The Wageningen B-Screw Series

By W . P. A. van L a m m e r e n ] Member, J. D. van M a n e n / Member,

and M. W . C. Oosterveld, 2 Member

The Wageningen B-screw series have been extended gradually to 21 screw series having
blade numbers ranging from 2 to 7 and blade-area ratios between 0.30 and 1.05.
Recently, the existing screw series were correlated with the new screw series with an up-
to-date fairing technique. This correlation was made by means of a regression analysis.
Further, the influence of the Reynolds number (scale effect) on the test results was taken
into account. For ship maneuvering studies, it is necessary to know the propeller thrust
and torque characteristics over a wider range of operating conditions. Therefore, open-
water tests with B-series screws over the entire region of operation were: carried out.
In order to obtain systematic knowledge on the cavitation characteristics of the B-screw
series in a uniform flow, tests have been conducted. The curves for cavitation inception
were established and the influence of cavitation on propeller thrust and torque was
determined.

Introduction merits c a r r i e d o u t b y B a k e r a n d R i d d l e [1]a a n d

AN IMPORTANT m e t h o d of screw design is t h a t
b a s e d on t h e results of o p e n - w a t e r t e s t s w i t h
s y s t e m a t i c a l l y v a r i e d series of screw models.
T h e s e screw series c o m p r i s e m o d e l s whose c h a r a c -
teristic dimensions, such as p i t c h r a t i o P/D, n u m -
b e r of b l a d e s Z, b l a d e - a r e a r a t i o A u/Ao, b l a d e o u t -
line, s h a p e of b l a d e sections, a n d b l a d e t h i c k n e s s
a r e s y s t e m a t i c a l l y varied.
A m o n g t h e w e l l - k n o w n screw series as d e v e l o p e d
b y Schaffran, T a y l o r , G a w n a n d others, t h e
W a g e n i n g e n B-screw series of t h e N e t h e r l a n d s
S h i p M o d e l B a s i n t a k e an i m p o r t a n t place. T h e
B-series screw t y p e is f r e q u e n t l y used in p r a c t i c e
a n d possesses s a t i s f a c t o r y efficiency as well as
reasonable cavitation properties.
T h e first t e s t s w i t h s y s t e m a t i c series of screw
propellers were p e r f o r m e d a t t h e N e t h e r l a n d s
S h i p M o d e l Basin in 1936. F r o m m o d e l experi-
Directors, Netherlands Ship Model Basin, Wageningen,
The Netherlands.
=Head of Research Department, Netherlands Ship
Model Basin, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Presented at the Annual Meeting, New York, N.Y.,
November 12-14, 1969, of THE SOCIETYOF NAVALARCHI-
TECTS AND M A R I N E ]~NGINEERS.
B a k e r [2] it h a d b e c o m e e v i d e n t t h a t screws used
so far w h i c h h a d c i r c u l a r - b a c k b l a d e sections a n d
elliptical b l a d e o u t l i n e ( T a y l o r a n d Sehaffran)
were in m a n y cases inferior to screws w i t h airfoil
sections. T e s t s p e r f o r m e d at t h e N e t h e r l a n d s
S h i p M o d e l Basin confirmed t h e s e conclusions in
m a n y cases. B a s e d on t h e s e results a series of
f o u r - b l a d e d m o d e l screws of a s h a p e similar to
B a k e r ' s was m a n u f a c t u r e d a n d t e s t e d in t h e open
condition. T h i s series was called t h e A 4:-40 series
(thus 4 - b l a d e d series w i t h 0.40 b l a d e a r e a r a t i o ) .
T h e r e s u l t s of t h e o p e n - w a t e r tests w i t h this series
were given b y T r o o s t [3].
L a t e r on it was f o u n d t h a t t h e A 4-40 series
screws, owing to t h e n a r r o w b l a d e t i p s a n d t h e
a i r f o i l - s h a p e d sections o v e r t h e whole blades, were
o n l y s u i t a b l e for use in cases w h e r e no c a v i t a t i o n
d a n g e r was present. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e A 4-40
series screw t y p e did h a v e t m f a v o r a b l e b a c k i n g
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . T h e s e con,dderations led to t h e
design of screws w i t h wider b l a d e tips, circular-
b a c k seetions n e a r t h e b l a d e tips, a n d airfoil-
s h a p e d seetions n e a r t h e hub. Screws of t h i s t y p e
a Numbers in brackets designate References at end of
paper.

269
 Table 1 Summary of the Wageningen B-Screw Series

Btade number Z Btade area ratio A~/Ao

2 o.3o
3 0.55
# 0.140 1 . oo
0.45 _ 0.55 o.6o 0.70
5 0.75 1.05

6 0.80

were called B-series screws. In this way the B
4 - 4 0 s c r e w s e r i e s w a s d e s i g n e d a n d g r a d u a l l y ex-
tended to further series with larger blade-area
ratios and various blade numbers. These exten-
sions were partly (mainly concerning the higher
n u m b e r of b l a d e s a n d t h e l a r g e r b l a d e - a r e a r a t i o s )
s p o n s o r e d b y t h e ( f o r m e r ) B u r e a u of S h i p s of t h e
United States Navy. T h e r e s u l t s of t h e o p e n -
w a t e r t e s t s w e r e g i v e n i n a n u m b e r of p u b l i c a t i o n s
b y T r o o s t [3], a n d o t h e r s [4], [5], a n d [6].
A t p r e s e n t , a b o u t 120 s c r e w m o d e l s of t h e B -
series screw type have been tested at the Nether-
lands Ship Model Basin. Table 1 gives a sum-
m a r y of t h e series. I n g e n e r a l , t h e r e s u l t s of t h e
t e s t s w e r e g i v e n i n t h e f o r m of K T a n d K o coeffi-
c i e n t s e x p r e s s e d a s a f u n c t i o n of t h e a d v a n c e
c o e f f i c i e n t dr f o r a n a l y t i c a l w o r k , a n d in t h e f o r m
of B p - 6 a n d B u - 6 d i a g r a m s f o r d e s i g n p u r p o s e s .
From a correlation between the available dia-
g r a m s of t h e B - s c r e w s e r i e s i t a p p e a r s t h a t s m a l l
differences exist. However, during the last years
the B-series have been extended considerably and
a c r o s s - f a i r i n g of t h e B - s c r e w s e r i e s d i a g r a m s f o r
d i f f e r e n t b l a d e - a r e a r a t i o s a n d p r o b a b l y f o r dif-
f e r e n t n u m b e r s of b l a d e s m u s t b e p o s s i b l e n o w .
R e c e n t l y w e h a v e s t a r t e d t h e f a i r i n g of t h e B -
s c r e w s e r i e s t e s t r e s u l t s b y m e a n s of a r e g r e s s i o n
a n a l y s i s . A s a r e s u l t of t h i s a n a l y s i s , t h e t h r u s t
a n d t o r q u e c o e f f i c i e n t s K T a n d K o of t h e B - s e r i e s
will b e e x p r e s s e d a s p o l y n o m i a l s of t h e a d v a n c e
ratio J, the pitch ratio P/D, the blade area ratio
A R / A o , a n d t h e n u m b e r of b l a d e s Z .
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e e f f e c t of R e y n o l d s n u m b e r o n
the test results was taken into account by using
t h e m e t h o d d e r i v e d b y L e r b s [7] f r o m s i m i l a r
m e t h o d s u s e d f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i n g of t h e p e r f o r m -
a n t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a i r s c r e w s f r o m t h e c h a r a c -
t e r i s t i c s of e q u i v a l e n t b l a d e s e c t i o n s . In the
f u t u r e , t h e e f f e c t of R e y n o l d s n u m b e r m a y b e
t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n t h e p o l y n o m i a l s as well.

Nomendature
By = loading coefficient, d = hub diameter t = maximum thickness of blade
N P ~/~ D = propeller diameter section
B,- VA % VA T = thrust
J = advance coefficient, J - V,I = undisturbed stream velocity
nD
c = chord length of blade section Z = number of screw blades
K~, = t h r u s t coefficient,
CD = drag coefficient T AE/Ao = blade area ratio of screw
Cf = skin-friction drag coefficient KT-- .P/D = pitch ratio of screw
on2D ~
CL = lift coefficient d / D = hub diameter ratio
K o = torque coefficient, = angle of attack of blade sec-
CT = t h r u s t coefficient, O
T Ko = -pn2D
- 5 tion
CT -- /3 = hydrodynamic pitch angle a t
71-
1 / 2 p V A 2 --4 O n,N = number of revolutions per 0.7 R,
second and per minute /3 = aretan VA/O.7rrnD
Cr* = t h r u s t coefficient, CT* = p = pressure = speed ratio, ~ = 101.27/J
T p = specific mass of water
pv = vapor pressure
7r
p~ = static pressure of undisturbed ao = cavitation number,
~/2p[Va 2 -t- (0.77rnD) 2] ~ D 2 p -- pv
streanl 170 - -
Co* = torque coefficient, _P = power ~/2. VA2
Q O = torque no = open-water efficiency,
C o * = V..p[VA 2 + J Kr
r = radius
R = propeller radius 2~ KQ
(0.77rnD)q -~ D~D
4 Re = Reynolds number = kinematic viscosity of water

270 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 Pitch dlstibution
~R , _ L __ °Ji

1__--~-4x ! \ ! \ ! ~ ~ 4 = "', I __

o~ \
02R --t--n---- ~.¢_--4---~------./ '~ _-- ----J-- - - T - - - - ' ~ . / \ .... 7 - - - - q -- - - - - ~ / ~ 822 °/
,,~ s~-~o ,~'--B zr- 5 "= - 1 , - -B 4',- 7 0" -7 T - - ~~ =4 --6-5~ - - ¢ ~ : ; , - . , , o u ~.-nxu
' 2' ~so'~.:

Fig. 1 G e n e r a l plan o f B 4 s c r e w series

Pitch distribution

o ~ l :____&~ I I '~ ! ",

( =:~

02R ~_k ' "m >/

[ c31!x I 85-45 B5-60 85-75 85-105
L
I ~ 2 2 ~-2N~u-

Fig. 2 General plan of B 5 s c r e w series

T h e p o l y n o m i a l s a n d the corrected design dia- Table 2 Dimensions of Four and Five-Bladed

g r a m s of t h e four- a n d five-bladed B-series screws B-Screw Series
are g i v e n in this paper. Y~ c~ Z ar tr b~
I n order to o b t a i n d a t a for a n a l y z i n g the R D Az/Ao c~ D c~
m a n e n v e r s of ships, submersibles, drilling vessels, 0.2 1.662 0.617 0.0366 0.350
a n d so on, o p e n - w a t e r tests with a p a r t of the B- 0.3 1.882 0.613 0,0324 0.350
screw series were c o n d u c t e d over a wider r a n g e of 0.4 2.050 0.601 0.0282 0.350
0.5 2. 152 O. 586 O, 0240 O. 350
a d v a n c e coefficients. T h i s e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o g r a m 0.6 2.187 0.56t 0,0198 0.389
covered t h e following i t e m s : 0.7 2. 144 O. 524 O. 0156 O. 443
0.8 1.970 0.463 0.0114 0.479
speed ahead, rpm ahead (lst quadrant) 0.9 1,582 O. 351 O, 0072 O. 500
1.0 ... 0 0.0030 ...
speed ahead, rpm astern (2nd q u a d r a n t )
speed astern, rpm astern (3rd q u a d r a n t ) distance between leading edge and centerline
a r
at radius r
speed astern, rpm ahead (4th q u a d r a n t ) b r = distance between leading edge and maximum
thickness of blade profile at radius r
T h e effect of p i t c h ratio P / D , blade area ratio Cr chord length of blade profile at radius r
A E / A o, a n d n u m b e r of blades Z on the characteris- D = screw diameter
r radius
tics of the B-screw series in the four q u a d r a n t s R = tip radius
h a v e been d e t e r m i n e d . AL./Ao = expanded blade area ratio
I n addition, t h e results of the f o u r - q u a d r a n t Z = number of blades
t r = maxinmm thickness o1' blade profile at radius r
m e a s u r e m e n t s are a n a l y z e d in the form of a
F o u r i e r series a n d the F o u r i e r coefficients are
given.
T o o b t a i n s y s t e m a t i c knowledge of the c a v i t a - ing the W a g e n i n g e n B-screw series are given a n d
tion characteristics of the B-screw series in a uni- discussed in this paper.
form flow, tests were carried o u t in t h e large
G e o m e t r y of B-Series Screws
N S M B c a v i t a t i o n t u n n e l with a p a r t of the B-
screw series. T h e influence of c a v i t a t i o n on pro- A s y s t e m a t i c screw series is formed b y a n u m b e r
peller t h r u s t a n d t o r q u e was measured. I n addi- of screw models of which o n l y the pitch ratio J P / D
tion, i n c e p t i o n curves were established for tip is varied. All other characteristic screw d i m e n -
vortex cavity, sheet c a v i t a t i o n a t suction a n d sions, such as d i a m e t e r D, n u m b e r of blades Z ,
pressure sides, a n d b u b b l e c a v i t a t i o n a t back a t blade area ratio A e / A o , blade outline, shape of
midchord. b l a d e sections, b l a d e thicknesses, a n d h u b - d i a m -
T h e results of all these i n v e s t i g a t i o n s concern- eter ratio d / D are the same. T h e results of tests

