) the electrode poteniial painting may be readily adapted to internal and
of the material, (2) exterlal sources, orJ (3) from a external protection of the ldss expensive base materials,
combination of the t\ro. Electrode potential is the Coatings include cement, asphalt, tar, and rvaxes.
characteristic of any naterial to be anodic (negative) Cladding rvith stainless steel and lining l'ith cement,
or, caihodic (positive) in relation to other nraterials. rubber, porcelain, plastic and synthetic rubbers or
The rate of corrosion may be economically retarded plaiing lith metals offer many possible solutions to
by: corrosion resistance.
Deoxidation or de-activation of the corrosive fluid
1 Selection of costlier "corrosion resistant" maielial,
may be economically justified in many process applica-
2. Application of protective coatings.
tions. An example of this is the deaerating of boiler
3. Deactivation of thc corrosivc fluid. feed rvater.
4. Cathodic protection of the base maierial, Cathodic proteciion of piping has been successfully
Piping matclials are subject to internal and/or applied to some underground installations by imposing
external corrosion. Internal corrosion can usually be a direct cuuent positive potential to the pipe in relation
predicted and controlled sincc the nature of the fluid is to the ground. A more receut commercial application
knorin. External corrosion is the more difficult to of the same priricipal is the use of an expendable anodic
foresee due to the variety of atnospheric and soil con- naterial in mildly corrosive systems.
ditions rvhich may exist around a single pipe line. The follorvirg table indicates the corrosion resistant
Noiable among these are the striiy currents and acid qualities of some of the more common piping materials
soils encountered by underground lines. to various chemical reagents. NIore detailed informa-
Corrosion resistant naterials are usually best adapted tion is available from the chemical supplier or from the
to specific uniform conditions rvhich can be predicted. manufacturer of the verious piping ma{erials.
l. 'l'he inlormation gileD in this tsbLe has been tabulated lrom larious references, Ior use as a general suide. Belore specific applications
are"made all se.rice coDditions, such as pressures, tempe.atures, concentrations, operatins cl cles, etc., should be reliewed !ith the manufscturer
* Spaces left blank in the "Exposure Conditions" column indicate informRtion on exact test conditions udavailsble.
r07
I'1'T GItI\\EI,I, PIPIN(I DESIGN AND F]N(IINF]I.]RI)i(i
1. The inlomration gi'en h this table hes bean tabulatod from varjous references, for use as a son€ral.auide. :e specific applications
arc made alt service con-rditions, such as prcssures, temperatures, concentrations, operatins cvcles' etc.' should be re with the manufrcturer
' . left blank in the "nxposure Conditions" column indicrte inftrmai,ion on exac6 test conditions unayail&ble.
Staces
i08
IIPI\G,\I-\TI]]1I,\LS
t. The iniormation gii,c jr this t&ble has beeD tablrlated lroDr various relerences, {of use rs ll genaral auide. Befo
are made all service conditions, such as pressures, taupefatures, concentrations, operatin!. .]ycles, etc., should be reviewed the manutacturer
* Spac€s Ieft blank in the "Exposure Conditions" columo indicate inlormation on exact test conditions unavailable,
109
ITT GRINNELL -PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
l. 'fh"j"to"^rti." et""" t" thts table has been tabulated from 1'erious references, Ior use as:r eeneral.suide.. Bcforc specific applications
;ti;;;i"ttoiaii;ons. such as pressures, temperatures, concentrations, operatine cvcles, €tc , should ba revioved vith the manufacturer
".;;;e;
jt]i?,?:",:t
"' or'"o r rhe ,,Exposurc conditions" cotumn indicatc informr.tion on exact test conali'"ions unavailable,
110
PIPING lIATERIAI,S
G D l) 1,-D G CI (; (i r'
Palmitic,{cid
c C D t) (-, T) G (" (] T) D
Crude
()\'er 500 (; U TI
)r'pr I000"1,'
Phenol (Cerbolic Rm -212"1,'-\Iorsturc
Acid) G
I'hosphoric .\cid n DT T Ci c G
r2?7; 212'I.; G
G
t5%; aerated,
G G (l
2piiried.70"I G G
-l0r'o f, le\; 212"-b -\la\ G
--rT
Picdc lcid
U
-l-l L
Cl
G
Pot,rss;rn (ilrloride D --trl G c
I'nirssirrm Cvrnirle Il
Potassium (; D
II D
--e--l U I G G G G G G G
D^i^""i,,- q,,tnL.1 G
-ttt G
Propane
-Tt I_)
F'
rtt G D
Sodium Bicarbon- (;
qta hqkino sndr G G D G !' G G G G D G
Snrli,, m Risrrlnheie t) I Ci G
SodiLrm Carborste G
Over 0 I 'ii.
200"
T)
rt. st 212" t
Sndirm Cvrnide -r
Sodium Hydroriide IJ G-.1)
I Xll'1,
Sodium Hypo-
cnlorlte TI D-F D TT r' D G D II D D G
,F'
Sodium
\{eianhosnhBtc G D G T G G G
Sodium -Nitrate G-r G
'/"1 122"t'
Sodium Perborate
Sodium Phosphate,
G D r' G G G G
Sodium Phosphaie,
diabasie G G I G G D G
Sodium Phosphate,
t ( G G
Sodirrm Silicate
Sodium Sulphide
c-t ) G
50%: 320'F G
Sodium SuIDhite
G
1. The information given in this table has been tabulated from l'arious references,. for use as a geleral.suide. . Before.speciffc spplicationg
a.;;;J; ;n such as p"essurcs, temperatures, concentrations, operatins crcles, eic., should be revie$ed with the manu{acturer
";.vi;t;;iaittons,
"'jtil??l"i;t, tt*t i" the "nxposure conditions" column inilicate idormation 04 exact iest conditioDs unavailable.
111
ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
2S (,op-
T,ou Strrirloss \lltu-
Chemical I:)rposLrre
Conditions ,\lumi- llcd Casi
Iron Ier Lead
Crr- floncl Stlcls \\ioughi Glsss rtL ral
num Iron I Irrtl Soft
St.,el 301 31ri lhLbber tlrrbber
Sodium Sul!hile (,1
c G
7.5% + 2% \uHC(\;
G
llnil I)
Sulphur c I) I) I) T)
Solid r)- L
:en:501J"1,'
Sulphu r lJio\ille
I )rv
] Ioist
SrLlphuric Acid D D
l)rlritc { ( (1
t,
t'-a] TI t' T) t)
Tr
t,'
SLrlphur'Irioridc,
G G G G G
D c II II G I,' c c a G c
lrichloretl,ylcne G
X{oist
D D
G-I) D U G t1 G G G I)
lliater. acid mine.
cont g o\lolztng
D D D D U U (i G G G G G
C G t,- (1 U G G G G
c G G c D G G G G G G
G U II U II I) c (i U (l c
G G c G Ir G (; c G G G
l,
(i
Zinc Chlnrirlo U D U G U C1 tl, al-J) IJ G I) I)
Zirrc S|llphate G
1, The info.nation siven in this t.ble has beoD tabulated lrom va.ious references, for use as x seneral euide. Before specific apDlications
are"rnade all service conditions, such as pressures, teDrperatures, concentrstions, operating cydes, etc., should bs rarienod \yith the manulacturer
+ Spaces lelt blank in the "Exposure Conditions" column indicate informotior on ex&ct iest coDditioDs unafailable.
112
PIPI\G \IATERIALS
PRESSURE _
TEMPERATURE RATINGS FOR CAST AND
FORGED STEEL PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS.
113
I'fT (}RI\NDLI, PIPING 1)I'SICI\ .\\D U\(}I,\]]]UitI\(;
General Notes:
(a) Materials shall not be used beyond the limits specified in the governing Code.
(b) For temperature limitations see footnotes in Tables 2 and in Annex G of ANSI 816.5.
lc) Plate materials are lisred only for use as blind flanges {see 5.1). Additional plate materials listed in ANSI 816.34
may also be used. with corresponding 816.34 Standard Class latings.
{d) Material Groups not listed in Table lA are intended for use in valves. See ANSI Bl6.34
Notes:
{1) Upon prolonged exposure to temperature above about 8000 F (4250 C), the carbide phase ol carbon steel may be
converted to graPhite.
(2) Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above about 8750 F {4700 C), the carbide phase of carbonflolvHenum
steel may be converted to graphite.
{3) Only killed steel shall be used above 8500 F (4500 C}.
(4) Use normalized and tempered material only,
114
PIPING NIATERIALS
PROOUCT FORMS
GROUP 2 MATERIALS
NOMINAL FoRGtNGslcnsrrr'icslPLATEs
rrrores seec.-cn NOTES I SPEC -GR
MATERIAL DESIGNATION NOTES
GROUP No. STEEL spEc.-GR I
A 182-F304 (5) A24O-3O4 (5)(7)
2.1 lSCLaNi
A 182-F304H
lACr-8Ni a351-CF3
A351-CF8 (5)
a1a2-F316 (5) 4240-316 (5)(7)
2.2 16Cr 12Ni2Mo
A182-F3l6H
A240-317 (5)(7)
r8 c;rNI-3M-.
18 C19Ni-2Mo A351-CF3M
a35r-cFaM (6)
Ar 82-F304L A240-304L
2.3 l8e'Jy_ _ _ A240-316L
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo A182-F316L
Ar82-F321 (5) A240-32L (5){7)
2.4 18Crl oNi-Ti
A!A2.F32LH A240-321P' 17)
percent or hiqher'
(5) At temperatures over IOOOo l (5400 c), use only when the carbon content is o'04 p€rcent ancr above'
i;i ;;;i;;;";;;,;"oove aooo r lazso i;, Use ontv wtren the carbon cont€nt is o 04 heatins it to a temperature of at
r7\ F^r rembeDrure. above loooo l- oio"-'ii,"..i'" it the materiat is heat rreared by
" i"itt igOo. F (1O4Oo C) and quenchinq in water or rapidlv coolins bv other m€ans'
(s) For service temperatures ,io. i iqss" c), it ti .""o--"no.a that kirled steels containine not less than o to
"o.,"
percent residual silicon be us€cl.
{9}Forservicetemperaturesollo5oUF(5660c)andabove,assurancemUstbeprovic|edthatqIainsizeisnotfinerthan
ASTM NO. 6.
(10) To be used onlv for Cl.ss 150 and Class 3oO flanges'
llc
TABLE 1B tIST OF BOtTIItIG SPECIFICATIONS
Applicable ASTM Specifications
BOLTING MATERIALS
HIGH STRENGTH LOW STRENGTH
SPEC._G R NOTES SPEC._GR NOTES
Al93-E}7 A193-B5 A193-88 C 1.1 t7l
A193-Bl6 A193-86 a193-B&C C 1.1 17l
A320-L7 (4) 4193-B6X A193-B&M C1.t t7)
A320-L7A (4) a 193-B7M a193-B&T C 1.1 t7)
4320-L7B (4) A193-Ba CI.z (6) A193-B8A t7)
A320-L7C t4') Ar93-BaC Ct-2 (6) A193-A8CA 17,
4320-L43 (4) A193-B8M C1.2 (6) A193-BAMA (7)
4354-BC AI93-B8T C1.2 (6) A193-BATA (7)
4354-BD A32O-E|8 (6) A307-B (8)
A453-665 A32O-B8C (6) A320-E}8 l7l
A540-E}21 A32O-B8F (6) A320-B8C (7)
A.540-822 A32O-A8M {6) A320-BAM t7)
4540-823 A320-B8T t6) A32O-BaT (7)
A'540-824 A354-BB (6)
A449 (9)
4453-651 t5)
4453-660 (5)
4453-662 (5)
(a) Boltans materials shall not be used beyond temperatures timits specified in the governing Code-
(l)These boltinq materials may be used with atr tisted materials and att qasket',
(2)These bolting materials may be used with att ,isted materiats and a gaskers, provided at has been
v€rified that a sealed joint can be maintained und€r rated workjng pressure and temperature_
(3) Th€se boltins materials may be used with all tisted materials but are rimited to crass 150 .nd Crass 3OO
loints. See 5-4.1 for recomm€nded sasket practices.
(4) This ferritic material is intended for tow temperature service. Use A194 Gr 4 or Gr 7 nut5.
(5) This special alloy i5 intended for high temperatur€ service with austenitjc staintess steet.
(6) This aurtenitic stainless material has been carbide solution treated ancl strain hardened. Us€ A194 nuts
ot corresponding materiat.
(7) Ahis austenitic stainl€5s materiat has been carbide solution treated but not strain nardened. Use A194
nuts ot corresponding materiat.
(8)This carbon steel fastener shalt not be us€d abov€ 4ooo F (2ooo C) or berow -2Oo F (-29o c). see atso
Note 3.
(9) Acceptable nuts tor use with quenched and tempered botts ar€ a194 Gr 2 and cr 2H_
6
PIPING ]{ATERIALS
TABLES 2
PR ESSU RE.TEMPERATU RE RATINGS
TAEtE 2-I50 CTASS 150 PRESSUB E.TEMPERATU RE RATIIIIGS
Pressures are in pounds per square inch, gage (psig)
Mar'l Group 1.1 1-2 1.4 1.5 1.1 '1.9 1.r0 1.13 1.14 2-1 2-2 2.3 2-4 2.6 2-7
NOTES:
1 . Ratinqs shown apply to other material groups where column dividing lines have been omitted.
2. Temperature notes for all Material Groups, Tables 2-150 through 2-2500:
tt7
ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESICN AND DNGIN]IDIIING
Mat'l Group 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.9 1 .10 '1.13 1.14 2.1 2.3 2.4 2-6 2.7
Materials %Ct- Types
Carbon steel 1, Type
%Mo
1%Cl
21/.Cr 5Cr- 9Cr- Type Typ€ -3_ql Type 310 oF
%Mo NiCr- -%Mo -1Mo %Mo 1Mo 3(}4 316 Type 32'l 309
348
Temp, Norm. H ish I Low 316L
-20 to 100 740 150 620 695 | 750 750 L 75O 750 720 720 600 720 720 670 100
200 675 I 750 560 680 | 7sO 710 | 715 750 600 620 505 6lo 635 605 200
300 65s 1730 I 55o 655 i 73o 1675 1675 730 530 560 590 570 300
400 635 1705 | 530 640 17O5 1660 1650 705 515 495 555 535 400
500 5oo I 665 | 5OO 620 1665| 640 665 435 4ao 3ao 460 520 505 500
600 550 605 455 605 415 450 360 435 490 4ao 600
650 535 L 590 450 590 410 350 430 4ao 465 650
700 535 | 570 1450 570 405 430 345 420 700
750 505 1505 1445 530 400 425 335 415 460 750
ao0 410 l41O 1370 510 5OO | 5rO 395 415 _33_0__ 415 455 435 ao0
850 2to 485 440 | 485 390 405 320 410 425 450
900 170 450 385 395 405 430 415 900
950 105 280 1345 I 380 260 370 375 385 385 345 345 950
1000 50 165 ) 2t5 I 225 27O 19O I 29O 325 365 355 365 1000
1050 140 200 r40 | reo 310 360 345 360 290 1335 1050
1100 95 | 115 r05 | I r5 260 325 300 325 225 | 29O 1100
1150 50 lro5 70 195 275 235 275 r7o ] 245 1150
1200 35 1 55 50 155 205 r80 170 130 205 1200
L250 110 180 140 !25 roo Ll60 125 0
1300 85 140 105 95 8o lr2o 1300
1350
NOTES:
1, Ratings shown apply to other material groups
60 105 ao 70 60lso 1350
1400 50 75 60 50 45 1 55 1400
1450 where columns dividing lines are omatted. 35 60 50 30J40 1450
1500 2. See Temperature N ote 2, page 117 . 25 35 25 125 1500
Mat'l Group I.l * 1.4* 1.5 1.1 1.9 '1.10 1.13 1.14 2.1 2.2 2-4 2-5 2.6
Materials %Ct- Type
Carbon st€el fypes
%Mo 2%Cl 9Cr' Type Type 304L Type 347 Tvpe Tvpe
1%Cl 1Mo 304 316 321 3U) 310 oF
%Mo NiCr- -YzMo '1Mo YzMo 348
- Norm.l Hish I Low Mo 316L
-20 to loo s25 | rooo 10oo I looo 1o0o 960 960 400 960 960 895 to0
990 1000 925 | al5 200
200 900 1000 750 9Os lOOo 950 955 I
J lOoO 800 425 675 850 805
300
300 475 970 730 a7o 970 | 8e5 I 905 97o 705 605 725 7a5 760
400
400 845 940 705 855 | 94o | 88ol 865 1 s4o 630 645 550 660 740 710
500 885 665 830 1885 1 855 | 885 585 635 510 610 690 670 500
800
600 730 405 610 ao5 555 600 480 58s 655 635 600
650 715 785 600 745 590 470 570 640 620 650
700 7lo 755 600 755 540 575 460 560 625 610 700
670 670 590 710 530 565 450 555 615 595 750
750
800 550 550 495 675 1665 l67s )25 555 !!o_ 550 610 5ao aoo
a50 355 650 585 | 6sO 520 540 430 590 565 a50
900 230 600 470 | 600 510 525 540 575 555 900
950
950 140 | 35o I 4e5 500 515 515 515 515
loo0 70 355 | 255 390 430 445 475 485 45O 465
390 | 445
1000
I050 265 1190 l2s0 4lo 4ao 460 440 1050
1100 15ol14o 430 400 430 3oo | 3eo 1100
l15o I
230 | 33O 1150
I150 7C 14o | 90 llOO 260 365 315 365
1200 45 75 1 60 I 70 205 275 240 230 175 | 275 l'oo
*Do not ul 185 165 r35 I 215 r250
t250
1300 lto 145 140 L25 1O5 ll60 1300
I
NOTES: a5 140 110 90 8o lro5 1350
1350 1. Ratingl i shown apply to othet material groups
1400 65 100 a0 70 60175 1400
1450
:olumns dividing lines are omitted. 45 80 65 55 40t50 1450
t 500 2, See Te nperaflrre Note 2, page 1',17. 30 55 50 45 3()l30 1500
118
PIPING }IATENI.\LS
|| 495 115 0
1200 *D^ n.t ra. AqTl A a1a1 I 70 | ll0 90 I ro5 310 410 365 345 260 4rO 1200
12 50
1300
220 365
275
2ao
210
245
185
zoo
160
I| rzs
240
\?50
1300
NOTES: I
1350 1. Ratings shown apply to other materialgroups 125 205 t65 r rs I 160 1350
1400
where columns dividing lines are omitted. 90 ls0 125 105 | rlo
90 1400
l4 50
2. See Temperature Note 2, page J 17. 70 115 95 80 60l 75 1450
1500 50 85 75 70 50l so 1500
Mat'l Group 1.1 1.2 1.7 1.9 1.10 1.13 1.14 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 25 2.6 2.1
Mai€rials hcr- Typ6 T6mp6r.
Carbon steel %Mo
I 9Cr gqt! TvP€ Typ6r
l%Cl 2%C. %Mo TYp€
347 3G'
TYpo
'AMo NiCF -%Mo 1Mo 3()4 316 Typ6 321 310 oF
Temp. Norm.lHieh ] Low 316t 348
-2O to 100 2220 2250 ta50 2085 | 2250 12250 12250 2250 2160 2160 laoo 2160 2760 2015 loo
200 2025 2250 1685 203512250 12135 l2r50 2250 1800 1860 1520 l8 30 l9I O t 815 200
300 !970 2tA5 1640 re5sl2r8s l2o2o 12030 218 5 l5a 5 168 0 1360 16 35 1765 1705 300
400 1900 2l l5 t 585 l92Ol 2rr5 11975 11945 2l l5 141O 1540 1240 1485 1665 1600 400
500 17 95 11995 1495 18651 l99s 11925 11920 199 5 1 310 1435 1145 1375 1555 l5t0 500
600 r640 11815 137 0 1815 1245 r 355 1080 1310 1475 14 35 60c
650 r 6l0
lr765 1345 1765 t225 1330 lo50 1280 1440 1395 650
700 1600 li 705 1345 1705 l2l o 1295 lo30 1260 1405 l3 70 700
750 r5ro 1151o 7325 1s 95 I195 t?70 1010 1245 1385 1340 750
ao0 l2 35 1123s lllo 1s2 5 1490 1525 I tao I245 1240 1370
_9_8_5_ 1305 ao0
450 805 1460 t 3l5 1460 I165 1215 965 1225 1330 1275 850
900 515 1350 1060 1350 1150 1ta0 1215 t295 ),245 900
]
950 310 845 i 1030 1l3O 78O 11r10 1125 r160 1160 1160 ll60 950
1000 155 495 | 640
__-l 670 | 805 s15 875 965 l090 r0ro lto5o
| 107 0 1090 I OOO
1050
I100
sos I
------l
qroI sgs 420 | 565 925 to80 1040 108 0 875 IlOOO 1050
tl
2eoI 3ao 3r0
|
340 770 965 905 965 ezo I szs l loo
1150
1200 II lo5 I
rs5 3ro
16s
2o5 |
r35 I
22s
155
585
465
825
620
710
545
425
515
515
390
740
620
ll50
1200
12 50 330 420 370 3o0 I 485 1250
1300 245 410 320 235 |
2AQ 360 l30o
1350
NOTES:
175 |
I
l. Ratings shown apply to other material groups la5 310 245 205 235 1350
1400
14 50 coiumns dividing lines are omitted. 145 225 185 155 rr: I res 1400
105 175 145 r25 95 rl5 1450
1500 2. See Temperature Note2,page 117. 'to r25 ll5 105 70t| 70 1500
r19
ITT GRINNELI, PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEEITINC;
-
TABLE 2.1500 CTASS 15(}O PRESSU RE.TEMPERATU RE RATINGS
Pressures are in pounds per square inch, gage (psig)
--r-
Mat'lG.oup 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.9 1.10 1.13 | 1.14 2-1 2.2 2,3 2,4 2.5 2.6 2.7
Materials %Ct- Type
_-- Carbon steel %Mo
1
2%Cl scF
%Mo Ni-Cr- lY.Ct -lMo %Mo
| gcF Type Typ€ 304t Type Type
Temper-
310 | 255
zso
225
I 275
rss 1350
1400
1450
t1o
I |
r 500 2. See Temperature Note 2, page t 17. || 2eo I
| I
24O | 2O5 155 I t9O 1450
t20 205 | t90 | 170 t20 | 120 1500
t,9 tt25 1500 2250 156 3375 233 5625 3aa 9375
l_lo rt25 1500 2250 156 3375 5625 348 9375
30 II25 1500 2250 156 3375 233 5625 3aa 9375
1.14 30 I125 2250 156 3375 233 5625 3Aa 9375
Note: Thes€ pressures are subject to the limitations in Section 8 of ANSI 8165.
L2r
ITT GR]NNELL PIPI\(i I)F]SICIN AND EN(IINI'ERINO
5.U0
.1.00
4.25
B
4.25 :1.75 E 5.2r) {.50
3t/, .1.5t)
8 1.25 :1.75 ri 5.25
4
E 1.50 4.00 8 5.5i)
5
8 4.50 4.00 72 5.00
6
8 \ 8
12
t.7r) 4.23
4.75
1,,,
I
12
16
6.25
?.00
5.50
6.25
IO
t2 L l2 1f, lii ?.50 t;.75
Bolrs Bolts Jointl Face Tonsxe Bolts Bolts ,Jointrr Face Tonguc
Size
:t.25
l 3.50 3.50 '3.25 I 3.50 3.50
it.50
I ts l 8.75 3.50 4 8.75
.1.00 :1.75
lli I .1.00 4.00 4
{
4.00
4.25 4.00
4.25 4.00
|1 4 4.25
1.25 4.00
2 I 4.50 4.25 4.00
.1.50
],' 8 {.5{J
5.0t) 4.7i) .r.50
4.15 8
ztl 5.00
5.25 5.00 4.15
8 5.25 5.00 4.75 8
;.50 5.25 t; E 5.75 3.25
3ti ,/i 6.00 5.15 5.5t)
4 ii E 5.;i) 5.25 E
tix!.acted lfom Anrefican Sianda.d Sleel Plp€ Flanses and l lansed l'ittings ANSI Blli i- 1gti
All Dimension siven in inthes.
,These lenFhs .to nor in.hde rhe hei!.hr ot th€ poinrs. -{ poinr is thar pa.t ol a snid b.Lt b€yond ihc th.ead and mrr be chaDrlercd. round€d or sheaFl
ol pipe. but lhe lap thar scrvls as lhe male lacc musr no1 bc ltss rhar I Inch
as a mrte lacer for mate amt fcmat€ taDpe{:t joinr made in rhe 1aps. add two thickhess.s
,$ hen f.oov. is made ln the lap. add ihifkiess of piDc lor each Lap
122
PIPING X{ATERIALS
Nirminal Diam€ter NLlmber '/i Inch Male&Female Diameter Number %Inch Male&Female
I'jpe of of Rins Raised also of of Ring Raised rlso
Size UolL\ Bolls Joint:] Fac€ Toner€ Bolts Bolts Joints Face Tongue
ard Groore and Gr@ve
Extracied from Ame.ican Standard Steel Pipe Flanses and Flansed Fittihss ANSI B16.5 - 19??.
Al1 dimension eilen in inches.
jThese lenclhs do not include the height of the points. A point is thal part of a shrd bolt beyond the tbread and may be chahlered. founded or sheared.
,Bolrlensthsforlappedjoi.tSmaybedet€rminedafollows:For1appedlapped'a
to|,jinchma1efaceonfange'addthicknessof]apand|inch;forlapped'ofemalefaceonange'addihfknesso|
s a male face; for male and female lapped joint made in the laps. add two thicknesses of pipe, but the lap thai servs as lhe male face must not be less tban il inch.
3when gr@ve is made in the lap, add lhickness of pipe for each lap.
t23
ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
RING-JOINT GASKETS
rffi^'
l_c_l /
Redius Rr: Xa in. for ring widths % tn.
and smallerj 1{: in. for ring widths 1 rn
and larger.
Tolerances
P \avpregc pir.h diamarcr o[ ring 'q !q7
A (widrh ol ring lrr.urrd
J B ard H rhciqhr of rirrs)
C rwidih orr flriof orlag"rral ring' L0 u(r\
23" (angle) *i/2 cteg.
Rr (radius of ring) +)i',
A bead near rhp .errer rf oval "r,,r1cgon rl 'heped r:rrg'
"mall rhal ir will ,ot errtcr the groove.
Iocated.o ij I.ol ohjp.liorrablc
Table 1. Dimensions of Ring-Joint Gaskets
+ A Dlus tolerance of 3/64 in. for heights B and H isp€rmitted providins
the variation in the heisht of anv given ring does not exceed 1/64 in.
I 2 3 4 5
throughout its entire circumference.
Pitch width Height of Ring
Width on
l)iameter of FIa{ of
Rjng of Ring Ring Oct&gonal
Number Oval Ocfa,gonaL R'ng
P A t3 H C
R 21 0.305
',1, 0.206
R22 s% %" i16 %
R23 3),1 t\, 0.305
'\t
R24
R25
3%
4
i1, 't"
1\,i
%
%
0.305
0.206
1'L
PIPING X{ATERIALS
Table 1 Dimensions of Ring-Joint Gaskets Table 1. Dirnensions of Ring-Joht Gaskets
(Continued) fConcluded)
1 3 4 J I 2 3 4 6
126
ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINI]EIII\CI
ANSI B16.5
R
Nuflber
rEnd Flang€s ApI 6D and API 600 use caskers and Grooves lor equivalent Pipe Size ANSI 816.s or MSS SP-44 Flanges.
tR3O for Lapped Joint only.
PIPING ]I.\TERIALS
.End Flanges API 6D and API 600 use Gaskets and'Gfooves for equivalent Pipe size ANSI B16.5 or MSS SP 44 Flanges.
ttroooo lb Flanges to API 6A are obsolete. Data for informalion onlv.
727
ITT GRINNELL-PIPING DESIGN AND ENGIN!]ERING
A335 A234
P22
1060
A.369 A1a2 F22 At82 F22 A2t1 WC9
FP22 wP22 21h" atd over :
Above
2Y2" r dovet:
Butt Welded
600 2" and $nall€t: Studs-A193
The wall A234
Socket Cr. B?
thickness welded ex"
Steam, is the A105
Water, only A106 cept Welding Metallic- Al05 A216 WCB
oil limiting 115 Cr.B&C WPB Neck Flanges Nuts Al94 Asbestos & wcc
& at connec- Gr,2H
co4dition
of max. wrc uons ro
flanged
pressurc
equipment
128
PIPE FABRICATION
PIPE FABRICATION
PIPE FABRICATION PROCEDURES
Since publication of the first etition of Piping Design have not included, therefore, any suggested specifications
and Engineering and the printing of this issue, many for fabrication of piping materials since ihe inclusion of
advances and changes have taken place in the fieldofpipe these specifications could result in confusion andpossible
fabrication. New piping components have been misapplication. It is suggest€d that the piping designer
developed, a greater variety of material compositions consult with those experienced in the fabrication of the
have become commercially available, and the class of materials he will employ and also review the
requirements of the piping Codes have become more current recommendations of the Pipe Fabrication
demanding. All of these conditions have resulted in Institute. This action will provide assurance that the
variations in acceptable fabricating procedures specified fabrication requirements will result in
depending on the service conditions involved. procedures which are suited for the fupe of service
A comparison of various fabrication requirements in involved.
these Codes will show awidevariation inwelding, testing The following pagrs provide information with respect
and heat treating requirements. As a result of these to dimensional tolerances, end preparations and
variations, nouniversal fabrieatingspecification could be fabricating details which essentially apply to all types of
compiled that would encompass the minimum nine fabrication.
requirements of each Code for every type of material. We
129
ITT GRI\NELL PiPl-\C; DESICiN ANI) U\(}I \ IiIJ]tI\(;
Form Tolerances
When the radius of a bend is 5 nominal pipe diameters roundness in production carbon steel and low alloy steel
or greater, and the ratio of the nominal diameter to the bends. This investigation resulted in minimum
nominal wall is 35 or less the difference between the recommended bending radii for various ratios ofoutside
maximum and minimum diameters shall not normally diameter to the minimum wall thickness. These limits are
exceed 8olo of the average measured outside diameter of shorvn in Figure 1. For the convenience of users, these
the straight portion of the pipe. Where special operating limits were extrapolated to 36" O. D. There is not
conditions or code provisions require an ovality less than sufficient data available at present, however, to assure
87o it may be necessary to use larger radii or heavier pipe reliability for large diameter bends.
walls to achieve such requirements. The limits given in Figure 1 are for sand filled hot
To assure compliance with these requirements the Pipe bends only and are not necessarily applicable for machine
Fabrication Institute conducted an investigation of outof- or other types of bending.
