IEEE 802.

3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet
IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet
ANSI X3T9 Fibre Channel
 Ethernet – Table of Contents

Part 1: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Part 2: IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet Floor 4

Ethernet / Fast
Ethernet Switch

Part 3: IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet

Floor 3

Hub Stack

Bridge / Router
Fast WAN
Ethernet Switch Floor 1

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

2
 Ethernet – History

• Developed by Xerox Palo Alto Research Centre

• First published by Digital Equipment, Intel, and Xerox as DIX (DEC, Intel,
Xerox) standard

• Strongly changed and standardised by IEEE in the IEEE 802.3

• Therefore, two different versions are existing:

– Ethernet version 2 (DIX)
– IEEE 802.3
– differences are mainly in the Media Access frame

• Topology of an Ethernet is logically (mostly physically, too) a bus

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
 Ethernet – Technological Overview

• A lot of standards exist for different Ethernet versions:

– 1Base5 (Starlan), 10Base5 (Ethernet), 10Base2 (Cheapernet)
– 10BaseT, 10BaseF, 10Broad36
– 100BaseTX, 100BaseFX, 100BaseT2, 100BaseT4
– 1000Base-LX, 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-CX, 1000Base-T
– 100BaseVG, 100VG-AnyLAN

• First number identifies transfer rate (1=1MBit/s, 10=10MBit/s, ...)

• Base = baseband transmission, Broad = broadband transmission

• Last digit, number, or character identifies characteristics of the

transmission medium:
– T = twisted pair, FX/LX/SX = fibre optics, CX = shielded balanced
copper, T4 = 4 pair twisted pair, T2 = 2 pair twisted pair
– length of a segment - 2=185m, 5=500m

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
 Part 1: Survey

Part 1: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

– Physical Layer
– Medium Access
– Configuration Rules

Part 2: IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet

Part 3: IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet thick coax

segment
(500m max)
coax
MAU tap
(MDI)

15-pin AUI
connector
transceiver
AUI cable
(50m max)

Ethernet interface male "N" connector

with external MAU
50 Ohm terminator

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

5
 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet – Introduction

Applications

Management

CSMA/CD MAC

AUI Interface

10Base5 10Base2 10Base-T 10Base-F

(Thick Coax) (Thin Coax) (UTP cat 3,4,5) (Fibre)

Ethernet Physical Layer (PHY) Options

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
 Physical Layer

• Tasks of the physical layer defined as:

– send and receive bit streams

– collision detection

– encoding and decoding of signals

– generation of the preamble

– generation of clocks for synchronisation

– testing of the transmission of data from the station up to the Medium

Access Unit (MAU)

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

7
 Physical Layer (cont.) – Architectural Model

Higher Protocol Layer

Logical Link Control (LLC)

Medium Access Control (MAC)

PLS

Physical Layer
standardised

AUI
in IEEE 802.3

PMA

MAU
MDI

transmission medium

PLS Physical Signalling Sub-layer MDI Medium Dependent Interface

AUI Attachment Unit Interface MAU Medium Attachment Interface
PMA Physical Medium Attachment

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

8
 Medium Access – CSMA/CD

• Shared medium access is realised with Carrier Sense Multiple Access

with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
– each station is listening to the carrier (carrier sense)
– if no transmission takes place, stations can send data to any other
station (multiple access)
– if two or more stations send data at the same time, each station has
to stop further transmission (collision detection)
– after a certain time (random for each station), stations can try to send
data again

• CSMA/CD needs
– multiple stations connected to a segment (multiple access)
– sense of the carrier before data is sent (carrier sense)
– sense of the carrier during data transmission (collision detection)

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

9
 Medium Access (cont.) – Domains

Bridge / Repeater /
Router
Switch Hub

Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet

Collision Domain

Broadcast Domain

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
 Medium Access (cont.) – IEEE 802.3 Frames

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet MAC frames

PA SFD DA SA LEN LLC Data PAD FCS

7 1 6 6 2 3/4 variable 4

PA preamble LLC logical link control

DA destination address PAD padding
SA source address FCS frame check sequence (CRC-32)
SFD start frame delimiter LEN length

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
 Configuration Rules

• Basically two models exist for the configuration of multi-segment

Ethernet networks:

1. A model employing conservative calculations

2. A model employing IEEE standardised configuration aids with two

phase calculation (first the correct round trip signal propagation,
than the amount of Interframe Gap shrinkage)