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 271

 /
[

[dynamometer --7
IRPM t---~(propetter thrust[
/a"d torque) J

Fig. 3 Measuring equipment for performing open-water test

with the four-bladed B-screw series with blade- 00~

area ratios of 0.40, 0.55, 0.70, 0.85, and 1.00 and

/
CD
the five-bladed series with blade area ratios of
0.45, 0.60, 0.75, and 1.05 are given in this paper. 0.03
Figs. 1 and 2 show the general plans of the four-
and five-bladed screw propellers respectively. The
dimensions of these screws are given in Table 2.
0.02
The diagrams show clearly that the B-series
screws have relatively wide blade tips, circular-
back blade sections near the tip, and airfoil sec-
tions near the hub. The four-bladed screws have 0.01 " ~ - ~ O rnln t x p ~
a decrease in pitch at the hub of 20 percent in "X~O min t h e 0 r

order to adapt the screw better to the velocity

distribution behind a ship. A large number of
0
experiments has shown, however, that the differ- 025 0 0.025 0 050 0.075 0.100
ence in efficiency due to this decrease in pitch in 0<. (rad)

comparison with a screw with constant pitch is
insignificant. The five-bladed screws have a con-
stant pitch. The hub-diameter ratio of the four-
and five-bladed B-series screws was d / D = 0.167.
Open-Water Tests
Test Procedure
The open-water tests with the B-series screws
were carried out with the usual apparatus shown
in Fig. 3. The immersion of the propeller shaft
was equal to the screw diameter. Before the tests
were carried out, the system friction and d u m m y
hub torque and thrust were determined so that
the measured propeller thrust and torque could
be corrected accordingly. The usual routine of
open-water tests was followed; the rpm of the
screw was kept constant, and by varying the speed
of advance the desired value of the advance coeffi-
cient J was obtained. Usually the rpm was chosen
as high as possible to obtain a high Reynolds
number. The rpm was chosen in accordance with
the maximum speed of the towing carriage and
the capacity of the d y n a m o m e t e r used for the
thrust and torque measurements. Most of the
open-water tests were made at 450 rpm.
The Reynolds number for the B-series screws,
based on the chord length of the screw blades at
0.75 R, m a y be written as
Fig. 4 Relation between drag coefficient CD and angle
of attack ~xof equivalent blade profile of B 4-70 screw
with P / D = 1
Reo.wR = c°vs~X/lZa2 + (0"75~rnD)2
v
where
c0.7~ = 2.073. AF,__._,ID
A0 Z
v = kinematic viscosity of water
The diameter of the B-series screw models was
chosen to be 0.240 m. At a screw rpm of 450 and
with the advance coefficient J varying from 0 to
1.5, the Reynolds number varies between
Reo.7~R = (2.1 to 2.5) 1 . A ~ 1
vAoZ
This variation in Reynolds number is small and
therefore it is permissible to base the Reynolds
number of the different screw series on a mean
value of J. The mean value of J is chosen to be
1.0. With a kinematic viscosity of the water
equal to v -- 1.141.10 -6 m2/sec, the Reynolds
number for the different screw series becomes:

272 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 1.0

0.g

10 KG. 08
KT
~0 0.7

Q6

0.5 - _ _i
0.4

Q3

Q2

0.1

0
L
Ol 02 03 0/. 0.5 05 07 0,8 09 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1~ 15 16
O

Fig. 5 Open-water test results of B 4-40 screw series

10KQ
KT
~o '

v0
01 02 03 Ot 05 05 07 08 Q9 10 13 12 13 14 15 16
J

Fig. 6 Open-water test results of B 4-55 screw series

1 F i n a l l y , it m u s t be n o t e d t h a t t h e t e s t s w i t h t h e
Reo.7~ = 2.10 ~. "-°. B-series screws were c o n d u c t e d o v e r a p e r i o d of
A0 Z
m o r e t h a n t h i r t y years. T h e s e t e s t s were c a r r i e d
A c c o r d i n g to this definition, t h e B 4-70 series o u t in different basins of N S M B a n d d y n a m o m -
screws, for instance, were t e s t e d a t a R e y n o l d s eters w i t h different c a p a c i t i e s were used. T h e r e -
n u m b e r e q u a l to 3.5 • 105. fore, t h e R e y n o l d s n m n b e r a t w h i c h t h e different

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 273

 O~

10K: E
KT
?o

OE

05

O~

01

0
0 01 02 03 04 g5 06 07 3 08 09 10 11 12 13 1/, 15 1G

Fig. 7 Open-water test results of B 4-70 screw series

screw series were tested varied considerably. This
fact must be taken into account when the results
of different screw series are compared with each
other.
Analysis of Test Results
Usually the open-water test results of a series of
screws were faired (parameters: advance coeffi-
cient J, and pitch ratio P / D ) and plotted in the
conventional way with the coefficients:
T The effect of the Reynolds number on the test
KT --
pn2D 4
KQ-- Q
pn2D 5
J Kr
27r Ko
as functions of the advance coefficient J = VA/nD.
By interpolating in the K T - K Q - J diagram of a
screw series, most problems which arise when de-
signing or analyzing screw propellers can be
solved.
From a correlation between the available design
diagrams of the B-screw series, it appears that
small differences exist. This is partly caused by
Reynolds number effects, the degree of turbulence
in the towing tank, and so on. Before making a
cross fairing between the different B-screw series
to blade area ratio and eventually to number of
blades, we want to correct the test results for
these effects.
results can be taken into account by using the
method developed by Lerbs [7] from the charac-
teristics of equivalent blade sections. This
method has been followed also by Lindgren [8],
Lindgren and Bj~trne [9], and Newton and
Rader [10].
Assuming, according to Lerbs, that the profile
of the blade sections at 0.75 R is equivalent for the
blade, simple relations between the coefficients
K~, KQ, and J from the propeller tests, the corre-
sponding lift and drag coefficients CL and CD and

274 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 ! . . . . . . B/-- 85
/
15 i - - - - - -

"13 . . . . . .

1.7 - - - -

0.9 - -

10KQO~ . . . .
KT ~

\
7Fi2-
----q\y_/~, ~ _ _ _

°o al d2 ~3 04 05 06 0.7 O 08 09 I0 1.1 12 13 1/. 15 16

Fig. 8 O p e n - w a t e r test results of B 4 - 8 5 s c r e w series

the profile angle of attack a can be deduced. As 0.0185 -- 0.00125Z

an example, the drag coefficients CD of the B 4-70
to.v~,~/Co.7~ =

series screw with pitch ratio P / D = 1.0 is given
in Fig. 4 on a base of angle a. From these results
the values of minimum drag coefficients C~.ml, of
the equivalent blade sections can be determined.
In addition, the drag coefficients C~,m~. of the
equivalent blade sections can be determined theo-
retically according to Hoerner [11 ] with :
C,,,,,, = 2C~-[1 + 2
where
Cf = drag coefficient of a fiat plate in
a turbulent flow
to.v~R/Co.v~,u = thickness ratio of the blade sec-
tion at 0.75 R
The drag coefficient Cv depends on the Rey-
nolds number and can be determined according to
the 1TTC line. The thickness ratio of the blade
section of B-series screws at 0.75 R is equal to
As 1
2.073 . . . .
A0 Z
Hence the open-water test results of a screw
propeller can be corrected for Reynolds number
effects by shifting the experimentally obtained
drag curve in such a way that the CD,mlnaccording
to the test results coincides with the theoretically
calculated drag coefficient CD.,,,I.. This theoret-
/o.w~ ical drag coefficient corresponds with the as-
co.7~a_] sumed value of the Reynolds number. The con-
cept is shown in Fig. 4. Once the lift and cor-
rected drag coefficients C~. and CD and profile
angle of attack a are known, the corrected thrust
and torque coefficients KT and KQ and the ad-
vance coefficient J can be deduced.
All the open-water test results with the B-series
screws are corrected in this way. The assumed
Reynolds numbers and drag coefficients C~,mi=
are given in Table 3. To show the scale effect, the
open-water test results with the B 4-70 screw

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 275

 B 4-100

I
I
I
i
IOKQ F

KT
%

~0 O? 02 03 OL 05 06 O? 0.8 09 1,0 1.1 12 13 14 15

J

Fig. 9 O p e n - w a t e r test results of B 4 - 1 0 0 s c r e w series

1.0

Q9

IOKoOg
KT I ,2 J ~ Ji JI ~i E
I
i
'~0 1?7

Og

05 -

O4

O3

O2

01

0
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 0£ 10 11 12 13 1~ 15 16
,3

Fig. 10 O p e n - w a t e r test results of B 5-45 s c r e w series

276 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 12 ---

11

10

og

08
IOKQ
KT
'~O 07

06

05

0~

03

0~

01

0
01 02 03 O~ 05 06 07 08 0g 10 1.1 12 13 1~. 15 16
O

Fig. I I O p e n - w a t e r test results o f B 5 - 6 0 s c r e w series

12

11 .~.~_~___ - -

1.0

09

10KQO8
KT I
NO 0.'7

O6

05

0/.

03

O2.

01

0
b 0.1 02 83 04 0.S 0g 07 0.8 0g 10 II 12 ~3 I.L 15 16
J
Fig. 12 Open-water test results of B 5-75 screw series

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 277

 __l . . . . . . . \Z
1 0 - - - - ,~-- - -

88. . . . ~. . . . .
l0 KQ
KT /0

°.6

OS

84

.... X x'v
8.2-- ~" " ~ 7 ~ - - ~--~ --

r~ 1 /
" - - 1 "-q
O, 0.1 8.2 03 O& 85 86 87 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
,2

Fig. 13 O p e n - w a t e r test results of B 5 - 1 0 5 s c r e w series

Table 3 Assumed Reynolds Numbers and Drag Table 4 Reynolds Numbers and Corresponding Drag
Coefficients CD, nl~. of Different Screw Series Coefficients CD, m~. to Which Results of B 4-70 Screw
Series Are Extrapolated
An 10.75 R
Z As Reo.v,n 2 CI c6.v, R CD, ,ni~ A E 10.Ta R

I0.40 0.572 X 106 0.01060 0.0652 0.0120 Z Ao Reo.Tr, R 2 Cf c0.75 R CD. mln

10.55 0.787 X 106 0.00985 0.0473 0.0108 ( 0.3 X 106 0,01240 0.0372 0.0133
4 t0"70 1.000 X 106 0.00931 0.0372 0.0100 l 1.0 X 106 0,00931 0.0372 0.0100
/0.85 1.214 X 106 0.00892 0.0305 0.0095 4 0.70 3.0 X 106 0.00738 0.0372 0.0078
~1.00 1.429 X 106 0.00862 0.0261 0.0091 10 X 10G 0.00582 0.0372 0.0062
I0.45 0.515 X 106 0.01090 0.0658 0.0123 ,lO0 X 106 0.00401 0,0372 0.0043
Jo.60 0.687 X 108 0.01017 0.0493 0.0112
5 ~0.75 0.859 X 106 0.00964 0.0395 0.0104
[1.05 1.202 X 106 0.00894 0.0282 0.0094
Reo.v, R = 5.72AE/A6" 1 / Z . 106 regression analysis, U p till now o n l y t h e four-
CD, rain = 2 Cp[1 -F- 2 [0.TaR/tO.TaR] a n d five-bladed B-screw series were a n a l y z e d in
this way. T o begin with, the results of t h e dif-
to.v6n (0.0185-- 0.00125 Z ) Z
f e r e n t screw series ( p a r a m e t e r s : a d v a n c e ratio J
CO.7SR 2.073 AE/Ao
a n d pitch ratio P / D ) were analyzed, T h e t h r u s t
a n d t o r q u e coefficients were expressed as poly-
series are given for different values of the R e y - n o m i a l s of a d v a n c e coefficient J a n d p i t c h ratio
nolds n u m b e r (see T a b l e 4). P/D:
T h e fairing of the corrected o p e n - w a t e r test re-
KT =
sults with the B-screw series was performed with
t h e aid of a C D C 3300 c o m p u t e r b y m e a n s of a Ao,o + Aoa J - t - Ao,2 d2 + . . + Ao,, js +

278 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 7".......1__12
........ i- f
,

~'li Z[~-Z~
0.[
10K 0 I
KT
~ 0 0.5

0.t

Ot I I

03

Or
0 O1 0.2 03 0.4 05 06 07 08 ,3 09 10 11 12 13 l,r* 1.5 16

Fig. 14 Open-water test results of B 4-70 screw series extrapolated to Reo.75 R := 0.3 X lOe;
( C . . min -- 0.0133)

P P P
Ax,o~-- + AI,I~) J-]- A1,2~) J2 + . . -]--Zll,6~- j6_[_

pe 2
A2,0~2 -~- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -t- A2,6~? j 6 .
/36,0P66 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + B6,6D~
p 6 if6

With the aid of a regression analysis the signifi-

cant terms of the polynomials and the values of
the corresponding coefficients were determined.
6 From this analysis it was :found that the results
...................... - d~6 of both the four- and the five-bladed B-series
screws could be approximaLed very well by the
KQ= following series :
Bo,o +Bo,1 J+i3o,,., J~+..+Bo,6 j6+ P
K r = Ao,o + AoaJ + Ao,2:2 + A o , J 3 + A , , o ~
Bl,O~-- -1- BI,1]~ ff -[- B 1,-/~.J"-]-..-1-
oP o J) ff6_[_
B1.6~-
P 3 p2 p~
p2 -1- A I , I ~ ) J -t- - ¢ 1 1 , 3 b J -lr-A2,1D~J ...[-Ao,o~
.B~,o~ + ....................................
p6
+ A~a~J

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 279

 10K{
KT
~o

~0 01 02 83 04 f18 08 87 08 09 10 1.1 12 13 14 15 18
0

Fig. 15.~ O p e n - w a t e r test r e s u l t s o f B 4 - 7 0 s c r e w s e r i e s e x t r a p o l a t e d to Reo.7a n = 3.0 X 106;

(CD,mln : 0 . 0 0 7 8 )

KQ = BO,O+ BoaJ + Bo,~J 2 + Bo,aJ a + B ,,l P

~ J Kr =

p2 p2 p6
+ B~,a ~P J" + B2,0 ~-2 + B~,a ~ ja + B6,o D6--
p6
+ Bs,I~?J
A EP 6 A E2.P6
M o s t of the terms with high powers of J and P / D + Co,o,oDP~66+ G,6,0 -~-0~ + G,~,O--A
o2 D
6-
were insignificant.
Secondly, the results of the screw series with
A EaP 6
+ Ca,~,o--
the same n u m b e r of blades b u t with different blade Ao 3 D 6
area ratios were correlated with each other. T h e p6 A E p6
t h r u s t and torque coefficients of the four- as well + Co,o,, + c,,o,, :
as the five-blade propellers were expressed as
polynomials of J, P / D , and A E/A 8. As far as J + Ce,<l Au2P6 CaG1A~ aP6
and P / D are concerned, the choice of the terms
was based on the foregoing analysis. T h e follow-
ing polynomials were used for the calculation: Ko = ditto