TABLE 1
Nod. Pipc Sir., loch.r !' rVl' rYz' 2U2' tw d' l0' t2' r1' r6' rd t 2t' 26' g ,2' ,c
!l!r,B 2
!€c@elrded !{lnt!@ teg4l !etu.@ AdjsceEt
ouc-of-Pl&e ?tPe Bendt
T 10"
Contettts of this pag taken ftom PFI Standard ES' by courtesy of the Pipe F4bication lhstitute'
130
PIPE FABRICATION
In order to pull a hot bend projierly, minimum straight Tangents On Pipe Bends
tangents are required on either end ofthe arc for holding While it is possible to make out-of-plane pipe bends
and for pulling. These are given in Table 1. Longer with little or no tangent between adjacent arcs, this
tangents should be used whenever possible. However, in praetice involves a difficult bending setup for the out-
special cases bends with plain or bevelled ends can be ofplane bend due to the clearance requirements for the
furnished by cutting back the tangents upon completion holding shoes on the portion of the pipe arc already
of bending, and with the recognition that out-of-rounded formed. For this reason whenever adequate clearances
conditions may exist at the open ends. exist in the design, the minimum tangent (T) shown in
Table 2 is recommended between adjacent out-of-plane
bends.
-!
=
ci
o
lr.l
;-
sl
L
!)
UJ
12
o-
ato
Flgure I
Contents of this page taken frotk PFI Standdd ES-24 by coufiesy of the pipe Fabrication Institute ,
ITT GRINNEI,L __ PIPI\C'i DI'SIGN AND UNGINEERING
>rz
Depth (per Note l) I
Figure 2
of this p48e tdken Irom PFI Siandar.t ES'24 by cowtesy of the PipQ Fabtlcotion
Institute'
Contettts
132
PIPE FABRICATION
In order to assure full penetration to the root of a weld, In making his assembiy, the fabricator takes these
the ends to be joined are set up with a small gap betrveen factors into account. In welds marked "W" in Fig. 1A ancl
them called root spacing. This root spacing may vary 1B it may be necessary to vary root spacing, select parts
from 0 to l" depending on the welding technique. or, if necessary, trim a component to produce overall
Shrinkage of the weld metal occurs in cooling. This required dimensions. As an alternative approach, the
shrinkage varies with rvelding process, technique, piping adjustment in dimension L occasioned by welds marked
material and pipe wall thickness. On steel the weld W in Fig. 1A and 18 may be reflected by appropriate
shrinkage usually amounts to 1/16" to l(". Consequently compensation to relevant dimensions in the pipinglayout.
the fabricator must make allowances for shrinkage. All the above mentioned variables are beyond the
All standald rvelding fittings and fianges are sub- control of the Purchasers' Engineering Department. The
ject to tolelances on terminaj dimensions (end to end, Pipe Fabrication lnstitute recommends that allowances
face to face, or.center to end, etc.). The tolerance on for u'eld gap be eliminated from the Engineer's design
overall length of flanges, as given in ANSI B16.b is drarvings, and overail dimensjons of close assembljes of
+.06" fol sizes up to and lncluding 10', and fittings or fittings and flanges be detennined on the
l: .72" fol larger sizes. ANSI 816.9 gives tol- basis of the net sum of the nominal dimensions of
erances for butt welding fittings: the component parts.
For 900 and 450 elbows and tees these are:
Size Tol. (in)
1/2,, _ B, +.06
10,, +.09
12,' - 24" I .09
26" - 30" + .12
82" _ 48" I .19
L .IG L
DIMENSION
G POINT
WP
FIGURE IA
FIGURE IB
Contents of thic Wge tokeh from pFI Standard ES-2 by coufiesy of
the pipe Fabication lfistitute.
133
ITT GRINN!]LI, PIPING DF]SIGN AND I.]NGINI]1.]1],IN(
- I
FABRICATING TOLDRANCES
The tolerances on linear dimensions (intermediate or minus 1/16" for euch 72" in diameter over 36".
overall) apply to the face to face, face to end, and end Due to the cumulative effects oftoleranceson fittings or
measurements of fabricated straight pipe and headers; flanges, when joined without intervening pipe segments,
center to end or center to face of nozzles or other deviations in excess of those specified above may occur.
attachments; or center to face of bends; as illustrated on Angularity tolerance across the face of flanges and
Fig. 1. These tolerances are not accumulative. weld end preparation and on rotation of flanges are as
Linear tolerances on "A" are ! ls" for sizes 10" stated on Fig. 1.
and under, I 3/16" for sizes 12" through 24" and When closer tolerances than those given are absolutely
I /4" for sizes over 24" through 36". necessary, they shall be subject to agreement between the
Linear tolerances on "A" for sizes over 36" are Purchaser and Fabricator.
subject to tolerances of t /4" increasing by plus or
FIGURE I
Contents ofthis poge take from PFI Stsndad ES-3 by co ftesy ofthe Pipe Fabi@tiott lwtltute,
L34
PIPE FABRICATION
Frc. 1
Frc. 2
For wall thicknesses over 1$" through 1.0" nominal
With a flat or 10' tapered continuous backing ring.
Frc. 3
135
ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
-
BUTT WELDING END PREPARATION
FOR
Manual Inert-Gas Tungsten-Arc Root Pass Welding
Frc. 4
For wall thicknesses of * to 1o
With or without consumable insert rings and/or I.D. purging.
gtrz. lzlz"
Root Face Spacing : 0.00'
2-'42
A
Frc. 5
Flc. 6
For wall tlicknesses over f'
With or without consumable insert rings and/or LD. purging.
When the thickoess at tbe weldire end of a valve. 6tiinq. or less, from a point on the weldinc bevel eoua-l to tbe O.D. of the
sreater thatr that of the DiDe
fla.Dse is and the additioDal thickDess
-tsper maiins oipe. Similarlv. shen itre ereat€i lhichess is Drovided
incresser the outside diametcr. i weld bavillq a slope not o! tbi iDaide of the valve, fitting,1r flange, it shall 5e tspeF
-
exceeding 3 to 1 may be empl6yed 6r, altematively-, ibe lreater bored lrom the welding end st a slope trot e;c;eding 3 to 1. i!
out€de clxuneter tlray D€ tapere4 et tbe salne lnaxlmu& $ope or
136
PIPE FABRICATION
2.-109 2.119
3.279 3.289
5.600 5.610
5.327
5.O72 5.082
100 7.5,16
120 7.327 7.327
r.10 7.1ri3 7.r73
xxs 7.053 7.063 7.053
160 ti.993 7.00E 6.998
When selecting a wall thickness for design, allovanco should be included to compensate for permi$ible manufactudng tolerances on
both nominal pip=e wall thichess and outside diameter, so tiat machining to above dimensions will in no case tesult itl a wall thicknoss
less than requtued for maximum design conditions,
Note 1: Umited to s€amless pipe with utrde! tolela$ce on outsid€ diametet not grcatet than 1/32" (0 '031).
138
PIPE FABRICATION
Extruded Nozzle
w eloec I\ozzle
Branch size is one-half of run
size or less. (See Note 1.)
Welded Nozzle
Branch size is greater than R€NrcRONC
ore-half of run size. (See Note 1.)
139
ITT GRINNELL. PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEEITING
Noro: The height of welded pads or bosses above the outside diameter of the run pipe should never be less than
required by ASA Standards for full threads or full socket depth.
RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM
CLEARANCE BEFORE WELDING
140
PIPE FABRICATION
F
cracking caused by weld metal shrinkage and
hot shortness, or brittleness in hot metal.
(3) To produce metallurgically the soundest possible
weld metal composition with desirable proper-
ties of strength, ductility- and toughness.
(4) To eliminate on ma,ny sizes the need for sepa-
rately supplied filler metal, also the necessity of
one or two additional weld passes.
(5) To minimize concavity or sink on the lower I.D. ITT Grinnell consumable inserts are available for use
section of the interior of abuttins ends. u'ith urost all weldable quality piping materizr.ls.
PIPE FABRICATION
No, I
6
DEVELOPED LENGTH
QUARTER BEND-9Oo
= I.571 R
DEVELOPED LENGTH =
2 x DEVELOPED LENGTH oF NO. 5 BEND
= 6.283 R
A
o
s
Et(b.,os'
Euffl\
DEVELOPED LENGTH
l*+o3o3R
= 0.785R
rn
"L(/.m No. lO
1l
1
F
DEVELOPED LENGTH
DA'AP
---- -
143
ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
-
@iuen: R arrd a.
To rt,ntl: T and. arc. Giam: L, O and R.
n>o
T: R Lan!
2 To f.nd; AB, e, T
Arc : Angle (in degrees) and arc.
x R x 0.01745 CD:R_O
AB : \/CDr}:Tt --n,
Oipen: R and O,
,/ AAD : +^.-1 L
CD
IACB : tan-'ff
find: L, a and arc.
To la: ZACD - IACB
BC:2R -O AC :2R, tr'or ? and arc see first calculatron.
.BC
It R<O then CD:O-E and a:180o-
No. 5 OFFSET
a: cos-'
7
( I AC D + I AC B) . Other values remain the same.
BEND
cc:90"-(tDAC+ICAB)
Arc:Angle (in degrees) XAX0.01?45 @iren: Ry 8.2, L and, O.
O1ff:'*Rz'
It O>2n then BC:O-2R, and a:90"-
IDAC + ICAB. Other values remain the sa,me. To f,nd; a, X and arc.
BC-Rt+n2-O
Qium: O, A a;;.d B tc : lP-+acz
To find,: L, a and P IACB : tao-t#
E:\/ETT : IACB - IACD IACD :
e stn-l ar
L: \/E +T AD: x:'VAe - Ai+E*
-A
B
CoiS.t: Arcr: 4nt1" (in degrees) XArX 0.01746
t Arc2: 41"1" (in degrees) XErX 0.01746
^o
CosP:t If O> al +R2 BC:O-(fu*82), and c=
180' - ( IACB + IACD). Other values remain the
same.
t44
PIPE FABRICATION
0" 0.000000 60" ' 1.047198 120" 2.094396 0' 0.000000 0' 0.000000
1 0.017453 61 1.06,1651 121 2.111848 I 0.000291 1 0.000005
2 0.034907 62 l 082104 122 2.12.9302 2 0.0005E2 2 0.000010
0.052360 63 1.099557 t23 2.146755 3 0.000873 3 0.000015
0.069813 1. 117011 124 2.164208 1 0.00116'1 1 0.000019
0.087266 66 1.134464 126 2.L81662 0.001464 0.000024
6 0. 10.1720 ti6 1. 15r917 126 2. 199115 6 0.001745
7 o 122173
6 0.000029
67 1. 169371 2.216568 7 0.002036 7 0.00003.1
8 0.139626 68 1 . 18682,1 128 .231021
2 8 0.002327 8 0.000039
s
10
0.157080
0.174633
69 | .2012 t-7 129 2.251175 0.002618 I 0.000044
70 7.221730 130 2.268928 l0 0.002909 10 0.000048
11 0.191986 7l 1.239184 131 2.286381 11 0.003200 1l 0.000053
12 0.209440 72 1.256637 132 2.303835 12 0.003491
13 0.226893 12 0.000058
73 1.274090 133 2.321288 l3 0.003782 13 0.000063
I4 0.244346 71 1.291544 134 2.338741 T4 0.004072
0.261799 1'1 0.000068
76 1.308997 135 2.356194 16 0.004363 0.000073
0.279253 76 1.326.150 136 2.3736-18 16 0.004654
17 0.29$706
16 0.000078
77 1.3.13904 r37 2.391101 17 0.004945 t7 0.000082
ln 0.314159 7a 1.361357 138 2.408554 r8 0.005236
19 0.331613 18 0.000087
1.378810 139 2.426008 19 0.005527 19 0.000092
20 0.349066 80 1.396263 140 2.44346L 20 0.006818 20 0.000097
0.366519 81 r.413717 r4r 2.460914 2I 0.006109 2l
22 0.383972 0.000102
a2 1.€r170 112 2..178368 22 0.006400 22 0.000107
23 0.401426 83 1.4,18623 143 2.495821 23 0.006690 23 0.000112
24 0.41E879 84 r.466077 144 .5132i 4 21
2 0.006981 24 0.000116
0.436332 86 1.483630 L46 2 .630727 26 0.007272 26 0.000121
26 0.453786 86 1.500983 146 2.548181 26 0.007563 26 0.000126
27 o.471239 87 1.518.13{t 147 2.565634
28 0.007854 0.000131
0.488692 88 1.535890 148 2.583087 28 0.008145
29 0.506145 2A 0.000136
89 1.553343 149 2.600541 29 0.008436 2t)
30 0.623699 0.0001.r1
90 1.670796 160 2.6L7994 30 0.008727 30 0.000146
0.541052 gl 1.588250 r51 .635417
32 0.558505
2 31 0.009018 31 0.000150
92 1.605703 152 2. it52900 0.009308
33 0.575959 93
0.000155
1.623156 153 2.670354 33 0.009599 0.000160
0.593412 94 1.640609 154 2.687807 34 0.009890
JO 0.610866 3,1 0.000165
1.668063 roo 2.706260 36 0.010181 0.0001?0
36 0.628319 96 1.675516 156 2.722714 36 0.010472 0.000175
o.645772 97 1.6S2969 157 2.740167 0.010763
38 o .663225 98
0.000179
L710123 158 2. t- 57620 38 0.011054 38 0.000184
39 0.680678 99 r.727476 159 2.775074 39 0.011345 39 0.000189
0.698132 100 L.746329 160 2.792627 40 0.011636 40 0.000194
0.715585 101 1..762783 161 2.809980 4l 0.011926
42 0.733038 41 0.000199
r02 1.780236 L62 2.827433 0.012217
43 0.750492 103
0.000204
r.797689 163 2.a4Ja87 0.012508 43 0.000208
44 0.767945 104 1.815142 rti4
46
2.462340 4/l 0.012799 41 0.000213
0.786398 106 1.832696 165 t.879793 46 0.013090 46 0.000218
46 0.802851 106 1.850049 166 2.897247 0.013381 0.000223
0.820305 107 1.867502 167 .914700
48 0.837758
2 0.013672 0.000228
108 1.884956 168 2.932153 48 0.013963
49 0.855211 48 0.000233
109 1.902409 169 2.949606 49 0.014254
60 0.872666 49 0.000238
110 1.919862 170 2.96?060 60 0.014644 60 0.000242
0.890118 111 1.937315 171 2.984513
52 0.907571 0.014835 51 0.000247
112 r.954769 172 3.001966 52 0.015126
53 0.925025 113 1.972222
52 0.000252
173 3.0r9420 53 0.015417 0.000257
o.94247a 114 1.989675 174 3.036873
0.969931 0.015708 0.000262
IIO 2.007129 L76 3.064326 OD 0.015999 0.000267
0.977384 116 2.O215a2 t76 3.071779
0.994838 0.016290 56 0.000271
1r7 2.042035 177 3.089233 0.016581
1.012291 118 2.059489 0.000276
178 3.106686 58 0.016872
1.0297 44 119 2.076942 0.000281
60 1.047198
179 a.D4r3g 0.017162 59 0.000286
L20 2.094396 180 3.141693 60 0.017463 60 0.000291
ITT GITINNIILL PIPING DT]SIGN AND ENGINEERING
NUCLEAR PIPING
demanding design analysis. additionai non-destructive These terms are fully described in ASME Ill and are
examination (NDE), quality assurance. and Code mentioned here merely to point out that the stress limits
inspection and stamping. The tl'pe of piping materials rrhich mrrst be satisfied are different for each of these
and piping product forms used for nuclear piping are conditions.
essentially the same as those used lor non-nuclear piping. For Class I nuclcar piping, ASME Ill requires the
ASME II1 requiles the owner. to plovide, or cause llreparation of a stress leport rvhich must include both
to be plovided, design specifications for components, thc rlesign drauings and complete stress anal-vsis
(the term component inchtdes jtems such:rs vessels, calcuiations establishing that the design shown by the
piping systems, pumps, va)ves and storage tanks), rlra$ings uscrl for construction complies rvith the
appulten2tn(es, core srlppol.ts, or component stlppot ts. requirements of the design specifications and the rules
Sepalate design specifications ale not reriuir.ed
fol palts, piping srrbassemblies, appur.tenances or of ASME III. Anl computer programs used ih the
component suppofts \!hen they are inclLrded in the calculations must be fuilf identified and described in the
design specific:rtions for the comporenrs; lro\l.ever, stfess leport. The o*ner, or his agent, is required to
applicable data in the form of dlawings in srrfficient relre\r the stl.ess feport and certify that the stress
detail to ptovide for fabric:rtion in accordance with report satisfies the requir.ements of the design spec_
the Code must be provided to the part or piping sub- ification. CoDies of this cer.tificatior must be at-
assembly manufacturer. The Code requires design tached to copies of the stress repolt and filed with the
Specifications to contain sufficient detail to provide autholized code in-spector and the enforcement au_
a complete basis for construction in accordance with tholities haviug iulisdiction over the nuclear. Do$.€r
the Code and must contain the functions of the items pllnt installation.
coveled, the design requirements, the environmental The Code includes tables of stress values for the
conditrons including radiation, the Code classification materials permitted lor use under the rules of the Code.
of the items covefed, definition of the component Fol Class 1 materinls the tables give allowable design
boundalies, and the material requirements including stless inteilsity vlhres; for the other Code classes the
impact test I'equirements as applicable, Design speci- tables give allorable str.ess values. Ilecause of the
fications are required to be certified to be correct, mole vigolous design analysis requirements of Class
complete, and in compliance with the Code by one or 1. (omponents the allouable stress intensities are
more registered professional engineers competent in higher thxn the allo$able stress values for the same
the applicable field of design and related nuclear mlteriris rlhich appear. in the tables fol. the other
po$el plant requirements, Copies of the desigal speci- Code classes.
fications, in their entirety, must be filed with the It should be noted that only those materials included in
enfolcements authorities having jurisdiction at the the stress tables may be used as pressure retalnlng
nuclear plant location L,efore the components are malerial texcept for I in. and smaller line fittings which
placed ln service and, except for parts and piping may meet other special requirements) and that these
snbassemblies, they must be available to the author- materials are to be in accordance with SA or SB
ized Code inspector at the manufacturing site before specifications which appear in Section II of the ASME
fabrication is started. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Hou,ever, ASME III
All loadings must be considered in nuclear piping doespermit the use of material produced underan ASTM
design including, but not limited to. pressure. $.eisht of designation provided the corresponding SA or SB
the component and its conienl s. pressure .l ue to.t at ic ancl specification is designated as being identical with the
dynamic load of liquids, superimposed loads due to other ASTM specification for the grade, class or type produced.
components, operating equipment, insulalion and Materials
linings, wind and sno*' loads, vibrations and earthquake
Essentialiy all material, including welding and
]oads, reactions of supports. and temperature effects.
brazing material, must be identified and certified.
The specific combinations and values ol mechanical
Identification consists of marking the material with the
loadings to be considered in conjunction with design
applicable specification and grade of material. heat
pressure and temperature must be desiqnated as the
number or heat code or, alternatively, a symbol or code
design mechanical loads and includcd in the desisr, which identified the material with its certification. The
specifications. These loadings, movements due to boih
required certification in most cases is a Certified
earthquake and anchor movements, and the number of
Materials Test Report which must include the results of
cvcles f.o be used in analvsis must also be part of the
all the required tests and examination performed. There
design specifications.
are few exceptior:s to this requirement. At this time. a
Design specrflcatrons are required to categorize the
Material Manufacturer's Certificate of Compliance may
operating conditions to which piping may be subjected as
be provided in lieu of a Certjlied Materials Test Report
Nonnal, Upset Enery1ent,u, Faulterl. and Zcst conditions.
for piping material 3l in. nominal size and less and non_
147
ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERIN(;
-
plessufe retaining material which is welded to used for nuclear piping, are significantly more
pressure retaining material which is welded to pres- susceptible to stress corrosion cracking than non-
sure retaining material. The only non-certified sensitized (solution heat treated) stainless steels.
material is material used for temporary or minor Regulatory Guide 1.44 addresses the subject of control of
permanent attachments such as nameplates, insulation the use of sensitized stainless steel covering protection
supports and locarrng lugs.
against contaminants, cleaning, solution heattreatment,
A Certificate of Compliance is the material man- welding practices and testing for verification of non-
ufacturer's certified statement that the material
complies *'ith all requirements of the material sneci- sensitization.
fication and the additional requirements, if any, speci-
fied by the purchaser. Results of tests and examin- Inservice Inspection
ations are not required to be included in a Certificate In addition to ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
of Compliance.
Code Section III, the designer ofnuclear pipingshould be
Fracture toughness requirements for materials are familiar with Section XI "Rules for Inservice Inspection
included in ASME III. While impact testing of of Nuclear Power Plant Components". Section XI
nonferrous materials and austenitic stainless steels is not contains requirements for inspection and repair of
required, the Code is very specific and detailed regarding nuclear components throughout the life of the nuclear
impact testing for other materials. The requirements plant. Although the nuclear components are constructed
depend upon size and thickness ofthe material, and vary in accordance with Section III, it is important for the
from no impact testing requirements for small size or designer to provide the accessability and space necessary
thin material to very extensive requirements for thick for performing the required inservice inspections. In
material. The required impact test properties are related addition, welds which require ultrasonic inservice
to the lowest service temperature to which the material inspection should be ground flat orotherwise conditioned
will be subjected, and the number of impact tests lo facilitate this rype of examination.
required depends upon the material product form. It is It is important for the nuclear piping designer to have
sometimes necessary for the designer to specify fine- knowledge not only of the nuclear piping Codes, but also
grained material such as SA333 in lieu of SA106 in order of piping material product forms, dimensional standards,
to meet the impact test requirements. and piping fabrication and installation practices. If the
To reduce the possibility of the occurence of designer is not specific regarding items such as ovality in
microfissures in austenitic stainless steel welds, the Code pipe bends or type of branch connections, re-analysis of
requires that weld filler metal contain delta ferrite and the piping design may be required because the piping
states the minimum acceptable delta ferrite content as fabricator used a product or fabrication detail having
well as how the determination of delta ferrite content stress intensification factors different from those used in
must be performed. Regulatory Guide 1.31 also deals the piping anaiysis. Costly re-design and analysis can be
with the subject of delta ferrite and precautions to be avoided if the designer has a thorough knowledge of the
taken during welding to assure the presence of delta practical aspects of piping product forms and fabrication
ferrite in completed welds. details, and his specifications are sufficiently detailed to
Unstabilized austenitic stainless steels in a sensitized assure construction which is compatible with his design
condition, including AISI types 304 and 316 frequently analvsis,
148
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
150
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
Hanger H-8 is located at a convenient distance be- represent safe values for any schedule pipe from Sch. 10
trveen H-9 and the intcrsection of the 0 inch and 12 inch to XS pipe.
pipes. In this instance, the location of adequate For fluids other than water, the bending stress cal
building structure rvill determine the hanger position. be forrnd by fir,st flndi1g the added stress causcd bv
The meihods involved in locating hargers lor this rvater from ihe Chlrts on pages 209 and 210and niulti-
problern are typical of those employed by thc haugcr plying by the specific gravity of the fluid. Add this
engineer in ihe design of pipe supports. Although the to the stress value of the pipe empty.
individual piping configurations and structure layout For lines l'hich are thickly insulated, find the de-
l'ill vary in practically evcry instance, the general flection or bending siress resulting from the l'eight
methods outlined above rvill apply for any critical of pipe bare and multiply by a ratio of the neight of
piping system. pipe per foot plus insulation to the rveight of bare pipe
For economy in the support of lorv pressure, Iorv per foot.
temperature systems, and long outdoor transrnis-sion To illustrate the rrse of the deflection ald stres-.
lines, hanger spans may be ba-"ed ou the allol'able total charts, consider the follorvirrg examples:
stresses of the pipe and the amount of allorvable de-
fleciion betrveen supports. Problem :
In steam lines rvith long spans thc dcflection caused Find.: The maximum economical hanger spacing for
by the rvcight of thc pipe may be large enough to cause a 10 inch nou-insulated steam trausmission liue, 1200
an accumulation of condensate at the lorv poilts of the fcct long, lhich rvill prolide sr.tfficient dlailage lith
line. \Yater lines, unless properly drained, carr be minimum deflection l'ithin an allol'able bending -stress
damaged by frcezing. Thcse conditions can be avoided liruit of 10,000 psi. The maximum dif{erence il elel'a-
by erecting the line l'ith a dos'rru-ard pitch in such a tions of the ends of the line is 5 feet.
manner that succeedirg supports are los'er than the <{r *roi-/{+
v r!. 12 rI/ ru.
points of maximum deflection in preceding spans as Solution: Maximum Slope
shoryn:
- ^
1200 {t.
Maximum Slope - 1 in In 20 ft.
From the Chart on page 208, find the intersection of
the Curve l inch in 20 feet, and l0 inch nominal pipe
size. Read left to find the allol.able pipe sprr of
40 feet.
From the Chart on page 210, the bending stress for
10 inch pipe rvith a support span of 40 feet i s 3249 psi,
which is below the allorvable 10,000 psi.
The stresses indieated in the Chart on page 208 rnd ,4ns. Span - 10 ft.
the Chart on page 210 are bending stresses resulting
from the weight of the pipe betl'een supports. It Extract From
should be realized that this stress must be considercd Chait on page 208
with other stresses in the piping, such as those due to
the pressure of the fluid rvithin the pipe, the ber.rdiug and
torsional stresses resulting from thermal expansion, etc.,
in order to design the system for lolol allorvable stress.
The stresses and deflections indicated in the Charts
on pages 208, 209 and 210 are based on a single span of
pipe with free ends, and n.rake no allowances for cou-
centrated loads of valves, flanges, etc., between hangers.
The stress and deflection values shorvn in the Charts
on pages 208, 209 and 210are based on a free end be&m
formula and reflect a conservative analysis of the piping.
Actually, thc pipc line is a contiuuous structure partially
restrained by the pipe supports, and the tme stress ard Problem :
dcflection values lie betrveen those calculated for the Ffndr The maximum economical spacing to pror-ide
free end beam and a fully restrained structure. sufficieut drailagc for ur 8 inch s'ater filled line ij00
The deflections and bendins stress valrres indicated feet long. The allorvable bendiug stress is 6000 psi,
I DT
ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
.(/
!q!E:
ALLOWAALE LOAD AT CONNECTION A IS 50OLBS.
ALLOWABLE LOAO AT CONNECTIONS B AND C IS ZERO.
ALL BENDS ARE 5 OIAMETER 8ENDS.
ALL ELBOWS ARE L.F. ELLS.
OPERATING TEMPERATURE IS IO50' F.
lr'e
Figure H-1
152
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
Figure II-1a
ITT GRINNEI,L PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
-
Referring to the thermal expansion table (page 7), the Step IV The next section of pipe on
coefficient of expansion for low-chrome steel at 1050' F which there are two points of
T
is .0946 inch/ft. known movement is the length
Calculate the movements at points D and E lry ,E-"I. The movement at -E was
rnultiplying the coefrcient of expansion by the vertical calculated as 1.89" dolvrr.
distance of each point from the position of zero move- The movement at "/ is equal to
ment on the riser DE; the movemeut at the terminal
55 ft. X
20 ft. X
.0946
.0946
inch/t :
inch/ft :
5.20 inches w at D
1.89 inches doun aL E
ffi point C (rltt down) plus the
amount of expansion of the
46' Ieg C-J:
Step tr
.125 inch + 3.5 ft X .0946 inch/ft
Make a simple drawing of the piping between two .46" down
adjacent points of known movement, extending the
piping into a single plane as sholvn for the portion of
the system betrveen .4 and D.
As
ar : '41" 17
Ae:l^X1.43:.58'/
+z
The vertical movement at H-l : .41't + 2'l
aH_6:.58+.46,1
tll-l- : 2.41" up 411-6 : 1.04" dowr
22 30
Az:orX3.20 Ar:aXL43:t.02tl
Az : 227" LF:7.02 1.46
The vertical movemerr!, at H-2 : 2.27tt + 2"
AF - 1.48" dowrr
2'
AH-2 : 4.27tt up as:1x1.43: 1.09"
+z
all-5:1.09+.46
AII-5 : 1.55// down
To calculate the vertical
movement at IH, multiply Step V
its distance from If-4 by Draw the section G-I{. The movement at G is equal
the coefficient of expansion. to themovement at F minus the expansion of the
40 ft X .0946 inchft Leg GF:
-- .J. /6 lncnes
AH-3 : 3.78't wp AG : 1.48// down
4 ft X .0946 inch/ft
AG :- 1.10" down
Elevation
154
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
The movement at, I/ is equal to the movement of the After calculating the movement at each hanger
terminal point B (t/a" up) plzs the expansion of the location it, is often helpful, for easy reference when
leg B-H: selecting the appropriate type hanger, to make a simple
table of hanEer movemeuts.
