ROBUSTNESS OF STEEL STRUCTURES | 1

Standards and design guides

J.P. JASPART, J.F. DEMONCEAU and L. COMELIAU

Timisoara, April 10, 2014

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
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Introduction
Since the progressive collapse of the Ronan Point tower
in 1968, some codes and standards have included some
recommendations to limit the risk of occurrence of
progressive collapse of buildings, for instance:
• The British Standards
• Canadian codes
• The Unified Facilities Criteria of the US Department
of Defence
• The Eurocodes...
Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
ROBUSTNESS OF STEEL STRUCTURES | 3

Introduction
The first code which introduced recommendations to
ensure the structural integrity of buildings was the BS
(BS5950-1)
The other codes are mainly inspired from this code
(i.e. the same design philosophies are met)
Within this presentation, two codes will be addressed:
• The British Standards (BS5950-1)
• The Eurocodes (EC1 Part 1-7)

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
ROBUSTNESS OF STEEL STRUCTURES | 4

Introduction
The first code which introduced recommendations to
ensure the structural integrity of buildings was the BS
(BS5950-1)
The other codes are mainly inspired from this code
(i.e. the same design philosophies are met)
Within this presentation, two codes will be addressed:
• The British Standards (BS5950-1)
• The Eurocodes (EC1 Part 1-7)

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
ROBUSTNESS OF STEEL STRUCTURES | 5

British Standards BS5950-1

Part 1: Code of practice for design – Rolled and
welded sections

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

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Introduction
BS5950-1 dedicated to the structural use of
steelwork in building (Part 1: Code of practice
for design – Rolled and welded sections)

§ 2.4.5 of this code, entitled “Structural

integrity”, gives recommendations to reduce
the risk of localized damage spreading

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

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Introduction
For this purpose, two main methods are
recommended:
• Tying of buildings ( indirect method)
• Key elements ( direct method)

Using these methods, it may be assumed that

substantial permanent deformation of members and
their connections is acceptable
SLS has not to be considered at this stage
Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
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Introduction
For this purpose, two main methods are
recommended:
• Tying of buildings ( indirect method)
• Key elements ( direct method)
Using these methods, it may be assumed that
substantial permanent deformation of members and
their connections is acceptable
SLS has not to be considered at this stage

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
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Tying of buildings
Each column should be effectively held in position by
means of horizontal ties in two directions (approximately
at right angles) at each principal floor level supported by
that column

Allow ensuring a continuity between horizontal

elements
Allow a redistribution of loads within floor levels in
case of a column loss
Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

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Tying of buildings

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

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Tying of buildings
The horizontal ties may be:
• Steel members, including those also used for other
purposes
• Steel bar reinforcement (anchored to the steel frame and
embedded in concrete)
• Steel mesh reinforcement in a composite slab with steel
sheeting designed to act compositely with steel beams
(steel sheet directly connected to the beam by shear
connectors)

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

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Tying of buildings
All horizontal ties, and all horizontal members, should
be capable of resisting a factored tensile load (not
additive to other loads) of not less than 75kN

No information on the origin of this value !!!

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

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Avoidance of disproportion. collapse

Where regulations stipulate that certain buildings
should be specially designed to avoid
disproportionate collapse, steel framed respecting
the design recommendation previously mentioned
may be assumed to meet this requirement provided
that five conditions are met

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Avoidance of disproportion. collapse

Condition 1: general tying
• Horizontal ties should be distributed throughout each floor
as previously described
• Steel member acting as horizontal ties (and their end
connections) should resist to:
0,5.(1,4.gk + 1,6.qk).st.L > 75kN for internal ties
0,25.(1,4.gk + 1,6.qk).st.L > 75kN for edge ties
• This can be assumed to be satisfied if the member is capable
of resisting a tensile force equal to its end reaction under
factor loads (> 75kN)

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

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Avoidance of disproportion. collapse

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

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Avoidance of disproportion. collapse

Condition 2: tying of edge columns
• Horizontal ties anchoring the columns nearest to the
edges of a floor should be capable of resisting a
factored tensile load, acting perpendicular to the
edge, equal to the greater of:
o the load previously defined in “Condition 1”
o 1% of the maximum factored vertical dead and
imposed load in the column adjacent to that level

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Avoidance of disproportion. collapse

Condition 3: continuity of columns
• All column should be carried through
at each beam-to-column joints
• All column splices should be capable Column splice
resisting a tensile load equal to the
largest factored vertical dead and
imposed load reaction applied to the
column at a single floor level located
between the column splice and the
next column splice down

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

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Avoidance of disproportion. collapse

Condition 4: resistance to horizontal forces
• Braced bays or other systems for resisting horizontal forces
should be distributed throughout the building
Efficient bracing system