280 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 16

15

14

v a
13
~. . . . . i . . . . ,
12

11--

10--

Qg~

10K: 8
KT
"r~O 07

\4) /

0O
~01 Q2 03 0/, 0IS"~ 06 07 08 O 09 10 1.1 12 13 "l~ 1.S 16

Fig. 16 Open-water test results of B 4-70 screw series extrapolated to Re0.~5 n = 10¢;
(CD.mi~ = 0.0062)

Again with a regression analysis the significant
terms of the polynomials and the values of the
corresponding coefficients were determined. For
the four- and five-bladed B-series screws these re-
sults are given in Tables 5 and 6 respectively.
Presentation of Test Results
The results of the open-water tests with the
four- and five-bladed screw series were extrap-
olated and expressed in polynomials. In these
polynomials, either KT or K o were the dependent
variable with the advance coefficient J, the pitch
ratio P/D, and the blade area ratio A E/Ao as the
independent variables. The form of these series
together with their coefficients were given in
Tables 5 and 6. These results can be used directly
for solving problems which arise when designing
and analyzing screw propellers if a computer is
available.
Also, we will give the results of the analysis in
graphical form. With the aid of a tape-controlled
drawing machine the coefficients Kr, Ko, and no
were drawn in the conventional way as a function
of J. The diagrams of the B 4-40, B 4455, B
4-70, B 4,-85, and B 4-100 ,;crew series are given
in Figs. 5 through 9. Figs. 1.0 through 13 show
the diagrams of the B 5-45, B 5-60, B 5-75, and
B 5-105 screw series.
The results of the 13 4-70 screw series were
extrapolated to different Reynolds numbers. The
CD.,,in values of the equivalent blade section
corresponding with the assumed Reynolds num-
bers were given in Tat)le 4. The KT-KQ-J
diagrams are given in Figs. 14, 7, 15, 16, and 17.
By interpolating in the'. K•-KQ-J diagram
of a screw series most problems which arise when
designing or analyzing screw propellers can be
solved. For design purposes various types of
more practical diagrams can be derived from the
Kr-Ko-J diagram.
The most widely encountered design problem
is that where the speed of ;advance of the screw
VA, the power to be absorbed b y the screw P, and
the number of revolutions n are given. The

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 281

 " i - ]. . . . . B 10
i =0004:

I
i
i
13 --- ....... [....................... i ..........

i. . . . . . . . . .

1 t
t2 ~ . . . . __. [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11
. . . . . . .
. . . . I . . . . . . . .

10 . . . . . .

09~

KT
~0 07

06

0 L ~ --i! " .
I

_ _ _\ !

01 "t~. .
Y
o~ oi 02 83 0.4 0,5 06 07 08 09 10 1.1 12 13 14 15 16

Fig. 17 Open-water test results of B 4-70 screw series extrapolated to Reo.vsn = 10s;
(CD, m~ = 0 . 0 0 4 3 )

diameter D is to be chosen such that the greatest in which

efficiency can be obtained. The problem of the
optimum diameter can be solved in an easy way by
plotting 7o and J as a function of
KQ1/2/J °/2 : : nPl/~/Va 5/~
The Taylor variable Bp is related to this
dimensionless variable by the equation
B~ = 33.07 KQ1/2/J 6/2 = NP'/"-/Va V~
where
N = number of revolutions per minute
ff = power in hp
VA = speed of advance in knots.
In the usual diagram, the design coefficient By is
the base and a new speed ratio 6 is used. This
speed ratio is defined as
ND
6 --
v~
D = screw diameter in feet
The Bp-6 diagrams of all the four- and five-bladed
B-screw series are given in Figs. 18 through 26.
As a check of the correlation between the dif-
ferent diagrams, the efficiency 7o, speed ratio 6,
and pitch ratio .P/D corresponding to optimum
diameter are given in Figs. 27, 2S, and 29 on the
base of B~. The curves of the four-bladed B-
screw series are given in Fig. 27. Figs. 28 and 29
show the results of the five-bladed B-screw series
and the B 4-70 screw series extrapolated to dif-
ferent Reynolds numbers.
In cases where, Va, T, and n or VA, ]', and D
are given, the problem of determining the opti-
mum diameter or the optimum number of revolu-
tions can be solved by plotting 7o and J as func-
101.27 tions of
y KT/J 4 and KT/J 2

282 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

Table 5 Form of Polynomial and Coefficients of
Four-Bladed B-Screw Series
Cx,y,z x :y g Dx,y,z xyz
--.719975 ~ --2 0 0 0 4 . . 964375 --2 0 0 0
--.790916 ~ --1 1 0 0 - - . 104103 --1 1 0 0
--.179541 ~ 0 0 0 1 4 . . 512431 --2 200
-.625748 # --1 1 0 1 ++. 109936 --i 300
--.311639 # 0 0 0 2 --.453419 --2 0 0 1
4.. 143160 ~ 0 2 0 3 4..216078 --1 1 0 1
4..531326 ~ 0 0 1 0 - - . 507337 --1 O 0 2
--.114389 ~ 0 i 1 I 4" .377970 --1 1 0 2
4..625376 # --i 0 1 2 - - . 549486 --1 3 0 3
4.. 125537 ~ 0 0 1 3 --.507319 --1 2 1 0
--.523821 ~ --i I 1 3 4 . . 368649 --1011
--.207108 ¢ 0 0 2 0 - - . 106520 0111
4..270781 ~ 0 1 2 0 +.465315 ¢ --1 3 1 2
4 . . 134182 ~ 0 0 2 1 4..883010 ~ -1 213
--.121086 ¢ 0 1 2 1 4..112619 ¢ --1 0 2 0
--.189764 ¢ 1 3 2 1 4 . . 10482;5 ~ 0 120
--.439535 ~ --1 3 2 2 -- .449154 ~ --I 121
--.624937 ~ --I 0 2 3 4..378780 ~ --1 2 2 1
--.496939 ~ --2 2 6 0 4..177304 ~ --1 022
++.115986 ~ --i 2 6 1 --.164687 ~ --1 1 2 2
--.344328 ~ --1 222
--.249132 ~ --1 322
--.233007 ¢ --1 123
--.120209 ¢ --2 060
- - .118997 ~ --2 3 60
++ .458094 ~ --2 161
K T = ZC~,>:[A~'/A,,]~[P/D]'[J] ~
KQ = ZD ..... [Au/Ao]~[P/DIY[J] -"

Table 6 Form of Polynomial and Coefficients of

Five-Bladed B-Screw Series
Cx,y,z X 3' Z T)x,y,z xyz
--.191226 ~ --1 0 0 0 4 . . 520666 --2 0 0 0
--.860251 ~ --1 2 0 0 4 . . 627259 -I 201
--.598290 ~ --2 3 0 0 --.337780 --1301
--.181301 ~ 0 0 0 1 - - . 518101 --1 002
--.457217 ~ 0 0 0 2 4 . . 396494 --1 102
4..562903 ~ --1 3 0 2 - - . 848886 --2 003
4..990584 ~ --1 2 0 3 4..317571 --1 3 0 3
4..431314 ~ 0 0 1 0 4 . . 130016 -1 010
4 . . 189210 ~ 0 1 1 0 --.340161 --1110
--.254103 ~ 0 1 1 1 4 . . 624821 --1011
4...413600 ~ 0 0 1 2 --. 239657 0 111
--.126380 ~ 0 2 1 2 4..801838 --1211
- - . 8 6 5 9 1 4 ¢ --1 0 2 0 ++. 119589 --1 0 1 2
4 . . 856485 ~ - - 1 1 2 0 - - . 477460 --1312
4 . . 113060 ~ 0 0 2 1 4 . . 133699 / 0120
--.146526 ~ 0 0 2 2 - - . 382898 --1 220
--.792780 ~ --2 0 6 0 4-. 270494 --1 121
4..669368 ~ --2 1 6 1 --.381466 --2 160
4..241740 ¢ --2 360
KT, = EC ..... [AE/Aolx[P/D]~[J] •
KQ ~D:,u,~[AE/Ao].~[P/D]y[J] •

For the different propeller groups the curves for

optimum diameter (on base of ~ ¢ / K T / J 4) a n d
optimum r p m ( o n b a s e o f v / K r / . l 2) a r e g i v e n i n
Figs. 30, 31, and 32 and Figs. 33, 34, and 35 ~_ °
respectively. Fig. 18 Open-water test results of B 4-40 screw series

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 283

 \A \ix x x

_ . . . ,.

Fig. 19 O p e n - w a t e r test r e s u l t s o f B 4 - 5 5 s c r e w s e r i e s Fig. 20 O p e n - w a t e r test r e s u l t s o f B 4 - 7 0 s c r e w s e r i e s

984 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

Fig. 21 O p e n - w a t e r test r e s u l t s o f B 4 - 8 5 s c r e w series Fig. 22 O p e n - w a t , e r test r e s u l t s o f B 4 - 1 0 0 s c r e w s e r i e s

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 285

 o

i o

D
to

o°

x'~ \4

O p e n - w a t e r test results o f B 5-45 s c r e w s e r i e s Fig. 24 O p e n - w a t e r test results o f B 5-60 s c r e w s e r i e s

Fig. 23

286
The Wageningen B-Screw Series
 O

Fig. 2 5 O p e n - w a t e r test r e s u l t s o f B 5-75 s c r e w series Fig. 26 O p e n - w a t e r test results o f B 5-105 s c r e w s e r i e s

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 287

 0

?o
O 500 500

O, ;00 40q

0 3O0 300
&,-

O: 20O 200

JO0 100

I.( 3 0

P/c

D(

3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300

Bp
9p

Fig. 2 7 Curves for optimum diameter of four-bladed B- Fig. 29 Curves for optimum diameter of B 4-70 screw
screw series series extrapolated to different Reynolds numbers

5O0

3OO

8
-~00

I00

3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 \/ ,

8p wd4

Fig. 28 Curves for optimum diameter of five-bladed Fig. 3O Curves for optimum diameter of four-bladed
B-screw series B.screw series

Four-Quadrant Measurements propeller operations. D a t a covering the entire

Test Procedure
T o obtain data for ship m a n e u v e r i n g studies,
it is necessary to k n o w the propeller thrust and
torque characteristics over t h e entire region of
operating region are scarce and m o s t of the availa-
ble data are related to isolated applications only.
(See, for instance, [11], [12], [13], and [14].)
Therefore, part of the B-series was tested over
the entire range of operating conditions. Conse-

288 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 o~[ ., T ', . . . . . B 4-40
I
I
)
4 -55 !
07 i 4 -70
- - - - L -SO
4 -100
05
~o
05

04

03

02

12

10
%
08
i

05 - " ?- i

C
I
i
02 03 04 0S 1 ~ 2 3 4 5 ~0 20
02 030405 ~_K~T1 2 3 4 5 10 20

,3
Fig. 31 Curves for optimum diameter o f five-bladed Fig. 33 Curves for optimum rpm o f four-bladed B-
B-screw series screw series
0~ 08

0 07
'%
0 06 $

70
O5
i i I/C 7

04 6

03 5

02 4

%
0 O~

0! Oe
I
0,
02 03 0~ 05 , 2 3 4 5 ,0 20 02 03 04 05
i, 10 20
~2 2 3 4 5

Fig. 32 Curves for optimum diameter of B 4 - 7 0 screw

Fig. 34 Curves for optimum rpm of five-bladed B-screw
series extrapolated to different Reynolds numbers series

quently, tile screw propellers were tested at the o° ~ 3 4 9o °

following combinations of speed and r p m :
First quadrant: speed ahead, r p m ahead. The Second quadrant: speed ahead, r p m astern
h y d r o d y n a m i c pitch angle 3 (tan 3 =
Vx/O.TrrnD) varies between 0 and 90 deg. o° ~ ~ ~ lSO °

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 289

 0~ 1 B 4-70 series screw with P / D = 1.0
2 B 4-70 series screws with P / D = 0.5, 0.6,
0: 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 (influence of pitch ratio)
3 B 4-40, B 4-55, B 4-70, B 4-85, and B 4-100
series screws, all with P / D = 1.0 (influence of
To
0'
blade-area ratio)
4 B 3-65, B 4-70, B 5-75, B 6-80, B 7-85 series
0, screws, all with P / D = 1.0 (influence of number
of blades)
0.
T h e test results are given in Figs. 36, 37, and
38. In these diagrams the nondimensional thrust
and torque coefficients:

T
CT*
1
~r D2
½o[V,fl + (0.7~nD) 2] ~-
0

0
Co* ---
~p[VA
1 2 + (0.7~nD) 2] ~ .D2"D
0~
02 0X 0 a 0 S \ K/-~-
T t 2 ] a 5 10 20
4
+7 are given as function of the h y d r o d y n a m i c pitch
Fig. 35 Curves for optimum rpm of B 4-70 screw angle
s e r i e s e x t r a p o l a t e d to different Reynolds numbers

v~
fl = a r c t a n -
0.7rrnD
Third quadrant: speed astern, r p m astern

180 ° ~ ~ ~ 270 ° In Fig. 35 the influence of the pitch ratio on the

F o u r t h quadrant: speed astern, r p m ahead
270 ° 4 ~ ~< 360 °
The measurements were performed with the
usual apparatus for open-water tests. T h e tests
with the negative propeller advance velocities
were conducted with reversely mounted model
propellers and without change in the carriage
motion direction.
Within the normal test range of a screw pro-
peller it is generally possible to perform the tests
at a constant rpm. Outside this range, the tests
m u s t be performed at different r p m and speed of
advance to operate within the range of capabili-
ties of the d y n a m o m e t e r and on account of the
m a x i m u m speed of the towing carriage. Usually
the rpm and speed were chosen as high as possible
to obtain a high Reynolds number.
Presentation of Test Results
T h e influence of pitch ratio P/D, blade area
ratio A J A o , and number of blades Z on the
characteristics of the B-series screws in the four
quadrants have been determined. Therefore,
open-water tests were performed with the follow-
ing propeller models:
characteristics in the four quadrants is given.
Figs. 36 and 37 show the influence of blade area
ratio and number of blades respectively.
In ship maneuvering studies, it is necessary to
have a m a t h e m a t i c a l representation of the data
suitable for use on a computer. Therefore, calcu-
lations were carried out to represent the results
of the four-quadrant measurements b y a Fourier
series. T h e thrust and torque coefficients Ce*
and CO* were approximated b y the following
series:
Cr* = ~ [A(K) cosflK+B(K)sinSK]
K=0
CO* = ditto
In Figs. 39, 40, and 41 the measured results and
the approximation of these results by a Fourier
series of 2, 5, 10, and 20 terms are given for the
B 4-70 series screws with pitch ratios of 0.6, 1.0,
and 1.4 respectively.
F r o m the results given in these diagrams it can
be seen t h a t the characteristics of the model
propellers in the four quadrants can be adequately
represented by a Fourier series of 20 terms. Tile
values of the Fourier coefficients of the different
screw propellers are given in Tables 7, 8, and 9.