Hanger
Nurnber Movement
H-1 2.4r" ,tp
H-2 4.27tt ttp
H-3 3.78" up
H-4 0"
H-5 r-aD oown
H-6 1.04// down
AH : .0625tt up + I ft X .0946 inch/ft fr- / .58" down
aH : .91" up H-8 .06" down
Since I1-9 is located at point 11, H-9 .91" up
AH-9 : AH : .91" up
1'
A,,:
- 23. x2.01 : r.04tl
=r
All-8:1.10-1.04
AIl-8 : .06// dorvn
ITT GRINNELL- PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
roo
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
12" Schedule 160 Pipe 160.3 lb/ft, 20.4 k/It 180.7 Ii/fr 180.7 lbilft
12" Schedule 100 L. lt. Dlbow. 375 lb 61.2 tb 436.2 lb 436 lb
12" 1500 h Check \-alve 3370 1b 163.2 lb 3533.2 lb 3533 lb
12" 1500 lb Gate \.alve 4650 lb 163.2 lb 4813.2 lb 4813 lb
12" 1500 tb \\.. N. Flange 843 lb 30.6 ln 873.6 lb 874 lb
12" 5 Diemeter Bend 1258 lb 160.2 lb 1418.2 tb 1418 li
6" Schedule 160 Pipe 45.3lb/It 11.5 lb/ft 56.8 rb/fr 56.8 lb//|t
6" Schedule 160 90' L. It. Elbow 53 rb t7.2 Ib 70.2 lb 70ln
6" Schedule 160 45" Ilbow 26 lb 6.9 1b 32.9 ti 33 lb
6" 1500 tb Gate \'alve 1595 lt' 80.5 lb 1676 lb
Step III
tV : 0,
Adding forces,
A + H-L + H-z', - 3i33 - :0
: -6577 tb -
542 1,118 1084
A + H-r + H-2',
Substituting the value of 11-2l, calculated as 1022 lb
in Step I,
A + H-r + : 6577 1b
1022
,4:5555-t/-i
Step IV
List the three equations developed in the preceding Figure H-3, Elevation View
steps:
(1-) H-z', : 1022 Step I
(2) 39654 :7(H-r) + LL(A) Step II
(3) ,{ : 5555 - A-1 III Step LMx-z', :0,
Solving Equation (2) by substituting for .4 : bb55
- 2(723) + 7.1e(1418) _ e(rl_3/) : o
H-r, l1-B' : t29B lb
o
l
LC
ct
,g
E ,9
I() .€
,8
=
LJ ,7
z
o
,7
.l .G
,6
I
.5
3n
trl
,'
-o ,4
.4
=
z_
.3
lrJ
(! .2
o
.l
o
l
6
tt
!
o
=
IrJ
z
o
E
o
u-
o
lrJ
-o
=
=
o
o
dt
158
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
In the next free body diagram consider the 65 foot Consider the piping betrveen H-4' and II-b to deter-
vertical section of the piping system to determine the mine the weight distribution of the b diameter bend
supporting forces for I1-3" and 11-. . and the 5 feet of horizontal pipe:
It is apparent that the com-
bined forces H-3" and. H-4' ZM a-+" :0,
rvill equal 65 ft X 180.7 h/ft.
Further, both H-3tt and. H-4'
1.81(1418) + 7.5(e04)
H-5' :
- tb10(E-5l) :0
935
could be any value, provided
the relationship H-Ttt + H-4'
: 11746 lb is maintained. It ZM a-s' :0,
is not recommended, horvever, 2.5(904) + 8.19(1418)
H_4,, : - 70(H4t'):0
to select arbitrary values for 1387 Ib
these tt'o forces; instead, the
load for each hanger should H-4 : H-4t + H4" : 4518 1b + 1387 ib
be such that the elevation of f1-4 : 5905 1b
the pipe attachment is above
the mid-point of the length of
pipe supported by the hanger.
Thus, the support will be
I located above the point rvhere
\_ one could consider the rveight
Figure H-4. of the pipe column acting,
Dlevation View thereby avoiding a condition
where the location of the support Iends itself to the
(tippirrg" tendency
of the pipe when the support is
located belorv this point.
Since there is 10 feet of vertical pipe above I1-3l/,
and 40 feet of pipe betrveen H-Ztt and. H-4t,let H-Zt,
support l0 feet plus 30 feet of pipe load:
:
H-3" G0 fr + 30 ft) (1s0.7 1tlft)
H4" : 7228 Lt)
since I1-3 : H-3' + H-3"
: Figure H-6. Elevation View
and I1-3t 1298 Ib (See Fig. H-3),
H-3 : 1293 lb + 7228 lb
/1-3 : 8521 lb
s-4'. : (L0 ft + t5 fi)(180.7 tblft)
H4', : 4518 tb
tr'igure H-5.
159
ITT GR]NNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEF]RI\G
-
It is obvious that some portion of the rveight of the
6 inch pipe betl.een the 12l'line and I1-g must be
supported by H-5" and 11-6. Therefore, be{ore
proceeding thru 11-5 and 11-6, calculate this pipe rveight
load l?1, and irtroduce it into the free body diagram
for I1-5 and f1-6.
LMu-y' : o,
.07 (33) + 2.34(341) + 4.81(70) + 5(2031) _ 5(r1_9) : 0
II_9 : 2258 lb
,M,.", :0,
. 19 (70) + 2.66 (3.11 ) + 5.03 (33)
- 9 (r1_8) + 12.78 (S49)
+ 20.73(70) - 2rR1 : 0
13387: e (r1-8) + 2r(R)
tv :0,
Rt-| H-81H-9 - 2031
- 70 - 3.11 - BB -849 - 70:0
R1 + I1-8 + 11-9 : 3394 Ib
Since I1-9 has been calculated as 22b8 lb,
:
ar + 11-8 3394 lb 2258 tb 1136 lb - :
I1_8:1136_8r
Substitutiug this value for IJ-8 in the Equation
13387:9(11-8)*2L?r,
13387:.e(1136 _ R) + 27Rl
Er : 264 lb
Since I1-8 : 1130 - Er,
11-8 : 1136 lb _ 264 1t
H-8 : 872 Ib
r60
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
The free body diagram shorvn in Figure I{-8 extends The value, in pounds, for I1-7, is equal to the weight
from 11-5 thru the 12l/ 90" elbow. This is intended to of the piping section:
illustrate that the rveight of the 90" elbow may be
considered as supported on a beam rvhich passes thru H-7 :2t8lb + 1626 1t + 436 lb + 1235 lb
f/-, : .1DID ID
the center of gravity of the elbow and rests on the
extensions of the tangents, as shown in Figure H-g: Solving for distance X, t M" : 0
.54(436) - X(H-7) + 6(1626) + 10.91(218) :0
In Figure I1-8, EM s-s,, : 0, x(H_7) : 12369
2(449) +5(1807) + 11.5(4813)
- 15 (H-6) + 15.75(994)+ x(3515):12369
18.e1(218) : 0 X: 3.b2 feet
rl-o : cDl l lo
As a final step, check to ensure that the weight of
LM s-a : 0, the entire piping system is equal to the total supporting
3.5(4813) + 10(1807) + 13(449) -.75(994) -3.91(218) forces of the hangers plus the pipe weight load to be
- 75(H-5't) : 0 supported by the equipment connectrons:
H-5tt :26!011)
Support Force€
H-5 : H-5' + H-|'t :g3b Ib + 2610 lb TVeight of Piping System, lb Plus Terminal
Point Loads, lb
-tI-5 : 3545 lb
109.5 ft of 12" Pipe @ 180.7 lb/fr.. . .19787 .A - 192
(3) 12" 5 Dia. Bends @ 1418 lb. . . . . . 4254 Il-1 : 5363
The following diagram shows a method for arriving (2) 12" 90' L. R. Ells @ 436 lb . . . . . . 972 H-2: 1870
at the location of I1-7 which will allow zero load on 30.45 ft of 6" Pipe @ 56.8 1i/f1...... 1740 E-3 : 852r
(2) 6" 90' L. R. Ells @ 70 ft. . . . . . . . 140
connection C. Il-4 =
:
5905
.
(1) 6" 45'EII @ 33 lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Il-5 3545
(1) 12" 1500 lb Check Valve @ 3SB3 lb 3bBB
(1) 12" 1500 lb c&te Valve @ 4813 li. 4813
(1) 12" 1500 lb WN Flange @874Ih. 974 H-A : a72
(1) 6" 1500 lb Gate Valve @ 1676 1b.. 1626 H-9 = 2258
Total Weight of Piping Sysrem. . . .37212 Tolal = 377L2
2FTXl8o7' 361
l/rwercat or I2 FLAN€E= I74
-zla ELL= 1626 r;;;Fi735
Figure H-10, Elevatioa View
ITT GITINNI'I,I, - PIPING DI'SIGN AND IJNGINI'I,]IiING
SELECTION OF THE PROPER HANGER are not required. The inherent characteristic of a
Yariable Spring is such that its supporting force yaries
Selection of the appropriate type hanger for any rvith spring deflection and spring scale. Therefore,
given application is governed by the individual piping verticrl exprrrsion of the piping cluses a corresponding
configuration and job requirements. Job specifications extension or compression of the spring and l,ill cause a
covering hanger types, horvever, are of necessity change in the actual supporting effect of the hanser.
written in broad terms, and some emphasis is placed on The variafion in supporting forcc is equal to ihe
the good judgenent of the hanger engineer to ensure a produr.t of the amount of verticll expansion and the
satisfactory, yet econornical, harrger system. spring scale of the hanger. Since the pipe rveight is the
The type of hanger assemblies from which the same during any condition, cold or operating, the
hanger engineer selects the appropriate kind are variation in supporting force results in pipe rveight
generally classified as follorvs: transfer to equipment and adjacent hangers and
(1) Flexible hangers, which include hangers of the consequently additional stresses in ihe piping system.
constant support and variable spring types. lVhen Yariable Spring hangers are used, the effect of
(2) Rigid hangers, such as rod hanqers and this variation musi be con,idered
stanchious.
(3) Rollers
The location of anchors and restraints is not usuallv
considered r responsihility of the hanger designer.
Since it is necessary to determine the location of anchors VARIABLE SPRINS
and restraints before accurate and ,final stress analvsis HAiIGER
is possible, ihey are considcred a part oI piping design.
Flexible Ifangers
When a pipe line expands vertically as
Variable Spring hangers are recommended for
a result, of general use on non-critical piping systems and where
thermal expansion it is necessary to provide flexible
vertical movement is of small magnitude on critical
pipe supports rvhich apply supporting force throughout
systems. Accepted practice is to limit the amount of
the expansion and contraction cycle of the system.
supporting force variation tro 2b/e for critical system
Flexible hangers are of tryo types: Yariable Spring
applications on horizorrtal piping
and Constant Support.
To illustrate the difrerence in the effect of usins a
Constant Support hangers provide constant sup-
Vari:rble Spring as.ompared rvith a Constrnt Support
porting force for piping throughout its full range of
hanger, refer to the sample problem shown in Fisur"
vertical expansion and contraction. This is accom-
plished through the use ol a helical coil spring rvorking
H-I. page 160.
The load for hanger H-l was calculated as bB6B lb.
in conjunction with a bell crank lever in such a way
The verlical movcmenf ct H-l was calculated as 2.il
that the spring force times its distance to the lever
inches up, from the cold to the hot position of the pipe.
pivot is always equal to the pipe load times its distance
to the lever pivot.
If a Yariable Spriug hanger were used at H-1, the
effect of the variation in supporting force would have
to be considered. The amount of variation can be
determined by multiplying the spring scale in pounds
per inch by the amount of vertical expansion in inches.
Iit,r exum1,le. if rhc ITT Grinrrell I.igure ts-268 Varia-
Fd =PD ble Sprilg hanger were considcred, the proper spring
size would be number 16 which has a spring scale of 1800
CONSTANT
SUPPORT
pour.rds per inch. (For convenience, neglect the weight
of the pipe clamp, rod and hex nuts. In designing
Because of its constancy in supporting effect the hangers for an actual pioblem, the weight of com-
Constant Support hanger is used rvhere it is desirable to ponents should be added to the calculated load.)
prevent pipe weight .load transfer to connected equ;p- The amount of variation is 1500 lb/in. X 2.41 in. :
ment or adjacent hangers. Consequently, they are 3615 lb. Standard practice is to calibrate the hanEer
used generally for the support of critical piping systems. in such a way lhat rvhen the piping is ar its hot posilion
Variable Spring hangers are used to support piping the supporting force of the hanger is equal to the
subject to vertical movement, where Constant Supports calculated load of the pipe. This means that the
L62
HANGF]RS -\ND SIIPPOITTS
maximum lariation il supportiug force occurs l'hen supporting force is too great for the cilical location
the piping is ai its cold positiou, ri-hcu stresses addcd at H-1.
to the piping as I lesrrlt of r-ariatious in supporting The approoriatc harrger t5.pe for H-l is a coustant
forces are lcss clitical. support iranger. This hanger 1\.ould be calibrated to
'I'he hot load for thc r.ariable spr.irrg, then is 5363 h.
the calculatcd pipe l'eight. It I'ould apply a con-stant
As the dilectiol of rnor.ement fi'om cold to hot is supportiDg force, iDsuril1g conplcte support of the pipe
upl'ard, the cold lord i-q 5303 tb + 3615 Ib, or 8978 lb. throughout the pipirrg cxpansion. That is, its sup-
Iig. H-a shot s thc pipe ard spring at the cold condition, poltilg folce lould be 5363 lb lhen the pipe l-as at
aird Fig. H-b lt the hot conditiorr. its cold position, and 5363 lb also rvhen the pipe las
Thc purposc ol the colrsidcratiorrs given to the vari- at its hot po,sitior.
atiorr in supporting cffcct is apparelt lten it is recalled
Hangcr I{-2 has a calculated load of 1820 h. The
that the pipc rrcight docs not change throughout its
vertical mol.cment at tliis location is 4,2? inches up, cold
cold to hot c1'clc, lhile the srrpporting force varies.
Irr Fig. I-IJI, thc supportirrg force is equal to the pipe to hot. -\lthorigh the load may be considcred slight,
the magnitude of the vertical movement is great, and a
\-eight. Howe\-er, i:r Fig. ll-a, the supportirg force is
corrsideralile amount of supporting force chalge n ould
897E ib lhilc the pipe *cight is 53(jB lb. The halger
trould exert au nnbalanccd force on the pipe equal to occur if a variable spring l'cre used.
the amount of r-ariation, or B61i Ib. llost of this For example, the appropriate size variable spring
forcc r-orrld be inrposed directly orr conlection A, is a f12, Fig.9E (the 4.27 inch travel is beyond the
rvhere limits are establishcd for the force r*hich may travel capacity of the Fig. 8-268), r,hich has a spring
be applied. scale of 225 lb/in. The amount of variation equals
Further', safe piping design rnust be based on rolol 4.21 inches X 225 h/in., or 917tb.
pipe stress rvhich includes bcnding, torsional, shear, This variation, expressed as a percentage, is
loDgitudiual, aud circunfcrcutial stresses. The ad- 947 Ib
ditiol of largc forccs resulting fronr sprirrg variations 1gi0 Ib
X 100, or greater than 50/6. Unless the hanger
can raLlse strcsses lrhich liil grcatly reduce the factor engineer were rvilling to perform some rather elaborate
of safctt' of thc entire pipilg systerr. stress calculations to determine the effect of this
variation, it rvould be safer to apply the accepted rule
rvhich limits variability to 25/6 for oitical systems,
and rule out the selection of a variable spring in favor
of the constant support type h&uger.
The vertical moven.ieut of the pipe at H-3 rvas calcu_
lated as 3.78 inches up, and the load as g521 lb.
Irr selecting the spring type for this hanger assembly,
it should be recognized that any variation in supporting
force rvill not produce bending stresses in the piping
system. As the supporting forces at H-B and H_4 are
concurrent, no bending is produced as a result of spring
Figure H-b. variction at H-3. Raiher, any supporting force
variation rvill merely resrrli in a corresponding load
change at the rigid hanger H-4.
The hanger type for H-B may be a variable spring
type. It is only necessary that the variable spring
have a travel capacity l'hich is some amount greater
than the calculated pipe movement of B.Zg inches.
_ Such a variable spring hanger is the Fig. 9g, thich
has a rvorking travel range of 5 inches.
It is lrossible to reduce the amount of variabilitv bv As this assembly is of a riser ,,trapeze,, type, t$,o
using a variable sprirrg rvhich ha. a smalJor spring scale, spring units rvill be used, each supporting one_half the
as an IT1' Grinnell Fig. 98 (Variabte Spring Hanger). total load of 8521 h, or 4261 Ib. 'Ihe appropriate size
. ]he /16 Fig. 98 hrs a spring scale o[ 7j0 lb,in., orre_
helf that of {he 8-268. The amounl of variabiliiv
hanger is a 115 Fig. 98 l'ith a spring scale of 540 lb/inch.
The amoult of variation per spring is 3.Zg inches X
rvould be reduced by orie-half, or 2.1I X ZS0 : l80g h.
540 lb, inch, or 2041 lb. The hot load setting for each
Horvever:, it should be obvious that elven this chanEe
in hanger is equal to one-half the calculated load, or
163
ITT GITINNI'LI, PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERINTi
-
4261 lb. As thc direction of movement, cold to hot, is and movcment at this hangcr location arc so -qlight that
up$?rd,_the cold Ioad sctting $-ill be 4261 Ib + 2011 h, the sprilg varirtion cffcct can be corrsiclcrccl rrcgligibJe.
or 6302 lb. The load las calculatcd as 872 Ib, the mor.crncut as
Figures I{-c and H-d shorv the supportilg forces at .0(i ilch dorlr.r.
H-3 and H-.1 rvhcn the pipe i-q st its cold ancl its hot Thc amonnt of variability for a /8 Fig. 8-26g is
position. The rveight of riser clamps, rods, etc., are .06 irrch X 150 lbf ilch, or g lb. For prnctir:tl purposcs,
not included, for conveDience. a 9 1} charrgc in supportirrg force coulcl bc rcgkrctcd,
ard a lariablc sprilg sclcctcd for Hargcr I.I-E.
Thc selcction of hangcr typcs for stippor.ts H_1
through H-9 in the samplc problcm ilhrstrates the
CoLD LOAD = manl.corrsidcrations l.hich should bc givcn il sclccting
H-3 4?6t + ?O4t = the appropriate flcxible halgcr at each support location
650 21+ (EACH) for ary major pipirrg s1-stcrn.
In ,"p1s.1h* flcrible hangcr t1'pcs thc crrginccr sliould
consider that:
L64
HANGERS AND SUPPOITTS
165
ITT GRINNELL
-PIPING DESIGN AND EN(I]NI'I'ITIN(;
hanger span limits, then H-2 would be placed at any rvill exert suficient force to deflect the pipe ] inch,
distance 17.5 feet or more from the riser. This rvould producing 10,000 psi berding stress. (See Fig. H-h).
satisfy the condition that a maximum bendins stress To find the lalue of force P, refer to the Chart on
of 10,000 psi would result from the restraining effect page 213. For a pipe size of 10 inches and a span of
of the hanger. If the allorvable effect rvas given as a 18.5 feet, read P as approximately 2700 lb.
higher stress, then the hanger could be placed closer This force is applied by the pipe hanger H-1, and,
to the riser; if lower, the nearest rigid hanger would be
placed a greater distance from the rrser.
If the hanger were located closer to the riser, a H-2
greater restraining force would be applied to the pipe
by the hanger. As the location is changed to a greater
distance from the riser, a lesser force is required. As
illustrated in the following sample problem, this force
can be an important factor in the design load of the
hanger.
Problem:
Gium: l0-inch Sch. 40 pipe, and allowable bending 1""
I' {, o'*"*
"-n'
therefore, must be included in the design load for H-1.
fn this instance, rvhere the piping movement is in the
dovnward direction, the force P is added to the pipe
weight to be supported by Hanger H-1. If the pipe
weight for H-l were calculated as 2000 lb, then the
design load for the hanger components is 2000 h plus
2700 lb, or 4700 lb, as shorvn in Fig. Ii-i.
To solve for Lr, refer to the Chart on page 211, and,
using values of ]-inch deflection and lO-inch pipe, read
L2 as 13 feet, the distance to the proposed rigid hanger
H-3. As discussed for H-l of this problem, hanger H-3
Figure H-g.
Solution: From the Chart on page 211, using values must apply sufficient force to restrain the pipe vertically
of |-inch deflection and l0-inch pipe, read L1 as 18.5 against the force resulting from the thermal expansion
feet, the distance from the riser to the rigid hanger H-1. of the Yertical piping above H-2.
This means that at a distance of 18.5 feet, the hanger The force P which is required at H-3 can be deter-
r66
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
mined from the Chart on page 213. Using values for calculated as 3000 lb, then the net force is 3000 lb
lO-inch pipe and a l3-foot span, P is approximately 38001b, or E00 1b rrp* ard, as shol'n in Fig. H-k.
-
3800 lb. Silce this force restrains the upl'ard mole- The hangcr, il this case, rr-ould not be considered as
a support for the pipe, but a vertical rcstraint against
fe
r--
l-igure H-k.
3800 1+
r H-3
t 1
i .rooo
In the preceding problems, the allorvable bending plying 29 fcct by 1.83, the span for 4-inch pipe l'ith
stress due to the restraining effect of the hanger l'as 3-iuch deflection at 3000 psi is 29 X 1.E3, or 53 feet.
given as 10,000 psi. This allolable stress l'ill, of 'l'hus, 1,, the minimum distauce to thc first rigid
coruse, vary rvith the indilidual case. Where the hanger, is 53 feet.
stress is other than 10,000 psi, use the Chart on page 211 The first rigid hanger in the above problcm rvill be
to read the minimum span, and multiply the span in H-5, locatcd 60 fcct from the riscr. The force P rc-
leet by the factor indicatcd in the Chart belorv for quired to restrain the piping vcrtically carr be detcr-
the specific strciJs. mined from the Chart ori page 213 as about 83 pounds,
using yalues of 4 inch pipe and a span of 60 feet. The
Correction Factor for Stresses Other Than 10,000 psi effect of this force rvill be considered negligible for
this problcm.
For Bending Ilultiply The vertical movements at hanger locations bet\yeen
Stress Of: Length By: H-5 and the riser are as shol'n in Fig. H-m.
2000 psi 2.24
The above results are based on an approximate
3000 1.83
but conservaiive analysis. Wherever the appropriate
{000 1.58
charts &re uscd, the values listed should assist, the
engiueer il arrivilg at an ecolomical, safe design for
5000 1.41
any rigid hanger assembly.
6000 | .29
8000 1 .12
The examples dcscribed tcprcsent situations not
frequently encountered in pipe support design, but do
10000 1 .00
point out that the rigid hanger in some instances is
12000 .91
more than a simple pipe support, and that good design
15000 .82
must allorv for all applicable corditions.
20000 .71
lLr- AH-l.i3x3=2.4"
A H-2= 18 x3 = l.a"
A H-3. :t x3 = l-2"
AH-4.:*x3".6'l Figure H-u
168
IIANGDRS AND SIIPPORTS
In other instances the angularity caused by the hangers located on the same long section of pipe, the
horizontal piping movements can appreciably effect effect of the total horizontal force can be serious.
the position of the piping system, and can cause harm- (See Fig. H-q.)
ful horizontal forces rvithin the piping system.
T
I zt):
L,,,.
Figure ll-o.
f Total horizontal force
860 Ib.
- 86 + 772 + 258 + 344:
Certainly, for any sysiem subject to horizontal
In Fig. H-o, note that, of the large axial
because expansion, the rod angularity from the vertical will
piping movement and short hanger rod, the pipe is result in a horizontal force component. The point
pulled f; inch ofr elevation when it expands 6 inehes where this angularity becomes critical cannot be de-
horizontally. fined for every ca.se, but accepted practice is to limit
The condition described also places a horizontal tbe srving from the vertical to 4".
force component into the piping system, For example, Where this angle is greater Lharr 4", a pipe roller
assume a pipe weight of 1000 lb for the above hanger, should be considered.
as in Fig. H-p. Pipe roller supports are of two basic types: those
which attach to overhead structure, and those which
a,re placed beneath the pipe as base supports.
It should be noted that where rollers are required,
the pipe operating tempemtures usually are suf-
ficiently high that pipe insulation is used to reduce
heat loss and for personnel protection. In these
cases a pipe covering protection saddle should be used
in conjunction with the rollers to keep the insulation
from crushing.
Where the piping is not insulated, the pipe will rest
directly on the roller. This is common practice for
the support of long transmission lines where the gas
Figure H-p.
or fluid transported is not of elevated operating temper-
l,oooo | ,oooo
atures, but where the pipe run is subject to some
The 258h horizontal force by itself may not be of change in ambient temperature, as from summer to
great consequence, but where there is a series of winter variances.
For example, a pipe Iine 300 feet long subject to
TT
tl
tlttl
tftl
r5a--t---\-r5
+rnv--'--\+
TYPICAL ROLLEN HANGER ASSEMBLIES TYPICAL BASE ROLLER SUPPORTS
169
ITT (i]tI\\ IiI,I, PIPI\G DESIGN A\D I!\ CIINTiI'IIIN(;
ambient changes from 70oF to 110'F expands only amount of cspansion up to thc full rccommcncled
.00300 inch per foot from the lorv to high tcmperature. n'orking range of the spring, proliclecl the change
){ultiplied by 300 feet, hol-ever, the total axial ex- in supporting effect, of the variab)c spring is
pansion is 300 fect x .00300 inch,ifoot, or .918 inch. addcd to ihe design load of the rigid -.upport
In instalccs of this nature, rollers l'ill be used, but, assenlblY.
the pipe covering protection saddlcs s-ill not be required. \\'hcre transfer of load to adjaccnt hangers or
eqrripment is not critical. and rvhcre the lertical
A TYPICAL PIPE SUPPORT SPECIT'ICATION movemeDt of the piping is lcss than f ilch,
variable sprirrg harrgors may bc uscd, providcd
1. Scope the r.ariation in supportiug cffcct docs not
Thi-" specification shall apply for the design and excccd 25fi of the calculated pipiug load through
fabrication of all hangers, supports, anchors, and its total vertical traYel.
guides. \Yhere piping de,.,ign is such that ex- (h) The total travcl for constant support h&ngcrs
ceptions to this specification are necessary, the nill be equal to actrral travcl pliis 20/6, It no
particular system irill be iJentified, and the ex- case s ill the difference bctrvccn actual mrd total
ceptions clearly listed through an addendum rvhich tralel be less than ] ilch.
s'ill be made a pari of the specification.
(i) Constant supports shall be furnished l'ith travel
2. Design stops which shall prevent ups ard and dorvn-
(a) All supports and parts shall confor m to the latest l-ard movcment of the hanger. 'I'hc travcl
lcquilemeuts of tlie ANSI Cotlc for Prcssule stops lill be factory installcd so that the halger
Pipirrg I331.1, anil \ISS Stlndarrl Plictice Ievcr is at the "cold" position. 'l'he trtrrcl stops
SP-i8, except rLs srrpplerncrilccl or modifictl by rvill be of such dcsigu &s to pcnnit fllture re-
thc requiremeuts of this specificltiott. engagemcnt, eYen iri lhe cvcDi the lever is at a
(b) Designs generally accepted as exemplifying good po,"ition other tharr "cold", l'ithout having to
engirreerirrg pnctine, using srock or production makc hanger adjustments.
pafts, shall be utilized rvherever possible. (j) For non-criticalr low tempera.ture systcms,
(c) Accurate $'eight balance calculations shall be rrhere vertical movements up to 2 inchcs are
made to determine the required supporiing anticipated, an approvcd prccomprcsscd lariable
force at each hanger location and the pipe l'cight sprilg dcrign similrrl to I1'T (irirrrrell Irig.
Ioad at each equipment connection, 13-268 nrlry bc tist'rl. \I'hel: tlrc vcttir:rtl movc-
(d) Pipe hangers shall be capable of supporting the nrcrl is grcxlcf thrrn 2 irtchc,.', l vutiairk'slrt'irtg
pipe in all conditions of operation. They shall hrrrrgel sinrilur' 1o I'l"l' (ilirrrrcll l is. 1)8 nlry bi:
allorv free expansion and contraction of the trscd. \\rhclc rno\'('rn(rl1s rLto of lt smitll Iultgtti-
piping. and prererrt exce..ive stres" resultitrg trirlc, slrtitrg lrltLgels siurilrtt to I'l'11' (ilirrrrell
from transferred l'eight being induced into the Irig. 82 ol light duty I''ig. 217 rnrLy bc rt-*ccl.
pipe or connected equipment. (k) All rigid hangers shall provide a means of
(e) Wherever possible, pipe attachments for hori- vertical adjustment af ter erectiol.
zontal piping shall be pipe clamps. (l) \\'here the piping s1'stem is subjeci to shock
(f) Wherever possible, structural attachments shall loads, such as scisniic tlisturbanccs or thrusts
be beam clamps. imposed by the actu&tion of s&fety valves,
hanger design shall inclrde provision of shock
(g) For critical, high-temperature pipiug, at hanger absorbing devices of appror.ed dc-"ign, such as
locations rvhere the vertical movenent of the
piping is f inch or more, or rrhere it is neces-
I'fT(irirrrLcll Irig. 200 shoclt riritl srlay sulr-
ltres-sor, oI equal.
sary to avoid the transfer of load to adjacent
hangers or connected €q-lipment, pipe ha)Igers (m) Selection of vibration control devices shall not
shnll be of tr
alrproved cottsttrtt sul,polt dcsigtr, be part of thc hanger contractor's rrork. If
as I'I1'Grinrcll Fig. 80-\'arxl ltig. 81-H, ot eclual
vibration is encountercd after the pipir.rg systcm
An exception may be made in the instance is in operation, appropriatc vibration cortrol
where the piping movement occurs at a hanger equipment sill be installed at the direction of
supporting a portion of a piping riser on $hich a the engineers.
rigid support is also located. In this case, (n) Hanger rods shall be subjected to terrsilc loading
variable spring hangers may be used for any only. At hauger locations rvherc latcral or
170
HANGF]RS AND SUPPORTS
axial moyement is anticipated, suitable linkage supporting parts shall be based on a temperature
shall be providod ro pclnrit srling. gradient of 100" F per inch distance from the
(o) lVhere hodzontal piping movements are greater outside surfrce of t he pipe.
than I irrch, or l'here the hanger rod angularity
from the vertical is greatcr than 4 degrees IIANGER DESIGN SERVICE
from the cold to hot position of the pipe, the
hanger pipe and structural attachments shall be Ilangers for piping 2| inch and larger, and all spring
offset in such manner that the rod is vertical in support assemblies, shall be coi:rpletely engineered.
the hot position. (a) Engineered hanger assemblies shall be detailed on
(p) Hangers shall bc designed so that they cannot 8] inch x 11 inch sheets.
become disengagcd by movements of the
Each sketch l'ill include a location plan shorving
support€d pipe.
the location of the hanger in relation to columns
(q) Hangers shall be spaced in accordance with or equipment.
ANSI B31.1.
Each sketch rvill include an exact bill of material
(r., Where plactical, riser piping shall be supported
for the component parts making up each assembly.
independently of the connected horizontal piping.
Pipe support attachmenis to the riser piping (b) Each engineered hanger assembly will be individu-
shall be riser clamp lugs. \Yelded attachments ally bundled and tagged as far as practical, ready
shall be of material comparable to that of the for installation.
pipe, and designed in accordance rvith gov- Hanger material for piping 2 inch and smaller shall
erning codes,
be shipped as loose material, identified by piping system
(s) Supports, guides, and anchors shall be so de- ouly. A piping drardng marked with approximate
signed that excessive heat I'ill not be transmitted hanger locations and types, and hanger sketches show-
to the building steel. The temperature of ing typical support arrangements will be furnished..
