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7 Rates of Processes
Heat transfer
Qe
1. Radiation: empty space I Ve
t
1
2. Convection: gas or liquid I Ve GVe
R
3. Conduction: solid, liquid or gas
Lattic vibration,
Molecular collisions
conduction electrons
ATt Q dT
Q A
x t dx
Q dT Fourier heat
k t A conduction law
t dx
2r V
2
1 V
N 4r 2 N
Assume that r=1.5 Å =1.5 x 10-10 m
V kT 1 V At room temp,
4 1026 m3 150 nm
N P 4r N
2
atmospheric pressure
1.5 107 m
t 3 1010 s
v v rms 500 m/s
Q
1
U1 U 2 1 U 2 U1
2 2
CV T2 T1
1
2
1 dT
CV
2 dx
Q 1 1 1 CV 1 CV 2 1 CV
kt v
t A dT / dx 2 At 2 A t 2 V
f
CV Nk f P V
2 v T
V V 2T N
kt T
For air at room temp & atmospheric pressure
1 CV
kt v
2V
1 V
150 nm kt 0.031 W/mK
4r N 2
CV
f 5, 800 J/m3 K
V
A u x ,top u x ,bottom Fx u x
Fx
z A z
Fx u x where : viscosity (unit: poise)
A z
Fd 6Ru
Fnet Fg Fd
Diffusion
dN
J x D Fick’s law
dx
D: diffusion coefficient
Fd
Let 6R
u
D kT Einstein-Smoluchowski realtion
Ref) Biological Physics by Philip Nelson, Chap. 4. Random walks, Friction, Diffusion
4.1 BROWNIAN MOTION
d~ 5 cm3/ 2,000 m2
d=? ~ 2.5 nm !! invisible
R. Brown
At first, he assumed that the Brownian motion was some life process.
However, he concluded that this motion had nothing to do with life.
Brownian motion by molecular kinetic theory
1.매우 불규칙적이다.
2.두 입자가 충분히 가까이 있게 되어도 서로 독립적으로 움직인다.
3.작은 입자일수록 더 활발하다.
4.입자의 종류나 밀도와 무관하다.
5.점성이 적은 유체에서 더 활발하다.
6.온도가 높을수록 활발하다.
7.운동이 결코 멈추지 않는다.
7500 steps
Moving: 1/5 steps
1 sampling/25 steps
computer
simulation
300 steps
Jean Perrin’s
experiments
1D RW
The diffusion law
How far you’re likely to go in a random walk? Find xrms
1D RW
How far you’re likely to go in a random walk? Find xrms
xN x N 1 k N L x N 1 kN
2 2 2 2
2 L x N 1k N L2
x N 1
2
L2
x N 2 x0
2 2
2L 2
NL2
1D Diffusion Law
N t / t
xN
2
NL
2
D L2 /(2 t )
2 Dt D: diffusion constant
rN
2
6 Dt
1D RW
Any individual walk will not conform to the diffusion law, even approximately
(t) (t)
L2
D microscopic parameters
2t
macroscopically observable:
Einstein relation: D k BT
4.1.4 Friction is quantitatively related to diffusion
L2
1. D
2t • 2 microscopic parameters can be computed.
2m • But these are unobservable.
2.
t
third relation
L
2
t v0, x D k BT
2
2
L k T
3. B
k BT t m
v0 , x
2
m Einstein Relation
1905
, D, T; measurable parameter
Einstein relation: D k BT