290 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 c;
-ll)CQ
08
//:,%,, ,.', ,

/t
04

"-.. ?

I
-0~ . /

~08

\ \/ / \--..,// / / /
", \ / ,,' ,,,,'
-12

J
, 1
-2C
, i
.,j
I
J
-2~0° 40° 80° 120° 160° /3 200° 240° 280~---~~ ;0 °

Fig. 36 Open-water test results with B 4-70 s c r e w series in four quadrants

Cavitation Test Results
Test Procedure
To obtain systematic knowledge on the cavita-
tion characteristics of the B-series screws in a uni-
form flow, tests have been carried out in the large
N S M B cavitation tunnel with the B 4-$5, B
4-100, B 5-75, and B 5-105 screw series. The
N S M B cavitation tunnel has a 90 cm X 90 cm
closed working section and a uniform flow.
The material used for the propeller models was
normal propeller bronze. The surfaces were
polished to a high-quality smooth finish. For re-
liable cavitation testing of propellers, the leading
edges of the propeller blades must be very accu-
rately finisbed to the correct shape. Therefore, all
screw models were carefully corrected with a
blade-edge microscope. A detailed description of
this apparatus is given in [15].
The tests with the screw models were carried
out at a constant water velocity in the test section
of 5.5 m/see. The required range of cavitation
numbers was obtained by wtrying the pressure in
the tunnel. By varying the rpm of the model
propellers a range of adwmee coefficients was
covered between 0, and about 50 percent slip. Due
to the normal restrictions of a cavitation tunnel
it was not possiblle to cover the slip range up to
100 percent (zero ]).
The air contenl: of the tunnel was kept within
certain limits throughout the complete testing
and ranged between about a / a s = 0.20 and
a/a~ = 0.33, according to Van Slijke.
The cavitation inception curves were estab-
lished by determining, as a function of the pro-
peller load and cavitation number, the point at
which cavitation just disappeared (desinent cavi-
tation). This procedure was followed because the

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 291

 Table 7 Coefficients of Fourier Series by Which Results of Four-
, P / D .= 0.6 -P/D = 0.8 . .P/D =
K A (K) B(K) A (K) B(K) A (K)
0 +.23680 ~ --1 +.00000 ~ + 0 +.32155 ~ --1 +.00000 / +0 +.25350 / --1
1 +.15260 ~ 0 --.45175 ~ 0 +.1609.5 ~ 0 --.63525 ¢ 0 +,17820 ¢ 0
2 +.66146 ~ --'2 --.24044 ~ --2 +.14351 ¢ --2 --.11844 ~ --i +.14674 ;~ --i
3 +.97879 ~ --3 --.21257 ¢ --i +.28507 ¢ --I +.52180 ¢ --i +.28054 ¢ --i
4 +.60002 ~ --2 --.68887 ¢ --2 --.42671 ~ --2 --.97199 ~ --2 --.16328 ¢ --i
5 --.14447 ~ --i +.67897 ¢ --I --.53118 ~ --i +.63724 ;~ --1 --.53041 ¢ --I
6 --.19974 ~ --2 +.38679 ¢ --3 +.10643 ~ --2 +.93564 ~ --2 +.60605 ~ --3
7 +.16256 ~ --2 +.15350 ¢ --i +.37410 ¢ --i --.70870 ¢ --2 +.36823 ~ --I
8 --.20861 ~ --2 +.25304 ¢ --2 --.60685 ¢ --2 --.42418 ¢ --2 --.25429 ¢ --2
9 +.10054 ¢ --i --.39916 ~ --2 --.13500 ¢ --1 +.17681 ~ --i --.17689 ¢ --1
CT* 10 --.59153 ~ --3 --.18073 ~ --2 +.46384 ¢ --2 +.32632 ¢ --2 +.27331 ¢ --2
11 +.50710 ~ --2 +.68506 ~ --2 +.13219 ¢ --i --.14014 ¢ --2 +.21436 # --I
12 +.11960 ~ --2 +.13320 ~ --2 --,29566 ¢ --2 +.14379 ;~ --2 --.24782 ¢ --2
13 +.13316 ~ --2 +.64404 ~ --2 +.64063 ¢ --2 +.99927 # --2 +.12317 ¢ --2
14 +.43638 ~ --3 +.17048 ~ --2 +.42304 ¢ _o --.95800 ~ --3 +.50980 ¢ --2
15 +.49284 ¢ --2 --.10662 ¢ --2 +.16274 ¢ --2 --.66572 ¢ --2 +.78076 ¢ --2
16 +.46434 ~ --3 --.18045 ¢ --2 --.22250 ~ --2 +.19305 ;~ --2 --.37816 ;~ --2
17 +.42182 ~ --2 --.13301 ¢ --2 +.60626 ¢ --'2 +.45298 ¢ --2 +.35353 ¢ --2
18 +.30748 ;~ --3 --.17601 ¢ --2 +.26669 ~ --2 --,20864 ¢ --2 +.53014 ¢ --2
19 +.55746 ¢ --3 --.16006 ¢ --3 --.11136 ~ --2 --,51539 ¢ --2 +.21940 ¢ --2
[20 --.96705 ~ --4 +.66625 ¢ --3 +.21718 ¢ --4 +.12468 ¢ --2 --.28306 ¢ --2
0 +.32412 ~" --t +,00000 ¢ +0 +.47734 ¢ --I +.00000 ¢ +0 +.24645 ~ --I
1 +. 22769 ~ 0 --. 62757 ~ 0 +, 24469 ¢ 0 --. 88736 ¢ 0 +. 26718 ¢ 0
2 --.27622 ~ --1 +.35503 ¢ --I --,34342 ¢ --I +.23609 ¢ --t +.16056 ¢ --i
3 +.41402 ~ --2 --.41952 ¢ --i +.48075 ¢ --1 +.54166 ¢ --I +.65822 ¢ --i
4 +.12264 ~ --1 --.87073 ~ --2 +.14028 ~ --1 --.318~36 ¢ --1 --.22497 ¢ -i
5 --.13100 ~ --2 +.11366 ¢ 0 --.47355 ~ --I +,12457 ¢ 0 --.78062 ¢ --i
6 +.24133 ~ --2 --.63308 ¢ --2 --.13162 ¢ --2 +.14249 ¢ --i +.24126 ¢ --2
7 --.72338 ¢ --2 +.31429 ¢ --i +.20234 ¢ --1 --.27189 ¢ --I +.61475 ¢ --i
8 --.47773 ~ --3 --.51207 ¢ --3 --.26110 ¢ --I --.12249 ¢ --i --.16065 ¢ --1
9 +.16189 ~ --1 --.12663 ~ --1 +.10196 ~ --1 +,26454 ~ --1 --.33291 ~ --1
CQ* 10 --.53801 # _ o --.20723 ~ --2 +.20437 ¢ --1 +.46334 ~ --2 +.12311 ¢ --1
11 +.14161 ~ --i +.10887 ~ --I --.13622 ~ --2 +.13838 ~ --i +.31123 ~ --i
12 --.46008 # --3 --.24566 ~ --2 --.12381 ¢ --i +.68735 ¢ --2 --.12559 ¢ --i
13 +.25050 # --3 +.10271 ~ --1 +.24253 ¢ --I +,58492 ~ --3 +.13948 ¢ --1
14 --.19800 ~ --2 +.15357 ¢ --2 --.59326 ~ --3 --,13377 ¢ --i +.88397 # --2
15 +.57280 ~ --2 --.68530 ¢ --2 --,68631 ~ --3 --,11603 ~ --2 +.50358 ~ --3
~16 --.40970 ¢ --2 --.11526 ~ --2 +.55097 # --2 +.13264 ;~ --i --.79990 ¢ --2
17 +.75132 ~ --2 --.20622 ~ --2 +.66757 ~ --2 --.42987 ~ --2 +.13345 ¢ --i
18 +.50548 ~ --3 --.13874 ~ --2 --.51424 ~ --2 --.76084 ~ --2 +.11928 ~ --i
19 --.57,544 ~ --4 +.14868 ¢ --2 +,29728 ¢ --2 +,77164 ¢ --4 --.13556 ¢ --2
20 +.12067 ¢ --2 +.25205 ~ --2 +.68255 ¢ --2 --,37948 ¢ --2 --.70825 ¢ --2

d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e p o i n t of i n c i p i e n t c a v i t a t i o n T h e c a v i t a t i o n i n c e p t i o n curves for t h e tip

does n o t give c o u s i s t e n t t e s t results w h er eas desi- v o r t e x c a v i t y , t h e sheet c a v i t a t i o n on pressure and
n e n t c a v i t a t i o n is fairly r e p e a t a b l e . suction sides, an d t h e m i d c h o r d b u b b l e c a v i t a -
tion were g i v en on a base of t h e p h y s i c a l l y realis-
Analysis of Test Results tic t h r u s t coefficient
T h e n e t p r o p e ll e r t h r u s t s a n d t o r q u e s m e a s u r e d 1" 8 Kr
in t h e t u n n e l were c o n v e r t e d to t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l 7r .]2
n o n d i m e n s i o n a l t h r u s t a n d t o r q u e coefficients KT ~PV~2 ~r D2
a n d KQ. T h e s e coefficients were c a l c u l a t e d as a
f u n c t i o n of t h e a d v a n c e coefficient J = V f f n D an d t h e c a v i t a t i o n n u m b e r ao.
an d t h e c a v i t a t i o n n u m b e r C o r r e c t i o n s were ap p l i ed to t h e w a t e r v e l o c i t y
p~ - pv an d t h e pressure in t h e w o r k i n g section for t u n n e l
0- 0 -- wall interference. T h e s e co r r ect i o n s were based
on t h e i d e n t i t y of t h e t h r u s t coefficient KT for
T h e effieiencies were calculated from the relation t h e screw m o d e l s in t h e t u n n e l and t h a t f r o m t h e
o p e n - w a t e r tests.
J Kr T h e a p p l i e d c o r r e c t i o n s ar e in p r i n ci p l e t h e
~0 ~
27r KQ same as i n d i c a t e d b y Bu r r i l l [t6]. T h e c o r r e c t i o n
leads i n i t i a l l y to t h e r e l a t i o n J t = k J . The
using t h e KT and K o values f r o m t h e c u r v e s faired f a c t o r k is d e t e r m i n e d for e v e r y screw as a func-
t h r o u g h t h e m e a s u r e d values. tion of J for eq u al KT, f r o m t h e o p e n - w a t e r K T - J