• System not built with these guidelines can work, but usually not for a
long time

• Especially a growing network (by size or traffic load) should not violate
this recommendations (IEEE 802.3)

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
 Configuration Rules (cont.) – Model 1

10Base-FL link 500m

R 500m R 10Base-5
mixing
10Base-FL link
500m
500m DTE 2
10Base-5
mixing 10Base-T link
R 100m
DTE 3
R DTE 1
185m
10Base-2 mixing

R Repeater

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
 Configuration Rules (cont.) – Model 2

• Defines two sets of methods, which have to be performed both

• First set ensures that the round trip signal propagation is within the limits

• Second set verifies the amount of Interframe Gap shrinkage

• A simplified network topology (Generalised Transmission Path Model) is

used to for the path delay calculation

DTE DTE
MAU MAU Repeater MAU MAU Repeater MAU MAU
1 2

left segment middle segment right segment

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
 Part 2: IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet

Part 1: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Part 2: IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet

– Introduction
– 100Base-T Overview
– 100Base-TX
– 100Base-FX
– 100Base-T4

Ethernet / Fast Ethernet / Fast

Ethernet Switch Ethernet Switch

Part 3: IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet

Fast Ethernet Hub

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
 Fast Ethernet – Technological Overview I

• Two different technologies exist for 100MBit/s Ethernet

– IEEE 802.3u 100Base-T (100Base-TX, 100Base-FX, 100Base-T4,
100Base-T2)
– IEEE 802.12 100VG-AnyLAN

• 100Base-T
– supports the common Ethernet mechanisms (CSMA/CD)

• 100VG-AnyLAN
– creates an entirely new medium access control mechanism
– is based on hubs that control access to the medium using a demand
priority
– further extended to allow to transport token ring frames

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
 Fast Ethernet – Technological Overview II

100 MBit/s Ethernet

100VG-AnyLAN 100Base-T

100Base-T2 100Base-X 100Base-4

100Base-TX 100Base-FX

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
 IEEE 802.u Fast Ethernet

• Aims of the IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet working group

– support of CSMA/CD with bit rate of 100 MBit/s
– identical MAC frame format
– support of twisted pair and fibre optics as physical medium
– interoperability between 10Base-T and 100Base-TX components

• Fast Ethernet Consortium develops technology and is accepted by the

IEEE 802.3u working group

• The Fast Ethernet Consortium was formed in December of 1993 and is

one of the consortiums at the University of New Hampshire Inter
Operability Lab (IOL). The Consortium was formed through the co-
operative agreement of vendors interested in testing Fast Ethernet
products.

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
 IEEE 802.u Fast Ethernet (cont.) – Overview

Applications

Management

CSMA/CD MAC

MII Interface

100Base-FX 100Base-TX 100Base-T4

(Fibre) (UTP cat 5) (UTP cat 3,4,5)

Fast Ethernet Physical Layer (PHY) Options

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

1
 Physical Layer – 100Base-X

Scheme of the 100Base-X standard

LLC

MAC
Reconciliation

MII 100Base-X repeater

PCS PCS
PCS
Physical
PMA PMA
Layer PMA

PMD PMD PMD

MDI MDI MDI

Medium Medium
Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
2
 Physical Layer (cont.) – 100Base-T4

Scheme of the 100Base-T4 standard

LLC

MAC
Reconciliation

MII

PCS

PMD

MDI

Medium

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

2
 Physical Layer (cont.) – 10/100 MBit Hub

Scheme of a Fast Ethernet hub supporting different media

10Base-T / 100Base-TX repeater

Reconciliation Reconciliation PLS

MII MII

PCS PCS
Physical
Layer PMA AUI AUI

PMD PMA PMA (= MAU)

MDI MDI MDI

Medium Medium Medium

100 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

2
 Media System

• 100Base-T is ten times faster than 10Base-T

• Common 10Base-T aspects are unchanged
– frame format and the amount of data of a frame
– media access control
• Mechanisms for Auto-Negotiation of media speed added
– enables support of dual-speed Ethernet interfaces (10 and 100
MBit/s)
• Block diagram of 100Base-T components:

Data Terminal
Physical Medium
Equipment Medium Independent Physical
Layer Dependent
(DTE) Interface (MII) Medium
Device (PHY) Interface (MDI)
port