L7r
ITT GITINNELL - PIPING Dt slc-\ AND IIN( I I Nllllttl-\ t'
'Ihe tairuhtion of rveights of standard piping The leight per foot of stecl pipc is subject to the
materinls has bcen arratlged for conveniertce of selection
follol'ing tolerlnces:
of data that formerly consun,ed considerable time to
develop. For specirl rnaterills, the three formulae IFICATION TOL!]RANCI'
SPEC
listed telou'lor l'eights of tubes, l'eights of coutetrts
of tubes, and rveights of piping irsulation rvill be
helpful. ASrl! A;l I ilo,,\t li,*, -i7
AS t'\l A-120 irS ri r -' i0-o. l0-o
| -
tr\reight of rube : F x 10.68 X T X (D - T) 1b/tt *";x",'
ASrNr A-1oo 33fi ii;1?1.
? : lall thickness irt irches -i:.:?"
D : outsidc diametcr in inches
.A.srr{ A-385 l?*1;9,*o* *oil",' -tui?
i' : relatile rveight factor
t72
HANGIIIIS AND SUPPORTS
{/
/.4
u-r'
z
i />
F uJ
z
{i\
E=:I
E
z,\
E_=_:ir
t_i___-J
ku
Temperature Range 'tr'
Magnesia
2 Calcium
F
Combina-
tion
z
Fiber-
Sodium
z
d
MM weights arc based on average
conditions end do not constitute
Njs a recommendation for specific
ihicknesses ol materials. IiT sula-
tion weights are based on 85le
tNf.sF magnesia and hydrous calcium
silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The
A)
IA
lisied thicknesses and weishts of
combination coverine ar1 the
z
F
# ,\.
s]lms of ihe inner layer of dia-
tomacecus e&dh e,t 2l lbs/cubic
foot and the outer la,yer at
11 lbs/cubic foot.
Insuletion lveights include al-
z /tN lowancesfor wire, cement, can-
1 vas, bands and p&int, but not
special surface finishes.
To find the weighi of covering
on flanges, valves or fittings,
multiply the weight factor by the
weight per loot of covering used
rc
* 16 lb cu. ft. densiiy.
All flanged fitting, flanged
valve and flange weights include
the proportional weight of bolts
or studs to xoake up ell joinb,
173
]TT GR]NNELL - PIPING DIISIGN AND ]'N (] I \ F]I,]]iINC;
Wall Designation
r'2
la
{_!_/
z trt.
|.
w
{t\
z r-:-i
.4'd.
/N
f-+r
\JJ
Temperature Range "F
Nom. Thick.,In.
Magnesie
z Calcium
3
.l Combina-
iron
z
Fiber-
Sodium
z
SW '$eights are based on average
conditions and do not constitute
a recommendation for specific
fs-i,N$ thicknesses of mate als. Insula-
tion weights are based on 85%
$:si,sB magnesia and hydrous calcium
silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The
AI listed thicknesses end x'eights of
z T} combination covedng are ihe
sums of the inner leyer of dia-
tomaceous earth at 21 lbslcubic
L .A foot and the oute. layer at
11 lbs/cubic foot.
N
z /> Insulation weights include al-
lowances for wire, cement, csn-
vas, bands and paint, but not
special surface finisbes.-
Io find the r|erght ot covenng
on flanges, valves or fittings,
{={3 mrrltinlv the rveicht factor bv the
ueighi !er foot 6f covering used
3
@ ltl' )
on strargnt prpe.
Valve $ eights are :rpproxi-
mate. lYhen Dossible. obtain
weights from th6 manufacturer.
C&st iron valve weights arc lor
flanged end valves; steel weights
+<i for xelding end valves.
AII flanged fitting, flanged
rc valve and flange weights include
thc DroDortional lve;qht of bolts
or si,udi to make up all joints.
* 16 lb cu. ft. densitY.
174
IIAN(-:iENS AND SITPPORTS
z1
at w
z
F wt^
z
{i\
L::I
: -4,L,
E
/i\
L]--,-)
\U
Tcmperoture Range "F
Magnesia
2 Calcium
F
Combina-
tion
z
tr'iber-
Sodium
Fr
@
li|1
on shra;qhi pipe.
valvt
mate. When"
w,lidhts lre approxi-
possible,
-obto;n
\yeiqhts from the ma,nufacturer.
Cast ilon volve $eiqhts rre lor
flcneed cnd velves; steel weights
+<J for ileldinE end valves.
All flaneed fitting, Ranged
valve end flInee weiqhts jnclude
KU tle prot,ortion;l wciAht of bolts
or siudi to make up cll ioints.
* 16 lb cu. ft. density.
t75
ITT GITINNII],I, -- PIPING DESIGN AND I]NGINI]ERING
fr
4J-{
tu?
z
F
w
{T\
z E=:I
=
E
/T\
L_t_,
\t"J
Temperature Range "F
Magnesia,
2 Calcium
F
Combina-
iioD
z
Fiber-
Sodium
Boldfacetype is weight in
pounds. Lightface iype beneath
ffi welgnl ls wergh! laclol ror
insulation,
fnsulation thicknesses and
z d.ll1l.\$ weishts ere based on averaqe
coniitions and do not constituie
s, rccommenda,iion for
N]s specific
thicknesses of ma,terials. Insula-
tion weights are based on,857o
maqnesla and nvorous calclum
$i:N siliAte st 11 lbs/cubic Joot. The
listed thicknesses and weighis of
AI combination covering are the
z L} sums of the inner l&yet of dia-
tomaceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic
F
.A Joot and the outer l&yer e,t
11 lbs/cubic foot.
,N. Insulation weights include al-
z /N lowances fot wire, cement, can-
vas, bands aDd paint, but not
]}', 'it special
- surface finishes.
To find the weight of covering
on flanges, va,lves or fittings,
@
|lll
Valve weishts are
mate. When- Dossible,
approxi_
obtain
weishts from the manufacturer.
C:&st iron valve v.eights a,re for
flanged end valves; steel weights
176
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
n
(J-/
z
F {!.}
z
{i\
Ei:l
//\^
l
/\
!-l__,
s*lJ
Temperature Range 'F
Magnesia
z Caicium ,
,t Oombin&-
tion
z
Fiber
Sodium
&
insulation.
z Insulation 1hicknesses and
weights are based on average
conditions and do not constitute
a recommendation for specific
Nl-$s thicknesses of metedals. Insuts-
tion lveights are based on 85%
N magnesia and hydrous c&lcium
silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The
listed thicknesses and \reights of
(, combination covering are the
z r.4 sums of the inner lalrer of dia-
#,N
11
at 2l lbs/cubic
tomaceous earth
foot and the outer layer at
lbs/cubic foot.
Insulation *'eights include a1-
.lowances
z d.4 iot $1re, cemen[, c&n-
vas. bands and Daint. but not
speiial surface finishes.
To 6nd the weight of covering
on flanges, valves or fittings,
+.€ multiply the n'eight factor by the
\aeight per foot of covering used
3
i/!-
L!r' S.R.90'Iilbow .5 .5
:Z {r\
t*rJ Tce
7.4
.8
9.5
.8
12.2
.8
14.8
.8
A 4',4. l3 l9
ttr- Lgteral t.ri t.s
f,t-l
ri\
{-t
Reducea .3
2.9
.3
3.7
.3 .3
\JI cap
1.4 .1.8
.5
3.5
,5 .5
Tonll)er&ture Ruge 'l' 100-190 200-299 300-3$9 400-4$0 500-599 600-699 700-790 800-899 900-sr9 1C00-1099 1100-1200
Maglesia
\om. T|ick., In. 1 1 1t i 2 2 2% 3 3 3% 3%
! Calcium I}s Iit 1.25 1.25 2.08 3.01 3.01 4.07 5.4 s.24 5.24 6.65 6.65
F 3\/4
2)1 3 3 3 31,t
(ittnl)ir)a- \onr. 'Lhir,k., ln.
uon Il;s.'l't 5.07 6.94 6.94 6-94 9.17 9.t7
z
\om. TLick., Lr. 1 I 1 r% 1% 2 2 3 3 3t/4 3%
Fiber-
Sodium Ll,s,/|t 1.6r l.6r 1.61 2.74 2.74 3.9E 3.98 6.99 6.99 8.99 8.99
rl3
*:eight is
insul:rtion.
weight iactor for
178
IIAN(-i]'ITS AND SIIPPOIiTS
Pipe-LbsTFt
Weter-Lbs ft
Uf
z
[
t!L_.4J
,.>
z
ft
E.;f
,t\
!__ t _--t
Fiber-
Sodium
typc is rvcight in
Boldface
pounds. Lightf.lce tl pe bcneath
N;lS $ eight is *eight tsctor for
insultrtion.
O Insulation thicknesses and
z
$rrtM Neights arc basecl on average
conditions :rnd do not constitute
Nls r recommendrtion for
thickncsses of materials- Insula-
tiorl lveights are based on E5%
specific
a @
fil
on.'truighl pip"-
\ rl\.c \\'crgr
mrte. lVhcn possible,
ts jlrc rlrpro\r-
Lrlrtxin
rveights from the m.rnulacturer.
Cast iron vslve $cights are for
flanged end valves; strlcl \leights
+<J for rvekling end valves.
All I1:rnged fitting, flangcd
* 16
rc li cu. ft. density.
valvc and flange rveights include
the ploportionll weight of l)olts
or studs to make up all joints.
I'iT (iIII\\I]I,I, PIPING DI'SIG\ A\I) I]\(;I \ I.]1'II,I\ (i
d)
Ltr
z
t- { ,^\
F u.e
(.) ft
E--'-I
z
g\
i dllr
-JI
\IJ
'l'empcruturf lilrngo'lr
(lomlrinr-
tion
z
\om.1'Iick., In.
Fiber-
Sodium
(llsi, Iron
Boldface tvpe is weight in
ffi pounds. Lightface
lveight
tlpe
is $eight factor
insul&tion.
beneath
lor
Insulation thicknesscs and
z
$fi$ weights are based on average
conditions and do not constitute
a recommends,tion lor specific
N_l_s thicknesses of materi&ls. Insula-
tion weights are besed on 85%
trl\ir,sN magnesia and hydrous cakium
silicate a,t 11 lbs/cubic foot. The
-41 listed thicknesses a.nd \reights of
z /A combinatioo covering are the
sums of the inner layer of dio-
L.L
A tomaceous earth at 2l lbs/cubic
foot and the outer ls,l er at
11 lbs/cubic foot.
N
2 E44A
/> Insulation lveighls include al-
lowa,nces lot vire, cement, can-
vas, bands and paint, but not
speeial
- surface finishes.
To find ihe reight of coverinB
on flanges, valves or {iltings,
F{3 multiply the weight ir.tor l,J'
weight per foot of covering uscd
bhe
@
r\
on straight pipe.
Valvc weights are approxi-
mate. When possible, obtain
\\'eiqhts from thc manufecturer.
lAi (hsi iron valvc wciqhts are for
Ilanged end velvcs; stiel rveights
+<f Ior n eldine end valves.
180
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
\f nter-I bs7 t t
u-/
z 15.6 | t7 .7
F {a
z
{l\-" _t
1-
.4'A
t---i
,
\1"'
Tcmperature li.:r.nge "F
Fiber-
z Sodium
o
,l Combina-
tion
z
@
lll)
on -qtraight pipe.
Valve l'eights arc approxi-
mate. lVhen possible, obtain
weights from thc manufacturcr.
Cast ilon valve Ycights :rre for
flanged end velvesistcel $ eights
l<ql for r"eldins end valves.
ALI frrrigetl fitting, flangcd
vrJve rnd t nge rveighhs inrlude
l<,t,J the proportional weight of bolts
or studs to makc up all ioinis.
1 16 lb cu. ft. density.
6" ptpn 6.625, o.D. WIiIGII'I'S OT PII'INCI XI,\TI1RI,\LS
\\"ster--.Lbs Ift
U,tz
z
tl fn
a-j-,
z
{i\
fJ:I
E--
/\
fr-D
\JJ
'l empcraturc lhngc "F
Conrbinr-
\om. Thilk., In.
tion
z
Fiber-
Sodirm
i #r-rM
weights are based on cvercge
corditions and do ltot constitute
N+S a rccommcndation for specific
thickne-.ses of meterills. Insula-
tion rveights tre bascd on 85/p
0s:s' magnesia and hydrous calcium
silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The
/41 listcd thicknesses and veights of
z /,4 combination covedng &re ihe
sums of the inner layer of dia-
tomrceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic
foot rnd ihe outer l&yer at
\ 11 lbs,tubic foot.
Insulation Neights include al-
z lorvanccs for \rire, cement, can-
v:rs, bands and peint, but not
IP LI]
soecial surface finishes.
' To find the {eight of cqvedng
on flsrrges, valves or fittings,
F4l multipll the \\'ejghi fr, tor bJ- the
\\ergh! ler looi ol covcfltlg useo
v2 @ on straight pipe.
\ralvc $'eights are &pproxi-
mete. When pos-.ible, obtain
\Yeights from the manufecturer.
U Cjast iron valve \rcights arc for
flangcd end valves; stcel rveights
+<J fol rvclding cnd v:rlves.
All flnnged 6tting, flrngcd
rc vxlvc and flrnge \\'.iglris include
tlre rrror)ortionxl lv.ight of irolts
or siu,l! to mrkc up rll joints.
* 16 lb cu. ft. density.
r82
HANGERS ,\ND SUPPORTS
$ratcr-Lbs/l t
f,,7
L!./
ta
z
! /)
x_p
z
{i}
LJI
-4\
i tr::t
di\
\IJ
Tempcrature Iiange 'F
Nom. Thi, li., In.
Nlagnesia
2 Calcium
o
F
Nom. Thick., In.
) Clombine-
tion
z
Fiber-
Sodium
z ,A.
{-p
z
fl.r
EJ:I
,l
F
f,1-t
L-r----,
\]J
l'empcrr,ture lirngc "tr'
Mggnesia
z Calcium
Combin&-
9 tion
z
Fiber-
Sodium
z
N Insilation weights include al-
lowances {or \tire, cement, can-
vas. bands and Daint, but not
speiirl
- surfoce finishes.
To find the veight of covering
on flanges, valves or fit[ings,
multiply the r-\'eight factor bv the
werghl per loo! or coverlng useo
,t
@ on strcight pipe.
Valvc rrcights sre rppro\i-
mrtc. Whcn possible, ol)t$in
\\'cights lrom thc manuf3cturcr.
m C{st, iro \'rh.c \\'cights are for
flauged end vrlvcsr steel $'eights
+<{ fol rveldine end valvcs.
{3<sNN
96 r77 IIE 209 261 341 475 92a 1775 tion lreights ale brLscd on 85%
Blind 1.5 1.5 magncsia ltnd hldrous calcium
a.4 silicite at 11 lbs,/cubic loot. The
265 453 345 509 8r5
a /t S.R. 90" Elbow 5 5 5.2
669 1474 listed thir:knesses and treiqhts of
5.8 6.2 combinatiol coverinE are thc
? /11 .qums of tbe inncr hr:er of dill-
= /A L.R. 90' Elbow
375
6.2 6.2
485
6.2
624
6.2
159E
6.2
2i lbs/cubic
tonLlccous e:uth et
foot and the outer la\.er at
B,N
(J /9N 235 383 414 469 tt24 11 ll)s/cubic foot.
hsulation lcights include al-
<-::,
45' Elbow 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.8 ,lo\tences lol \\'lrc, coment, cllll-
E IP L{
Tee
403 684
7.8
5r3 754
7.8
943
8.3
1361
4.7
1928
s.3
vas, blrncls and Drint, but nob
spu(irl sur'facc lini-sLes.
To find the \eight of covering
Flanged tsonllet 687 1298 10r5 1420 21s5 2770 4650 o|1 fl3nHcs, l.rlvcs of ]ittinss.
1=43 7.8 4 5 5.5 7 7.2 8 multit,l.r th! \\ciglrtf.L,.toL l,.r' the
\"rAht t,rr'foot oI covc|ing uscd
, F{3 Fbnged Bonnet
Globe or Angle
808
9.4
1200
9.5.
710
5
1410 orl strll rarrL pllr(,.
Vrtve 1v;iih ts rrc er,rlori-
Flanged Borrnet 674 1160 560 720
m;rt". 1\'hpn 1,os*ilrts,,rlrtrrin
j!|J Check 9.4 9.5 6 6.5
1410
7.2
2600
8
3370
I \'eights from tirc mamufroturer.
Oest iton valve rveights are for
rc
Bonnet-Ga.te 6 7
\\ eLLl virLVCS.
,1ll flc r,Aed fitting, flrnged
Pressure Seal v:Ll\ crnd Ilxngc \\'ciglrts inrlude
Bonnet-Clobe proportioncl \rejg
thc l)rolrortioncl \rejght of bolts
* 16 Ib cu. ft. densrty. or studs io make up all joints.
I6D
ITT GIiINNEI,L PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINODRI]{G
Pipe-Lbs/Fi s6.71 45.7 54.6 63.4 34.9 106.1 130.7 150.7 170 2 r89.I
Water-Lbs/Ft 62.06 60.92 59.7 5E.7 55.9 50.0 47 .5 45.0 42.6
r54
W L.R. 90' Elbow 3.5
f4 r02 135
. {Jj S.R. 90' Elbow 2.3 2.3
Eh,
F{# L.R. 45' Elbow
100
1241
insulation.
Insulationr thicknesses and
and
113 217 406 weiqhts are, based on average
3$N
-
Welding Neck 1.5
110
1.5
220 254 349 477
1.5
1076
.nd do not constitute
con-ditions and
ndation for sPecific
a recommendation specific
dN-iM Lap Joint 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 materials Insula-
thicknesses of materials. lnsula"
574
tion rveiqhtsr are based on E5%
E5%
126 239 r42 267 354 437 meenesii :rnd nd hldrous crlcium
hr drous calcium
{fiw Blind 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 silic;te at 11l lbs/cubic foot.
foot Tbe
Th€
of
lesscs end \Leights ol
lisi,ed thicknesscs
o r$l 617 497 632 664 91E 1549
r jnner
2M
F
S.R. 90' Elbow
312
5.9 6.4 combin:r,tion covering are th€
covedng
sums of the: inner layer
the
ls1er of dia_
serth at 21 lbs/cub(
iomaceous eerth
dia
lbs/cubic
I -tt
rA L.R. 90' Elbow
192 767
6.6
622
6.6 6.6 foot and the outer l&Yer at
outel l&yer al
I1 lbs/cubic: foot.
fiA
zh4 45' Elbow
292
4.3
497 377
4.3
587
4.4
63E
4.6
EE3
4.8
1246
4.9
n rveights
Insulation
rr wlre,
lowances for wire, cemeni,
al-
weigbts include aL
cement, caD_
p3jnt, but
vas, bends and paint,
can
bub noi
no'
563 956 683 96E 1131 1652 2318
E It' .!l
ll---iJ Tee 8 8.4 8 8.3 8.9 9.6
ace finishes.
sDecial surface
'To find the finishes
he $$eisht
eight of covenng
coverint
vulvEs or fittings,
ru
on flanses, valves fittings
92r 905 1920 2960 4170 6425 th'
frctor bY the
Flanged Bonnet 1762
8.8
multiph: thee weight factor
Gote 7.9 8.8 4.9 6 6.3 7 8 l'eighi per fooh use(
foot of covering usect
pipe.
on straight p1pe.
ttll
*@ Flanged Bonnei
Globe or Angle 9.9 mete. When
'eichts are approxl
Valve weiqhts
eri possible,
approxl_
Possible, obtain
obtair
th; manufacturer.
3U 1010 11155 m the
weights from manulacturer.
Flanged Bonnet, EE5
Check 9.9 sls.2 $elghts are for
Cast ilonL valve weishts ro
sheel weights
flanged endt valves; sGel welght
for weldins i end valves.
+4J Pressure SeaI
BonBet-Gate
2620
ti
3475 6380
All ged frtting, frenge'
flanged frenged
rc Pressure Seal
.
Bonnet-Globe
valve cnd frcnge
the proportionrl
eights lnclude
lcnse $$eights
tionrl \eisht
\eighL.ot
m:l,ke up
or studs ior rnake
lnclud
of bolts
t)olt
uP all joints.
Jolntr
16 lb cu. ft. density
'
186
I]ANGI]RS AND SUPPORTS
A
u_/
z
f>\
F u,r
{i\
L-I
z
g\.
*
A
Tempcreture Rcngc 'F
Megnesia
z Calcium
F
Combina-
tron
z
Fiber-
Sodium
Boldfacetvpe is rveight in
ffis pounds. Lightfrce tJ.pe bcnerth
r\cight is $eight factor for
z
& lnsulaiton-
Insulation thicknesscs end
\4eights 3re bascd on cverage
conditions and do not constihule
Nlrs a recommendation for specific
thicknesses of rnateri.rls. Insula-
tion weights are based on 85/6
N magnesia and hydrous calcium
silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The
@ on-sIrfLrgnt prpe,
valve \4clghts are &rJDroxt-
mrte. When- possible, obtrin
weights from ihi manufacturer.
hJ Cast iron valve weights are for
t4
IOr Wetorng eno valves.
AII flanged fitting, flanged
velve and flanee weiehts include
the proportion-el weight of bolts
or studs to make up all ioints.
* 16 lb cu, ft. density.
ITT GITINNI'LL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINI]I'RIN('
\\'ater-Lbs / !'t
z
to
F
F {p
{;\
z EJ-I
-rt.,\,
B
A
--
\J-J
'f0mper.rturc llllngc "F
M&gnesia
z Calcium
o
(lombire-
) iion
z
Fiber-
Sodium
t
@ Vnlvc Neiglrts 3re spproxr-
mate. 1\then possil,Je, obtain
$eiehts from the msnufa,ctuler.
ltu Cast iron vllve rveights are for
fl:r,nged end vaivcs; steel \teighis
188
I]ANCERS AND STTPPORTS
&?
z
F f^
i_:-.t
{i\
trJ:I
z
g\
E=_r
L!_'
2 @
r\
on slreight pipe.
$
\-rrlvc 1\'cights rfe sptrfo\i-
mrto. \1lren possil,le, ,,l,trin
cights fiom the manufactlucr'.
Cast iron valve rreights arc for
flanged end vrlves; stcel Neights
rc
* 16 lb cu. ft. deDsi',y.
velvc rnd Hrng" $eights in,lu.lc
thc DroDortionLrl \\eiqlrt of l,oLts
or siuJi io m.rke up rl1 joints.
ITT GITINN]'I,I, PT?I\(i DUSI(I\ AND I'\(}IN]JUR,IN( i
Wai,cr*l,bsi/1,'t,
{6
z t\-
{/>
z
{i\
1-.:i
8\.
E.:-J
F
t----l-!
'-l'cn1per:rturc llLu)ge'l'
Nom. Thid<., In.
Maqnesia
2 Calcium
o
F
Combina-
f tiol
z
Fiber-
SodiuDl
Z
/> Insulation i{eights include al-
lo$anccs for wire, cement, can-
lPq vasj bands and print, but, not
specisl surfuce finishes.
tt---.u To find the rveight, of covering
on fianges, valves or fittiogs,
1=<3 multiplJ' the weight, factor by the
weight per foot of covering uscd
J
@
ff1
on straight pipe.
\'alve,neights are
mrtc. \lhen
approxi-
possible, uLtain
weights from the manufacturer.
Cast ilon valve $'eiehts :!re for
flanged end v.rlves; stlel rveights
J-<t for rrelding end valves.
fitting,
rc
,{11 flarged flanged
valve and ffrnge rvcights include
the proportional $eight of bolts
or studs to make up all joints,
+ 16 lb cu. ft. density.
190
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
\\ EIL;HTS OF PIPINU MATERIALS za" o.n 26" prcn
fr?
uj
11.
w
F
{i\
E::I
-f/\
t-'-l
rl\
r-h
\"J
Temperature Range "F
[I{Lgnesia
Cslcirrm
"
F
3 combina-
A tion
E ;r=::;-
Fiber-
Sodium
@ ltl' )
Valve weishts are aporoxi-
mate. When Dossible.
-obtain
weights from- manufacturer.
Cast iron valve weishts are
I
for flanged end valves; steel
+<l weishtsforweldinsendvalves.
A-il flanged fitting, flanged
rc
* 16 lb cu. ft.
valve and flange weights in-
clude the proportional weight
of bolts or studs to make uD
all joints.
ITT GItlNNI,ll,l, PIPIN(; DltSItlN A\D lrN( iI \ Itltlti)i( i
{F
n
u-f
7 f^
t-lJ
z
{T\
f,-JI
F
.fA
ds
{---1-r
\IJ
Temper&ture Range'F
Magnesirl
Calcitm
Combina-
tion
Fiber-
Sodium
&
$eishts are based on avelage
2 conditions and do not consti-
tute a recommendation for
sDeciic thicknesses of hate-
Nis rials. Insulation weights are
based on 857a magnesia ahd
hvdrous calcium silicate at 11
{N l6s/cubic foot. The listed thick-
nesses and weights of combi-
A nation covering are the sums
of the ihner layer of diatoma-
z
ti
F d,N
ceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic
foot and the outer layer at
11 lbs/cubic foot.
Insulation weights include
z
/>
E!!4
allowanees for wire, cement,
canvas, bands and paint, but
not sDecial surface finishes.
tPtl
lHl To-ffnd the weight of cover-
ins on flanges, valves or fit-
tings, multiply t}le weight fac-
tor by the welg:ht pe.! root or
{=<3 covering used on stralghl PtPe.
t1
W
w
!f\/>
1L4J
t-
{\
LiJ
;
r_t__)
\JJ
Temperature Range "F
\lagnesia
Calcium
Com
tron
Fiber-
Soditm
f.2
{U
7
w
{l\
z
tr:J
F tr-l
/T\
rrl
\IJ
Temperature Range 'F
Ma,gnesia
Calcium
z
{ uomDlna-
5 lron
: +Asbe!tos
Fiber-
Sodium
n
@
fi)
mate. When Possible-, oolaln
weiEhts from manutalturer'
Cast iron valve weights are
for ffanged end. valves;valves'
steel
weiehts fol weldingend
A-ll flanged fitting' flangeo
+<i valve and flange weights. ln_
clude the PropoltionaL wergnt
of bolts or studs to make uP
F+O all joints.
- 16 lb cu. ft. derl"sitY'
194
HANGIIRS ANI) SUPPONTS
Water-Lbs/Ft
A
tlf
f-2
(!-/
f\
F w
Fi
z
{l\
EJ-l
-','>^
A
B
[*_lJ
Temperature Range'F
.N{agnesia
Nom. Thick., In.
Caicium
Fiber-
Sodium
' 16
rc lt cu. ft. density.
clude the proportional weight
of bolts or studs to make up
all joints.
195
ITT Gn,INNllt,L PIPIN(; l)llsI(lli ,\\I) I'l\(;l \ I'lliltl )i(i
692 9r3
{J} S.R. 90" Elbow 5 5
F
.4
E-- '. Lateral
340 360
Reducer 3.6 3.6
235
cap 6 6
Temperature Range "F 100-199 200-299 300-399 100-499 500-599 600-699 ?00-799 800-899 900-999 1000-1099 1100-1200
3 3th 4 5 6
trlagnesia Nom. Thick., In.
2 2Yz
Calcium. 24.2 29.5 34.8 40.3 45.9 63.s
z srhcate Lbs/Ft 14.2 14.2 19.2
7
F^L omDrna Nom. Thick., In. 31/2 5% 6 6Yz
<
5 tion Lbs/Ft 49.4 69,3 a9.7 100.2 ll l.o r22.O
z
s$ Screrved or
Slip-On
480
520
1200
1.O
1300
1325 1600
1750
1.5
3350
3450
for insulation.
Insulation thicknesses and
*.eiehts are based on averagp
and do not consti-
"onditions
tute a recommendation for
6{trM Welding Neck
sDeciflc thicknesses of mate-
rlals. Insulation weights are
s$ls Lap Joint based on 85% magnesra and
hvdrous calcium silicate at 1I
I125 2275 2525 2950 4900
dfsv Biind 1.5 1.5
lbs/cubic foot. The listed thick-
nesses and weights of combi_
nation covering are the sums
/.'ll
tA) of the innet laver of diatoma-
S.R.90" Elbow ceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic
foot and the outer layet al
F
F /A L.R. 90' Elbow 11 lbs/cubic foot.
Insulation w€ights lncluoe
,N allowances for v"ire, cement,
z
/F
E4€4 45'Elbow canvas. bands and Paint, but
not special surface finisles.
it' To find the weight ot cover-
tHl'rl Tee ing on flanges, valves .or -tr!-
!ings. multiPlY tne welgn! 1ac-
Flanged Bonnet tor by the weight Per oo! or
l.<1 Gate covering used on straight PlPe.
Valve weiqhts are aPProxl-
F€ Flanged Bonnet
Globe or Angle
mate. When possible, obtain
weiEhts froru manufaeturer.
c-ast iron valve weights are
llt' ) Flanged Bonnet fo! flanqed end valves; steel
Check weiEhts ior weldingend valves.
A1l flanEed fitting, flanged
+q] Pressure Seal
Bonnet-Gate valvi and flange weights. in-
clude the proportional wergnl
@ P!essure Seal
Bonnet-Clobe
i
of bolts or studs to make uP
all joints.
16 lb cu. ft. densitY
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
Water-l,bs,/Ft
lr)
UI L.R. 90' Elbow
[^
d.u
F
{l}
L:J
-f\
tr-:--
\_u
T€mperatur.e Range'F
E5,,i
Nlagnesia I'J om. Thicl., In.
CalciLrm
z
F
Combin a
tion
tz
Fiber-
Sodirlm
@
fi1
Flanged Bonnet
Clobe or Angle
mate. When possible- obtain
weishts irom manuracturer.
Cast iron valve weights are
for flanEed end valves; steel
$'eiohts iorweldi ns end valves.
| ,-1Y \ A'il flanged fitting, fianged
T=u-rJ '.,alve and llange weights. In-
clude the Proportrona I welght
of bolts or studs to make
r<[J Plessure Seal
Bonnet-Globe all joints.
uP
To determire the leight per foot of any piping Erample. For 4" PiPe rvith 4tl nominal thickness
Insulftlon, | =.1i. rl the insulation densit'Y is
insulation, use the pipe size and nominal insulation per foot, then the insulation rveight
pounds cubic
thickness to find the insulation l'eight factor F in the
12
is .77 X 12 : 9.211b/tr.
chart shorvn belorv. Then multiply l? by the densiiy
of the insulation in pounds per cubic foot'
Thirl,n'ss
i'_ominal
Pipe Size
--t':-\ 1 l-^ , I
-n-1 2t/r"
\ominal In.ul"'ioq
3" 1" 1%" I
,
5%" 6"
Nominal Rod 1/z 3/+ % 1 1r/s 1l+ 7Yr 13/+ 2 21/4 21/2 3 3Y4 3h
Vz
Diameter, in.