292 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

Quadrant Measurements with B 4-70 Screw Series Are Approximated
1.0 , .P/D = 1.2--. P,/D = 1.4
B(K) A(K) B(K) A(K) B(K)
+.00000 ~ t0 +.24182 ~ --1 +.00000 ~ t0 +.34168 ~ --1 +.00000 ~ t0
--.74777 ~ 0 +.19526 ~ 0 --.83513 ~ 0 +.21336 ~ 0 --.89037 ~ 0
--.13822 ~'~ --1 +.24861 ~ --1 --.17626 ~ --1 +.159cff # --1 --.19243 ~ --1
+.10077 ~ 0 +.20096 ~ --1 +.12925 ~ 0 +.18491 ~ --1 +.14229 ~ 0
--.11318 ~ --1 --.27491 # --1 --.16164 # --1 --.28473 # --1 --.18926 ~ --1
+.47186 ~'~ --1 --.49417 # --1 +.35073 ~ --1 --.57102 # --1 +.26496 # --1
+.10666 ~ --1 +.10719 # --1 +.17977 # --1 +.13258 # --1 +.19985 # --1
--.90239 ~'~ --2 +.31616 # --1 +.94574 # --3 +.31091 # --1 +.95880 # --2
--.78452 ~ --2 --.60703 ~ --2 --.10011 ~ --1 --.61834 ~ --2 --.15497 ~ --1
+.23941 ~'~ --1 --.160(,)7 ~ --1 +.18813 # --1 --.1251.8 # --1 +.16351 # --1
+.80787 ~ --2 +.36134 ~ --3 +.96321 ~ --2 +.14889 ~ --2 +.12108 ~ --i
--.14942 ~'~ --3 +.23123 # --1 +.26472 # --2 +.24639 # --1 +.60098 # --2
--.31925 ~# --'2 --.38763 ~ --4 --.34897 # --2 --.43034 # -3 --.40057 # --2
+.92620 ~'~ --2 +.15034 ~ --2 +.74367 ~ --2 --.21774 ~ -2 +.66508 ~ --2
+.15527 ~'~ --'2 +.73161 ~ --2 +.70138 ~ --3 +.62884 ~ --2 +.26481 ~ --2
--.65683 ~ --2 +.10954 ~ --i --.59772 ~ --2 +.12499 ~ --I --.65500 ~ --2
--.61655 ~# --3 --.62652 ~ --2 +.63688 ~ --3 --.5794:1 ~ --'2 --.25089 ~ --2
+.51033 ~ --2 --.47583 ~ --5 +.59988 ~ --2 --.19753 ~ _o +.51549 ~ --'2
--.60263 ~'~ --3 +.64641 ~ --2 +.97174 ~ --3 +.72177 ~ -2 +.34309 ~ --2
--.82244 ~'~ --2 +.36168 ~ --2 --.82817 ¢ --2 +.72116 ~ --2 --.80479 ~ --'2
--.63789 ~'~ --3 --.41148 # _o --.28370 ~ --2 --.40411 ~ --2 --.28547 ~ --2
+.00000 ~'~ t O +.38330 ~ --1 +.00000 # tO +.55885 ~ --1 +.00000 ~ +0
--.11081 ~ +1 +.30834 ~ 0 --.12379 ~ +1 +.33553 ~ 0 --.13087 ~ +1
+ . 15909 ~'~ --2 + . 13009 ~ -- 1 -- .76857 ~ --2 -- .55351 ~ --'2 -- .13050 ~ -- 1
+.16455 ~ 0 +.37977 ~ --1 +._1_30
•" ) 0
~ 0 +.295(;5 ¢ -I +.22932 ¢ 0
--.20601 ~'~ --1 --.42771 ~ --1 --.34173 ~ --1 --.39907 ~ --1 --.39610 ~ --1
+.85343 ~'~ --1 --.62278 ¢ --1 +.51927 ~ --1 --.59824 ~ --1 +.35474 ~ --1
+.87856 ~'~ --2 +.11654 ~ --1 +.25757 ~ --1 +.87083 ~ -2 +.30131 ~ --1
-- .31327 ~ --1 +.46308 ~ -- 1 - - . 13343 ~ -- 1 +.38511 ~ -- 1 + .22306 ~ --2
--.96650 ~ --2 --.20672 ~ --1 --.16388 ~ --1 --.21977 ¢ --1 --.19345 ¢ --1
+.43190 ~'~ --1 --.25171 ~ --1 +.36642 ~ --1 --.16701 ~ -1 +.31211 ~ --1
+.12453 ~a --1 +.93390 # --2 +.17869 # --1 +.74012 ~ --2 +.24556 ~ --1
+.95986 ~'~ --3 +.40552 ~ --1 +.54887 ¢ --:) +.411__ ~ --1 +.82519 ~ --2
--.79986 ~'~ --'2 --.36183 # _o --.72657 ~ --2 +.14304 ¢ _o --.10001 ~ --1
+.15073 ~'~ --1 +.36580 # --9 +.52610 ~ --'2 +.24615 ~ -2 +.29153 ~ --2
+.24595 ~ --2 +.79060 ~ --'2 --.32526 ~ --'2 +.54771 ~ --o --.14795 ~ --2
--.16918 ~ --I +.8.3125 ~ --2 --.10724 ~ --1 +.990q7 ~ -2 --.93816 ~ --2
+.51603 ~ --2 - - . 121(,)9 # -- 1 +.58753 ~ --'2 -- .11674 # --1 +.31241 # --2
+.11504 ~'~ --1 +.53102 ~ --9 +.90872 ~ --2 +.28215 ~ --2 +.82514 ~ --2
--.47976 ~'~ --'2 +.13882 # --1 --.33639 # --2 +.13405 ~ --1 +.68793 ~ --3
--.14566 ~ --1 +.35419 ~ --2 --.15324 ~ --1 +.61852 ~ -- ") --.14969 ~ --1
+.23280 ~-* --2 --.10801 ~ --1 +.15551 ~ --2 --.10103 ~ --1 --.15397 ~ --2

relationship and non-cavitation influenced Kr,- d i s k a r e a / a r e a of t h e w o r k i n g :section of t h e t u n n e l

oft r e l a t i o n s h i p m e a s u r e d in t h e c a v i t a t i o n t u n n e l .
( T h e s u b s c r i p t t refers to t h e c a v i t a t i o n tunrtel
experiments.)
F r o m t h e f o r e g o i n g c o m p a r i s o n of o p e n - w a t e r
and cavitation tunnel test results the relationship
b e t w e e n KT,,/Jt 2 a n d K T / J 2 w a s d e t e r m i n e d f o r
c o n s t a n t v a l u e s of t h e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r k. T h i s
r e l a t i o n s h i p was used as a b a s e for t h e c o r r e c t i o n s
of J a n d ao in t h e r e g i o n s w h e r e c a v i t a t i o n influ-
enced the thrust delivered by the propeller.
A n extra, c o r r e c t i o n h a d t o b e a p p l i e d t o t h e
K o t - J , r e l a t i o n s h i p for identification w i t h t h e
open-water KQ-J relationship. For the correc-
t i o n of t h e c a v i t a t i o n - i n f l u e n c e d Kot c u r v e s it w a s
assumed that the ratio between the influenced
and not-influenced torque coefficients for a given
cavitation number remained the same, after ap-
p l i c a t i o n of t h e t o t a l c o r r e c t i o n .
B e c a u s e of t h e r e l a t i v e l y low r a t i o of p r o p e l l e r
( a b o u t 0.071), t h e c o r r e c t i o n s o n v e l o c i t y a n d p r e s -
s u r e f o r t u n n e l w a l l interferec,Lee w e r e s m a l l .
Presentation of Test Results
T h e i n f l u e n c e of c a v i t a t i o n o n p r o p e l l e r p e r -
f o r m a n c e of t h e B 4-85, B 4-1(}0, B 5-75, a n d B
5-105 s c r e w s e r i e s i~ g i v e n in ]Figs. 42, 43, 44, a n d
45 r e s p e c t i v e l y . [ n t h e s e d i a g r a m s KT, Ko a n d
7o a r e s h o w n as f u n c t i o n s of J w i t h t h e c a v i t a -
t i o n n u l n b e r ao as p a r a m e t e r .
T h e f a i r e d e u r w : s f o r t h e o n s e t of t i p v o r t e x
cavitation, suction- and pressure-side sheet cavi-
t a t i o n , a n d m i d c h o r d b u b b l e c a v i t a t i o n of t h e s e
s e r i e s a r e g i v e n as a f u n c t i o u of t h e c a v i t a t i o n
n u m b e r ¢o a n d t h e t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t C r in F i g s .
46 t h r o u g h 49. 111 p r e s e n t i n g t h e s e r e s u l t s t h e
f o l l o w i n g a b b r e v i a t i o n s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of
cavitation were used:
tvc = tip vortex cavitation

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 293

 Table 8 Coefficients of Fourier Series by Which Results Are Approximated of Four-Quadrant
A~'/Ao = 0.40 AE/Ao = 0.55 ~.4E/Ao =
K A (K) B(K) A (K) B(K) A (K)
0 -}-.23451 # --1 -}-.00000 # + 0 +.31922 ~ --1 -}-.00000 # -}-0
1 -}-.15234 ~ 0 --.45189 ~ 0 +.16114 ~ 0 --.63528 ~ 0
2 -}-}-.65422 ~ --2 --.24681 ~ --2 -}-.99198 ¢ --3 --.11945 ~ --1
3 -}-.10679 ¢ --'2 --.21427 # --1 -}-.28523 ~ --1 -}-}-.52443~ --1
4 -}-}-.59102 ¢ --2 --.70269 ¢ --2 --.46824 ~ --2 --.96855 ¢ --2
5 --.14467 ¢ --1 +.67759 ~ --1 --.53162 ¢ --1 +.63872 ~ --1
6 --.19208 ¢ --'2 -}-.22291 ¢ --3 -}-.74323 ~ --3 -}-.94490 ~ --2
7 +.16123 ~ --2 -}-.15526 ~ --1 -}-.37786 ~ --1 --.70557 ~ --2
8 --.20361 ~ --2 -}-.25736 ~ --2 --.59009 ~ --2 --.41397 ~ --2
9 -}-.98661 ~ --2 --.39835 # --2 --.13650 ~ --1 -}-.17913 ~ --1
Cr* 10 --.38284 # --3 --.18292 ~ --2 -}-.48123 ~ --2 -}-.32751 ~ --2 SEE
11 + . 4 9 3 5 8 ~ --2 +.67522 ~ --2 -}-.13356 ~ --1 --.15649 ¢ --2
12 +.97493 ~ --3 +.12664 ~ --2 --.28356 ~ --2 -}-.12139 ~ --2
13 -}-.13744 ~ --2 +.65164 ~ --2 -}-.66011 ~ --2 +.98431 ~ _ o
14 -}-.36877 ~ --3 -}-.15957 ¢ --2 -}-.41218 ~ --2 --.11306 ~ _ o
15 +.47643 ~ --2 --.11204 ~ --2 +.12833 ~ --2 --.68633 ~ --'2
16 + . 5 3 9 0 5 ~ --3 --.18836 ~ --2 --.24525 ~ --2 +.16502 ¢ --2
17 + . 4 1 9 8 0 ~ --2 --.14484 ~ --2 -}-.61399 ~ --2 -}-.44140 # --2
18 -}-.57987 ~ --3 --.16466 ~ --2 -}-.26417 ~ --2 --.20713 ~ --2
19 + . 5 1 9 5 7 ~ --3 --.41572 ~ --3 --.96108 ~ --3 --.51416 ~ --2
[20 --.15836 ~ --4 -}-.75927 ~ --3 -}-.22652 ~ --5 +.11161 ~ --2
0 -}-.32922 ~ --1 -}-.00000 ~ + 0 +.47745 ~ --1 -}-.00000 ~ + 0
1 -}-.22818 ¢ 0 --.62722 # 0 -}-.24474 ¢ 0 --.88736 ~ 0
2 --.27076 ~ --1 +.35740 ~ --1 --.33679 ~ --1 +.23048 ~ --1
3 -}-.40533 ~ --2 --.41363 ~ --1 -}-.48213 ¢ --1 -}-.54388 ~ --1
4 +.11865 ~ --1 --.81833 ~ --2 -}-.14481 ~ --1 --.30945 ~ --1
5 --.16010 ~ --2 +.11410 # 0 --.47373 ~ --1 -}-.12533 ~ 0
6 -}-.16364 ~ --2 --.58649 7~ --2 --.23258 :~ --2 -}-.15077 ~ --1
7 --.75320 ~ --2 +.31366 ~ --1 + . 1 9 6 0 8 ~ --1 --.27471 ~ --1
8 --.10827 ~ --2 --.64464 ~ --3 --.26832 ~ --1 --.12804 ~ --1
9 +.16051 ~ --1 --.13427 ~ --1 -}-.10348 ~ --1 -}-.25570 ~ --1
tlo --.54749 ~ --2 --.25659 ~ --2 -}-.20883 ~ --1 -}-.43878 ~ --2
+.14265 ¢ --1 -}-.10360 ~ --1 --.78899 ¢ --3 -}-.13814 ¢ --1
12 --.85995 ¢ --4 --,27531 ¢ --2 --.12592 ¢ --1 -}-.69907 ~ --'2
+ . 4 0 8 6 8 ¢ --3 -}-.10084 ~ --1 -}-.24307 7~ --1 +.69677 ¢ --3
--.12955 ~ --2 -}-.18382 ¢ --2 --.43386 ¢ --3 --.14066 ¢ --1
+.59046 ~ --2 --.67291 ~ --2 --.40164 ~ --3 --.14160 ~ --2
--.38788 ~ --2 --.70726 ¢ --3 -}-.60723 ~ --2 -}-.13130 ~ --1
.}..73,531 ~ --2 --.17222 ~ --2 -}-.69114 ~ --2 --.35743 ~ --2
18 -}-.41273 ~ --3 --.10638 ~ --2 --.47407 ¢ --2 --.68982 ~ --2
--.54923 ~ --3 +.17638 ¢ --2 -}-.22412 ¢ --2 + . 6 0 4 0 8 ~ --3
I20 -}-.10712 ~ --2 -}-.27112 ~ --2 +.62279 ~ --2 --.35655 ~ --2

ssc = s h e e t c a v i t a t i o n o n s u c t i o n s i d e ssc 0.7 R : suction-side sheet cavitation

psc = sheet cavitation on pressure side spreading down from blade tip to
b m c = b u b b l e c a v i t a t i o n a t m i d c h o r d of s u c - 0.7R.
t i o n side. The pressure-side cavitation started at the lead-
ing e d g e b e t w e e n 0.6 _R a n d 0.7 R a n d e x t e n d e d
F u r t h e r t o t h e o v e r a l l p r e s e n t a t i o n in F i g s . 46
along the leading edge to both sides when the
t h r o u g h 49, F i g s . 50 t h r o u g h 53 s h o w t h e c o m -
l o a d i n g of t h e s c r e w w a s d e c r e a s e d .
p l e t e r e s u l t s of t h e c a v i t a t i o n i n c e p t i o n m e a s u r e -
m e n t s f o r all p r o p e l l e r s w i t h ] ) / D = 1.0. T h e Conclusion
suction-side cavitation developed from the tip
1 T h e d e r i v e d p o l y n o m i a l s of t h e t h r u s t a n d
vortex cavity and spread down over the blade
t o r q u e c o e f f i c i e n t s of b o t h t h e f o u r - a n d five-
w h e n t h e l o a d i n g of t h e s c r e w w a s i n c r e a s e d . T h e
b l a d e d B - s e r i e s s c r e w s a n d t h e F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s of
f o l l o w i n g i n d i c a t i o n s w e r e u s e d t o d e s c r i b e t h e ex-
the "four-quadrant" measurements enable design
t e n t of t h e c a v i t a t i o n :
calculations and analyses with a computer.
ssc 1.0 R : b e g i n n i n g of s u c t i o n - s i d e c a v i t a - 2 The cavitation inception diagrams and the
tion at the blade tip d i a g r a m s s h o w i n g t h e i n f l u e n c e of c a v i t a t i o n o n
ssc 0.9 R : suction-side sheet cavitation t h r u s t a n d t o r q u e can be used for m a k i n g quasi-
spreading down from blade tip to s t e a d y p r e d i c t i o n s of t h e c a v i t a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
0.9R of a s c r e w in a n o n u n i f o r m w a k e flow.