Condition 5: heavy floor units

• Where precast concrete or other heavy floor units are used,
they should be effectively anchored in the direction of their
span
To avoid a slipping out of these elements from their
supports
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Avoidance of disproportion. collapse

If any of the first three conditions (i.e. general tying,
tying of edge elements and continuity of columns) are
not met
the building should be checked in each storey in turn
to ensure that disproportionate collapse would not be
precipitated by the notional removal, one at a time, of
each column

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

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Avoidance of disproportion. collapse

If condition 4 (i.e. Resistance to horizontal forces) is
not met
the building should be checked in each storey in
turn to ensure that disproportionate collapse would
not be precipitated by the notional removal, one at a
time, of each element of the systems providing
resistance to horizontal forces

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

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Avoidance of disproportion. collapse

The portion of the building at risk of collapse should
not exceed 15% of the floor area or 70m² (whichever is
less) at the relevant level and at one immediately
adjoining floor.

If it is not the case, the column or element supposed to

be lost should be designed as a key element!

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

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Avoidance of disproportion. collapse

Loads to be considered for the checks for notional
removal of members:
• 1/3 of the ordinary wind load (W)
• 1/3 of the ordinary imposed load (Q)
• Dead load (G)
0,33.W + 0,33.Q + G
(except for storage or where the imposed load is of a
permanent nature)

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Key elements
A member that is recommended to be designed as a
key element according to the previously presented
rules should be designed for the accidental loading
specified in BS6399-1
BS6399-1: When an accidental load is required for a
key or protected element approach to design, that load
shall be taken as 34kN/m²
Other structural elements providing lateral restraint
vital for the stability of a key element should also be
designed as a key element
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Key elements
Loads to be considered for the key element design
the same than the ones previously mentioned, i.e.:
• 1/3 of the ordinary wind load (W)
• 1/3 of the ordinary imposed load (Q)
• Dead load (G)
0,33.W + 0,33.Q + G
(except for storage or where the imposed load is of a
permanent nature)

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

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Eurocode 1 Part 1-7

Actions on Structures - General Actions - Accidental
actions

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Introduction
EN 1991-1-7 provides strategies and rules for
safeguarding buildings and other civil engineering
works against identifiable and unidentifiable
accidental actions

The recommended strategies range from measures to

prevent or reduce the accidental action to the design
of the structure to sustain the action

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Introduction
Principle 3.3.(1)P in EN1991 Part 1-7: Accidental
actions:

“In the design, the potential damage to the

structure arising from an unspecified cause shall
be minimised, taking into account its use and
exposure”

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

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Introduction
Strategies to be considered:

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Limiting the extend of localised failure

The potential damage to the structure arising from an
unspecified cause shall be minimised through one or
more of the following strategies:
• Designing the structure with enhanced redundancy
• Designing key elements
• Applying prescriptive design/detailing rules

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Limiting the extend of localised failure

The strategies for
accidental design
situations may be based
on the Consequence
Classes:
• CC1 – Low consequences of
failure
• CC2 – Medium
consequences of failure
• CC3 – High consequences of
failure
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Limiting the extend of localised failure

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Limiting the extend of localised failure

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Limiting the extend of localised failure

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Limiting the extend of localised failure

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Limiting the extend of localised failure

For CC1
No specific consideration for accidental actions
For CC2
Simplified analysis by static equivalent action models or;
use of prescriptive design/detailing rules
For CC3
An examination of the specific case should be carried out to
determine the level of reliability required

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Limiting the extend of localised failure

For CC1
No specific consideration for accidental actions
For CC2
Simplified analysis by static equivalent action models or;
use of prescriptive design/detailing rules
For CC3
An examination of the specific case should be carried out to
determine the level of reliability required

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Consequences Class 2
Lower Group
• Effective horizontal ties or effective anchorage of suspended
floors to wall should be provided
Upper Group
• Effective horizontal ties together with effective vertical ties
should be provided or;
• To check the building to ensure that upon the notional
removal of each supporting column and each beam
supporting a column the building remains stable and that
any local damage does not exceed a certain limit

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Consequences Class 2
Upper Group
• Limit of admissible local damage: 15% of the floor or 200 m²,
whichever is greater (?), in each two adjacent storeys
• For the elements that the removal induces a non-admissible
local damage to be designed as a key element

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Effective horizontal ties – Framed structures

To be provided:
• Around the perimeter of each floor and roof level
and;
• Internally in two right angle directions to tie the
column and wall elements

The ties should be continuous

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Effective horizontal ties – Framed structures

Effective horizontal ties may comprise:
• Rolled steel sections
• Steel bar reinforcement in concrete slabs
• Steel mesh reinforcement and profile steel sheeting in
composite steel/concrete floors (if directly connected to the
steel beams with shear connectors)

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Effective horizontal ties – Framed structures

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Effective horizontal ties – Framed structures