40-pin connector optional

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

2
 100Base-TX – Components I

class II four port

100Base-TX repeater hub

R II

PHY
PHY

PHY
PHY
eight pin
plugs

twisted pair segment

(100m max of data graded
UTP cat 5 cable)
PHY

eight pin
jack MDI
Ethernet interface
(100Base-TX)

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

2
 100Base-TX (cont.) – Components II

• 100Base-TX segments are link segments

• A link segment is defined as a point-to-point medium
– connects two and only two MDIs
– smallest network would consist of two computers

• Typical installation uses multiport repeater hubs or packet switching hubs

– provides a connection between a larger number of link segments
– NIC on one end, hub on the other end of the segment
– hubs can connect as many segments as ports available
– computers all communicate via the hub

• Segment up to 100m
• Two 100m segments segments can be connected through a single
Class I or Class II repeater
• System with a total diameter of 200 meters between DTEs

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

2
 100Base-T (cont.) – Repeater I

Data Circuit Equipment (repeater, hub)

• Ethernet ports on repeaters do not use an Ethernet interface

– A repeater port connects to the Fast Ethernet media system with the
same PHY and MDI equipment
– moving the signals directly from segment to segment, therefore, do
not contain Ethernet interfaces (since they do not operate at the level
of Ethernet frames)
– a repeater hub may be equipped with an Ethernet interface to
provide a way to communicate with the hub over the network (allows
a vendor to provide a management interface in the hub)

• Two kinds of repeaters in the 100Base-T system (labelled with the

Roman number "I" or "II" centred within a circle)
– Class I
– Class II

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

2
 100Base-T (cont.) – Repeater II

Class I repeater have larger timing delays

– operates by translating line signals on an incoming port to digital
form
– then retranslating them to line signals when sending them out on the
other ports
– repeats signals between media segments that use different signalling
techniques (e.g. 100Base-TX/FX and 100Base-T4 segments)
– only one Class I repeater can be used in a given collision domain
when maximum cable lengths are used

• Class II repeater is restricted to smaller timing delays

– immediately repeats the incoming signal to all other ports
– connected only to segment types that use the same signalling
technique a maximum of two Class II repeaters can be used within a
given collision domain when maximum cable lengths are used
• Segment types with different signalling techniques cannot be mixed
together in a Class II repeater hub

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

2
 100Base-TX (cont.) – Link Integrity Test

• PHY continually monitors the receive data path for activity

– checks that the link is working correctly (also in idle periods)
– signalling system is based on the ANSI FDDI signalling

• Twisted-pair transceivers that use 8-pin MDI connectors also send and
receive link pulses
– called Fast Link Pulses (FLP)
– used in the Auto-Negotiation mechanism
– allows a multi-speed hub to detect the speed of operation of an
Ethernet device
– hub can adjust the speed of its ports accordingly

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

2
 100Base-FX – Components

class II 100Base-FX
fibre optic repeater hub

R II

TX RX TXRX TXRX

FO link
to another
TX FO station or
RX repeater hub

Ethernet interface SC, ST, or

(100Base-FX) FDDI fibre optic connector
Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
2
 100Base-T4 – Components

class II four port

100Base-T4 repeater hub

R II

PHY

PHY

PHY
PHY
eight pin
plugs

twisted pair segment

(100m max of four pair
UTP cat 3,4,5 cable)
PHY

eight pin
jack MDI
Ethernet interface
(100Base-T4)

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
 100Base-T4 - Components

• Old „voice-grade“ twisted pair (Cat3) has high attenuation and

electromagnetic radiation
• UTP Cat3 is only defined up to 16 Mbit/s
• Radiation is limited by the authorities above 30 MHz

• Therefore 4 pairs working in parallel at 25 Mbit/s

• Special attention ís paid to signal encoding

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
 Migration – From Ethernet to Fast Ethernet

• Fast Ethernet is compatible with Ethernet

– shared medium, too
– CSMA/CD is the same
– old cabling can be used, if UTP cat 5
– 10Base-T network cards can be connected to 100Base-T equipment

• Differences
– new network cards needed (dual cards available)
– coax cable no longer supported
– integration can be accomplished with switches rather then routers
– maximum hop count between stations (repeater, hub) is 2 (Ethernet:
4), larger networks have to employ bridges, switches, or routers
– maximum network diameter between two stations in the same
segment is 205 m (twisted pair)