294 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

Measurements with B 4-40, B 4-55, B 4-70, B 4-85, and B 4-100 Series Screws with P/D = 1.0
0.70~ "AE/A(, = 0.85- "Az/Ao = 1.00
B(K) A (K) B(K) A (g) B(K)
+.24744 # -1 +.00000 # +0 +.34061 # --1 +.00000 # +0
+.19698 ~- 0 --.83446 # 0 +.21365 ¢ 0 --.89003 ¢ 0
+.24688 ~- --1 --,15875 ¢ --1 +.15858 ¢ --1 --.19294 ~ --1
+.19970 ~ --1 +,13064 ~ 0 +.18327 # --1 +.14235 ¢ 0
--.29298 ¢ --1 --,15776 ~ --1 --.28700 ¢ -1 --.18767 ¢ --1
-.50489 ~ --1 +.35044 ¢ -1 --.57304 # --1 +.26340 ~ --1
+.92885 ~ --2 +.16119 ¢ --1 +.12995 ¢ --1 +.20316 ~ --1
+.31605 ~ --1 +.1.5147 ~ -3 +.30856 ¢ --1 +.94515 ¢ -2
--.51017 ~ --2 --.11703 ~ -1 --.64453 ~ --2 --.15484 ~ -1
--.14934 ~ -1 +.18128 ~ -1 --.12383 7s -1 +.16308 ~ -1
TABLE 7 +.12086 ~ _o +.10143 ~ --1 +.13141 ~ --2 +.11972 ~ --1
+.23772 ~ --1 +.37940 ~ --2 +.24622 ~ --1 +.59032 ~ --2
+.14059 # --3 --.25960 ~ --2 --.621C1 ¢ --3 --.43512 ~ --2
+.31704 ~ --3 +.86001 ~ --2 --.19550 ~ --2 +.67547 ~ --2
+.66002 ~ --2 +.75758 ~ --3 +.68171 ~ --2 +.28778 ~ --2
+.97627 ~ --2 --.63507 ~ --2 +.12593 ~ --1 --.67282 ~ --2
--.59991 ~ --2 --.36952 ~ --3 --.57680 ~ --2 --.20573 ¢ --2
+.22851 ¢ --3 +.42495 ~ --2 --.18257 ~ --2 +.47559 ~ --2
+.73574 # --2 +.12208 ~ --2 +.74443 ~ --2 +.33164 ~ --2
+.53360 ~ --') --.82948 ¢ --2 +.72116 # --2 --.79023 ~ --2
--.36541 ~ --2 --.19871 ~ --2 --.41164 ~ --2 --.24768 ~ --2
+.38821 ~ --I +.00000 ~ +0 +.558c,5 ~ --1 +.00000 ~ +0
+ . 3 0 8 5 7 7~ 0 --.12374 ~ + 1 +.33.57'5 ~ 0 --.13089 ~ +1
+.12968 ~ --i --.69162 ~ --2 --.54483 ~ --2 --.12986 ~ --I
+.37596 ~ --1 +.21242 ~ 0 +.30159 ~ --1 +.22943 ~ 0
--.43202 ~ --1 --.34391 ~ --1 --.39788 ~ --1 --.39545 ~ --1
--.62517 ~ --1 +.51711 ~ --1 --.59767 ~ --1 +.35275 ~ --1
+.11711 7~ --1 +.25874 ~ --1 +.85676 ~ --2 +.29736 ¢ --1
+.46338 ~ --1 --.12915 ~ --1 +.38556 ~ --1 +.19505 ~ --2
--.20997 ¢ --i --.16229 ~ --i --.2'2022 ¢ --i --.19625 ¢ --i
--.25065 ~ --1 +.36854 ~ --1 --. 16580 ~ --1 +.31577 ~ --1
+.94712 ~ --2 +.17505 ~ --1 +.768;~,2 ~ --2 +.24466 ~ --1
+.40479 ~ --1 +.53011 ~ --2 +.40968 ~ --1 +.80744 ¢ --2
--.34106 ~ --2 --.66787 ~ --2 +.143(17 ~ --'2 --.10030 ¢ --1
+.34406 ~ --2 +.51614 ¢ --2 +.19131 ~ --2 +.27097 ~ --2
+.72600 ~ --2 --.27707 ~ --2 +.565~3 ~ --2 --.14513 ¢ --2
+.84629 ~ --2 --.11040 ~ --I +.99527 ~ --') --,94578 ~ --2
--.12383 ~ --1 +.50134 7+- --2 --.11082 ~ -1 +.27592 ~ --2
+.55770 ~ --2 +.87478 ~ --2 +.27185 ~ --2 +.82455 ~ --2
+.14548 ~ -1 -.33660 ~ -2 +.132(15 ~ -1 +.74715 ~ -3
+.31655 ¢ -2 -.14750 ¢ -1 +.637(;8 ¢ -2 -.15220 ¢ -1
--.10461 ~ --1 +.1976l ~ --2 --.10405 ~ -1 --.14567 ~ --2

3 The cross-correlation between the design e x p r e s s t h e i r a p p r e c i a t i o n t.o D r . H . le G r a n d f o r

d i a g r a m s , a s h a s b e e n d o n e i n t h i s p a p e r f o r dif-
ferent blade-area ratios at constant blade number,
can be extended to different blade numbers. In
a d d i t i o n , t h e e f f e c t of t h e R e y n o l d s n u m b e r c a n
be taken into account in the polynomials for Kr
a n d KQ.
4 H e n c e , t h e e f f e c t of t h e R e y n o l d s n u m b e r
on the screw characteristics being known, the
c o n s e q u e n c e s of t h i s e f f e c t c a n b e i n t r o d u c e d i n t o
trial predictions.
5 Further progress on these subjects to be
m a d e a t t h e N S M B will b e d i s c u s s e d i n a s e c o n d
paper.
Acknowledgments
T h e a u t h o r s a r e i n d e b t e d t o m a n y m e m b e r s of
t h e t e c h n i c a l s t a f f of N S M B f o r t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n
t o t h e c o n t e n t s of t h i s p a p e r . In particular, they
performing the numerical calculations.
S p e c i a l m e n t i o n s h o u l d b e m a d e of t h e c o n t r i -
b u t i o n of M r . H . N i j d i n g , w h o d i d o v e r a c o u p l e
of y e a r s a l a r g e p a r t of t h e w o r k of c a l c u l a t i n g
and preparing the diagrams.
References
1 G . S. B a k e r a n d A. W . R i d d l e , " S c r e w
P r o p e l l e r s of V a r y i n g B l a d e S e c t i o n s in O p e n
W a t e r , " Trans. I N A , 1932 a n d 1934.
2 G . S. B a k e r , " T h e D e s i g n of S c r e w P r o -
pellers with Special Reference to the Single-Screw
S h i p s , " Trans. IJVA, 1 !-)34.
3 L. T r o o s t , " O p e n - W a t e r T e s t s w i t h M o d -
e r n P r o p e l l e r F o r m s , " Frans. N E C I , 1938, 1940,
a n d 1951.
4 W . P. A. v a n L a m m e r e n , L. T r o o s t , a n d

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 295

 Table 9 Coefficients of Fourier Series by Which Results Are Approximated of Four-Quadrant
-B 3-65 ~ B 4-70--~ -B 5-75
K A(K) B(K) A (K) B(K) A (K)
0 4.17533 ¢ --1 +.00000 ¢ +0 +.23478 # --1
I + . 185O2 ¢ 0 --.73186 ~ 0 4.18045 ~ 0
2 +.15280 ¢ --1 --.10683 ~ --1 +.20771 ~ --1
3 +.29186 ¢ --1 +.83232 # - 1 +.2848o ~ - 1
4 --.14518 ~ --1 --.67230 ¢ --2 --.17734 # --1
5 --.72663 ¢ --1 4.74907 ~ --1 --.44127 ~ --1
6 +.18334 ~ --2 --.57188 # --2 +.26768 # --2
7 4.58557 ~ --I --.29067 ¢ --1 SEE TABLE 7 -+.29516 ¢ --1
8 --.12843 ~ --1 +.69646 ~ --2 +.84623 ~ --3
9 --.22873 ~ --1 4.31902 ~ -- 1 --.13558 ¢ --1
Cr* 11o 4.62426 ~ --2 4.11766 ~ --2 4.20876 ~ --2
4.17177 ~ -1 --.67097 ~ --2 4.21133 # --1
12 --.39038 ~ --2 +.27271 ~ --2 --.17863 ~ --2
13 +.14212 ~ -i 4.14362 ~ --1 +.17519 ~ --2
14 4.55205 ~ --2 --.16196 # -2 +.60328 # --2
15 --.77101 ~ --3 --.14496 ~ --I +.97352 ~ --2
16 --.74621 ~ --3 +.47854 ~ -2 --.36217 ~ --2
+.12434 ~ --1 +.42777 # --2 4.38472 # --2
4.42080 ~ --2 --.54757 # --2 4.44636 # --2
--.49419 ~ --2 --.88629 # --2 +.32672 ~ --2
L20 +.15046 ~ --2 +.24095 ~ --2 --.40864 # --2
I0 4.36082 ~ --1 +.00000 ~ 40 +.33515 # --I
1 4 . 27478 ¢ 0 --.10801 ~ +1 4.28220 ~ 0
2 --.60351 ~ --2 4.40219 ~ --2 +.10059 --1~
3 +.70069 ~ --1 4.12286 ~ 0 4.48943 ~ --1
4 --.79315 ~ --2 --.28156 ¢ --1 --.24185 # --1
5 - - . 10096 ~ 0 +.12603 ~ 0 -.64821 # -1
6 --.11682 ~ --i +.16670 ~ --2 +.70829 # --2
7 4.80251 ~ --1 --.56992 ~ --1 +.62483 ~ --i
8 --.17612 ~ --1 --.39189 ~ --2 --.88086 ~ --2
9 --.25992 ~ --1 +.48374 ~ --i --.32211 ~ --I
G, 10 4.14525 ~ --1 +.14034 ~ --I +.74303 ¢ --2
11 +.13287 ~ --1 --.66918 ~ --2 4.29956 ~ --I
12 --.13192 ~ --1 -.11141 # -1 -.111o1 # -I
13 4.31817 ~ --1 4.20220 ~ --I 4.98516 ~ --2
14 4.11369 ~ --1 +.53074 ~ _o 4.99828 ~ --2
15 --.91563 ~ --2 --.20058 ~ --1 4.99234 ~ --2
16 --.12451 ~ --1 4.66949 ~ --2 --.13624 ~ --1
17 4.20853 ~ -I 4.57476 ~ --2 4.37064 ~ --2
18 +.13686 ~ --1 --.75793 ~ --2 +.81717 # --2
19 --.66659 ~ --2 --.93035 # --2 +.37055 ~ --2
20 --. 74024 ~ -- 2 +.84916 ~ --2 --.58415 ~ --2

J. G. K o n i n g , Resistance, Propulsion and Steering 11 H . F . N o r d s t r o m , " S c r e w P r o p el l er C h a r a c -

of Ships, H. S t a r e H a a r l e m , N e t h e r l a n d s , 1948.
5 PrinciplesofNavalArchitecture, S N A M E ,
N e w Yo r k , 1967.
6 J. D. v a n M a n e n , " F u n d a m e n t a l s of Ship
R e s i s t a n c e a n d Propulsion, P a r t B , " P u b l i c a t i o n
No. 132a, N S M B .
7 H . W . Lerbs, " O n t h e E f f e c t s of Scale an d
R o u g h n e s s on F r e e R u n n i n g P r o p e l l e r s , " Journ.
ASNE, 1951.
8 H. L i n d g r e n , " M o d e l T e s t s w i t h a F a m i l y
of T h r e e an d F i v e - B l a d e d P r o p e l l e r s , " P u b l i c a -
tion No. 47, S S P A , 1961.
9 H. L i n d g r e n a n d E. Bj~trne, " T h e S S P A
Standard Propeller Family Open-Water Charac-
t e r i s t i c s , " P u b l i c a t i o n N o . 60, S S P A , 1967.
10 R . N . N e w t o n a n d H. P. R a d e r , " P e r f o r m -
a n c e D a t a of Propellers for H i g h - s p e e d C r a f t , "
Trans. R[NA, 1961.
t er i st i cs," P u b l i c a t i o n No. 9, SSPA , 1948.
12 I. Ya. M i n i o v i c h , " I n v e s t i g a t i o n of H y d r o -
d y n a m i c C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Screw Propellers
U n d e r C o n d i t i o n s of R e v e r s i n g an d C a l c u l a t i o n
M e t h o d s for B a c k i n g of S h i p s , " B U S H I P S T r a n s -
lation 697, 1960.
13 K . I . M e y n e , " U m s t e u e r e i g e n s c h a f t e n y o n
S eh i f f sp r o p el l er n ," Schiff und Hafen, H e f t 5, 1964.
14 Sv. Aa. H a r v a l d , " W a k e an d T h r u s t De-
d u ct i o n a t E x t r e m e P r o p e l l e r Loadings,"Publica-
tion No. 61, S S P A , 1967.
15 J. H. W i t t e an d J. E s v e l d t , " T h e B l a d e
E d g e M i c r o s c o p e of t h e N e t h e r l a n d s Ship M o d e l
B a s i n , " ISP, Vol. 13, 1966.
16 L . C . Burrill, " T u n n e l W a l l I n t e r f e r e n c e , "
A p p e n d i x 7, S e v e n t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e on
Ship H y d r o d y n a m i c s , P u b l i c a t i o n No. 34, S S P A ,
1955.