Effective horizontal ties may comprise:
• Rolled steel sections
• Steel bar reinforcement in concrete slabs
• Steel mesh reinforcement and profile steel sheeting in
composite steel/concrete floors (if directly connected to the
steel beams with shear connectors)
The ties may consist of a combination of the above
types
(Identical to what was recommended in the BS)
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Effective horizontal ties – Framed structures

Each continuous tie, including its end connections,
should be capable of sustaining a design tensile load:
For internal ties: Ti = 0, 8.(g k + ψ.q k ).s.L or 75 kN
For perimeter ties: Tp = 0, 4.(g k + ψ.q k ).s.L or 75 kN
- s is the spacing of ties
- L is the span of the considered tie
- Ψ is the factor according the
accidental load combination

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Effective vertical ties – Framed structures

In framed buildings, the columns and
walls should be capable of resisting an
accidental design tensile force equal
to the largest design vertical Column splice

permanent and variable load reaction

applied to the column from any one R1

storey (not applied with normal

loading).
R2

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Effective horizontal ties – Wall structures

Lower group:
• To adopt a cellular form of construction
• Appropriate means of anchoring the floor to the walls

Upper group:
• Continuous effective horizontal ties should be provided in
the floors

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Effective horizontal ties – Wall structures

Loads to be supported by the ties:
Ft (gk + ψ.q k ) z
For internal ties: Ti = max[Ft ; . ] kN/m
7, 5 5
For edge ties: Tp = Ft kN/m

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Effective horizontal ties – Wall structures

Loads to be supported by the ties:
Ft (g k + ψ.q k ) z
For internal ties: Ti = max[Ft ; . ] kN/m
7, 5 5
For edge ties: Tp = Ft kN/m

- Ft is the minimum between 60kN/m and 20 + 4ns with ns

the number of storeys

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Effective horizontal ties – Wall structures

Loads to be supported by the ties :
Ft (g k + ψ.q k ) z
For internal ties: Ti = max[Ft ; . ] kN/m
7, 5 5
For edge ties: Tp = Ft kN/m

- Ft is the minimum between 60kN/m and 20 + 4ns with ns

the number of storeys
- z is the minimum between the greatest distance of the
supporting elements and 5 times the clear storey height H

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Effective horizontal ties – Wall structures

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Effective vertical ties – Wall structures

For masonry walls: a minimum thickness of 150 mm
and a minimum resistance to compression of 5N/mm²
is required
H < 20t with t the thickness of the wall
The vertical tensile load to be supported is:
34A H 2
T = max[ ( ) N ; 100 kN/m]
8000 t

- A is the cross-section of the wall in mm²

(excluding the non-load bearing leaf of a cavity wall)
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Key elements
A key element should be capable of sustaining an
accidental load Ad applied in horizontal and vertical
directions (in one direction at a time)

Recommended value for Ad: 34 kN/m²

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Limiting the extend of localised failure

For CC1
No specific consideration for accidental actions
For CC2
Simplified analysis by static equivalent action models or;
use of prescriptive design/detailing rules
For CC3
An examination of the specific case should be carried out to
determine the level of reliability required

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Consequences Class 3
A systematic risk assessment of the building should be
undertaken taking into account all the normal hazards
that may reasonably be foreseen, together with any
abnormal hazards

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Consequences Class 3

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Introduction
Strategies to be considered:

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Specific action - Impact

Conservatively, it may be assumed that only the
impacting object absorbs all energy

For structural design purposes, the impact may be

represented by equivalent static forces (to check the
static equilibrium, the strength and the deformations)

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Specific action - Impact

Substructures for which the energy is mainly
dissipated by the impacting object:
Recommended minimum
equivalent static design
forces
Fd,x and Fd,y need not be
considered simultaneously
h, location of the impact
force Fd ranges from 0,5 m
(cars) to 1,5 m (lorries)
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Specific action - Impact

For superstructures for which the energy is mainly
dissipated by the impacting object:

Recommended minimum
equivalent static design
forces

In specific cases, a Fd,y force

may be considered

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Summary

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
ROBUSTNESS OF STEEL STRUCTURES | 60

Summary
The first code which introduced recommendations to
ensure the structural integrity of buildings was the BS
(BS5950-1)
The other codes are mainly inspired from this code
(i.e. the same design philosophies are met)

Clearly demonstrated within this presentation for the

Eurocodes

Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
ROBUSTNESS OF STEEL STRUCTURES | 61

Summary
In the Eurocodes, two main strategies are addressed:
• Strategies based on identified accidental actions
• Strategies based on limiting the extend of localised damage
Within the first part of the exercise, different methods
recommended in the Eurocodes will be applied to a
steel building:
• The Tying method
• The Key element method:
o Considering the impact of a vehicle
o Considering the loss of a column
Robustness of structures – Codes and standards J.-F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart, ULg

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events