Root Area of .889 1.293 1.'i 44 2.300 3.023 3.?19 4.619 5.621 6.720 ?.918
.068 .126 .202 .302 .419 .552 .69 3
Thread, sq. in.
Max. Safe Load, 20?00 21200 33500 41580 50580 60,18C 11240
lbs. at Rod 610 1130 1810 2',tt0 3770 4960 6230 8000 11630 15?00
Temp. of 650"F
199
ITT GIIINNI']LI, P]PING D]']SI(IN AND IINTIINDEITING
-
l!r!
I
z
DEFLECTION - INCHES
r*I$,"**i:rft*iJjjsLr"fri{fu:trliiJif"{}k.;r,"i:';i#h1iiirl:ii;}:}xf*}i$""l;f,{lt.l:fi"i;:fsiiiiLrili"'1"#Jffi
tor dlainage.
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
F
LU
LU
LL
I
z.
o-
a
201
ITT GITINNIII,I, . I'IPING DT']SICIN AND ]'NGINEEIIIN(i
wle
"=
I
z
3
a:333
e E sps MAXIMUM BENDING
;
;
; o oo
; @
STRESS- PSI
F@
202
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
305 .1.1.5
1r; t2 13.5 1l .5 l6 195 21 22 24.5 27 37 39 12 47
3 t9 21 23 25 .5 27 .5 29 325 40 4C 5l 55 61
203
rTT GRINNELL PIPING DESIG{ Al',rD', uxgxxlltt}ig
-
BEAM DINIENSIONS
w.iq ht
r-'v-
\n
,omi^dl
1lb
I
I
I
r"';11:'i:ttr'i;:r"":
|
*l::' ;::l: *t*' !"tt{ *l'""' *tl: tso ts,a L I izs
I lss I ls.^ 1188
s.r 2%
5 I8.5 5
',r+ iL tez I l5'/. I 1248
rre ls% I l3l3
4-l
3
75 I
| .25 6 25 6 .456
184 ls% I 378
5.0 l1/z .25 2'h
rz I sv. I
-l I zo 3os I I93 1 rs% I438
I'h I sz. 378 zo2 ls% I I.s03
6.0
7.7 2% I I I .3s8
2a 67' 2ll l5% 1 563
5
10.0 3
.3 r3 I ra I e'2. 1 oea
I ;;l? | sor
.428
;s i;r
7 .375
l4e llo
zt\
20.0
10 1:1 ll: iii tll
7
9.8
t2.25
"" '37s 18.4 4 66 I i;;:
I lo%
i i;i
l3:
7f, I
8% J
.6ss
.686
,r, \
.438 72 .808
at 8v, \ .751
l{.75
\_
23.0 77 I loz. I
I ro% I
868
.998
18 l;? Br. \ .83I
89
100 Itox I rrta
!*1,"1 t0
25.4
.50
Il2 I ro7. I 1248 tt1/
ll../.
.83I
.9Il
-1;F
I I
r3?s
I
,%
I
3?5 35.0 .400
I ll4 tt th .99 r
-ln\av'
l3r36 l6'/'
ltr^l,,l_
.465
8,A .615
L | 6% 540
at/. .685
l4o l8 .516 199 at/. .740
I3.4 2% 3s.0 l5% lrsso la8'l. ,)r \ 82 I .795
9 15.0 zyz .438 12
51L
I I .64r
-^ I s6 I .935
40.8
ls3 llo .576
I lI2 I3 .865
20.o 50.0 5'/r
.688
ls8 lro .64I
\27 I3 .985
I 6s I l2 .606
I taz t3,/r L095
r5.3 2%l 12 | 72 \tz .6? I
5th l?s l12% .736
176 I .682
20.0 I5 I 8s I l2r. .?96 184 9 .772
"" \ 5%
I s2 I r2". Irn I
i\"t_
.438 .856 .872
IO
25.0 | 99 lrzvl .921
I loo 1Z
I 106 I tzy. .986
)l | \)o 1Z .885
30.0
I rzo I tz't' l 106
.688 I 120 12'/t
l{
.930
I 133 I 12% 1.236 .900
20.7 I 16I I
lsr
lzYl
I 12% I
1486
1716 I| l:3
150 t4,/t
L020
l.t3s
t2
I
25.0 s0
30.0 :. .813 3
3
.383
.453
Llo \ .747
e4
llo | .s27
roz
20 38 lb%l .JlJ lr{ llo%l .932
33.9 3'A lg le I .528 27 ras lla I .e?s
.938
4s l8 | .593 160 l14 I l.o7s
15 40.0 3'/, .625 s:lsl6sg rz7 l I4', I Lt90
r, tjl lru
50.0 3'/.
7s.e ? I+ Il6s llo I
I
.718 I lo8 I lo% .?so
I .8?5
74 I It6 I lo% ij .8?s
42.7 4 s0.0 7%
?8
'\2 | .?18 I 124 I to7, .s3o
\ 24
r0o.0
J
7 !/. 84 12 | .774 ?nll3zlloT'il.m
'- I rrz lts I lo6s
4s.8 4 .625
J I4v, I .688
18
sr.s
I ros.e r% Ll25
87
l[v' | .748 I leo Ils I ltss
4%
I| rqyt | | 2lo I lsY. I l3l3
sg I|
103 .813
120.0 8
{Y.
HANGERS SUPPORTS
F
trl
ulo
LL^
I
z.a
o-7
U)
x :
5
o
o o {o('o
o o oooo
a (t
o
o !o(oo
o o oooo
o o o oooo a a 3a 33:333
333333
FORCE lbs.
-
ITT GITINNELI, PIPING DT]SIGN AND ENGINI'EIIIN(I
-
,.0275 0?87
-.0373
0
-200 0247
5
450
i .0250
.02e2 ,0449 .0472 .0628 90
|I .0335 .0512 .0540 .0717
95
500
.0810 100
550 0379 0574 .0610
150
0424 0639 .0680 .0903 200
600
.0753 250
650 0469 ,0703
300
700 .0514 .0?68 .0826
350
750 ,0562 0834 .0902 400
800 .0610 .0900 .09? 8 450
.1056 500
850 .0658 .0967
900 .0707 .1037 .1135
600
950 07 56 .1105 .1216 650
1000 ,0806 .r\75 .1298 ?00
?50
1050 .U6DA 800
1100 .0905
850
1150 0952 900
1200 1000 950
1000
1250 ,1053 1050
1300 .1106
1350 .-LIOO
1400 .1205
GI,]N]i] RAI, T.\RLES
TEMPERATI'RE BY COLOR
In moderate difiused daYlight
930'Ir laint Red 1275"F l{edium 0}rcrrY tiio.l' Salmonl 1830'F Lemon
107;-r'| lllood llcd 1137;i'l' Ohert 1' 1630'F Darl' Orangee 197;'t' Light Ycllorv
I725"F Oruge 2200'! N hite
1175'F Dalk CherrY 1.1J0'F I} ight CircrrY
r Sealing Ileat. ! Frce Seeling Ileat
207
ITT GRINNEI,L PIPING DESIGN AND DNC'iI\T]ERIN(i
U.S. standard
Birmi qham flre
St,rPL $ LIe ga,ug€,. gsugc for sheet
or \\ ashburn, rd saux. (-B \\'.C l
-(l,rr steel \!ire stccll .180 lb
(for steel wire) per cu ll
0.500
0.4900 0..169
0..1615 0..$E
0..1305 0. -l0ti
0.460 0.3938 0.454
0.425 0.375
0.410 0.3625 0 .3.+,1
0.365 0 .3310 0.380
0.340 0.312
0.325 0.3065
0.300 o.227 0.281
1 0.289 0.2830 0.219 0.266
0.258 0.2625 0.284 0.2391
0.259 o.212 0.250
o.229 0.2,137 0.234 o.2242
0.2253 0.238 0.207
0.204 0.204 0.219 0.2092
0.182 0.2070 0.220
0.201 0.203 0.1943
0.162 0.1920 0.203 0.1793
6 0.180 0.199 0.1t8
0.144 0. 1770 0.197 Q.Ii2 0.1644
0.128 0.1620 0.165 0.1495
8 0. 1'18 0.1s4 0.150
I 0.114 0.14E3
0.1350 0.134 0.191 0.141 0.1345
10 0.102
0.188 0.125 0.1196
0.0s1 0.1205 0.120 0.1046
1I 0. 109 0.185 0.109
0.081 0.1055 0. 182 0.094 0.0897
0.072 0.0915 0.095 0.0747
0.083 0.180 0.078
0.064 0.0800 0.070 0.0673
0.0720 0.072 0.178
to 0.057
0.175 0.062 0.0598
0.051 0.0625 0.065 0.0538
o.t72 0 .05{i
17 0.045 0.0540 0.058 0.0,178
0.04s 0.168 0.050
18 0.040 0.0475 0.0438 0.0418
0.0410 0.0.12 0.16,1
19 0.036 0.161 0.0375 0.0359
0.032 0.0348 0.035
20
0.157 0.0344 0.0329
0.0317 0.032 0.0299
2l 0.0285
0.0286 0.028 0.155 0.0312
22 0.0253 0.153 0.0281 0.0269
0.0226 0.0258 0.025 0.0239
0.022 0.151 0.0250
2+ 0.0201 0.0230 0. 148 0.0219 0.0209
0.0179 0.0204 0.020
25
0.146 0.0188 0.0179
0.0159 0.0181 0.018 0.0164
26 0.016 0.1,13 0.0172
27 0.0142 0.0173 0.13' 0.0156 0.0149
0.0126 0.0162 0.014 0.0135
2a 0.134 0.01.11
0.0113 0.0150 0.013 0.0120
0.012 o.\27 0.0125
30 0.0100 0.0t4d
0.120 0.0109 0.0105
0.0089 0.0132 0.010 0.0097
0.009 0.115 0.0102
0 .0080 0.0128 0. 112 0.0094 0.0090
.0071 0.0118 0.008 0 .0082
33 0
0.007 0.110 0.0086
0.0063 0.0104 0.00?8 0.0075
0.0095 0.005 0.108
35 0.0056
0.106 0.0070 0.0067
0.0050 0.0090 0.004 0.0066 0.0064
30 0.103
0.0045 0.0085 0.0062 0,0060
0.0080 0.101
38 0,0040 0.0s9
39 0.0035 0.0075 0.097
{} 0.0031 0.0070
0.0066 0.095
41 0.092
42 0.0062 0.088
43 0.0060 0.085
44 0.0058 0.081
0.0055
0.079
46 0.0052 0.077
0.0050 0.075
48 0.0048 o.072
49 0.0046 0.069
50 0.0044
GDNERAL TABLES
DRITL SlZ ES
\unrl,rer and Letter Sized Drills Fractional Drill
-_. l_r14.. -{rea, Sizes Av.rilable
rli,., Area, I)id., DIze I ;n. sq xr.
Size sq rn,
ul. sq lD.
.00755 .231 .0430 Ltj r6{ s frorLI
.0135 .000143 40 .0080 L(" to 1r+
EO
39 .0995 .O0t'77 B .238 .0.1,10
7g .0115 .000i65 .21'2 .0{00
.00020I 38 .I015 .00810 I ,"s irom
Lr'-lz;-r',
78 .0160
37 .1040 .00850 n .216 .0-r75
r 2r+',
77 .0i80 .00025,1
.00893 .u .250 . 0+'J Lo
.00031+ 3ti . 1005
.0200
.00950 r' .257 .0519 ijv_2r*,
!s's frurn
.0210 .0003+6 35 .1100 .0535 to B,
.l110 .00968 .201
.0225 .000398 H .26ti .0556
33 .1130 .01002
73 .0210 .000453
.000'191 .1t6U .0r055 I .2i2 .05E0
.0250 .0l130 J .0601
7l .0260 .000531 3I .1200
209
TAP DRILL SIZES FOR IINIFIED AND
AMERICAN SCREW THREADS
Str(rss Arca,
wi'
fi:"f,*tYX'".}
%" - 13 coa-
,i",:T"nft:%k;; Kilil;'".tffgift'33T1.:;iiT
NC 5r;ier,,r. i,
UNC I nii,d \rrior'rl (
j or! .oarse
,.^ Hi F Rl',Ti"illiff''lT"
S*i".
ijilln"ii*"J
NF NatioDal Fine
GENERAL TABLES
1/R
r12
-[lAlal^
3,250
6,600
11 zso
11
5,650
,400
19,500
4,550
9,300
15 900
32s0
6,600
11 ,250
16,500
s/R 16,500 28,500 23,300
39,800 32,500 23,000
23,000
'7 28JsO 49,800 40,600 28Jso
18
and Reporter'
Additional data can be found in OccuPational Ffetv {aJth
publisned by The Bureau of Nalional Ailairs' wastungton' u'r '
zrr
SAFE LOADS FOR IMPROVED PLOW STEEL
WIRE ROPE SLINGS. IN TONS (2OOO LBS.)
28 26 22 24 23 19 20 18 t6 14 13
.:
1114 14 13 1l 9J 9.7 91
2€2623 24 21 1A 17 15
.:
17 15 12 12 12 34 30 26
29 25 20 18
1 3la 13
14 14 40 36 32 35 3t 2a 23
27
1 112 20 18 16
19
14
54 50 42 47 43 36 38 35 30 25
13t4 27 25 21 19 19
686/.56 59 55 48 4a 45 40 34 32
2 34 32 28 24 24 24
86 80 74 69 59 61 57 4a 43 40 :r.
2114 43 ,rO 34 30 30 30 68
Tableisbasedonadesignfacloroftiv€,slinganglesfolmedbyoneleganda'verticalLinethroughthecranehook,andrrnifofmloading.rolthleelegbddle!-
mutriply safe load l.,rn!,, ,o, ,*o ,"g o""li ffiJi'l i *o t* rt* teg bridle slings' multiplv bv 2'0'
National Mfairs, washington' D' c
Health Reporter, published by The Bureau of
Additional data can be found in occupltional safety
a.nd
{IENEI] \I, 'IABLES
0 Degees
6 X I9 C.lassificatiotl Construciott
23 2.4 2.1 1,0 1 a 'f.5 1.4 1.3
1.5 1.4 13 1.',l 1.1 1.1 3.o 2a 25 2.3
38 3.5 3.3 21 2-5 2.3
'2 2.5 19 19 ',19 5.4 5.0 4,6 4J 4.3 4S
33 3.5
2:1 2.3
a2 78 73 7.1 6A 6.1 5.8 55 49 4.1
4,1 3.9 3.5 29 23 29
9.7 8.3 71 6.8 59 5.6 43
5'9 5'6 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.1 12.O 11.0 9.6 100 8.3
8.O 7.6 6,4
-3 5.6 5.6 16,0 15,O 13.0 14.O 13.0 11.0 11.0 11,O 9,0
8.0 7.6 6.4 5.6
20.0 20.0 17.0 17.O 17.O 143 14.0 14.O 124 10.0 9.8 8.3
10.0 9.8 8.3 72 72 7.2
219 18.0 17 .O 14.O 13.0 12.O 10.0
-3 13.0 12.O 10.0 9.1 9.1 9.1 26.0 24.O 20I 23p 17.0
6 X 37 Classification Constructton
32 30 2a 26 23 23 21 la 16 15 13
16 15 13 11 11 11 26
27 25 19 18 15
19 18 13 13 13 38 36 30 33 31 26 21
23 21
15
16 16 46 42 36 4[3631 33 30 25 1A
23 21 18 ',16
62 56 54 49 42 44 40 35 31 2a 24
31 28 24 21 21 21 48
57 52 40 37 32
103732 2a 2a 2A 80 74 64 @6455 45
49 46
35 35 98 92 80 85 80 69 69 65 57 40
49 46 40 35
to plolect the Iope' The latlius ol b en'l sho uld not be smallel tha[ five times
T -:- : s are useal to handle loads with shalp col ne$, pads ot sadalles sho uld be used
; .;#;ilh";;;iittre raaius or rcni is smatler, a choker hitch ratins should be used'
2L3
IJ l's,lr ; \ \\lr U\CI\l,l.l{l\t'
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F( .E .S Cl Ct C.l
GENERAL T.\.BLES
I
I
x66;
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a"€"G"3" 6- 6 v.6" c!. o- co-
I
I O
I
x:ai5 :d;66
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t: v
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215
ITif (iR]\\ I!I,I, PII'I\G DI|SIGN
FOR DIAMETERS
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES
IN UNITS AND FRACTIONS
Circum.
Lr ll53 Irl
r! I :,i r+ . lr;ri Tolll 37
1'/|6
l3 341
i:it 1i ll62.3ol15.160l
Ys
rr I3 e76l 'aj
r,; | 56.7{ lj 1165 131.15.5531
'ls
I
76 1167 elll{s
,12
xr | 60 1j
ur6 .589049 38 | 4 4301 li I
r
1170.87116
%
l; lr70 71117 1
% r7.1751
r\ ll71r ;L
,6 8.05033 ,16
Lr 167.201 I I ll82 'r7lf7
6;117
%
5sl541l ,;
,t/s
rXz i .07$92
r"1188 6ll+8 6e1
1 .17810
rrk % 1191 751{11.0871
t.27627
% llrl.83l{9 -1t01
rii
t',{,
1
|
.37.145
47262
?s | 6 llll
r,/t6 6 7771
|
%
\t/t6
I 1 .570E0
l0 1 78. l6
lri
,d | 80 5l
ii2l:i .66897 fi6
L |
rr
'x1,
*l I .76715
1 .86532 10.0r38 ,l
111
:: I
li
182 5l
I t4.511
t1
,zl h
L 96350
ii6 lE ttl
0.2102
10..1065
:;l
?A 10.6029
0.7992
3.i
% t\
Il | 95. 7
:\ r
2 1 9.621 0.9956
1 .1919
).t
% ) ''l
2y',n
% L 8131 \ %
rYt6 t8 lr.0 32I rX6 1 .0095 38 l10t 62 ot
tl ,t
21h rX6lt0.680
.k
3,/ 111.0-15 % h 1103 87 %
% 4.2201
% 1346 9{ li06.14 %
2W r3
16 l1t ,+I6 11 .9773
31 1108 13 % %
% llr .7e3 12 . t737 %
rs/ra 7s l1t0.75 % %
li1:1,
Li16
lr2 r77
112.566
12 1113 10
lAl
rs l1t5,r7 % ."
Y.,9
y* le .saz 'l: i1 lr t7 86 % ul
.".,
I
:tt
f,
fi 12.9591
113.364
916 113.772 3. 1554
lrl I
3s 1120.28 78 ,1 I
"rl ^ul ,h
r/4 114.186 ,/: I
y2 1122.72 %
%l %6,
I
l6 u25.le % %
%l % 114.607 sl lr27 68 % %
% 115.033 % %
"41 ,8 1130.19 %
,i6 ll5.466 %
nul
l9 )5
r 4.1372 31132.73
% |.767r 2 l1b.g04 Y2
,46 rs lr35 30 % %
e16 lt 6.349 4.3335
\6 ss 116 800 .1.5299 %
,r ll37.89 % %
% rYra 3s lt40 50 % %
l t\6'|17.257 11.7262
1k 1143.14 % lt
r., 117.721 4.9226 % 5s l14b.80 %
% %
tyt6 1316
l18.I90 5 .1r89
% ]|118 .4')
%
\%6
% 118.665
Lr$ 119 147
5.3153
15.5116
%
ri l8 lr 51 .20 tn %
GENERAL TABLES
I
1a t81 t/, 1626
1|1 11 105. 1t225 .
lr
|,z
;/t
f.i
:.i
:'r
1233.
Jl241
163,t
16,13
.
lx 901 .261106.421
r
s li 248. t25.271 1652.
"1.\ r
s Ll26{ 1670.
\
+ 11272 680.0
%\ 3 16E9.l 145.601
% s lt28o.3
11
:1 1707 .4
tA ,4 t.i
% 184.961
% 12E.41
% 1A
29 l|l],2 l] l01l. 41
%
% 975 9l 110 711 % l2l 501
,1 !)82.8,11111.1 ili
11 11352 .
)1 187.31
%
ti 111 910 !( 1360. 1781.
168 86r
12 .31 % 131 .10I 50.011
% % 1 11361) .
li; 03c.2 3A
114t0 . r837. 1E9.67
I r, 1.71.2r
t% t4 1046.3
ss
li 418 133 51
1427. 133 9l
,1 1053 5
|;: % 1060.7 % lr433.
'%
tn % 1068 0 1443 . 1876. I
1075 2 43
1082 5 % 35.481 1895.4 5,1 331
% 35.E71 1905.
1097.1 % 1gI'1. l55 .l r
% lg24
', 11104 5 93 60r
t4 193.1 \71.751
% 1111 .8
1943.
% l r19.2 %
1a 1126 7 t 1053.
FOR DIAMETERS
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES
IN UNITS AND FRACTIONS (Continued)
Area l('ircum Dia.
92
*'.,]l, 19.11194.77911 68 74 I4SUU.lJlrJz
4/6
%
71l 1s )< 114315 .871
.4|1232
131195 t )l
i;l % l4s2s .e1233 263
tA
%l % 11344 5 233
lr7
/:.1 ' , 14359 .2 234 .0't9
ss 2;3 2')1 %
% 14373 8 234.141 lb1o.-) 4
ltl y4 1bt21,.2253 684 %
e2.611s7.13511 %
ftl
,rl 04.91197.5281t %
7s 15137 I125+ %
63
75 14417.91235.61 81 1s153.o 25'l 469
18 15168 912s4. 1 .81273 711
29 61198.3131 1{
% l42.olls3.706l %
rz 11417 .41231i . I'3s 15184.9 25s.2;4 8.S1274.104
ya lssaz .z)psa . ls2oo.8J255 647
%
n\rr, too % 16013.21274 .
%
%
166.91199.49111 % % lnor,
ri li*ni iii i" r8 16030 41275.
11 \1506 .7' 2iJ1 . Y4 €O17.61275.675
%
%
* l+szr .rlzzs.
26 lr$6.5J238 761
ls .11276 853
% i' liisi ilzsn ,;o % \52t'7
% l'3r3
.11258
.31258 .
16090
% 14566 412tse .
'/,+.
% 14581 3123e. % lss29 11258.789
',"
| , , ls3+s 6125s.181 l, 1615r.11278.031
t,: )1
t;
145s6 .3\240
1461i.4 2,10
bs 1s3ff1 81259 57-l % 16168 81278.424
li:
tn
s.4 .11626.4\241 t1.7
% 11641 51211.51o
?8 15394 31260 359
14 16186 21278 816
89
7l 77 1,1656.6 241 903 83
%
"* l: % ',% lioii *jzCI
tj6u
%
)/4 %
14686.91212
'l^ |
16 14702.11243.081 % %
%l %
t4
'il )4
r
i 14717 31243.4 Y2
2l
91 !b 11732 ;1243 74
%
,:l % %
l8
14717 .8\211 .
11?63.11211 6s2
%
% %
/ul %
84 90
66
% ,8
% % %
% %
% %
% %
%
%
% e16lL 1, 14128 21227 765
%
% %
,4 .14870.71247 %
%
s9 1120e.70lll 34 14156.8122s 5i1 % .
% 7A %
rz llzto ov+lL ?s J4r7l 11228 944 14886 .21247 . %
%
z9 l4cot 71248 1 85 9r lc5o3.91285 885
x 11917
.21248.57! t
li, r.6{i5 | % 11228.51230.51
y1 11932 .71248 .9r1 %
3.4
\'"
t( % 287.848
\,: s8 4257 1231
i zlztz.+sol 'i ,4 1979.5250.1.49 15758.3 268.evv 165e3.5
j;;l;i;;nll] iiit stis' t"z % \stz;.t',zog .sgz
3/4 66rr.5'Paa.241
li:
I i'' rs alzr:.2:o l %
11995.2250 .512
42a6 3 232 085
s,1.
2L8
G]]N]IRAL TABLES
ENDS
TABLE FOR GAUGING I{ORTZONTAL CYLINDRICAL TANKS-FLAT
%p
%D 9,1. 1738
17.590 50.5 50.634 82.839 89.2
0.1 0.0053 01'f49 23 .2 89..1 94.3310
234 .0 51.271 83.051
0.2 0 .0152 11 .4 6 3060 17 .806 51
E3.263 89.u 9,1 'lui 4
(i.,t08i 236 r8.022 51.907
03 0.0279 52.0 52 .513 77 .a 83.476 89. E 9.1.6-12{)
0.l 0.0129 11 8 6. (i320 23 IJ 18.210
90.0 9,1.795{i
0.7970 21.0 13.4s7 53. 181 78.0 83.688
0.5 0.0ri00 12.0 78.2 83.899 so .2 9+.9"177
12.2 6 53.0 53.8r.2
0.6 0.0788 'J{i30
51..450 74.4 8,r. 108 90.4 95 0985
0.7 0.0f)1r2 ?.1305 21.4 18.8S2
90.6 95.2+75
21.6 19. 110 5.1.0 55.087 78.6 81.317
08 0 . 1212 126 7.29110
21 19.3:t0 78.8 8,1.525 90.8 9.5 39t55
09 0. 111(i 12.8 7 .1036
250
8
19.551 55.0 79.0 84 733 91 .0 95 5,llt
1.0 0.1(ilr2 13 .0 7. ti3{r0 95.6369
7 . 8110 25.5 20.103 50.989 792 8,1.940 9t .2
1.2 o.2223 57.621 .4 85.146 91.4 95.8304
0.2t00 13.4 7.9840 20.0 20.061 56.0 79
2r9
I1'T GRI\NELI, PIPINT] DESIG\ T\ND r]NGINI'FJRI\G
I*
1321.8
*l
Yxl 0.2607
0.3155 T^\ 26.O74
27.118
117.19
119.4r
/t
rn6
t:.
1336.7
t..
l2
% 2303.9
2323.6 |
3532.9
3557.0
o.37 55
v\ 2a.202 121.\7 %
I| t", 1366.8
t%
78
|t% '.4
"{i 3581.5
i*l 0.4407
0.5111
ial
29.297
30.414
123.92
126.20
128.50
"s
?4
%
'/"+ 1381.9
1397.1
t'"
3606.0
3630.8
';\ 31.550
\,, 74t2.5 lso 2403.0
t^- 3655.2
tA 123
0.6675 130.83
133.18 ,6
294.37
257.49 l'3 7427.n % 242it.r l"'r
l{a
3680.1
3704.9
Y"l 0.7536
{^\ 301.42 1443.3 % 2443.1
| 'r'
135.55 %
0.8448 rYt6 304.98 |* 1458.9 % 2463.5 3729.7
i\ 0.9413 137.94
:l
\34:6 1.7627 1586.4 %
214 46.819 757.79 Y\6 334.18
t/t
349.29
,u'"
1652.r
1668.8 32
% 27 t2.a
I
4035.0
4061.2
1 2.6700 v, 170.88
,46
353.12
356.9ti
\
1685.5 rA "n*l 4087.3
Yt6 3.0142 %6
173.56
360.83
{) t702.3 % % 4113.5
3.3793 % t76.27 % % 4\35.7
% \Yt6 178.99 r7t6 364.72 % 1719.2 %
%6 3.765r
r736.2 2820.2 % 4165.9
181.73 % 368.62 % %
4.1720 % 60.244 2842.O % 4192.4
184.49 ryt6 872.57 926.22 % 77 53.2 %
4.5997 1Yt6 61.839 2863.8 % 42).4.9
376.51 938.70 % 1770.4 %
187.28 %
t7; 5.0481
5.5176
%
'ts/tn
63.454
65.092 190.09 ro/ra 951.24 % 1787.6 % 2885.7 % 4245.4
3086.6
| .''' 10.680
\; 80.768 276.27 13 451.23 r.068.0 34
% 310S.3 %
r1.358 82.614 2t9.29 % 459.97 1081.4
l"',r(); 3132.r U
12.Osi- | ?), 84.480 222.32 % 468.77 1094.9
|
%
% 3155.0 l7a
lr;
t: % 477.b4 1108.4
12.777 86.370 225.34
% 3178.0
| ., 4598.6
1t22.1
13.517 228.46 % 446.62
t\ r: % 3201.1
| '{2 4626.2
tn
1135.8
I r:. ).4.278 ll 1%6 %
%
495.66
504.81 1149.6
ll Yt
% 3224.2 4654.1
4681.9
th 15.061
15.864 l\ rx % 5t4.O2 1163.5 % 3247.5
GENERAI TABLES
Weisht, Diam., WoieLt, Diam.. Dram., Weisht, Diam., Weieht, Diam.,I lveieht, oi"-.,lw"igr't, I
Diam., Weieht,
rnches eounds
I ]
42 4709.fr 4s)4 6541.5 8,675.1 641.1 11,108 72 13,841 7s% 16,875 87rs | 20,210
I
941,4 23,844 |
% 4738.0 % 6575.5 % 8,713:2 % 11,151 % 13,8S0 % 16,928 | 20,268 % 23.907 I
% 47 66.2 % 6608.5 % 8,751.3 % 11,194 % 13,938 % 16,982 %
3,6
| 20,326 % 23,971 |
% 4791.5 % 6641.8 % 8,789.3 % 11,238 % 13,986 % 17,035 | 20,384 % 24,034
|
I
'/2 4822.7 50 1,4 8,827.7 65 11,281 tl 14,034 80 17,088 t, I
3;
zo.q+z 95 24,097 |
3l I| 20,559
% 4851.2 % 6708.4 ,6 8,E60-9 % 11,324 % 14,083 77,t42 2o,5or % 24,16t I
% 4879.8 % 6712.1 % 8,90,1.11 % 11,368 % 14,131 17,195 % 24,224 |
,14 4908.3 % 61-7 5.7 % 8,943.;l % 11,411 % 14,180 77,219 ,4 | 20,618 % 24,288 |
I
43 4936-9 % 6809.4 8,982.1 tA 11,455 73 14,229 % 17,303 88 | 20,677 I
% 24,351 |
% 4965.8 % 6843.1 % 9,0:0.8 ,i 11,499 % 14,277 17,356
17,410
:,4 1 20,786
tt I zo,zs+ %
%
24,415
24,479
|
% 499'{.4 % 6876.7 % 9,059.6 % 11,543 % 14,326 % |
% 5023.2 % 6910.7 9,09E.7 % 11,5E7 % 14,37 5 17,464 % 20,8s3 % 24.543 |
| I
3l || 21,03r
% 5081.4 % 6978.7 % 9,176.5 % % 14,473 % 77,572 20,971 % 24,67r I
5; l1e,s76 X
%
ta |I 23,218
6183.9 % 8261.4 % 10,639 % 13,318 % 16,297 23,155
% 6216.2 % 8298.8 % 10,682 13,365 % 16,349 /1 | t9,633
% 6248.1 % 8335.8 % 10,724 % t3,412 % 16,401 | 19,690 3,4 23'280
|
% 6280.8 8373.2 % 10,766 7l 13,460 % 16,453 86 I 19,748
I
Y2
./a |
L
23,342
% 6313.1 % 84r0.6 % 10,809 % 13,507 % 16,506 )4 | Le,8o5 | 23,4O5
% 6345.4 % 8448.0 % 10,851 % % % l 1s,863
34 | 19,920
3/4"
| 22,467
'% 23,530
% 6378.0 % 8485.7 % 10,894 % 13,602 % 16,611
|
49 6410_6 % 8523.5 64 10,937 \A 13,650 79 16,664 \4 | !s,s78 I
94r/4 | 23,593
I
RATES
EQUAI,IZATION OT' PIPE DISCI{ARGE
%
14 l. I 1 1 l';
'-* 16 30 ri0 t8 .liil 39 632 1867 11525 2'11{ t3292
21 .l
2!7 l{07 7lo 11133 6240
7.7 1-1 I 2E 4l I t-1 120
1e,i lr 0r r?5 531 2923
2.