296 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

Measurements with B 3-65, B 4-70, B 5-75, B 6-80, and B 7-85 Series Screws with P/D = 1.0
B 6-80 E; 7-85
B(K) .4 (K) B(K) A (K) B(K)
+.00000 ~ + 0 +.23662 # - 1 +.43581 # - 1 +.24317 ~ - 1 +.56690 ¢ --1
-.77599 # 0 +.18302 # 0 +.28977 # 0 +.1&~99 # 0 + . 30294 ~ 0
--.93828 # --2 +.23069 # --I -.67000 # --'2 +.24!)84 # --i --.19641 ~ --1
+.11419 ~ 0 +.25996 ~ --1 +.31618 ~ - - i +.21958 ~ --1 +.15382 ~ --1
--.12502 ~ --I --.16170 # --I --.17752 ~ - - i --.12528 # --i --.14236 ~ --1
+.44333 ~ --1 --.36481 ~ --I --.51941 ~ - - I --.29638 ~ --I --.39858 ~ --1
+.12637 ~ --1 +.20075 ~ --3 +.42480 ~ --'2 --.26677 ~ --';2 +.37905 ~ --2
--.15496 ~ --2 +.23040 ~ --1 +.58953 ~ --1 +.23:_)37 ~ --1 +.55971 ~ -t
--.79187 ~ --2 +.40578 ~ --'2 +.16834 ~ --'2 +.73131 ~ --'2 +.11188 # --1
+.16728 ~ --1 --.11055 ~ --1 --.28462 ~ --1 --.95965 ~ --'2 --.20371 ~ -I
+.79242 ~ --'2 +.80168 ~ --3 --.71543 ¢ --3 +.91652 ~ --3 --.28157 ~ --2
+.43160 ~ -2 +.21468 ~ --1 +.27896 ~ - 1 +.20648 ~ --1 +.25070 ¢ --1
--.59656 ~ --2 --.70636 ~ --3 --.64777 ~ --2 --.66.t74 ~ --3 --.61091 ¢ --2
+.69874 ~ --2 +.7.3299 ~ --3 +.80256 ~ --2 +.19,585 ~ --2 +.66744 ~ --2
+.54287 ~ --3 +.46487 ~ --'2 +.70969 ~ --2 +.45277 ~ --2 +.76275 ¢ --2
--.46027 ~ --2 +.90387 ~ --2 +.15564 ~ --1 +.80651 ~ --2 +.18124 ¢ --t
--.13075 ~ --2 --.33134 ~ --2 --.93465 ~ --2 --.20294 ~ --'2 -.76436 ¢ --2
+.10496 # --2 +.33675 ~ --2 +.23656 # --2 +.27'931 ~ --'2 +.42504 ~ --2
--.25852 ~ --3 +.37209 ~ --2 %..34068 ~ --2 +.2,9162 ~ --'2 +.28472 ~ --2
--.74776 ~ --2 +.39557 ~ --2 +.58219 ~ _ o +.45340 ~ _o +.48341 ~ -2
--.12379 ~ --2 --.27268 ~ --2 --.18968 ~ --2 --.24513 # --2 --.16078 ~ --2
+.00000 ~ +0 +.00000 ~ +0 +.00000 ~ + 0 +.00000 ~ +O +.00000 ~ +0
--.11542 ~ +1 --.80123 ~ 0 --.11890 ~ + 1 --.82637 ~ 0 -.12213 ¢ +I
+.11750 ~ --1 --.83486 ~ --2 +.22405 ~ --1 --.44265 ~ --2 +.27934 ¢ --1
+.18068 # 0 +.12042 ~ 0 + . 18961 ~ 0 + . 12519 ~ O + . 18974 ¢ 0
--.30359 ~ --I --.14185 ~ --1 --.35017 ~ --1 --.15080 ~ --I --.35626 ~ --1
+.79442 ~ --1 +.43515 ~ --1 +.81917 ~ --1 +.45207 ~ --1 +.86348 ¢ --1
+.21067 ~ --1 +.13807 ~ --1 +.28318 ~ --i +.12112 ~ --1 +.32399 ¢ --1
--.17281 ~ --1 +.42871 ~ --2 --.53679 ~ --2 +.84001 ~ --2 +.36867 ¢ --2
--.20963 ~ -I --.62870 ~ --2 --.22347 ~ - I --.36180 ~ --2 --.17751 ¢ --1
+.25310 ~ -1 +.12691 ~ -1 +.15508 ~ - 1 +.85657 ~ --9 +.79699 ¢ --2
+.14026 ~ --1 +.77749 ~ --2 + . 10065 ~ - 1 +.50675 ~ -2 +.25833 ~ --2
+.79469 ~ --2 +.63927 ~ -2 +.14999 ~ - I +.85636 ~ _o +.14951 ~ --1
--.10034 ~ --1 --.49631 ~ --2 --.56936 ~ --2 --.54398 ~ --2 --.27002 ¢ --2
+.11763 ~ -I +.44461 ~- --2 +.80332 ~ --'2 +.40116 ~ --') +.81931 ~ --2
+.19718 # --2 +.49405 # --3 +.23691 ~ --2 +.15876 ~ _o +.36117 ~ --2
--.13576 ~- -1 --.32926 ~ --2 --.82944 ~.~ --2 --.25855 ~ _o --.49921 ~ --2
--.29719 # --3 --.22670 # -2 --.51470 # --2 --.39788 # --2 --.64297 ~ --2
+.60037 # -2 -.62284 # -3 +.10568 ~ --3 --.77,q22 # --3 --.30697 ~ --2
+.16139 # -2 +.62955 ¢ -3 +.59189 # -'2 +.14790 # --2 +.62224 ~ --2
--.13696 ~ --1 --.68236 ~ --2 --.11771 # - 1 -.60376 # -2 --.10872 ~ -1
--.30009 # --3 --.19772 ~ --2 --.29681 # --2 --.26079 # --2 --.28107 ¢ --2

Discussion
Eric Bj/:irne, 4 Visitor: F i r s t of all I m u s t e x p r e s s
m y s a t i s f a c t i o n o v e r t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l f a i r i n g of
t h e t e s t results. T h e d i v e r g e n c e b e t w e e n differ-
e n t i s s u e s of t h e W a g e n i n g e n p r o p e l l e r c h a r t s h a s
b e e n a s o u r c e of l o n g a n d o f t e n h o t d i s c u s s i o n s
a b o u t p r o p e l l e r d i m e n s i o n s a n d eflicieneies. T h e
r e g r e s s i o n a n d F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s of t h e t e s t r e s u l t s
a r e of g r e a t v a l u e f o r t h o s e w o r k i n g w i t h a n a l o g u e
and digital computers.
However I miss open-water test results pre-
s e n t e d o n t h e b a s i s o f K T / J ~, w h i c h s o m e t i m e s
can be very useful at the project work. Speaking
of p a r a m e t e r s i t s e e m s i n c o n s e q u e n t t h a t t h e n o n -
d i m e n s i o n l e s s f a c t o r / 3 p is still u s e d w h i l e t h e fac-
t o r B~ is n o w r e p l a c e d b y V / I ~ T r / J f l I therefore
4 The Swedish State Shipbuilding Experimental Tank,
G6teborg. Sweden.
s u g g e s t t h a t a f u r t h e r s t e p in t h e d e v e l o p m e n t will
b e r e p l a c i n g B v w i t h % / - K o / . l ~. A l s o , t h e & v a l u e s
a p p e a r in s o m e d i a g r a m s i n s t e a d of t h e a d v a n c e
ratio J.
T h e i n f l u e n c e of R e y n o l d s n u m b e r , R,,, o n t h e
optimum propeller diameter, pitch, and efficiency
is i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t i c e , b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n
m o d e l a n d s h i p p r o p e l l e r s w i t h r e g a r d t o d r a g co-
e f f i c i e n t s m u s t n o t b e o v e r e s t i m a t e d b e c a u s e of
p a r t l y l a m i n a r flow in t h e p r o p e l l e r m o d e l r e g i o n
of R,,, F i g . 5'4.
T h e g a s c o n t e n Lof w a t e r , {n t h e c a v i t a t i o n t e s t s ,
ct/~t.~ = 0 . 2 0 - 0 . 3 3 , is s o m e w h a t h i g h e r t h a n w h a t
is u s u a l in t h e S S P A t u n n e l . D i f f e r e n c e s in g a s
c o n t e n t n m y i n f l u e n c e t h e i n c e p t i o n of c a v i t a t i o n ,
especially on the tip vortex cavitation.
(text continued on page 312)

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 297

 8 4-100 P/D =10
C[
B4-B5
10C
84-70
B4-55
-B4-40

-'4

:E
Q

o
B4-70
~4-55
84 -z.O
/ ,//J
..... /"
i

q
~ ~-~-~-;'~,~:di~i : '~
0

o \,,ii,j ,,," ,,, ,,;/

! , I

I
I
1
0° 40 ° 80 ° 120 ° 160 ° /3 200° 240 ° 280 ° 320 ° 360 ° 2400
40 ° 80 ° 120 ° 160 ° /3 200 ~ 240 ° 280 ° 320 ° 360 °

Fig. 37 Open-water test results with B 4-40, B 4-55, B 4-70, B 4-85, and B- Fig. 38 Open-water test results with B 3-65, B 4-70, B 5-75, B 6-80, and B-
4-100 series screws with P / D = 1.0 7-85 series screws with P / D = 1.0
 FOURIER SERIES OF 20 TER~4S

I ]

_,0! /

-12 --I

I
I
-10 o 40 °
80 ° 120 ° 160° /3 200 ° 240 ° 280 ° 320 ~ 866 °

Fig. 3 9 R e s u l t o f four-quadrant m e a s u r e m e n t s o f B 4 - 7 0 s c r e w w i t h P / D
= 0 . 6 a p p r o x i m a t e d by F o u r i e r series of 2 0 terms

20

------CURVES OF CT AND CQ
APPROXIMATED BY A FOURIER
SERIES OF 2 TERMS
15

cl ~ ~---~-'~

-160o 40° 80° 120° 160° ,,3 200° 240° 2g0° 320° 360"

Fig. 4 0 R e s u l t o f four-quadrant m e a s u r e m e n t s of B 4 - 7 0 s c r e w w i t h P / D =
1.O a p p r o x i m a t e d by Fourier series of 2, 5, 10, or 2 0 terms

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 299

 FOURIER SERIES OF 5 T E R M S

~2
t

o8 _//_ ...... _~_

c~
-IOC~

04! - - - -

I ,# I
i
I
Jc;
-06 - - ---

-0 ° 40 ° 80 ° 120 ° 150 ° /3 2i

Fig. 40 (continued)

2° i
FOURIER S E R I E S OF 10 TERMS

161 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

_ _

c~_ ! 1_
_10 / ii i . . . . . .

. . . . . ! . . . . . .

J I ,

-18 11[
0° 40 ° BO° 120 ° 160 ° /3 200o 2&0 e 280 ° 320 ° 360 °

Fig. 40 (continued)

300 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 FOURIER SERIES OF 20 TERMS j

1E . . . . , !
!I

0 40Q 80° 120e 160° /3 200° 240° 280° 320° 350°

Fig. 4 0 (continued)

I
L
I FOURIER SERIES OF 20 TERMS

c~
-10c~
I/ "\ ! ,\
I I

oz

II
!
i

-04 /

\ / /_
/

/
/
,YI

80 ° 120° 160° :~ 200 ° 2~0°

f ,
280°
i
320° 35'3:

Fig. 41 Result of four-quadrant measurements of B 4 - 7 0 s c r e w with P/D

= 1.4 approximated by Fourier series of 2 0 terms

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 301

 0~
KT B z,-85
1OKO ~.oe
~p
~5

I I

l
I '

I
i I

0(~.3 0f, 0.5 0~ 0.7 g.8 09 1.0 12 13 Ig 15

Fig. 42 Influence of cavitation on thrust and torque of screws of B 4-85 series

B z,-85
:,o

08

07 i

f~
03 ~"

00.3 0/, 0.5 06 0.7 QB ~g 1.0 1.1 1.2 13 1A 1.5

J

Fig. 42 (continued)

302 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 Q9

B ~-B5
%:L2

\
KT
IOKQ
%

~f

02 ~ i---~
X

O
0.3 0.4 05 1g.6 (17 03 0~9 1.0 1.1 12 1.1 I.~ 15
J

Fig. 42 (continued)

11 -"
B 4-85
P/D =1.4

t
\ i
\
f
\

KT
IOKQ
%

°~o ~

0
02 O~ 05 06 CLB 09 1.0 1.1 12. 13 IA
J
Fig. 42 (continued)

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 303

 0E

8 4-100
=O8
0 5 -
Io~
Oe7
~D

IOKQ
"gp a~

..Co
o, ~ -.'b..

o t13 0,4
~ 05 0.6 0.7 Q8 0.7 10 1.1 t2 1,3 t,4
J

Fig. 43 Influence o f cavitation on thrust and torque o f screws o f B 4 - 1 0 0 series

B 4-100
P/D" 1.0
1.1

0.9

~P ~-o=~~

KT
10KO
0E
- i~ii.~\\~
~
"Tp o.~
o~

0
03 0.& 0.5 06 0.7 Q8 09 1,0 1.1 1.2 13 14 kS
,3

Fig 43 (continued)

304 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 B a-IOO
%=,2

KT
10 KQ
'gp

04 05 Q6 07 08 09 ~0 tl |2 13 1~5
J

Fig. 43 (continued)

8 4-100

Qi
KT
1OK0

9p 05-

% 0.5 06 O7 08 Q9 ~,g 12 t.3 t~ 1.5

Fig. 43 (continued)

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 305

 B 5-75
P/Doo 8

"~p O-o >> \

06
KT
IOKQ
%
05 ~ I

02 ------

o.1 "-"~"-'-
- - ' -I ~ " 2 " -~ .~.~
/- ' ~ . _ ~ - ~ - f ~ - - - - - - - - ~ ""-
.
" " 7"--.