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
 Migration (cont.) – Cable Pinout

• 100Base-TX Cable Pinout

Desktop Hub
1 1
2
Transmit (1&2) 2
3 3
4 4
5
Receive (3&6) 5
6 6
7 7
8 8

• 100 Base-T4 Cable Pinout

Desktop Hub
1 1
2
Transmit (1&2) 2
3 3
4 4
5
Receive (3&6) 5
6 6
7 Bi-directional (4&5) 7
8 8

Bi-directional (7&8)

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
 Migration (cont.) – Switched vs. Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Seldom makes sense to the desktop;
use for servers only:
Existing
• Most existing PCs cannot take
Workgroups
advantage of 100 MBit/s
• Costs of changing adapters
For power users and peak bandwidth
needs
• 100MBit/s peak bandwidth for
CAD/CAM, graphics, 3D Modelling,
New
Workgroups
etc.
• Only slightly higher costs than
switched 10MBit/S
• Ideal for PCs and PCI PCs and UNIX
workstations
Peak performance – new
Summary
PCs/workstations with large file transfers and installed base
Broadband Network Technologies
Switched Ethernet
Obvious upgrade path:
• Low cost; no adapter change
• Leverages existing PCs
• No cable change
• Multimedia capable
Or standard business applications
and aggregate bandwidth needs
• Lower costs
• Standard Ethernet cabling
• Ideal for ISA, PC-Card (PCMCIA)
PCs
Continuous network use – ISA PCs
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
3
 Migration (cont.) – Small Fast Ethernet Collapsed Backbone

Ethernet Hub

shared 10MBit/s
switched 10MBit/s

switched 100MBit/s
Ethernet Hub
shared 100 MBit/s

Ethernet / Fast
Ethernet Switch Fast Ethernet Hub

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
 Migration (cont.) – Switched Ethernet with Fast Ethernet

Ethernet / Fast Ethernet / Fast

Ethernet Switch Ethernet Switch

switched 10MBit/s

switched 100MBit/s

shared 100 MBit/s

Fast Ethernet Hub

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
 Migration (cont.) – High Performance Workgroups
Floor 4

Ethernet / Fast
Ethernet Switch

Floor 3

Hub Stack switched 10MBit/s

switched 100MBit/s

shared 100 MBit/s

Floor 2

Hub Stack

FDDI
Bridge / Router
Fast
Ethernet Switch Floor 1
WAN

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
 Migration (cont.) – Comprehensive Fast Ethernet Integration

Floor 4

Ethernet / Fast
Ethernet Switch

Floor 3

shared 10MBit/s
Ethernet Hub
switched 10MBit/s

switched 100MBit/s

shared 100 MBit/s

Floor 2

Fast
Ethernet Switch

LAN Switch FDDI Bridge / Router WAN

Fast
Ethernet Switch Floor 1

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
 Migration (cont.) – Scale Fast Ethernet and an FDDI Backbone

Floor 2 Floor 2

Hub with 100 MBit/s Hub with 100 MBit/s

downlink downlink

Floor 1 Floor 1

Hub Stack Hub Stack

Fast Fast
Ethernet Switch Ethernet Switch

LAN Switch with

support for bridging, FDDI
FDDI concentration, Bridge / Router
and IP routing backbone
switched 10MBit/s

switched 100MBit/s

shared 100 MBit/s

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

3
 Topology Rules

• Maximum Network Diameter

Repeater Qty. Twisted Pair Fibre Twisted Pair /Fibre
Class TX/T4 100Base-FX TX/FX T4/FX
I 1 200 m 272 m 260.8 m 231 m
656 ft. 892.2 ft. 855.4 ft. 57.7 ft.
II 1 200 m 320 m 308.8 m 304 m
656 ft. 1,049.6 ft. 1,012.9 ft. 997.1 ft.
II 2 205 m 228 m 216.2 m 236.3 m
672.4 ft. 747.8 ft. 709.1 ft. 775.1 ft.

• Maximum Cable Distances

Cable Type Connecting Length
100m
Twisted Pair Any two devices
328 ft.
Half 142 m
Switch to Switch, Duplex 1,351.4 ft.
Fibre
Server or PC Full 2 km
Duplex 1.24 m i.