2.
3 6L o. rj t3 19 3ti 5ii li rar, lt'tL 335 l53l
1635
10 1. 2.01 3 t 7. i1 -1 3l
Ili 809
4 ool Fr
j
2.9 8. ?1 29 151 443
1 42 18 7.
151 -l IL t5 26
I 223
t) 86 16
6.8131 1. 2 721 1.52
1l 129 24
2
2,
244
384
104
164
46
71
24
3?
1t i 5.8
11 9.2 4.
2.
3.0
t9i
2.D ;;i'; l5 29
19
52 81
52
111 5. ll 19 30
668 286 65 30 116 7. 6.2
3. 7. I3 2l F
968 4t4 94 44 123 111 1.6 2.
3
4 1336
2377
67! 130
231
60 32 116 10
18
3.
6. 2.4
3.8
'1
1.8 ',,
2.
1. 3.
2.
5.
3.
15
8.
5.
6 1689 362 29
20 1.1
'1
5.6 : 2. 1. 2.
68 t.
8 7490 r08 74 10il 2. 1.
1.
10 13849 t't2 77 I 6.
DISCIIARGE RATES
EQUALIZATION OT' COPPER TUBING
1?111 2.0
4 2a4 146 61
GENERAL TABLES
NorE: Yalues below heavy line are for //Eo tatios sreater than 120'
I8 325 6
323 8
lt 320 10
I 317 t2
313
46 294 46
48 284 48
273
52 261 52
54
Norr: Yaluea below hesw liDe a.e for l/,&e ratios great€r than 120.
223
I1'T GRINNI.]LL PIPINCI D]ISIGN AN]) ENGINEERI\C
DINIENSIONS
Diam.
of Length Lengih
Pipe T-
Lt
D
0.405 0.2ffiq | 0.3800 0.11t 1 0.1E98
0.2907
0.540 0.40r8I 0.5025 0.1667
0+07R 0.6375 0.1667 0.2967
0.675 0.3909
0.840 0.5337 0.791s 0.21,t3
1.050
0.5457 I 1.001E 0.2113 0.4029
BASIC DIMENSIONS
I'itcl t)irr eter
StrAiglrt Pipe
Threads * in I'ipe Straight Pine Tlrreads Straight Pipe Threads for
Couplings (Prcs- F,,r lTechariic!,] Jointst Locknut Connections
sure Tight Joirts) (!'ree Fitting) (Loose Fitting l{echanical Joints)
\ominai
Threads Tnternel ti\l( rn3l lnlernal Errternal Intemsl
fiPu
Dlze Per I'itch ot
In. Inch '1'hread llax I xfin \Iax NIin \1ax tr{ax NIin I{in
% 27 0.0370 0.3782 0.3713 c.t748 0.3713 | 0.3782 0.37.18 0.3840 0.380s 0.3808 0.3863
% 18 0.0556 0.r$5r 0. +8.17 0.1899 0..1847 0.-1951 0.4899 0.5038 0.'19Ett 0.5125 0.5073
% 18 0.0556 0.6322 0.6218 0.(i270 0.6218 0.6322 0.6270 0.6409 0.6357 0.6496 0.6444
% l4 0.0714 0.7851 I 0.7717 0.7784 0.7717 0.7E5r o.7784 0.7963 0.7896 0.8075 0.8008
% 0.0714 0.9956 i 0.9822 0.98E9 0.9822 | 0.9956 0.9889 r.0067 1.0000 1.0179 l 0112
I rr)4 0.0870 1.21rj8 I1.230; 1.2386 r 2305 | 1.2468 1.2386 1.2064 t.2523 r.2739 1.2658
rrl LlY2 0.0870 1.5vr5 | 1.5752 1.5834 t.5752 | 1.5915 1.583.1 1.605r r.5970 1.6187 1.6106
,'/2 trll 0.0870 r.8305 | 1.R112 1.8223 r 8142 | 2.3044
1.8305 |.8223 1.8441 1.8360 1.8576 1.8495
2.3234
2 Ill,4 0.0870 2.3011 | 2.2aar 2.2963 2.2881 I 2.2963 2.3180 2.3099 2.3315
2t4 8 0.1250 2.ii39 2.7505 2.it'22 2.1505 2.7735 2.7622 2.7534 2.78\7 2.8129 2.8012
3 8 0.1250 3.-1002 3.3768 3.3885 .j.3768 I 3.4002 3.3885 3.4198 3.,10E1 3.4393 3.4276
3% 8 0.1250 3.9005 3.8771 3.8888 3 8771 | 3.1005 3.8888 3.9201 3.9084 3.9396 3.9279
4.3988 -1.3754 4.3871 +.37s4 | 1.3988 -1.3871 4.,1184 .1.4067 4.4379 4.4262
4 8 0.1250
5 8 0.r250 5.4493 5..1376 l 5.4610 5.4493 5.4805
6.5372
5.4688
6.5255
5.5001
6.5567
5.4841
6.5450
8 0.1250 6.5060 0.4943 16.5I77 6.5060
8 8 0.1250 8.5313 8.5196 8.5508 8.5391
10 8 0.1250 10.6522 10.6405 10.6717 10.6600
l2 8 0.1?50 12.6491 12.6371 12.6686 12.6569
GENERAL INFORMATION
The symbols recommended for use in designating the NPSI: American National Standard internal straight
various types of pipe threads are as follows: pipe tbreads (Dryseal)
NPSM: American National Standard straight pipe
NPT: American National Standard taper threads threads for mechanical ioints
NPSC: American National Standard straight pipe NPSL: American National Standard straight pipe
threads in pipe couplings threads for lochnuts and locknut pipe threads
NPTF: American National Standard taper pipe NPSFI: American National Standard straight pipe
threads for pressure-tight joints for use threads for hose couplings and nipples
without lubricant or sea,ler * NPTR: An.rerican National Standard taper pipe
threads for railing fittings.
NPSF: American National Standard straight pipe
threads for pressure-tight joints for use + I..iubricant may be used in making up these joints
lvithout lubricart or sea.ler* (Dryseal) when desired,
225
tTT []lU \\l.lLi, l:,lI'l\( I
IIand Tigltt
Pitch I'itch Diemeter Engrgemeot l'e-
oI .il"gi"',irlgof i$;crr Ii\t''rrrrl
Approriimrte Thn,erl I'lrterrr:LlThread l Jrirl I'rrcfrrrLl
oD. D I Threrds Lr
0.25.15
.,t0(t3 0]l&'t 013t14
.5313 0.052(l 0.3947
.6375 0.0;26
051?8
,31:i3 0.071.1 - 0.571,1
1.0i125 0.07I,t 0.65111
1.3-138 0.0909 0.7500
1.6S75 0.0c09 0.7500
1.90ii3 0.0909
0.0$00 2.2883
0.0909 2.9013
0.0909 3.401Il
0.01109 3.E91S
0.090{} 4.3918
0.0909 53918
0.011t9 6.3e13
0.1000 7.3860
0.1000 8.3t60
0.1000 9.3360
0.1000 10.3360
0.1250 11.3700
0.1250 12.3700
211 3r.1
* 15 16 I7 16 llsi
226
GENERAL TABLES
TRIGONOMETRIC FORMIJLAS
Oblique-Angled Triangle
+b2: & a2
h
l:tan,4 -cotB l-eot.A: tanB
ba
9 : s6sg 9: A:
ca-.io4
csc secB
!: : :
cb "o"4 "1n6 !:
sec. cscB
227
I'fit' (inI\\l,ll,l, PIPI\(l l)ltsI(l\ '\\D llNclINl'll'lltTN( I
0' 00' oooo 1.0000 .0000 )0" 00' 11" 00' .1903 .9816 . rs4 73'oo',
0020 .0000 .0029 313.8
I
50 It) .1937 .9ill l .11)74 I
i.otiii ir0
10 L
00;lE l7l.9 40 20 . i1)ti,-) .9805 200{ l.9E1) l0
20 0058 r .0000 l5
00E7 1.0000 .00iJ7 I1.1. ti 30 30 .l91J+ .07!9 .2035 i
l .1) :ii-l
30 .20ii5 -1.8{3 20
0.ltl199 .0116 85.91 20 .2022 .9793
40 0116 .201)5 l0
50 01.15 0.9999 .0116 I rjS.75 l0 50 .2051 .9737
14.30 86' 00' 16'00' 25E8 9059 .2679 3.1'32 t5" 00'
4' 00' 0698 9C76 0690
10 2iil6 9052 .271t 3.0t9 50
10 O72 t- 9974 0729 13.73 50 .10
0758 13.20 40 20 2t)+1 9644 .2712 3.6-17
20 9971 gii30 .27i3 3.60{i 30
0785 .9969 0787 12.7r 30 30 2tt r-2
30 40 2700 9ti28 .2805 3.siir; 20
08I4 .99ti7 0810 12.23 20
40 50 2728 9621 .2836 3.526 IO
50 0843 .99ri4 0846 I 11.83 I{J
3.4E7 74" 0A'
6" 00' 0872 9002 .0875 11 . ,13 86" 00' 16'00' .27 56 9613 28tr t-
228
GENDRAL TABLES
29' 00' 4848 8746 1.804 61' 00' 30 619+ 7604 8541 1. 171 30
l0 487 4 8732 r.792 50
,10 8591 I t6.1 20
20 4899 87r8 5619 1.780 .10 50 6539 75tiii 8612 1.157 10
30 4924 8704 1.7b7 30 4L 00' 65tir 8093 1.150 49" 00'
40 4950 8689 509ri 1.75ri 20 10 d583 .7 52a 8744 1. t+-1
4975 8675 L.744 .t0 20 6ri0.1 .7509 8796 1.r37 40
30 6626 .7 490 88{7 1.130 30
30' 00' 5000 8fi60 1.732 60" 00' 40 6618 .7470 88119 1.124 20
l0 5025 8646 5812 |.720 50 50 6670 .7.151 8152 1.117 10
20 5050 8631 5851 1.709 40 42" 00' 669I .7.131 90{J4 1. 111 4E- rJo',
30 5075 8616 5890 1.698 30 10 67r3 9057 1 r0l 50
40 5100 E601 5930 1.686 20 20 6734 9110 1.098 40
50 8587 5969 1.075 10 30 9163 1.091 30
31" 00' . olou 8572 6009 1.664 59' 00' 40 6777 9217 1.035 20
10 8557 6048 1.653 6799 .7333 927 r 1.079 10
2\) .5200 8542 6088 1.643 40 43" 00' fi820 7314 v325 1.u72 47" 00'
30 .5225 8526 6128 1.632 30 10 6841 7294 9380 r . 006 50
40 .5250 8511 6168 1.621 20 20 6802 9435 r.000 40
50 .5275 8,196 6208 1 .611 10 30 6884 72'o1 9.190 r .0i.1 30
32" 00' 5299 8.180 {i249 1.000 68' 00'
,10 6905 l 0{8 20
50 6$26 72t1 9601 1.0J2 10
10 5324 84ri5 6289 1.590 50
44" 0{J ti947 .7I93 uti57 1.036 46" 00'
20 5348 8{50 6330 1.580 40
10 6$67
30 8,r34 6371 1.570 30
9713 1 .030 50
20 6988 .7153 9770 1.024 40
40 5398 8-f18 6112 1.560 20
50 5122 8103 6.153 1.550 l0 30 7000 .7133 9827 1018 30
40 7030 . 112
t- 9884 1.012 20
33" 00' .5446 .8387 .6494 1 . 5-10 67" 00' 50 7050 . t'092 9912 1.006 10
46' 00' .70;1 .70r- | 1.0000 1.000 46' 00'
Sin Cot Tsn Sin Cot an
I{ARDNESS COMPARISON
'lcnsilc 10mnl,3000 10nru 500Iig
10r,1m,3000 Slrengt h Yickc$l Strensth
of StecL
Di,rm.
Irdeni., l{I-\ lrrl' rrt., lllll\ Dl'lt I of steel
psi X1000
9.r0 t{i1 84 79
68
920 159 83 78
6E
67 900 {30 1t0 u2 76
880 .1.85 1i)3 81 75
ti6
66 860 .t 90 1-l!) 2.20 80 74
ti5 810 '1 115 l+6 79 72
375 1E0 81 48
3.20 363 39
3E 363 175 2.80 80 47
3.25 3s2 ;9 45
330 311 37 350 170
36 339 16it 78
3.35 331
2.45 77 13
3.40 321 3+ 1(i0
"127
33 310 t56 76
3.45 311 i5 4l
3.50 302 32 30i, 150
3.55 293 31 29ii l.t5 2.90 i4 39
30 28t' l{1 i3 38
3.60 281 2.95 i2 37
3.65 2 t-7 29 219
274 133 71 35
3.70 269 28
27 263 t29 3.00 70 3.1
2n2 69 33
3.80 255 256 12(,
218 t22 08 31
3.85 248 21
2tr 118 3.05 67 30
3.90 21r 100 23
06 2a
3.95 235 s9 22
2l
115
Il0 310 65 26
4.00 i 221| s8 25
4.05 223 97 20 105
3.15
tr_1
ti3 23
4.10 i 217 96 18 103
ti2 2l
4.15 | 2r2 9ri t7 100
3 .20 61
4.20 | 207 95 98
60
4 25 1202 9+ 96
3 2it 59
4.30 11)6 93 95
4.35 192 92 93
3.30 57
4.40 lRi 9l 91
56
4.45 | r83 90 89
55
450 | r;,J 89 87
310 5+
a55 lL;+ 88 85
53
4U0 lr;0 87 8.1
52
4 tji I I lio 86 82
81 3.50 50
4.70 | 103 E5
GENERAL TABLES
Weight
lb/cu ft
Timber, U.S. seasoned,
Moisture l5 20% by
1leight
Ash, rvhite -red . . . . . . 40 7,600
Birch..... 32 9,560
Cedar, white red. 22 3,030
Chestnut. . 4l
Cypress... 30 3,960
Fir, Douglas .qpruce. . . 32 2,920
Fir, Eastern . . . . . . . . . . 25
Hickory... 48 10,420
Xlaho any .
llaple,hard.......... 43 7,840
Nlaple, white. . .. .... . 33
f)ak, chestnut. . . . .... 54
Oak,live. . 59
Oak, red, bhck. . . .... 41 7,270
Oak, white. :tii 7,7 50
Pine, Oregon. . . ......
Pine, red . . 30
Pine, white. . . . . . . ... 26 2,720
Pine, yellow, lorrgJezr,f . 11 4,280
f ine, yellolv, short-le&f 38 3,570
Redwood, California. . 26 4,1rjo
Spruce, white, black . . - 2t' 1,940
Teak, African........ 62
Teak,Indian. . ....... 48
Walnut,bhck...-....
Wa,laut,s/hite.,...... 26
Specific Gravity
Gases (Air : t)
Air, 0'lC-760 mm. . . . 0.0807 1 .00
Ammonia. 0.0478 0.59
Carbon Dioxide...... 0.1234 1.53
Carbon Monoxide. . .. 0.0781 0.97
Gas, Illuminating. . . . . 0.028 0.036 0.35 11.45
Gas, Natura,l......... 0.038-{.039 0.47-0.48
Hydrogen..,........ 0.00559 0.068
Niirogen. ..,. ,...... 0.0784 0.97
Oxygen..,.,......... 0.0892 1.10
231
WEIGI{T IN ],tsS,/FT3 OI' AIR AT VARIOUS PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES
Rcprintcd from "Compres.cd Air Deta." Courl"sy of C^lnprosscd Air Mrgzzioe.
30 .0811t.1 .687
40 .0795 .1 r3381.1870 .673
50 .0780 .1 13101.r3311 .660
00 .07G4.1 .649
70 .07 .635
80 .1738 .622
90 .0 .1707 .611
100 .071 .1676 .599
110 .1645 "589
120 .1018
225 .491
250 .0941 .1
275 .054 .0910.1 .458
300
350 .0491 .415
Thed,,r,qiryforrnyc-rsurrrl.r.rry,.u.,JrtionsofpressrrreandlFmppratureisAqualtotlreproductofsa,(th.spe.ificgr:rvilyofthe
rir at thp parri'ular coodr(loos ol presiure ano lemp'r&lure
relared t,r [r;c air), iin,es the der'sitv ot
232
GENERAL TABLES
TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS
Fin.l eiven value in mi.l.lle columni if in degrees Centigrade, load Fahrcnheit equilalent in risht hand column; if in deerees Fahrenheit, read
CeodsreJc erui!alrr' r. lerr har, l ''lrrnrr"
C (' !' C T CJ F I'- I C F
-3 I 77.0 3li 100 2t2 {t; 8oo 1472 843 1550 2 22 1260 2SA0
-2i3 78.r ,13 132 stl) t{ir0 li49 1560 2a10 r266 2314 4190
-20t
-26:
Jia
-4.14 -2 s il
23
lio.0
l:l.-l
:19 i'rg ?rii
13a 2lrB
438
.143
32' L 1;0r.t
dJO 15:6
lt5{
li60
li;o :ssrJ
1580 2at-6
r271
t2i7
2320
2$A
4208
4226
-257
-251
-.lJa
424
-.! I i 29 a4.2 ti0 11O | 284 '-t---t---- 866 1590 2a91 t2a2 2340 4211
- 2-t6 1 30 E6.0 0i) ,ro | 15.r S;0 15C2 fiaa 2972 1288 2350 4262
-ll
1
6 E7.l 71 "o,
160 I 32O foo 8r0 tib0 ai7 1(i10 2930 r293 2360 42E0
-2.10 0 ,J2 19.6 7i 170 334 400 a;0 1J9E SS2 1A2A 2914 1299 2374 .1298
-:3.1 .JSA (i 9l.4 62 180 356 1;1 68' 1616 Etiii 163A 2946 1304 2S8A 4316
-229 I I 93.2 194 :li+ 1t-7 894 r$u4 ii93 1640 | 2s84 1310 2394 43:14
2.!;t -J;A
- 218 Stia I I 35 95.0 93 2AA 392 482 9AA i 1652 8il9 teso I zooz 1316 2.!A) 4352
-!l: : :l 36 gti ii 99 21A 410 4Ea 910 rC t-O 90.1 16ti0 3i20 r321 241O 1370
-20i -JlA s 95. {i 493 ,90 l6rJE 910 td70 3038 1327 2120 4388
-:lol -.,.10 .ia IOO..1 499 ,J0 1706 916 ld60 3056 1332 2/t30 4406
- 190 3JO 3 I 10? 2 100 212 4t3.6 601 94O 1i24 921 1690 30t-1 1338 2140 4424
- r90 J10 .1 I l0+.0 510 950 1i42 927 17AA 3092 13.13 2450 4442
1E4 -,J00
,294
; 1! loi. ri
I
9ti0 | t-AO \J:12 1714 :trlt)
1i2A
1349 2460 4460
- 179 107.0 r04 nuo I ort
230 146
5:l 970
gEA
r7 t-, 93fi
r7J0
:lt2a 1354 217O 4474
-173 2;3 il59. il ti
l l09.!l
ltl.!
110
116 2/+o 161
527
532
lt-94 9.13
949 1744
3146
3lA4
r360
1366
2480
2490
4496
4514
-109 - 11
I
-168 -2ta {5.1 7 ) 45 1i3.0 r2l 250 42 i38 1000 rr32 954 1750'3142 1371 25AA 4532
-162 -264 - ilJ6 L l.t.li 127 26A 500 51:l lrt, I 1rJ50 9ti0 1760 il20t) t377 2514
-254 t tli 3 .li 110. 6 t32 ,;o 5la 549 irrz, i 1rJ6E 966 17i0 3218 13E2 2524 4568
-151 2),0 -400 I I 1IE.4 r3E 28A 536 55-1 lOJ' 1666 971 17E0 32:16 l38E 2530 4586
-r'16 -3f: .1 1?0.? 14u 29A 5,54 560 1O.1O 1904 977 1790 3254 r3s3 26& 4604
-140 ;i(i4 10.0 i0 1::.0 149 30o | 572 10n0 7922 982 1800 3272 1399 4622
13:t jll6 106 ti1 r:3.8 l5-1 sta 591) 571 t06a 1910 9!iii 1810 3290 l:104 2560 4640
-r29 a0a -3:S ll.1 n2 195.0 160 320 60u 577 1070 t95A 993 182A 3308 1410 25iA 465E
- 193 - 194 - 310 11 .7 1,27 _4 166 s30 626 582 1084 ) rg t'6 999 1E30 :1326 t4I6 2584 4676
118 - 164 211: t2.2 54 r29.2 \77 31O I b14 588 1090 1994 1004 1840 3344 r121 2591) 4b94
,nn I uu"
I
112 271 l:.f. nn 131.0 177 593 11AA 20t2 1010 1850 3:162 t427 26A0
-107 -164 -256 13.3 132 .8 182 i6o I c8o 599 1114 20:t0 1016 1800 3:lao 1,4:12 2614 473\)
- lLl I - 164 13.9 ti7 t3.l.0 llJb 37O I 698 604 1124 201a 1021 r87' 33{}8 t43E 2.i20 4748
-96 - 114 -::0 )1.1 13ri.4 1S3 s8o I 716 ti10 11SA 2066 102i 1880 :1416 1443 9634 4766
-90 130 -202 15.{l 59 136.2 r99 3n 734 616 1144 2Oa4 1032 1890 3131 1449 2640 471J4
|
- 124 l8+ 15.{i 00 1.10.0 201 t)a | 752 {t21 1164 2lO2 1038 , 1900 3452 1,454 2650 4802
_79 - 1ta - 166 tLr.I u1 141.E 210 /,10 | 770 627 116A 2l2t) 7043 1910 3470 1,160 2660 4E20
-73OIJ 1AA
- lilE l1i.7 ti2 143.6 216 120 | 78E 632 1174 2l3a to4\) 1920 3488 r466 2670 4838
_ 90 130 ri.2 63 l:15.4 22\ 13, | 8oo 636 1184 2156 1051 19iJ0 3506 1471 2880 4856
-v2 -84 -ll2 17.ti 64 147 .2 221- uo I a24 643 1194 2ri 4 1060 | 1940 3521 t177 2690 487 4
57 ia ll:i.3 65
lE.9 66
149.0 232 io | A60 649 12AA
121A
27\]2 1066
r0t-7
I 1950 3542 14E2 2700 4892
51 6A 7t) 1;O.E 23E 460 | "n" 654 2211) 1960 3560 1488 2',/ 10 4910
40 na 5a 19..1 67 152.6 21:l 17O I E7u 660 129A 222a lO t-7 1t70 3578 1493 2720 4928
40 1A 40 20.0 68 154.4 249 48O I s96 666 1234 2216 IOa2 1980 3596 1.199 2',t30 4S46
3A 22 20.6 09 156.2 254 19O | 9r4 1244 22€4 r0s8 reeo 36r4 r504 2740 496,1
]
29 2A 4 2l I 70 158.0 260 ,* | n"t t)77 1254 2282 7093 2000 3622 1510 2760 4942
2J 1A l4 !1 7 71 r59.E 266 J7lr | 950 682 1284 2:lt)0 7099 2A1A 3650 r516 2760 5000
22 i2 161.6 2t-I J?l] | s6E 6EE 1274 2318 tlo4 2420 366E 1521 2770 5018
22 73 163.4 2 t-7 bso | 956 693 128A 2336 Tlto 2a3a 3686 1527 2780 5036
- 17.6 a 32 2:l 3 71 165.2 242 stto 699 1294 2354 1116 2A4A 3704 1532 9790 5054
11004
23 I 107.0 288 650 ll\22 i04 13AA 2372 1727 2050 3722 r538 2800 5072
\7 .2 I 33.8 I 76 l{tE.l{ lala ll2i
,';, llo4o
21 293 710 2:1.10 20(i0 3740 1543 2810 5090
Iti.7 I 35.6 25 77 170.6 2$9 'uo ll0s8 7t0 1324 240A lt:12 207a 37;8 r549 2820 510ti
16.1 a 37.4 il5 6 Ii-2.4 304 580 11076 721 13SA 2426 llSti 2080 r554 9830 5126
4 39.2 26 I 79 ),74.2 310 6e0 727 134A 2444 1143 20s0 3791 1560 2810 5741
lr0e4 )
15. O 6 .0
:11 2li 7 EO 176.0 316 600 )lll2 732 1354 2462 1149 12100 3812 r566 2850 5162
11.1 42.E 2i 61 177.6 321 .jto lTtJU 738 1a60 2161) 7754 ) !|tA 3830 2880 51E0
13.9 7 44. (i 27 6 a2 r79.6 327 tizO l114tt 74:l 1570 2494 1100 i2t9d 3848 t577 9870 5198
13.J 8 4(i.4 83 1rJl.4 332 .Bo l\166 749 1380 2518 \766 | 2130 3866 1582 2E80 5216
12. u I 4E.2 2iJ 9 18J.2 338 640 754 13eO 25:t4 1171 | 21/0 3E84 1588 2890 5234
lrrE4 |
12.2 1A 50.0 29 I a5 lli5.0 3.13 650 11202 760 14OO | 2552 1177 2t 60 3'.tO2 1593 2900 5252
11.7 11 51.iJ 30 86 rIJ6.E 349 66A 1220 766 1|ta I )570 1182 Pl,rd 31r:ll 1599 2910 5270
11. r t2 5;1.6 30 c l6a_ 0 35.1 67tJ l23E 71-7 1 42O ) 25t.1tj Iltil.i 2rr, :i93ri 1604 29m 5288
10.6 3l I a8 190.4 360 68A 1256 777 14SO | 2606 I193 PrE' 3U;6 161{J e$o 53iJ6
10.0 r4 57 .2 3l 7 1,92.2 366 6ta 1274 742 l.UA | 2624 lTgtt 21t0 3974 1616 29/!O 5324
9.4 59.0 32 90 194.0 7AA 1292 788 145A | 2642 1204 2200 3tg2 1621 2954 5342
8.9 60.8 32 91 r95.E 377 71A 7370 793 U6A | 266A r2IO 2atA 4rtq t627 2964 5360
IJ.3 17 62.6 33 92 197.6 3IJ2 72A l32a 799 1t7A | 267r\ l2lti ) 2p2a l4o2a r632 2970 5378
7.4 ti4.4 3:) 93 199.4 388 73tJ t346 Eo4 I riso 2696 1227 1 22SA 4046. 1638 2980 5396
7.2 l9 6ii.2 94 201.2 393 7,10 1364 810 1490 2714 1227 | 22.1A 4OU 1643 2990 5414
6.7 2A 6E.0 35 95 203.0 399 75A 7342 816 1500 2732 I
\232 | 2250 4082 1649 gAn 5432
6.1 21 69. E 35 96 204.8 404 760 1400 82r t5t0 275D 723a | 2260 4100
5. {i 22 7r.6 36 I 97 206.6 410 770 )7174 827 1;20 276a 1243 | 2270 4r1a
5.0 7:1.4 36 'i 20rJ.4 4rt 780 l\436 1332 t53O 2786 1249 1 2980 ) 1136
838 16@ )| 2AU
2:J
24 7 5.2 37 2 99 210.2 421 7 7454 7254 12290 14t54
ITT GRINNT]LL . P]PING D]ISIGN AND ENGINEFJRING
PRESSIIRE CONVERSIONS
Final qiven value in middle column; if in feet of *-ater, reed PSI equivalent in left, hand columo; if in PSI; read feei of wat€r in dghi
hand column. Valucs based on w&ter at 65'F.
0.43 1 | 2.3t 26.42 61 140.91 52.41 | 121 279.51. 78.40 | 181 418.11
0.86 2 | 4.62 26.85 62 143.22 52.84 | 122 28t.82 78.84 | 182 420 .42
1.30 s | 6.sB 27 .29 63 145.53 53.28 | 12s 284.13 79.27 |
|
183 422.73
4
6 |I
9.23 27 .72 147 .84 53.71
54.15
| 124 286.44
288.75
79.70
80.14 |
181
185
425.04
427 .35
2.16 11.55 28.15 65 150.15 I 125 I I
2.59 6
I
| 13.86 28.58 66 t52 .46 54.58 I 126 291.06 80.57 | 186 429.66
3.03 7 | 16.17 29 .02 154.77 55.01 | 127 293.37 81.00 I 187 431.97
3.46 8 | 18.48 29 .45 68 157.08 55.44 I 128 295.68 81.43 | 188 434.28
3.89 I | 20.75 29.88 69 159.39 55.88 | 129 297 .99 81.87 | 189 436.59
4.33 10 I 23.10 30.32 70 161.70 56.3i I 130 300.30 82.30
|
1s0 438.90
I
4.76 11 25 .41 30.75 71 164.01 56.74 | 131 302.61 82.8 | 1sl 44t.21
5.20 27 .72 31.18 72 166.32 57.18 | 152 404.92 83.17 | 1e2 443 .52
13 30.03 31.62 '/3 168.63 57.61 | 1s3 307 .23 83.60 | 1es 445.83
6.06 14 32.34 32.05 71 170.94 58.04 | lsl 309.54 84.03 I 1s4 448. 14
6.49 34.65 32.48 76 173.25 58.48 | 135 311-85 84.47 | 196 450.45
I
6.93 36.96 32.92 | 76 | 175.56 58.91 I 156 314.16 84.90 196 452.76
7 .36 17 39 .27 33.35 | 77 | \77.87 59.34 | 137 316.47 85.93 197
7 .79 18 41.58 33.78 | 78 1180.18 55.77 | 138 318.78 85.76 198 457.38
8.22 19 43.89 34.21 I 7s 1182.49 60.21 | 139 321.09 86.20 199 459.69
8.66 20 46.20 34.65 |tl 80 I 184.80 60.64 I 140 323.40 86.63 240 462.00
I
9.09 21 48.51 35.08 | 8.1 | 187.11 61.07 I 141 325.71 87 .07 201 464.31
9.53 22 50.82 35.52 | 82 | 189.42 61.51 | 1/,2 328.O2 87.50 202 466.62
L96 35.95 I 8s 1191.73 61.94 | 1/t3 330.33 87.93 203 468.93
10.39 24 55.44 36.39 | 84 I 194.04 62.37 I 144 332.64 88.36 204 47 r .24
L\ .26 26 60.06 37.25 86 198.66 63.24 | 146 337 .26 89.21 206 475.46
11.69 27 62.37 37.68 87 200.97 63.67 | 147 339 .57 89.66 207 478.17
12.12 28 6,1.68 38.12 88 203.28 64.10 | 118 341.88 90.10 208 480.48
12 .55 29 66.99 38.55 89 205.59 64.54 | 1.49 344.19 90.53 209 482.79
12.99 30 69.30 38.98 90 207.90 64.97 | 160 346.50 90.56 210 485. 10
I
13.42 31 7t.7r as .42 91 zto.21 65.40 | 161 348.81 91.39 | 211 487 .4l
13.86 73.92 39 .85 92 212 .52 65.84 I 169 351.12 91.83 | 212 489.72
t4.29 3S 76.23 40.28 93 214.83 66.27 | 153 353.43 92.20 | 213 492.03
34 78.54 40.72 2t7.14 66.70 | 154 92.69 I 214 494.34
11.72
15.16 36 80.85 4t.r5 96 219 .45 67. 14 I 156 358.05 93.13 | 215 496.65
I
15.59 36 83.16 41.58 98 22L.76 67.57 1 166 360.36 93.56 216 498.96
16.02 37 85 .47 42.O1 97 221.07 68.00 | 167 362.67 93.99 217 501.27
16.45 38 a7 .74 42 .45 98 226.34 63.43 | 158 364.98 94.43 218 503.58
16.89 39 90.09 42.48 99 228.69 68.87 | 169 367 .29 94.86 919 505.89
508.20
43.31 100 231.00 69.31 | 160 369.60 95.30 220
40 92.40
I
17.75 41 94.71 43.75 101 233.31 69.74 | 161 371.91 95.73 221 510.51
18. 19 42 97 .02 44.18 109 235.62 70.17 1 162 a7 4.22 96.16 222 512.82
18.62 43 99.33 44.61 10s 237 .93 70.61 | 163 96.60 223
19.05 44 101.64 45.05 104 240.21 71.04 | 164 378.84 97.03 22.1 5\7 .44
19.49 16 103.95 45.48 106 242 .55 71.47 | 166 381.15 97 .46 225
19.92 46 106.26 45.91 106 | z+q.so 71.91 | 166 383.46 97.90 226 522.06
20.35 47 108.57 46.34 10f | 247.r7 72 34 | 167 385.77 98.33 227 524.37
4ti.78 108 1219.48 72.77 | 168 388.08 98.76 228 526.68
20.79 48 110.88 528.99
2t.22 49 113.19 47.21. 109 | 251.79 73.20 | 16s 390.39 99.20 229
21.65 60 115.50 47 .64 110 | 254.10 73.64 I 170 392.70 99.63 930 531.30
234
GENERAL TABLES
110.89 256 591.3ti r45 . 12 s35 I 773.85 2{9.09 1328 1300 3000 6930
111 .32 257 593. ii7 117.28 S/tt-) 1785.i10 259.90 600 1386
111.76 253 595.98 149.45 3.15 I 79rj.95 270.73 6i25 1414
112. 19 25t 5t)8.20 r51.61 350 E08.50 281.56 650 1502
It2.tr2 260 600.rio 153.78 355 L 820.05 292 .40 1559
235
ITT GRINNULL-PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
DECIMAL EQUWALENTS
DECINIAI"S of a FOOT
€ €
s 5', 9" 11"
0 0.0000 0.0833 0.1667 0.2600 0.3333 0.4167 0"6000 0.6833 0.6667 0.7600 0.8333 0.916? 0
I 0.0013 0.0846 0.1680 0.2513 0.3346 0.4180 0.5013 0.5846 0.6680 0.7513 0.8316 0.9180 1 0.015625
w 0.0026 0.0869 0.1693 o.2626 0.3369 0.4193 0.6026 0.6869 0.6693 0.?626 0.8369 0.9193
'4)
0.031260
3 0.0039 0.0872 0. 1706 0.2539 0.3372 0.4206 0.5039 0.5872 0.6?06 0.7539 0.8372 0.9206 3 0.046875
0.0052 0.0886 0.1?19 0.2662 0.3386 0.4219 0. 6062 0. 6886 0.6719 0.7662 0.8386 0.9219 '/t6 0.062600
5 0.0065 0.0898 o.fi42 0.2565 0.3398 o.4232 0.5065 0.5898 0.6732 0.7565 0.8398 o.9232 5 0.078125
%, 0.0078 0.0911 0.L746 0.2678 0.3411 0.4246 0.50?8 0.6911 0.6746 0.?678 0.8411 0.9246 3,iz 0.093760
7 0.0091 0.0924 0.1758 0.2591 0.3424 o .4258 0.5091 0.5924 0.6758 0.7591 0.8424 0.9258 7 0.109375
'/B 0.0104 0.093? 0.r71L 0.2604 0.3437 0.4277 0.6104 0.6937 0.6771 0.7604 0.8437 0.92?1 ,s 0.126000
I 0.0117 0.0951 0.1784 o.2rit7 0.3451 0.4284 0.5117 0.5951 0.6784 0.7617 0.8451 0.9284 0.140625
Ysz 0.0130 0.0964 0.179? 0.2630 0.3464 o.4297 0.6130 0.6964 0.679? 0.?630 0.8464 0.9297 ,i) 0.156260
I] 0_0143 0.0977 0.1810 0.2643 0.3477 0.4310 0.5143 0 .5977 0.6810 0.7643 0.8477 0.9310 l1 0.171875
36 0.0166 0.0990 0.1823 0.2666 0.s490 o .4323 0.6990 0.6E23 0.7666 0.8490 0.9323 3l:6 0.18?600
0.0169 0.1003 0.1836 0.2669 0.3503 0.4336 0.5169 0.6003 0.6836 0.7669 0.8503 0.9336 13 0.203125
% 0.0182 0.1016 0. 1849 0.2642 0.3616 0.4349 0.6182 0.6016 0.6849 0.?682 0.8616 0.e349 % 0.218760
15 0.0195 0.1029 0.1862 0.2695 0.3529 0.4362 0.5195 0.6029 0.6862 0.7695 0.8529 0.9362 l5 0.234375
% 0. 02080. 1042 0.18?6 0.2?08 0.3642 0.4376 0.6208 0.6042 0.68?6 0.7708 0.8642 0.9376 )'i 0.260000
17 o.0221 0.1055 0.1888 0.2721 0.3555 0.4388 0 .5221 0.6055 0.6888 0.772r 0.9388 17 0.265625
th 0.0234 0.1068 0.1901 0 _2784 0.3668 0.4401 0. 6234 0.6068 0.6901 0.1734 0.8668 0.9401 % 0.281260
19 o.0247 0.1081 0.191,1 o.2747 0.3581 0.4414 0 .5247 0.608i 0.6914 o.7747 0.8581 0.9414 l9 0.296875
s/s 0.0260 0.2?60
0. 1094 0. 1927 0.3694 0 .4427 0.6260 0.6094 0.692? 0.?760 0.8694 o.9427 s/s 0.312600
2l 0.0273 0.1107 0. 19400.2773 0.3607 0.4440 0.5273 0.6107 0.6940 0.7773 0.8607 0. 9440 21
t/"2
0.328125
rt42 0.0286 0.1120 0.1953 0.2786 0.3620 0.4463 0.6286 0.6120 0.6963 0.7786 0.8620 0.9463 0.343760
0.0299 0.1133 0.1966 o.2799 0.3633 0.4466 0.5299 0.6133 0.6966 0.7799 0.8633 0.9466 0.359375
% 0.0312 0.1146 0.1979 o.2412 0.3646 o.4479 0.6312 0.6146 0.69?9 o.74L2 0.8646 0.9479 % 0.376000
25 0.0326 0. 1159 0.1992 0.2826 0.3659 o.4192 0.5326 0.6159 0.6992 o.7426 0.8659 0.9492 25 0.390625
t34z 0.0339 0.1172 0.2006 0.2839 0.3672 0.4606 0.6339 0.6L72 0.7006 0.?839 0.8672 0.9506 tY,* 0.406260
27 0.0352 0.1185 0.2018 o.2852 0.3685 0.4518 0.5352 0.6185 0.7018 o.7452 0.8685 0.9518 0.421a75
%6 0.0366 0.1198 0.2031 0.2866 0.3698 0.4631 0.6366 0.6198 0.7031 0. ?866 0.8698 0.9631 % 0.43?600
29 0.0378 0.1211 0.2011 0.2878 0.3711 0 .4544 0.5378 0.6211 0.?o44 0.7878 0.8711 0.9544 29 0.453r25
nh 0.0391 0.1224 o.2067 0.2891 0.a724 0.466? 0.6391 o.6224 0.7067 0.7891 o.4724 0.966? 0.468760
0.0404 0.1237 0.2070 0.2904 0.3737 0.4570 0.5404 0.6237 0.7070 0.7904 0.8737 0.9570 31 0.484375
% 0.1260 0.2083 o.2917
0. 041? 0.3760 0.4683 0.5417 0.6260 0. 7083 0.7917 0.8?60 0.9683 % 0.600000
33 0.0430 0.1263 0.2096 0.2930 0.3763 0.4596 0.5430 0.6263 0.7096 0.7930 0.8763 0.9596 0.515625
196 0.0443 0.L276 0.2109 0.2943 0.3776 0.4609 0. 6443 0.62?6 0.7109 0.?943 0.8776 0.9609 t74 0.631260
0.0456 0.1289 0.2122 0.2956 0.3789 0.4622 0.5456 0.6289 o.7122 0.7956 0.8789 o.9622 0.546875
% 0.0469 0. 1302 0.2136 0.2969 0.3802 0.4636 0.6469 0. 6302 0.?136 0.?969 0.8802 0.9636 Ys 0.662600
0.0482 0.1315 0.2148 0.2982 0.3815 0.4648 0.5482 0.6315 0.7I48 0.7942 0.8815 0.9648 0.578125
rsa 0. 0496 0.1328 0.2161 0.2996 0.38S8 0.4661 0.6496 0.6328 0. ?161 0.7995 0.8828 0.9661 rsiz 0.693760
39 0.0508 0.1341 0.2174 0.3008 0.3841 0.461-4 0.5508 0.6341 0.7174 0.8008 0.8841 0. s674 39 0.609375
% 0.0621 0.1364 0.2188 0.3021 0. 38640.4688 0.6621 0.6364 0.7188 0.8021 0.8864 0.9688 % 0.626000
4l 0.0534 0.1367 o.2201 0.3034 0.3867 0.4701 0.5534 0.6367 0.7201 0.8034 0. 8807 0.9701 4I 0.640625
2tAz 0.0647 0.1380 0.2214 0.3047 0.3880 o.4714 0 .6647 0.6380 0.72L4 0.8047 0.8880 0.9?14 214 0.666260
43 0.0560 0.1393 0.2227 0.3060 0.3893 0.4727 0.5560 0.6393 0.7227 0.8060 0.8893 o.9727 0.671875
t% 0.0673 0.1406 o.2240 0.3073 0.3906 o.4740 0.6673 0.6406 0.7240 0.8073 0.8906 0.9740 0.687600
0.0586 0.1419 o.2253 0.3086 0.3919 0.4753 0.5586 0.6419 o.7253 0.8086 0.8919 0.9753 15 0.703125
2342 0.069s 0.L432 0.2266 0.3099 0.3932 0.4766 0.6699 0.6432 0.7266 0.8099 0.8932 0.9766 234 0.718760
0.0612 0.1445 o.2279 0.3112 0.3945 o .4779 0.5612 0.6445 0.7279 0.8112 0.8945 o.9775 17 0.734375
% 0.0625 0. 1468 0.2292 0.3126 0.3968 0.{t92 0.6625 0.6458 0.7292 0.8126 0.8968 0.9?92 % 0.760000
49 0.0638 0.1471 0.2305 0.3138 0.3971 0.4805 0.5638 0.6471 0.7305 0.8138 0.8971 0.9805 49 0.765625
25h 0.0661 0.1484 0.2318 0.3161 0. 3984 0.4818 0.5661 0.6484 0.7318 0.8161 0.8984 0.9818 254 0.781260
0.0664 0. 1497 0.2331 0.3164 0.3997 0.4831 0.5664 0.6497 0.7331 0.8164 0.8997 0.9831 51 0.796875
r%6 0.06?7 0.1610 0 234!| o.3!77 0.4010
.4a44 o 0.667? 0.6610 o.7344 0.4177 0.9010 0.9844 0.812600
0.0690 0.1523 0.2357 0.3190 0.4023 0.4857 0.5690 0.6523 0.7357 0.8190 0.9023 0.9857 0.828125
0.6703 0.6636 0.73?0 0.8203 0.9036 0.9870 2/"2 0.843760
2Yr2 0.0?03 0.1636 0.2370 0.3203 0.4036 0.4870
0.0716 0. 1549 0.2383 0.3216 0.4049 0.4883 0.5716 0.6549 0. 7383 0.8216 0.9049 0.9883 0.859375
% 0.0729 0.1662 0.2396 0.3229 0.4062 0.4896 0.6729 0.6662 0.7396 0.8229 0.9062 0.9896 % 0.876000
0 .o7 42 0.1576 0.2409 0.3242 0.4076 0.4909 o.5742 0.6576 0.7409 o.8242 0.9076 0.9909 0.890625
0.0?66 0.1689 0.2422 0.3266 0.4089 o .4922 u.0 tDD 0.6689 o.7422 0.8266 0.9089 o.9922 29(z 0.906260
0.0768 0.1602 0.2435 0.3268 0 .4102 0.4935 0.5768 0.6602 0.7435 0.8268 0.9102 0.9935 59 0.921875
114a 0.937500
r5 0.0781 0.1616 0.2448 0.3281 0.4116 0.4948 0.6?81 0.6616 o.7444 0.8281 0.9116 0.9948
61 0.0794 0.1628 0.2461 0.3294 0.4128 0.4961 0.5794 0.6628 0. 7461 0.8294 0.9128 0.9961 61 0.953125
3r4 0.0807 0.1641 0.2474 0.3307 n /l1n 1 0.497 4 0.6807 0.6641 o.7474 0.8307 0.9141 0.9974 3t4 0.968750
63 0.0820 0.1654 o.2447 0.3320 0.4154 0.4987 0.5820 0.6654 0.7447 0.8320 0.9154 0.9987 63 0.984375
236
GENERAL TABLES
% 3. 1750
2yt6
2%
52.3876
53.9751
% 103. 188
101.i t'5
6%
6tA
153.088
155 575
% ,04 JS8 255.588
4r:A 8% 206.375 257 .176
% 4 t-tr25 2yt6 55.562ri 4t 106.303 6yt6 157. 163 8%6 207 .963 254.763
% i}.3500 2% 57 1501 4% 107.950 t:),i 153.750 8% 209.550 260.351
Yra 2t/t6 58 737d 4"1e 109.538 61ls 160.338 8Yt6 211. 138 261.938
% L 5250 214 60. 3251 1'/s 111. 125 63.j 161 . 925 8% 212.725 263 .526
% 1i. 1125 2!la 61.9126 4\6 112.713 6yt6 163.513 846 2t'1.313 265. 113
% 12 7000 2\/t 03 .5001 1)1 114.300 6% 165. 100 81/4 215.900 266.701
Yra u.247 5 65.0876 4r 115.888 6Y6 166.688 8ry'.6 2r7 .48a 268.288
% 15 8750 2% 66.6751 4% t17.4t'5 6% 168.27 5 8% 219.075 269.876
1\6 I t- . 4t325 2tyt6 68.2626 1tyt6 119.063 169.863 81t4 220.663
61Yt6 271. .463
% 19.0500 2% 69.8501 1% 120 650 $% 171.450 8% 222.250 273.051
tYt6 20.6375 2tyt6 71.'1376 4\yj6 122 238 6rYt6 r73.038 8tyt6 223.838 27.1.638
% 22 2250 2% 73.0251 4% 123.425 6% 174.625 8% 225.425 276.226
1s/ra 23.8125 2tYra 74.6126 1ty't6 125.4r3 6t"/t6 176.213 8t/6 227.013 277.8t3
25.4001 3 76.2002 5 127.000 7 177.800 228.600 279 .401
lYn 26.9876 314 77 . r'87 t- 5%6 128.588 TYra 170.388 9Xa 230. 188 llYn 280.988
1% 28.5751 3% 79.3732 5% 130.175 7% 180.975 91.4 23]..775 lrrA 282 .576
13,(a 30. 1626 3%6 80.9027 b\6 131 763 t-Yt6 182.563 93/t6 233.363 t1:' 284.163
1% 31.7501 3ti 82 .5502 5% 133.350 7% 184.150 e% 234.950 rryl 285.75r
1'/t6 33.3376 84. 1377 134.938 7y'ta 185.738 95/t6 236.538 t7"/t6 287.338
I'A 34.9251 a5.7252 53/4 136.525 7 r.6 187.325 9rA 234 .125 Ilzls 288.926
\n6 3{i.5126 3716 a7 .312i 5%6 138.113 77 188.913 s\6 239.713 I1716 290.513
1% 38.1001 3:4 88.9002 514 139.700 7rA 190.500 9r/r, 2,11.300 11r,4 292.IOI
1Yt6 39.6876 3!16 90 .1a77 5%6 141 . 288 192.088 er{6 242.888 71Y16 293.688
1.% 41.2751 3% 92.O7 52 142.875 7% 193.675 s% 214.47 5 11% 255.276
11Yt6 42.8626 StYtr 93.6627 5ryt6 144.463 71t16 195.263 9\t 6 246.063 t71yt6 296.863
r% 44.4501 3% 95.2502 5% 146.051 7 3/t 196.850 s% 247.650 1t% 298.451
Ityt6 46.0376 3t94 96.8377 5t%6 t47.63E 7t3/t6 198. '138 9ryf, 2$ .23a lttyt6 300.038
1% 47 .6251 3% 98.1252 149.225 t'% 200.025 s% 250.825 rr'% 301.626
115/a 45.2126 3r016 100.013 5ty't6 150.8 r3 7t,/,t 201.613 91X6 252 .413 Ilt"/16 303.213
2 50.8001 101.600 6 152.400 8 203.200 10 254.001 12 304.801
CONVERSION FACTORS
238
GENERAL TABLES
239
ITT GRINNDLL - PIPINC,i DIISIGN AND IrlNGINltltltIN(;
240
GENERAL TABLES
24r
ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
242
GENERAL TABLES
244
ITT GITINNDLL PIPING DESICiN AND I'\CI:{EERING
PROPERTIES OF PIPE
Tbe lollowing lo.Inulds ore used i the computotiod ol the vclues i lt€ lerritic
steels DC.I' be dbout 5% l*s, atrd the du.stelitic stdi:r-
showa in tbe toble: less steek qbout 2 qreoter thdn the vqluos shown in this tdbl€
which dle bd5ed on weigbts lor. ccrbon steel.
t wetght ol pipe per foot (pounds) = 10.6802(D-0
weight oI wqte! p€! Ioot (pou!ds) = 0.3405dt * scbedule nurBb€rg
square feel outside surface per toot 0.2618D
= Stoadcrd weight pipe dnd schedule 40 ale the sdtre j! dll sizeg
Bquore feet iDside surroce p€! loot = 0.26f8d
inBide qred (squdre inches) : 0.785d tbrcugh lo-indr; tlom l2-!rch lhrough 24-inct, Brdndord weight pipe
d!€d o( meldl (squdre idches) bds d wdll thiclcress ol %-i:rch.
moment oI irledid (inches.)
= 0.785(P-d?)
= 0.049r(D.-d.) Enro strolg weight pipe old schedule 80 ale the sdme in dll sires
thtough 8-inch; flom f-inch through 24-inch, extrq sttong weight
Bec{ior Dodulus (iDcbeBr) pipe hqs d wdu lbicktess of %-inch.
rddius ol gyrotioE (inches) Double extrq strorlg w€ight pitr€ hos no coresponding schedule
nueber.
1{- = qreq oI metol (aquore irches)
d = iNide dio'neter (idches) d: ANSI 836.10 sl6el pipe schedule lun$€rs
D : oulsid€ didmete! (inches) b: ANSI 036,10 st€el pip€ lomirql woll dickness designdtiod.
Fa = lodiu3 of gFatiotr (ircbes)
t = pipe woll thicloess (inches) c: ANSI 836.19 Btainless steel pif'e Bcbedule ruEbers
|to!rinql
aite gchedule lrcll ingide sq tt sq lt 1|'eight Etorled teclion rddiua
PrPe
thick- diqtn-
iasido rnetdl out!ide weight ol wdter
irside ol modu- qrrq-
outtide lurnbera p€r Il,
neaa, elet, surldce, sudqce, perll, ineliid, lua, tion,
didmeter,
c b i|r. in-
cq. i.. 3q. iD" pe! li perlt lbt ina in.3 i'r"
iD.
10s 0.049 0.307 0.0740 0.0s48 0.r06 0.0804 0.r86 0.032r 0.000€8 0.00437 0.t27r
% 40 std 40s 0.068 0.269 0.0568 0.0720 0.106 0.070s 0.215 0.0246 0.00r06 0.0052s 0.1215
0,405
80 80s 0.095 0.215 0.0364 0.0925 0.r06 0.0563 0.3r5 0.01s7 0.00122 0.00600 0.1146
l0s 0.065 0,410 0.1320 0.0970 0.r41 0.1073 0.330 0.0572 0.00279 0.0r032 0.16s4
% 40 std 40s 0.088 0.364 0.1041 0.1250 0.141 0.0s55 0.425 0.0451 0.00331 0.01230 0.1628
0.540
80 xs 80s 0.I19 0.302 0.0716 0.15t4 0.141 0.0794 0535 0.0310 0.00378 0.01395 0.154?
ss 0.065 0.?10 0.396 0.1582 0.220 0.1859 0.538 0.1716 0,0I197 0.0285 0.2150
7a r0s 0.065 0.545 0.2333 0.1245 0.177 0.1427 0.423 0.l0rr 0,00586 0.0173? 0.2169
0.675 40 srd 40s 0.091 0.493 0,1910 0.1670 0.L77 0.1295 0.568 0.0827 0.00?30 0.02160 0.2090
80 xs 8os 0.126 0-423 0.1405 o.2173 o.t77 0.1106 0,739 0.060s 0.00862 0.02554 0.1991
0.065 0,710 0.3959 0.1583 o.220 0.1859 0.s38 0.171 0.0I20 0.0285 0.27s0
r0s 0.083 0.674 0.357 0.rg-74 0.220 0,1765 0.671 0.1s47 0.01431 0.m4t 0.2692
% 40 ;;; 40s 0.109 0.622 0.304 0.2503 0.220 0.r628 0.851 0.13r6 0.01710 0.0407 0.2613
0440 s0 XS 80s 0.t47 0.516 0.2340 o.320 0.220 0.1433 r.oB8 0,1013 0.020r0 0.0478 0.2505
r60 0.187 0.466 0.1706 0.383 0.220 o.1220 1.304 0.0710 0.02213 0.0s27 0.2402
xt(s 0,294 a-252 0.lxs9 0.504 0.220 0.0660 1.714 0.0216 0.02425 0.0577 0.2t92
0.065 0.920 0.565 0.2011 0.215 0.2409 0,684 028A2 0.02{51 0.0467 0.349
l0s 0.083 0.884 0.614 0.2s21 0,275 0.23t4 0.8s7 0,2661 0,02970 0.0s66 0,343
t/ 40 J; 40s 0.113 0.424 0.533 0.333 0.275 0.2t57 1.t31 0.2301 0.0370 0.0706 0.334
,.050 80 xs 80s 0.154 0.742 0.432 0.435 o.215 0,1943 L,414 0.1875 0.0448 0.0853 0.321
0.218 0.614 0.2s6r 0.5r0 0.215 0.1607 1.937 o.1284 0.0527 0.1004 0.304
xxll 0.308 0.434 0.14?9 0.t18 o.275 0.1r3t 2-111 0.0541 0.0s79 0.1104 0,2840
5S 0.06s 1.I85 t.r03 0.2553 0.344 0.310 0.868 0.478 0.0500 0.0760 0.443
l0s 0.109 r.097 0.945 0.413 0.344 0-2872 1.404 0.409 0.0757 0.ll5l o,428
I 40 ;;; 40s 0.133 r.049 0.864 0.494 0.344 0.2746 1.679 0,374 0,0874 0,132s 0.421
t.3t5 80 80s 0.I79 0.957 0.719 0,839 0.344 0.2520 2.t72 0.31r 0.r056 0.1606 0.407
r60 0.250 0.8r5 0.s22 0.838 0.344 0.2r34 2.444 0.2261 0.1252 0.19m 0.387
xxs 0.358 0,599 0.2818 1.076 0.344 0.1570 3.659 o.t22t , 0.1105 o.zt37 0.361
0.065 1..530 1.839 0.s26 0.434 0,401 r.107 0.7s7 0.1038 0.1250 0.56{
r0s 0,109 t-442 1.633 u.531 0.434 0.378 1.805 0.1cl 0.1605 0.193{ 0.550
1% 10 s;; 40s 0.140 1.380 1.496 0.669 0.434 0.361 2.213 0.548 0.1948 0.2345 0.540
t.660 80 xs 8os 0.191 1.27A 1.283 0,88r 0.434 0.335 2.997 0.2418 0.29r3 0.524
t60 0,250 1.160 1,057 1.107 o.431 0.304 3.765 0.458 0.2839 0.342 0.506
xxs 0.382 0.896 0.631 t.534 0.434 0.2346 o.2132 0.341 0.411 0.472
t% 0.065 t-770 2-461 0.375 0.{97 0.463 1.214 1.067 0.1s80 0.1663 0.649
r.900 r0s 0.109 r.682 2.222 0.613 0.49? 0.{40 2.085 0.962 0.2469 0.259S 0.634
244
GENERAL TABLES
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (Continued)
noEircl
prpe 3ir( schedule *qit ingide aq It Eg lt weight momolll reclion rcdius
lulrber' thick- didlll- ilside rnetql
oulside inside
weight oI wcte!