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
 Topology Rules (cont.)
MAC - MAC Floor 100
412m fibre

100Base-T
Switch or Bridge

one repeater: 261m Floor 50

(161m fibre + 100m UTP)

100Base-T
Class I hub
100m UTP

two repeaters: 205m Floor 25

(typically 100m + 5m + 100m)

100m UTP 100m UTP

100Base-T 100Base-T
Class II hub Class II hub
5m UTP

switched 100MBit/s
Bridge / Router
Switch shared 100 MBit/s

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
 Part 3: IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet

Part 1: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

Part 2: IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet

Part 3: IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet

T T

HYBRID

HYBRID
– The need for speed
– Functional Elements R R

T T
– Architectural Model

HYBRID

HYBRID
– 1000Base-T R R

– Migration T T

HYBRID

HYBRID
R R

T T

HYBRID

HYBRID
R R

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
 Gigabit Ethernet – The Need for Speed

Not-compressed Compressed Jitter

Audio (CD quality) 1.4 MBit/s 192 kBit/s 100 ms

Speech 64 kBit/s 4 – 32 kBit/s 400 ms

Video – HDTV 2 GBit/s 25 – 34 MBit/s 50 ms

(MPEG-2)
Video – studio quality 166 MBit/s 3 – 6 MBit/s 100 ms
(MPEG-2)
Video – TV quality – 2 – 4 MBit/s 100 ms
(MPEG-2)
Video – video conference – 112 kBit/s 400 ms
quality (H.261)

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
 IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet – Protocol Stack

IEEE 802.2 LLC

IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3

Ethernet CSMA/CD
IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.2 LLC
Physical Layer
CSMA/CD or Full
Duplex MAC

8B/10B
FC-4 Upper Layer
Encode/Decode
Mapping
FC-3 Common Serializer/
Services Deserializer

ANSI X3T11
FC-2 Signalling Connector
Fibre Channel
FC-1
Encode/Decode
FC-0 Interface
and Media

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
 Standardisation Timeline

1995 1996

HSSG PAR PAR 802.3z

Formed Drafted Approved Approved

1997 1998

Working LMSC
First Draft Standard
Group Ballot
Ballot

HSSG Higher Speed Study Group

PAR Project Authorisation Request
LSMC LAN MAN Standards Committee

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
 IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet – Overview

Applications

Management

CSMA/CD MAC

GMII Interface

1000Base-CX 1000Base-SX 1000Base-LX 1000Base-T

(Twinax) (Short WL Fibre) (Long LW Fibre) (Twisted Pair)

Gigabit Ethernet Physical Layer (PHY) Options

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
 IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet – Overview (cont.)

• GbE is still Ethernet, only faster

• New functional capabilities:

– Full-duplex operation
• Allows simultaneous two-way transmission
• The possibility of collisions is eliminated and the effective bandwidth is
doubled
– Flow Control
• Optional flow control allows to avoid receiver buffer overflows
– VLAN Tagging
• Allows the creation of virtual networks based on logical identification
rather than physical addresses
• Reduces the number of addresses that must be maintained in switch
tabels
• Allows to assign user priorities within an Ethernet
• Requires to change the frame format (if used, we are no longer
compatible to the other Ethernets)

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
 IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet – Functional Elements

Media Access Control (MAC)

full duplex and/or half duplex

Gigabit Media Independent Interface (GMII), optional

8B / 10 B 1000Base-T
encoding / decoding encoder / decoder

1000Base-LX 1000Base-SX 1000Base-CX 1000Base-T

LWL SWL Shielded Balance UTP
Fibre Optic Fibre Optic Copper Category 5

SMF - 5 km 50µ MMF - 550 m 25 m 100 m

50µ MMF - 550 m 62,5µ MMF - 275 m
62,5µ MMF - 550 m
802.3ab
802.3z physical layer physical layer

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
 IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet – Distance Specifications

9µ MMF
1000Base-LX
50µ MMF
1300nm
62.5µ MMF

1000Base-SX 50µ MMF

850nm 62.5µ MMF

1000Base-T
Copper(UTP)
1000Base-CX
Copper(twinax)

25m 100m 275m >500m 5km

Machine Room Building Backbone Campus Backbone

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

4
 IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet – Architectural Model

Upper Layers

Logical Link Control (LLC)

Data Link
Layer
Media Access Control (MAC)

Reconciliation Reconciliation

MII GMII

PCS PCS
Physical
Layer PMA PMA

PMD PMD

MDI MDI

Medium Medium
100 MBit/s 1000 MBit/s

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

5
 IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet – Frame Transmission

• Half-Duplex mode:
• Basically like classical Ethernet (Carrier sense, collision detection)
• But: the data frame is much shorter now!
• Two possible solutions:
• Increase the minimum frame length or
• Add non-data carrier-extension bits after the frame transmission
• The latter does not violate the standard, so it was chosen
7 1 6 6 2 3/4 variable 4
PA SFD DA SA LEN LLC Data PAD FCS Extension
minFrameSize
slotTime
Late collision threshold (slot time)
Carrier duration
PA preamble LLC logical link control
DA destination address PAD padding
SA source address FCS frame check sequence (CRC-32)
SFD start frame delimiter LEN length
Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
5
 IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet – Frame Transmission

• Another possibility to extend the carrier is Frame bursting

– Allow a user to send a series of (small) packets without relinquishing
the control of the medium

MAC frame w. extension Interframe MAC frame Interframe MAC frame

Burst limit
Carrier duration

– When the burst limit is reached, the last frame may be continued
without interruption

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

5
 1000Base-T – The Challenge

• Transmitting 1000 MBit/s data stream over four pairs of UTP cat 5 cable
presents several design challenges due to:
– signal attenuation
– echo
– return loss
– crosstalk characteristics
• NEXT - Near-end Crosstalk
• FEXT - Far-end Crosstalk
• ELFEXT - Equal Level Far-end Crosstalk
• Transmission systems operating on UTP cable must be capable of
withstanding radiated energy from other sources (AM, CD, short wave
radio)
• Additional objective is to maximise the tolerance to background and
impulse noise (power line transients, electrical fast transients, Electro-
static discharge - ESD)

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

5
 1000Base-T (cont.) – The Design Approach

T Insertion_Loss (f) T

HYBRID

HYBRID
250 MBit/s echo Pair 1 250 MBit/s

R R

T T

NEXT_21

FEXT_21
HYBRID

HYBRID
250 MBit/s Pair 2 250 MBit/s

R R

T T

NEXT_31

FEXT_31
HYBRID

HYBRID
250 MBit/s Pair 3 250 MBit/s

R R

T T
FEXT_41
NEXT_41
HYBRID

HYBRID
250 MBit/s Pair 4 250 MBit/s

R R

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

5
 1000Base-T (cont.) – Transceiver

TX Magnetics
Pulse Resistive
DAC
Shaping Hybrid
Auto
Negotiation PCS
Transmit
GMII
Synch A/D

Tuning
PLL
Control

NC NC NC NC

Delay Adj. Σ FFE

Viterbi
PCS
Decoder/
Receive
DFE

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

5
 1000Base-T (cont.) – 5-level PAM Coding

1 Binary signalling

0 Baseband
Pulse
Symbol Shaping
+2 GMII
Encoder
+1
0
-1 125 MHz 125 MHz, 5 levels

-2 1000Base-T 5-level PAM

• Four symbols transmitted simulataneously on the four pairs make up

an 8-bit octet (4D-PAM5 Trellis FEC code)
• One octet is transmitted in only one baud, making up 125 Mbaud per
twisted pair

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

5
 Migration – Switch to Server Links

End User Connection

100 MBit/s 100 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s

100 M 100 M 10 M 10 M 10 M 10 M
Repeater Repeater Switch Switch Switch Switch

100 100 100 100 100 100

MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s

100 MBit/s
Fast Ethernet Switch

Server Farm

End User Connection

100 MBit/s 100 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s

100 M 100 M 10 M 10 M 10 M 10 M
Gigabit
Repeater Repeater Switch Switch Switch Switch
Ethernet NICs

100 100 100 100 100 100

MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s

1000 MBit/s
Gigabit Ethernet Switch or Repeater

Server Farm

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

5
 Migration (cont.) – Switch to Switch Links
End User Connection End User Connection
10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 100 MBit/s 100 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s

10 M 10 M 100 M 100 M 10 M 10 M
Switch Switch Repeater Repeater Switch Switch

100 100 100 100 100 100

MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s
100 MBit/s

100 MBit/s
Fast Ethernet Switch 100 MBit/s Fast Ethernet Switch
Server Farm

End User Connection End User Connection

10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 100 MBit/s 100 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s

10 M 10 M 10 M 100 M 100 M 10 M 10 M 10 M
Switch Switch Switch Repeater Repeater Switch Switch Switch

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Server Farm
MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s
100 MBit/s