outside oI rnodu. 9Yrs-
nea& perIt. per
dioEeter Burlcrce, audsce, It, inertio, lua, UoD"
b c aq. rn. sq. !n"
in. iD. irl. Frft per It ir!.3 iE,
10 srd 40s 0.145 1.610 2.036 0.799 0.49t 0,421 2-7tS 0.882 0.310 0.326 0.623
80 xs 80s 0.200 1.500 r.767 1.068 0.4s? 0.393 3,631 0.?65 0.391 0.412 0.605
rh 180 0.281 1.338 1.406 1.429 0.497 0.350 4.859 0.608 0.483 0.508 0.581
.1.@ xxs 0.400 1. r00 0.950 t.885 0.497 0.288 6,408 o.4t2 0.568 0.s98 0.549
0.525 0.850 0.567 2.247 0.49? 0.223 7.7 t0 0.246 0.6140 0.6470 0.5200
0,650 0.600 0.283 2.551 0.497 0.157 8.678 0.123 0.6340 0.6670 0.4980
0.065 2.245 0-472 0.622 0.588 1.604 0.315 0.2652 0.817
t0s 0.109 2.t57 0.776 0.622 0.565 2.638 1.582 0.499 0.420 0.802
;; srd 40s 0.15{ 2-067 3.35 l,075 0.822 0.5i1 3.653 r,455 0.666 0.56r o.787
2.375 80 xs 80s 0.218 1.939 2.953 t.411 0.622 0.508 5.022 1.280 0.868 0.73I 0.766
150 0,343 1.689 2.240 2.190 o.622 0.442 7.444 0.s7I 1.163 0.979 0,729
xxs 0,436 1.503 t.774 2.656 n-622 0.393 9.029 0.769 t.312 I.104 0.703
0,562 1.25I t.229 3.199 o.622 0.328 10.882 0.533 t.442 t.2r40 0.6710
0.687 1.00I 0.781 3.641 o.622 0.282 12.385 0.341 r.5r30, 12740 0.64t0
0.083 2.709 5.76 0.728 0.7s3 0.709 2.475 2.493 0.710 0.494 0.988
los 0.120 2.635 1,03S 0.753 0.690 3.531 2.36t 0.988 0.68? 0.975
;; ;; {0s 0.203 2.469 4.79 t.704 0.753 0.646 5.793 2.076 1.530 1.064 0.947
2% 80 t(s 80s 0.276 2.323 4.24 2.254 0.753 0.608 1.837 1.925 1.339 o.921
2.875 160 0.375 2.t25
':'- 3.55 2.915 0.753 0.556 10.0t 2.353 0.894
xrs 0,552 1.171 2.464 4.03 0.753 0,464 13.70 r.067 2.872 1.998 0.8{4
0.675 1.525 1.826 4.663 0,753 0.399 15.860 o.192 3.0890 2.1490 0.8140
0.800 t.275 t,276 5.2t2 0.753 0.334 17.129 0.554 3.2250 2.2430 0.7860
0.083 3.334 8.73 0.89r 0,916 0.873 3.03 3.78 I.301 0.714 1,208
10s 0.120 3,260 8.35 t.274 0.916 0.853 4.33 3.61 t-822 1.041
;; -.. 40s 0.216 3.068 7.39 2.224 0.916 0.803 7.58 3.20 3.02 t-724 1.164
3 80 xs 80s 0.300 2.900 3.02 0.s16 0.759 10.25 2.864 3.90 2.226 1.136
3.500 t60 0.437 5,42 4.21 0.9I6 0.687 t4.32 2,345 s.03 2.A78 1.09{
xxs 0.600 2.300 4.15 5.{7 0.916 0.502 18.58 1.80r 5.99 3.4S 1.047
0.725 2.050 3.299 6.317 0.916 0.537 2t.487 1,431 6.S010 3.7ts0 1.0140
0.850 1.800 2.543 7.073 0.916 0-471 24.057 1.103 6.8530 3.9160 0.9840
0.083 3.834 1.021 1.047 1.004 3.47 5.01 1.960 0.980 r.385
3h l0s o-t20 3.760 I l.l0 1.463 1.04t 0.984 4.91 4.81 2,756 1.378 1.372
4n 40 tii {0s 0-226 3.548 9.89 2.680 1.04, 0.929 Lll 4.25 4.19 2.394 1.337
80 r<s 80s 0.318 3.36d 8.89 3.68 t.047 0.881 12.51 3.85 6.28 3.14 1.307
ns 0.636 2.728 5.845 6-721 1,047 0.715 22.850 2.530 s.8480 4.9240 1.2100
0,083 4.334 14.?5 1.152 1.178 r.t35 3.92 6.40 2.81t 1.249 1,562
l0s 0.120 4.260 t4-25 1.651 1.178 1.115 6.17 3.96 t.762 1.549
0.t88 4.124 13.357 2.547 1.178 1.082 8.560 5.800 5.8500 2.600! 1,5250
;; 40s 0.237 4.026 12.73 3)1 1.178 1.054 10,79 1.29 3.2I 1.510
1 80 80s 0.337 3.826 I1.50 4,41 1.t78 1.002 14.98 4.98 9.61 4.21 t.477
4'Jco 120 0.437 3.626 r033 r.178 0.949 r8.96 1.45 11,55 5.18 r.445
0.s00 3.500 9.621 6.283 1.178 0.915 21.360 4.160 12.71t0 5.6760 r.4250
r80 0.531 3.438 9.28 6.62 t.r78 0.900 22.51 4.02 t3-27 1.416
ro(s 0.671 7.80 8.10 1.178 0.825 27.54 3.38 15.29 6.79 1.374
0.800 2.900 6.602 9.294 1.178 0.759 31.613 2.464 16.6610 7.4050 r.$80
0.s2s 2.650 5.5I3 r0.384 t.t78 0.694 353r8 2.3S1 17.7130 7.8720 1.3060
5S 0.10€ 5,345 22.14 r.868 1.456 1.399 6.35 9.73 6,95 2,498
r0s 0.134 5.295 22.02 2.255 1.456 1.386 7.?7 9.53 8.43 3.03 r.920
;; ;;; 40s 0.258 5.047 20.01 4.30 l.{56 1.321 t4.62 15.17 r.878
80 xs t:: 0.375 4.813 I8.19 6.ll 1.456 1,260 20.18 7.89 20.68 7.43 1.839
5.56' t20 0.500 4.563 16.35 7.95 1.456 l.l9s 27.04 7.09 z5-71 9.25 1.799
0.62S 4.313 14.6t 9.70 1.456 1.129 32.95 l.?60
':o r;; 0.750 4.063 t2.91 11.34 1.456 r.064 38.55 5.62
30.0
33.6
10.80
t2.r0 1.722
0.875 3.813 ll.4t3 12.880 1.456 0.998 43.810 4.951 36.64s0 r3.1750
1.000 3.563 9.966 14.328 1.455 0.933 47,134 4.232 39.lll0 14,0610 1.5520
ITT CiIiINNIII,I, PIPINCI DESI(I\ AND ]iJNGIN]'I'ITIN('
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (Continued)
100 0.593 7.439 43.5 I4.96 2.258 1.948 s0.87 18.84 tzt,4 25.t4 2.847
I20 0.718 7.I89 40.6 17.84 2.255 I.882 17.60 140.6 32.6 2.807
I 140 0,812 7.001 38.5 I9.93 2.258 I.833 I6.69 Is3.8 35,7 2.777
8.625 160 0.906 6.8I3 36.5 2r,97 2.258 1.784 74.69 15.80 38.5 2.748
1.000 6.625 34.454 23.942 2.258 t.734 81.431 14.945 177.t320 4r-0740 2.7r90
Ll25 6.375 31.903 26.494 2.258 1.66S 90.114 13.s38 190.8210 44.2020 2.68t0
5S 0.r34 10.482 86.3 4.52 2.8rs 2-744 15.15 3',7.4 63.7 I I.85 3.75
l0s r0.420 85.3 5.49 2.815 2.728 I8.70 36.9 76.9 14,30 3.74
0.219 10.312 83.52 1.24 2.8I5 2.10 24.63 36.2 r00.46 18.69 3.72
20 0.250 10.250 82.5 8.26 2.8I5 2.683 28.O4 35.8 113.7 21.16 3,7r
2s.57 3.59
30
40
60
iixs 4;;
80s
0.307
0.365
0.500
10.136
r0.020
9.750
80.7
78.9
74.7
10.07
r I.9l
I6.10
2.8I5
2.815
2.8r5
2.654
2.623
2.553
34.24
40.48
s4.74
35.0
34.I
32.3
137.S
I60.8
2t2,0
29.90
39.4
IO
10.750 s0 0.s93 9.564 71.8 18,S2 2.8r5 2.504 64.33 31.1 244-S 45.6 3.60
100 0.718 9.314 68.1 22,63 2.815 2.438 29.5 246.2 53.2 3.56
120 0.843 9.064 64.5 26,24 2.8r5 2.313 89.20 28.0 324 60.3 3.52
0.875 9.000 63.62 27.t4 2.815 2.36 92.28 27.6 333.46 62.04 3.50
140 1.000 8.750 60.r 30.6 2.815 2.391 104.r3 26.1 68.4 3.47
160 r.125 8.500 56.7 34.0 2.81S 2.225 u5.65 24-6 399 74.3 3.43
r.250 8.250 53.45 37.31 2.81S 2.18 126.82 23.2 42A.r7 79.66 3.39
1.500 7;150 47.15 43-51 2.8I5 2.03 r48.I9 20.5 478.59 89.04 3.31
0.156 12.438 tzt.4 6.17 3.34 3.26 20.99 52.7 122.2 I9.20 4.45
10s 0.180 12.390 120.6 1.tl 3.34 3.24 24.20 52.2 140.5 22.V3 4.44
;i 0.250 12-250 1r7.9 9.S4 3.34 3.21 33.38 sl.l 191.9 30.1 4.42
4.39
30 0.330 I2.090 1I4.8 I2.88 3.34 3.17 43.71 45.7 248.3 39.0
;; 0.375 r2.000 113.1 14.58 3.34 3.14 49.56 49.0 279-3 43.8 4.38
40 0.406 11.938 ul.9 ts.74 3.34 3.I3 s3.53 48.5 300 47.1 4.37
-s 80s 0.500 1r.750 I08.4 l9-24 3.34 3.08 65.42 47.0 362 s6.7 4.33
io 0.562 11.626 106.2 2r.52 3.34 3.04 73.I6 46.0 401 62.8 4.31
t2,750 80 0.687 r1.376 t0I.6 26-O4 3.34 2.9'18 88.5I 44.O 74.5 4-27
0.750 I1.250 99.40 28.27 3.34 2.94 96.2 43.1 510.7 80.1 4.25
100 0.843 11.064 96.1 3r.5 3.34 2.A97 07.20 4I.6 562 88.1 4.22
0.875 11.000 95.00 32.64 3.34 2.88 10.9 41.i 578.5 90.7 4.21
r20 t.000 10.750 90.8 36.9 3.34 2.4t4 25.49 39.3 642 I00.7 4.t7
t40 I.t25 10.500 86.6 4l,r 3.34 2.749 39.68 37.5 70r 109.9 4.13
1.250 10.250 82.50 45.16 3.34 2.68 35.8 755.5 118.5 4.09
160 1.312 10.126 80.s 47.1 3.34 2.651 34.9 781 t22.6 4.07
GENERAL TABLES
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (Continued)
nonbol
FiF aize Bcbedule wqll ibsid€ :q lt 6q fl weight moEr€al
itrside !n€tql weight 6ection tqdius
outsr'de rluErbsrt lhick- dicm- outeide inaide ol wqter ot
p€! Il. nrodu- 9yro-
eter, audqce, audcce prer It, in6rtia,
sq. iIt. aq. iD" tbt lu& Uo|1,
in. b c in. tE" p€r lt p€rlt ID in.a in.3 ItL
0,156 r3.688 r47.20 6.78 3.58 23.0 63.7 r62.6 23.2 4.90
r0s 0.188 13.624 r45.80 8.t6 3,67 3.S7 27.7 m.r 194.6 27.8 4.88
0.2r0 13.580 144,80 9.10 3.67 30,9 62.8 2t6,2 30,9 4.87
0.219 13.562 144.50 9.48 3.67 32.2 225.1 32,2 4,87
l0 0.250 13.500 I43.1 10.80 3.53 36.71 62.1 36.5 4,86
0.281 13.438 141.80 l2.ll 3-52 4t.2 61.5 285-2 40.,1 4.85
2n 0.312 13.376 140.5 13,42 3.67 3,50 45.68 60.9 314 44.9 4.81
0.344 13.312 139.20 14.76 3.67 3.48
l4 ;; ;;; 0.375 13.250 r37.9 r6.05 3.67 3-47
50.2
54.57
60.3
59.t
344.3 4S-2 4.83
14.@0 40 373 53.3 4.82
0.437 t3,126 135.3 18.62 3.67 3.44 63,37 58.7 429 6t.2 4,80
0.469
i; 0.500
13.062
r3,000
134.00
132.7
19.94
2t.21
3.57
3.67
3-42
3.40
67.8 58.0 456.8 65.3 4.79
;; 0,593 t2.814 129.0 24.98 3.35
72.09
84.91
484 69.1 4.?8
562 80.3 4.7 4
0.625 12.750 tzr.7 26.26 3.34 89,28 55.3 589 s4.1 4.73
80 0.750 12.s00 t22-7 31.2 3.67 3.27 106.13 53.2 687
100 98.2 4.69
0.937 12,12A 3.57 3.17 130.73 50.0 825 117.8 4,63
120 1.093 ll,8l4 109.6 44.3 3.67 3,09 r50.67 47.5
r40 930 132.8 4.58
1,250 11.500 103.9 50.1 3.67 3.0I t70,22 45.0 tt21 146.8 4.53
160 1.406 ll.l88 98.s 2.929 r89.t2 42.6 l0l7 159.6 1.48
0.16s t5.570 192.90 8-21 4.19 4.10 28 257 32.2 5.60
l0s 0.188 15.624 191.70 9,34 4,19
i; 0.250 15.s00 188.7 12,37 4.19
4.09
4.06
32
42.05
83.0
81.8
292 36,5
20 384 48.0 5.57
0.312 15,376 t85.7 15.98 4.I9
30 ;; 0.375 15.250 182.5 18.41 4.19
4.03
3.9S
52.36
64s8
80.s
79.r
473
562
59.2
t6 40 xs 0.500 15.000 t78.7
70.3 5.53
24.35 4.19 3.93 82,77 732
r6.0@ 60. 0.656 r4.688
91.5 5,48
169.4 31.6 4.19 3,85 107.50 73.4 933 116.6 5.43
80 '.0.843 r4.3ll. 160.9 40.r 4.19 3.75 136.46 69.7 ll57
r00 1.031 144.6 5.37
13.938 r52.6 48.5 4.19 3.65 164,83 r365 170.6 5.30
120 1.2t8 13.564 144.5 s6,6 4.19 t92,29
r40 62.6 194.5 5.24
1-437 13.126 135.3 65.? 4.19 3.44 223.64 58.6 I760 220.0
160 5,17
12.814 129.0 '12.1 4.19 3.35 245.11 1894 5.12
5S 0.165 t7.670 245.20
l0s 0.188 r? -624 243.90
9.24 4.71 4.63 l3l
t^^
106.2 368 40.8 6.31
r0.52 4.71
;; 0.2s0 t7.500 240.3 13,94 4.71
4.61
4.58
105.7 4t7 46.4 6.30
20 47,39 104.3 549 61.0 6.28
0.312 t7,376 237.l 17.34
^'. 0.375 17.250 233.7
4.71 4.55 59.03 I02.8 678
20,76 4,71 4.52 ?0.59 101.2
l8 30 0.437 t7.t26
807 89,6 6,23
230.4 24.t\ 4.71 4.48 82.06 99.9 93I
xs 103.4 6.21
0.500 17.00 227.0 27.49 1,71 4.15 93.45 98.4
)8.000 io 0.562 16.876
1053 117,0
60
223,7 30.8 4.7 | 4-42 104.75 97.0 1172 t30.2
0.750 16.500 2I3.8 40.6 4-7r 4-32 138.U 92,7
80 0.937 16.r26
168.3 6.I0
204,2 50.2 4-7r 4.22 r70.75
r00 88.5 1834 203.8 5.04
r.r56 r5.688 193.3 61.2
t20
4.7 L 4.1I 207.95 83.7 2I80 242.2 5.97
1.375 15.250 182.6 71.8 4.71 3.99 244.t4 79.2 2459
140 1.s62 14,876 27?.6 5.90
173.S 80,7 4.71 3.89 274,23
160 75.3 2750 306 5.84
1.781 r4.438 163.7 90.7 4.7 | s.78 308.51 71.0 3020 336 5.77
0.188 | t9.634 1302.40 1I.70 5.24 | s.l4 40 131.0 s74
l0s 0.218 | re.s64 J300.60 57.4 7.00
s.24 | s.rz
| lg.soo j 2ss.6
l0 46 t30,2
;.. 0.2s0 15.51 5.24 | 5.11
6.99
20 52.73 129.5 757
0.37s I l9.2so | 2sr.o 23,t2 s.24 J 5.04
75,7
20 30 xs 0.s00 7S.60 126I) I l14 lll.4 6.94
20.000 40
| le.0o0 | 283.s 30.6 s.24 | 4.97 104.13 122,A 1457
0.s93 | rs.sr4 | 27s.0 36.2 s.24 J 4.93 122.91 120.4 1704
145.7 6.90
60 0.sr2 J 18.376 I 26s.2 48.9 s.24 14.8r
1?0.4
I66.40 225?
0.87s | 18.2s0 | 26r.6 52.6 s.24 4.78
225.1 6.79
s.24 || 4.t0
s0 r78.73 1t3.4 2409
1.031 I 17.s38 I 2s2.? 61.4
240.S 6.77
r00 108.87 109.4
r.281 | 17.438 | 23S.8 5.24
2772 277 -2 6;12
75.3 | 4.S7 ls6,l0 103.4 3320 332 6.63
ITT GRINNELI, PIPING DI'SI(iN ANI) I,]N(iI\I'IITING
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (Continued)
nonrinal
achedule wall inside rq It sq It weight ilotnent rqdius
pip6 siz€ inside rnetdl weiEht
aumber' thicL- dicm- oubide ingide ol 9Yrci-
oulstde per tt, ' Uo!,
neaa, etet, aud(ice, sUdOCe, per lt, inertid, lur,
in.
aq !n" aq in. pe! ll per lt tbf iu-. in.
i!. b
120 1.500 17.000 227.0 87.2 5.24 4.45 296.3? 98.3 3760 376 6.56
20 4.32 341.10 92.6 4220 422 6.48
140 I.750 r6.500 2I3,8 100.3 5.24
20.000 III,5 s.24 4,21 379,01 87.S 4590 45S 6.41
1.968 16.064 202.7
IO 0.250 23.500 434 18.65 6.25 63.41 188.0 l3l6 109.6 8.40
20 std 0.375 23.2s0 425 27.83 6.28 6.09 94.62 r83.8 l9{3 161.9 8.35
xs 0.500 23.000 415 36.9 6.28 6.02 125.4S 180.1 2550 8.31
30 0.562 22.876 4ll 41.4 6.28 I40.80 l7s.I 2840 237.0 8.29
0.52s 22.750 406 45.9 6.28 5.95 I56.03 tl8.2 3140 26t.4 8.27
40 0.687 22.626 402 s0.3 6.28 5.92 I7I.l7 t74.3 3420 285,2 8.25
0.750 22.500 398 54.8 6.28 5.89 186,2d t72,4 37r0 309 8.22
;: 0.218 23.56{ 436.1 16.29 6.28 188.9 It52 96.0 8.41
0.875 22.250 388.6 63.54 6.28 5.83 216 168.6 42S6 354.7 8.18
24.000
60 0.968 22.084 382 70.0 8.28 5.78 238.11 165.8 4650 388 8.15
80 r.218 21.564 365 s7.2 8.28 5,65 296.36 158.3 5670 413 8.07
100 1.53r 20.938 344 t08.1 6.28 5.48 367.40 I49.3 68S0 571 7.96
120 1.812 20.376 326 126.3 6.28 5.33 429.39 141.4 7S30 652 1.47
I40 2-062 19.876 310 142.1 6.28 5.20 183.13 134.5 8630 719 7,19
160 2-343 19.314 293 159,4 6.28 5.06 541.94 t2'L0 9460 788 7.70
0.250 25.500 510.7 I9.85 6.81 6.68 67 221.4 1646 126.6 9.10
IO 0.3t2 25.376 505.8 25.18 6.8I 6.64 86 2t9.2 2016 159.7 9.08
;i; 0.375 25.250 500.7 30.19 6.81 6.61 103 211.1 2478 190,6
250.7
9.06
9.02
20 0.500 25.000 490.9 40.06 6.81 6,54 136 2t2.4 32SS
26 6.8I 6.48 r69 208.6 4013 308.7 8.98
0.62S 24.150 481.I 49.82
28.N0 24.500 47t.4 59,49 6.8I 5.41 202 204.4 47 44 364.9 8.S3
0.750
461.9 69.07 6.81 5,35 235 200,2 5458 419.9 8.89
0.875 24.250
78.54 6,8r 6.28 267 1S6.1 6149 473.0 8,85
L000 24.000 452.4
443.0 87.91 6.81 6.22 299 r92.1 6813 524.1 8.80
I.125 23.750
0.250 33.500 88t.2 26.50 8.S0 8.77 90 s82.0 3773 22t.9 I1.93
l0 0.312 33.376 874.9 32.9S 8.90 4.74 u2 379.3 4680 2',15.3 lLst
srd 0.37s 33.250 867.8 39.61 LS0 8.70 135 376.2 ss97 329.2 l1.89
20 XS 0.500 33.000 855.3 52.82 8.S0 8.64 179 370.8 7385 434.4 It.85
34 30 0.625 32.750 841.9 65.53 8.90 8.57 223 365.0 9t24 536.7 I1.80
34.000 40 0.688 32.624 835.9 72.00 L90 8.54 245 362.1 9992 587.8 I1.78
0.750 32.500 829.3 78.34 8.90 8.51 266 10829 637.0 I1.76
0.875 32.2s0 816.4 9 t.0I 8.90 8.44 310 354.I 1250I rL12
L000 32.000 804.2 103.67 8.S0 8.38 353 s48.6 141t4 830.2 11.67
1.125 31.750 79t.3 lr 6.t3 8.90 8.3r 39S 343.2 I5719 924.7 1t.63
0.250 3s.500 989.7 2g.Il 9.42 9.2S s6 429.1 4491 249.5 t2.64
l0 0.3I2 35.376 s82.9 34.35 9.42 s.28 119 426.1 556s 30s.r
std 0.375 35.250 s75.8 42.41 L42 9.23 143 423.I 6664 314.2 12.59
20 xs 0.500 35.000 s62.1 55.76 9.42 9.I6 IS0 4t7.1 8785 488.I 12.55
30 0.625 34.750 948.3 69.s0 9.42 Ll0
36.000 236 411.1 10a72 604_0 12.51
40 0.750 34.500 934.7 83.01 3.42 9.03 282 405.3 I28S8 716.5 12.46
0.875 34.250 920.6 96.50 9.42 L97 328 399.4 14903 827.9 12.42
1.000 34.000 907.9 109.96 9.42 8.90 3?4 3S3.6 1685t 936.2 12.38
L I25 33.750 894.2 123.19 9.42 8.89 4ts 387.9 18763 t442.4 t2.34
Page
A Page
27
Birch Timber, hoperties of . . .....,..231 U Shape - Unequal
U Shape - Equal Legs ...... 28
Birmingham Wire Guage ....208 U Shape - Modified 28
Bituminous, Propedies of . . . ........231 Two Plane U Shape 29
Branch Connections, Typical Details. .. .. . .. . 139,140 Two Plane U Shape with Tangents. 30
Brass, Properties of ...'...231 -
Three Dimensional90o Turns .
Brick, hoperties of .......231 Concrete,Propertiesof. . . . 231
Brinnell Hardness .. .....230 Constant Support Hangels. . .
.
t62
British Standard Taper Threads .......226 Consumable lnsert Ring 142
B.T.U. Content of Fuels . . . . ........207 Conversion Factors 238
Bronze,Propertiesof ...... ...... -. 231 ConYersion Factofi, Flow of Steam. 76
Brown & Sharpe Wire Guage .. ...,...2O8 Copper,hopertiesof .. .... .
Butt Welding End Prepantion . ....'.. 135 Copper Tube Discharge Rates, Equalization of . . . . . 222
Butt Welding Ends. .......137 Cork, hoperties of 231
Correction Factor for Stresses . 168
c Corrcsion, 107
.
Calcium Silcate Insulation . . .... 173-L97 Cosine Functions of Angles. . 228
Calculation of Pipe Bends.... .......144 Cotangent Functions of Angles 228
of
Carbon Dioxide. Properties ,.......231 CraneChainand RoDe . . . . . 211
250
Page Page
25L
Page
p page
Columns.
I-oads on Steel Pipe .......- 223 Pine Timber, Properties of. . . ........231
Stress
l,ongitudinal .......- 3! Pipe Bends, Calculations of . . ........144
Lye,Soda,Propertiesof.... ........ 231 Pipe Bending, Standards . . . . ..... 130-132
Linear Tolerances 13},l3l , l3Z Pipe Columns, Loads on . . . . ........223
Pipe Corrosion .--.......107
M Pipe Discharge Rates, Equalization of . . . . . ... - -. 222
Method of Dimensioning Welded Assemblies. .. 133 Pipe Fabrication ...-.-..- 129
Magnesia Insulation .... 173-197 Pipe Fabrication Procedures . ....-.-. 129
Mahogany Timber, Properties of. ......231 Pipe, Heat l-oss From. .....2O7
Marila Rope. ...........214 Pipe, Heat Transfer Through . 80
Maple Timber, Properties of . ........ 231 Pipe Materials .....-..... 103
Masonry, Properties of . . . . . ........231 Pipe Materials Specifications . .......- 128
Matedal Selection ........ 103 Pipe Materials, Weights of . . . . . ...--.172
Pipe and Tubing .......103 Pipe, Minimum Wall Thickness. -.....2,81
FittingsandFlanges....... ...... 104 Pipe Properties ........11,244
Bolting.. ...........105 PipeThread Engagement,Normal. .. . . . . . ... .. . 226
Gaskets.. ........... 106 Pipe Thread Symbols . . . . . . ........225
Maximum Spacing Between Pipe Supports . . . .. .. . 150 Pipe Threads, Tap Drills for. . . .......2O9
Metal Area ofPipe. .....11,244 Pipe Wall Thickness - Determination of . . . . . . . - 2,81
Metals, Properties of ...... ........ 231 Plow Steel Wire Rope. . . . -......-..211
Metric Conversion Table . . . . . . ......23j Pressure Conversion ......- 244
Milk, Properiies of. .... .. . 231 hessure Drop. .......... 68
Minimum Bending Radii . . . . . .......132 Pressure Stress .,........ 6
Minimum Distance to First Rigid Hanger . . . . . . . . . 203 Pressure - Temperaturing Ratings of
Minimum Tangents for Bending -......132 Plain End Pipe ...... 81-101
Minimum Wall Thickness .... ...... 2.81 Prestressing 5
Moduli of Elasticity and Torsional Rigidity . . . . . . 6,34 hoduct of Inertia 47
Molasses, Propedies of . . . . . - -...... 231 Properties of Common Materials. ......231
Moment of Inertia - Line Element 48 Properties of Pipe .. . 11-16,244
Moment of Inertia of Pipe. . . ......11,224 hoperties of Saturated Steam . .-.....206
Moments,Bending. ....... 5,17,52,54,61 Properties ofwater .. .... . 235
Monel, Properties of. . . . . . . ....-...231 Pressure-Temperature Ratings of Flanges,
Multiple Plane System ..... 56 Fittings, ValYes . ....... 113
Multiple Plane Systems Containing Circular Arcs. . . . 62
o
N Q Value Expansion Bends
Nichrome, Properties of . .. .
.. -... . 231
-
Nickel, Properties of . . . . . .
........231 R
Ninety DegeeTum 20 Radial Stress. 3
....... 32
Ninety Degree Turns - Three Dirnensional. Radii, Minimum Bending ... ..... 130-132
.
Nitrogen, Properties of. . . . ........231 Radius of Gyration ...-...244
.
Nomenclatue and symbols . 2 Red Wood Timber, Properties of ......231
.
Nozzles, Extruded .-.....139 Relatiye Weight Factor... .........- I72
Nozzles, Welded ...-.-...139 Restrained Bends. 34
Nuclear Piping ....... 146-148 Resultant Fiber Stress . . . . . ........ 4,5
Number 8 Bend. .......-. 45 ReynoldsNumber ...... 68,72
Number9Bend.... . . . . . 40,41,42,43,44 Rigid Hangers. ..........164
Number 118end.... 39 Ring-Joint Gaskets. ...-...124
Nurnber 10 Bend. 38 Rockwell llardness -......230
Nylon Rope ....215 Rockwool, Properties of. . . . .-...--.231
Rollers.. ..... 168
o Rope, Malila ... 214
Oak Timber, hoperties of . . . ..... . -. 231 Rope, Nylon. ...........215
Oils, hoperties of ........231 Rope, Steelwtue .. .... 212,213
Oxygen, Properties of. . . . . . .,...... 231 Ropes, Chains, Safe l,oads for . ....211215
Rubber Goods, Properties of. -.-....- 231
252
S page
Page
Safe toads for Chains and Ropes ... .. .. - 211215
--. Tanks, Horizontal Cylindrical, Gauging .......... Z1g
Sand, Propefties of .. - -.. . 231 Tap Drills for U.S.A.S. PipeThreads . . . . 209
Sandstone,Propertiesof..... . -..... 231 Tap Drill Sizes for ScrewThreads. . . . - . 21,0
Screwed Flanges ..--.....140 Taper Tbreads, American Standard. .... ZlO
Screws, Wood, American National ...,. 209 Standard.
Section Modulus of Pipe . . . .
Taper Threads, British .-....226
......11,244 Teakwood,Propertiesof ... ...... - - Z3l
Selection of Matedals. .... . ....,... i03 Temperature by Color . . . . .
Pipe and Tubing
......-.207
....... 103 Temperature Conversions . . . ....,...233
Fittings and Flanges. . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Thermal Expansion Data. . . . ... 7.198"206
Bolting.. ........... 105 Thermal Movement Calculations. ...... 16l
Gaskets.. ........... 106 Thread Engagement, Normal Pipe Thread . . . . . . . . . 226
Selection ofProper Hanger .. ........162 Threads, American Standard Straight ........... 225
Shear Stress ....3,4 Tlueads, American Standard Taper.
Sheet Metal Gauges .......208 -...224
Ttueads, British Standard Taper. ......226
Shellac, Properties of . . . . . . -.......231 Ttuead Symbols, Pipe. . . . . .
Silver, Properties of
........225
.-.....231 Tfuee Dimensional 90o Tums . 32
Sine Functions of Angles ... ........228 Timber, hoperties of .......
Single Plane System
,,.....231
52 Tin, Properties of ........ Z3l,
Single Plane System Containing Circular Arcs . . . . . . 54 Tolerances, Linear. . . -..13e-132
Slipon Flanges .......... L4O Torsional Rigidity of Ferrous Materials .......... 6
Socket Weld Fitting... ....140 Trigonometric Formulas . . . . . .......227
Solder, Properties of ...... ........ 231 Tubing Materials ......... 103
Solids,hopertiesof. . ... .. .-......231 Turpentine, hoperties of ... ........ Z3l
Solution of Equations .... ...... 60,66 Two Plane U Shape 29
Specifications - Power Plant Piping Materials . . . . . . 128 Two Plaae U Sbape with Tangents 30
Specific Gravily ofcases .... ,......232 Typical Pipe Support Specification. ....170
Split Type Backing Ring . . . . ........I41
Spruce Timber, hoperties of . ........231 U
Steam in Standard Pipe. . . . . . . ..69,74,76 U Bend
Steam, Sarurated. Propeties o[ ...-.-.206
Steam Velocities ......... 68
Expansion q
Steel, hoperties of .......231 Expansion - ft..
Tangents = 2 41
Steel Rounds, Weight of . . . . ........ 220 Expansion - ..
Tangents = R 42
Steel, Wire Gauges. .......20g Expansion - .
Tangents = 2R 43
SteelWire Rope Expansion-Tangents=4R .
......212.213 Double Offset.
44
Straight Threads, American Standard ........... 225 45
Stress, Bending, in Empty Pipe. U Shape - Equal Tangents . . . .
..-....201 22
Stress, Bending, in Water Filled Pipe . . . . ZOz
Stress Calculations U Shape - Tangents. !r : 2 23
Single Plarc System
L,
U Shape - Tangents. !r = 3
52
Single Plane System Containing Circular Arcs ... . 54
Multiple Pl.ane System ..... L"
)t)
Multiple Plane System Containing Circular U Shape - Tangents. !.:. = 4 25
Arcs.... .......-. 62
Strcsses . . 3
U Shape Single Tangent 26
StresslntensificationFactors. ...... 8,9,10 U Shape Unequal Legs 27
Stress Values, Allowable . . . . gl U Shape - Equal Legs ..... z8
Stubs Steel Wire Gauge. . . . . 208
U Shape - Two Plane. . . .-.. 29
U Shape - Two Plane with Tangents. 30
Sway Brace 170 Unified SrewThrcads. . . . . 2t0
US. Standard Sheet Metal Gauge 208
T Unrestrained Bends
Tablesof Common Shapes .. .......17-33
Tangent Functions of Angles . . -......22g v
Tangents, Minimum for Bending. ... l3O-132 Variable Spring llangers . . ... ..,....162
Drop.
Velocity and heszure ......... 6E
Velocity of Steam ...... 6g,69
253
Page Page
264
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books (handbooks)
Author Published by
Books (textbooks)
Author Publi$ed bY
Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings and Pipe Technical Paper 409 Crane Co.
Title Publi$ed bY