100 MBit/s
Fast Ethernet Switch 1000 MBit/s Fast Ethernet Switch

Gigabit Ethernet
Modules

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

5
 Migration (cont.) – Upgrading a Switched Backbone
End User Connection
100 MBit/s 100 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s

100 M 100 M 10 M 10 M 10 M 10 M
Repeater Repeater Switch Switch Switch Switch

100 100 100 100 100 100

MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s

Fast Ethernet Switch

100 MBit/s Backbone

End User Connection

100 MBit/s 100 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s 10 MBit/s

100 M 100 M 10 M 10 M 10 M 10 M
Repeater Repeater Switch Switch Switch Switch

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s MBit/s

Gigabit Ethernet Switch or Repeater

1000 MBit/s Backbone

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

5
 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet – Summary

Comparison with other High-speed networks

Capabilities Gigabit Ethernet Fast Ethernet ATM FDDI

IP Yes Yes Requires RFC 1557 or IP Yes
Compatibility over LANE today, I-PNNI
and/or MPOA in the future
Ethernet Yes Yes Requires LANE Yes, though
Packets 802.1h translation
bridge
Handle Yes Yes Yes, but application Yes
Multimedia needs substantial
changes
Quality of Yes, with RSVP Yes, with RSVP Yes with SVCs or RSVP Yes, with RSVP
Service and/or 8021p and/or 8021p with complex mapping and/or 8021p
from IETF (work in
progress)
VLANS with Yes Yes Requires mapping LANE Yes
802,1q / 802.1p and/or SVCs to 802.1q

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
 Fiber Channel

• ANSI X3T9.3 standardized it in 1995 (started in 1988)

– Designed to transport many protocols, such as FDDI, serial HIPPI,
SCSI, Gigabit Ethernet, IP and others
– Switched full duplex medium
– Channels are established between the Originator and the Responder
– Transfer rates from 100 Mbit/s to 3.2 Gbit/s
– Distance up to 10 km (for single mode fiber)
– Multi-layered stack of functional levels (not mapping directly to OSI)
– Different topologies can be configured
• point-to-point
• arbitrated loop
• switched fabric

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
 Fiber Channel (cont.)

• Lower two layers (FC-0 and FC-1) (almost) correspond to the

1000-Base-X PHY layer
• Ethernet requires a lower laser linewidth and has a different data rate
• Most common data rate is 100MByte/s=800Mbit/s=1063Mbaud
• Up to 1063Mbaud copper (STP) can be used as well
CHANNELS NETWORKS

FC-4 IPI HIPPI SCSI SBCCS IEEE 802.2 IP ATM

FC-3 Common Services

1000 Base-X
Gigabit Ethernet
FC-2 Framing Protocol / Flow Control

FC-1 Encode / Decode

FC-0 133 Mbaud 266 Mbaud 531 Mbaud 1.06Gbaud 2.1 Mbaud 4.2 Mbaud

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
 Fiber Channel - Layers

• FC-0
– Specifies the physical link
• Media, transmitters, receivers, connectors
– Wide range of different technologies supported
• STP, Video cable, 62.5µm and 50µm multimode fiber, single mode fiber
– Open Fiber Control System (OFC)
• Power the laser down if the fiber is open -> eye safety!
• FC-1
– 8B/10B encoding
• 8 bits of data are encoded in a 10 bit Transmission character
• 4 Transmission characters make up a Transmission word
• Running Disparity (RD) sums up the „1“s and „0“s and can be either
positive or negative
• Depending on the RD value, one of two possible Transmission
characters is chosen for each data byte to achieve a DC free code
• A special character marks the start of Ordered Sets (control sequences)
– Start of Frame (SOF), End of Frame (EOF), Link Reset (LR), ...

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

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 Fiber Channel - Layers

• FC-2
– Signalling protocol level
– Defines frame structure
– 32-bit CRC
Start of Frame Optional End of
Payload CRC
Frame Header Header Frame

4 24 24 0-2048 4 4
Size in bytes
– Different Service classes:
• Class 1
– Circuit switched connection
• Class 2
– Frame switched, connectionless
– ACK confirms the delivery of every frame
• Class 3
– Frame switched, unconfirmed
• Class 4 (fractional bandwidth) to 6 (Multicast) are largely undefined

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
 Fiber Channel – Layers (cont.)

Sequences and Exchanges

• Sequence = Group of frames flowing in the same direction
• Exchange = Group of sequences for a single operation
• Protocol = 5 types of exchanges (N_Port Login, Fabric Login, N_Port
Logout, Data transfer, Primitive Sequence)

INITIATOR RESPONDER
Command Sequence

Acks
Transfer Ready
Data Sequence

Response Sequence

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
 Fiber Channel – Layers (cont.)

• FC-3
– Services for multiple ports on one node
• Striping of hard disks
• Hunt groups (more than port responds to the same alias address)
• FC-4
– Defines application interfaces to Upper Layer Protocols (ULPs)
• SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
• HIPPI (High Performance Parallel Interface)
• IP (Internet Protocol)
• AAL5 (ATM Adaption Layer)
• IEEE 802.2

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
 Fiber Channel – Topologies

• Point-to-point
– Consists of two FC devices connected
– Full bandwidth all the time
• Arbitrated Loop
– Up to 127 ports in a single network
– When a node wants to send, it has to gain control of the loop (ring)
• Send out ARBx Signal with x= physical address of the node
• Once it receives its ARBx back, it is allowed to send OPEN Signal (OPN)
• Establishes point-to-point communication
• All other nodes simply repeat the data
– When more than one node want to send
• Block the ARBy when y is higher than own x
• Otherwise forward ARBy
– Fairness algorithm prohibits a device from
arbitrating again until others had the chance to arbitrate

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
 Fiber Channel – Topologies (cont.)

• Fabric
– Connects up to 224 devices in a cross-point switched configuration
– Provide parallel transmission
– Originator gets a busy signal if not delivered
– Relieve nodes from routing issues
• Either set up a connection (for Class 1)
• Or put responders address on the frame (Class 2)
– Connect devices that run at different speeds
– Provide cable matching

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
 Fiber Channel – Summary

• Fiber Channel provides

– 800 Mbit/s over 10s of km between millions of users
– Support for various transmission media
– Point-to-point, loop, switched fabrics
– From 100Mbit/s to 3.2 Gbit/s
– SCSI, HIPPI, LAN card replacement
• Fiber Channel drawbacks
– Jungle of standards (over 20 different standards)
– No real shared medium

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

6
 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet – Acronyms

AUI Attachment Unit Interface PAD Packet Assembler / Disassembler

BNC Baby N Connector PAR Project Authorisation Request
CD Carrier Detection PCS Physical Coding Sub-Layer
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check PMA Physical Medium Attachment
CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access PLS Physical Signalling Sub-layer
DIX DEC, Intel, Xerox SAP Service Access Point
DTE Data Terminal Equipment VG Voice Graded
FLP Fast Link Pulses
FOIRL Fibre Optic Inter-Repeater Link
GMMI Gigabit Media Independent Interface
HSSG Higher Speed Study Group
LLC Logical Link Control
MAC Medium Access Control
MDI Medium Dependent Interface
MAU Medium Attachment Unit
MII Medium Independent Interface
NRZ Non-Return to Zero
NRZI Non-Return to Zero Inverted

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

7
 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet – References

Antol Badach, Olaf Knauer, Erwin Hoffmann: High Speed Networks,

Addison Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 2. Auflage 1997
ISBN: 3-8273-1232-9
Andrew S. Tanenbaum: Computer Networks, Prentice Hall International,
Third Edition, 1996
ISBN: 0-13-394248-1
David G. Cunningham, William G. Lane: Gigabit Ethernet Networking
Macmillan Technical Publishing, USA, 1999
ISBN: 1-57870-062-0
Switched Ethernet
http://jmazza.shillsdata.com/tech/ethernet/switched

Ethernet and Fast Ethernet Guide

http://www.ots.utexas.edu/ethernet

100Base-T Migration Guide

http://www.3com.com/nsc/100208.html

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

7
 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet – References (cont.)

Desktop ATM vs. Fast Ethernet

http://www.networking.ibm.com/atm/atm25fe.html

Gigabit Ethernet Information (PAR, Drafts)

http://www.ots.utexas.edu:8080/ethernet/descript-gigabit-ieee.html

Gigabit Ethernet Technical Overview

http://www.nbase.com/notes/gigabit.html

Gigabit Ethernet Alliance

http://www.gigabit-ethernet.org

Broadband Network Technologies IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

7