0/. 0.5 06 07 0.8 0.9 t0 1.1 12 1.3 1~,

0

Fig. 44 Influence of cavitation on thrust and torque of screws of B 5-75 series

B 5-75
P/'D = tO

K!
IOKQ
%

03 04 0.5 05 07 08 0_q 1.0 1.1 12 1.3 tA t5

J

Fig. 44 (continued)

3 0 6 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 OSf. . . . . . . T" -

I ~ I I T B 5~75

l<T
IO KQ

05

Oz

O~

ol

O
03 04 05 O7 08 09 I0 11 12 t3 1~, 1,5
0

Fig 44 (continued)

I
B 5-75
P/D 14

['(T
~o:4o
")p

i j
' p

• j

0
03 O.4 05 Q6 07 (18 0.9 1.0 tI 12 [3 it. IS
J

Fig. 44 (continued)

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 307

 I B 5-105
I P/o:o~
% ~:: I i r
KT
10Ko I
i I

003 04 0.5 06 07 OB 09 I[I 1.1 12 13 14 15

0

Fig. 45 Influence of cavitation on thrust and torque of screws of B 5-105 series

B 5-105
%:,o

0E
KT
t0%
%

, -~

y' ~f___
0
Ck3 O!, O.S 06 (17 0.8 09
J
tO 1.1
J
12 L3 if, 1,5

Fig. 45 (continued)

308 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 I
B 5-105
~3 =12

KT '~ pO-o.>>
IOKQ Co.L2a~ /
126
1.73
112~

, / /
\
/ ./
/ /
/
/
/
/

~f ,\
ol
Q3 04 05 6 Q7
,
Q8
i
09 10
r
11 1,2 13 14 1,5
g

Fig. 45 (continued)
. . . . [

B S-lOS
P/D =1/~

OE
~T
10< 0
~?P OE ] "'\~

°Q3 0.5 06 q7
J
[18 og
-I 1.0 1] 12 13 L4 1S

Fig. 45 (continued)

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 309

 !
°~

. . . .
J
.
I I---l--
.
I B,-Z
r-1

~/I / / / $
F

!
o~kl i -T1 1- i--i ]-
;/i005 007 OJ Q2
i 03 04 05
1-]i 07 2 3 z;
[
O05 0,7 0.1 02 03 04 05 0.7 1 2 3 4 5
CT CT

l~ig. 4 6 Cavitation p h e n o m e n a o n B 4 - 8 5 series s c r e w s Fig. 4 8 Cavitation p h e n o m e n a on B 5 - 7 5 series s c r e w s

50 . . . . .
40 . . . . . . .
I 0.8-1
, _ ! ,_I~L_I P/F=O8-15
o
30
I
26 i
ssc IOR
I ~%-11
I0
ps¢
~P/D "08
-.
t-/
// .

1[ ,
o.~~,o-o, ?'J'~/,~oJ " i /

,,1l "~
i , ! -
~_\o ~, //
! /
. . . .

\~ ~ ",, II//X--Ill I i i~
%#

0.7 7 ~
bmc
at{ p tch r 4 tlO$
05 --I
I
_~
Oz. - -

o, 1 I o, I
Q:
005 ~07
I
O1 0.2 CT 03 OZ. 05 0.7 2 3 4 5
o:!-,.....
005 007 0.1 02
CT
03 Oz. 05 Q7
t-
2 4 5

Fig. 4 7 Cavitation p h e n o m e n a o n B 4-1OO series s c r e w s Fig. 4 9 Cavitation p h e n o m e n a o n B 5 - 1 0 5 series s c r e w s

31 0 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 5- 50- ~ -- ---
I __ i Bs?5

I
4 40 P~=0 !

3 30- !

2O

71---,

41-. ---
\
3F --

2
[ !
+

07' - -

05 .... t

113 . . . . . . . .

02
('Q05 0~7 0.1 02 0.3 Of+ 05 0.7 1 2 3 '-. 5 005 007 01 02 03 04 05 0+7 3 ,¢
CT CT

Fig. 50 Cavitation phenomena on B 4-85 series screw Fig. 52 Cavitation phenomena on B 5-75 series screw
w i t h P/D = 1.0 w i t h P/D = l.O

50 --- r--- -- ----+ B 5-10S

/
4c
30 _ _ 1
L
20 '

I
Ipsc
7 -~ I

/ ~
I
3

2
a'o

1 7~<
_Z
o~ ~
3mc ~,
air PlltCh rahos
o+:--i--[
o.~
o, I 1. _21~_
0.2 - - - - - - Oos 007 0.1 (~2 03 0~. 05 07 2 3 4
Q05 0I]7 01 0.2 0.3 OZ. 05 07 1 2 3 4 5
CT CT

Fig. 51 Cavitation phenomena on B 4-100 series Fig. 53 Cavitation phenomena on B 5-105 series
s c r e w w i t h P/D = 1 . 0 s c r e w w i t h P/D = 1.0

The Wageningen B-Screw Series 31 i

 002
.~.
@ profile in question. Faired mean curves through
.~. "%.
O.Ot
w a t e r test with ~eomot~:
.E s~milor ~ / e r - m o d e / s
o ance for the above-mentioned fairing.
45 5 5.5
l o g Rn 0 7 5
Fig. 54 Minimum drag coefficient
T h e cavitation Emit curves given by the authors
were determined on the basis of desinent cavita-
tion instead of incipient, due to the better repeat-
ability for the former type, which means varying
pressure at a constant rate of revolutions. An-
other method to determine these b o u n d a r y curves
is to keep the pressure (i.e., cavitation number,
~0) constant and v a r y the rate of revolutions (ad-
vance ratio).
T h e results of incipient cavitation tests to some
extent also m a y be faired b y the aid of Lerbs'
method of equivalent profile. In Fig. 55 local
critical cavitation numbers, ~0.7~ = ~o/(1 +
5.552/J2), representing results from tests with the
SSPA standard propeller models 5.60 (see the
authors' reference [9]), with different pitch ratios
are plotted versus the lift coefficient, CL, for the
the points will indicate the cavitation limit and
m a y be transformed to ~0-J curves by knowledge of
the C L - J Correlation. T h e test results have been
compared with calculated values of the local
dimensionless pressure difference, Ap/q, at certain
points on the equivalent profile (2-dimensional
I flow). T h e correlation, CL
ap, gives a guid-
I q
6
S. Curtis Powell, Member: I will congratulate the
authors by observing t h a t they have contributed
a q u a n t u m step in our knowledge of propeller
characteristics, particularly in four quadrants and
under cavitating conditions.
I object to the authors' statement about the
most widely encountered design problem on three
counts : (a) in this country the revolutions usually
are not given, in contrast to Europe where in-
ternal-combustion engines are more common; (b)
the diameter should be optimized, which is not
the same thing as maximizing the propeller
efficiency; and (c) the speed is not given, but is
t h a t speed at which the ship will operate with the
given power; although the diameter is not likely
to be seriously mischosen if a reasonable estimate
of speed in service is made. (This is not the
specification speed and power.) Although the
diameter m a y not be significantly in error, other

o oo~ Local pressure Inc. c a v i t .

08
_ o ~j~, 2-dim. flow test results
"//~
~/f/.\ - - y / c = 0 •0 5 ~ Back cavt totion r sheet
() o
o , '"/ / /~~ O . . . . 0 4" 8 • . ". . . " ~ bubble

~,,,\'/' ..... 0.005 o Face -"-

~3
~; o.6 _ ///\ o ~#lc 0.48

, o ..~ ,,~,,,,\,,~\\\><\\,-\\\'

J :... • :
()
-J ~ O2
.9
. . , re,'on
.s
\o
0 I I I I
0 QI Ltft coeffic/en t, CL 03 0.~

Fig. 55 I n c i p i e n t c a v i t a t i o n at 0 . 7 5 R , SSPA s t a n d a r d series 5.60, P/D = 0.65-1.16

31 2 The Wageningen B-Screw Series

 quantities involved in the ship-propeller-engine
m a t c h m a y be more seriously affected. In any
case, iteration is clearly in order (see Section 17,
Chapter VII, Principles of N~tw~.l Architectlt.re).
I much prefer to work with the K t - J system of
charts as the m a t c h achieved there is philosoph-
ically and practically more comfortable.
The Bp charts in the present paper are not
consistent with those of the aforementioned refer-
ence to PN.4, especially as regards the best effi-
ciency line. Since b o t h sets of charts I understand
to be derived from the same source, I would
appreciate it if the authors would give us an
explanation for this discrepancy.
The numerical constant relating Bp to K~ and
or seems to imply operation in fresh water. This is
an additional complication in the use of the B~,-a
charts. I would like confirmation t h a t fresh-
water operation is indeed implied.
To those familiar with the Russian results [12]
for operation in four quadrants, the use of in-
verted Co scales in Figs. :39 to 41 lnay be con-
fusing at first. Would the authors confirm t h a t
their conventions take thrust, 7", as positive when
it is in the direction to propel the ship ahead and
torque, Q, positive when it is in the direction
corresponding to normal ahead propulsion ?
I further assume t h a t the 20-term Fourier
series coefficients are obtained from a least-mean-
square fit to a number of input points much in ex-
cess of 20. Can the authors tell us what is this
nmnber of inputs?
T h e use of " h y d r o d y n a m i c piteh angle, fl," for
presentation of four-quadrant data is a clever pro-
eedure to eliminate some of the troubles with
plots made to a base of J (and 1/or) or R P M .
William B. Morgan and Geoffrey (3. Cox, Members:
This paper presents very useful information for
the naval architect who must make predictions of
propeller performance. I t represents the most
extensive and comprehensive a m o u n t of series data
known to us. T h e inclusion of a rational modi-
fication to the data to allow for the effects of
Reynolds number on the propulsion character-
istics is most welcome. Some of us have been
concerned a b o u t the problem for a long time,
especially for screw series data which are based
on relatively small-sized models. We think t h a t
the cross-fairing technique used in the paper has
greatly enhanced the Wageningen B-screw series
data as there were obvious differences in some of
the data presented in the past.
We consider it a pity t h a t the authors did not
take the opportunity when preparing this paper
to present Figs. 1S through 26 in nondimensional
form. The use of these diagrams m a y require a
The Wageningen B-Screw Series
correction for the density of the fluid medium
in which the propeller will operate. For in-
stance, are the Bp-~ diagrams presented in this
paper for the propeller operating in fresh or salt
water ?
I t is very doubtful whether the cavitation d a t a
presented in Figs. 46 through 5:3 are useful or
whether Conclusion 2 regarding cavitation incep-
tion is valid. Studies of the. m a n y factors in-
fluencing correlation of cavitation inception made
b y the Cavitation Committee of the I T T C would
tend to invalidate any application of model
propeller methodical series data to the prediction
of cavitation inception on a full-scale propeller
operating behind a ship.
T h e authors have defined fl incorrectly in t h a t
it should be referred to as advance angle and not
hydrodynamic pitch angle. The h y d r o d y n a m i c
pitch angle B~ includes induced effects. In-
cidently, why h a v e n ' t the authors used standard
I T T C notation for all of their symbols?
J. G. Hill, Member: I t is always a privilege to see
another propeller paper front Wageningen because
of their high quality and completeness. This
paper is no exception and provides a wealth of
information to those concerned with propeller
problems.
I t is noted t h a t the B4-70 series was tested at a
Reynolds nnmber of 3.5 X 105 and the assumed
Reynolds N u m b e r for the B4-70 chart is 1.0 M 1/)6.
On the basis of Fig. 29 the efficiency for a given Bp
should be higher for the higher Reynolds number
of the new corrected presentation compared to the
actual test results, as shown in Principles of
N~twzl Architectl~re. Actually the new curves
corrected to the higher Reynolds number show
lower efficiency than the original curves. Figure
29 also indicates t h a t delta should be higher and
the pitch ratio lower with increasing Reynolds
number, but the curves show the reverse. If these
discrepancies are the result of the computer fair-
ing, it would be interesting to know how much the
test data was departed from and the justification
for the shift.
Since the linear ratio from ship to model is
frequently about 30 for large ships, the Reynolds
N u m b e r changes by a factor of about 150. Figure
29 indicates about a 10-percent increase in effi-
ciency for this change in Reynolds number. Do the
authors expect t h a t this gain will be realized with
the ship propeller or are there other factors t h a t will
prevent this gain? In Resistance, Propulsion and
Steering of Ships it is noted t h a t "this increase in
efficiency is partly or wholly cancelled" ['.4.].
The cavitation data and maneuvering data are
31 3
a valuable addition to the literature and it is
hoped t h a t the next paper will cover the cavitation
of the lower blade areas and the 6- and 7-bladed
series.
T h e cavitation comparisons in Figs. g6 to 53
demonstrate t h a t each combination of pitch and
camber results in o p t i m u m performance at one
particular thrust coefficient. Therefore, for a n y
specific design condition the camber and pitch
m u s t be varied from the series values to obtain
satisfactory performance. Particular attention
m u s t be paid to the inner radii of propellers for
high-speed, twin-screw ships, where cavitation
erosion is frequently found on the pressure face of
constant-pitch propellers.
P. C. Pien, Member: T h e results of the Wagen-
ingen B-screw Series given in this paper are some-
what different from. those previously published.
This is a consequence of the refairing and the
correction of Reynolds n u m b e r effect. By com-
paring the model propeller test results in Fig. 7 and
the extrapolated full-scale results in Figs. 16 or
17, we notice t h a t the efficiency of a full-scale
propeller can be as m u c h as 20 percent, or more,
higher than t h a t of a model propeller. This is a
delightful surprise. Perhaps before we accept
these extrapolated results with confidence, we
should examine their extrapolation method rather
carefully.
T h e extrapolation procedure used in the paper
was developed b y Lerbs almost twenty years ago.
His basic idea is t h a t the efficiency of any blade
section can be considered as a product of the idea
efficiency and the profile efficiency. T h e idea
efficiency of a blade section is a function of the
loading and the advance coefficient X. I t is in-
dependent of the section profile geometry. T h e
profile efficiency, on the other hand, depends upon
the profile geometry as well as the loading. This
is in line with the fact t h a t propeller efficiency can
be considered as a product of propeller idea effi-
ciency and the propeller blade efficiency. I t is
possible to choose a blade section, the character-
istics of which can be used to relate the open-
water characteristics of the propeller. This can
be done rather easily as shown in reference [7] of
the paper. This chosen section is called the equiv-
alent profile of the propeller. So far, there
should not be any question. I t is just another
way of presenting an open-water test result.
Then, two assmnptions are made in order to
account for the Reynolds number effect as follows :
T h e first assmnption is t h a t the 0.75R section
can be chosen as the equivalent profile with true
physical meaning and t h a t its characteristics v a r y
with Reynolds n u m b e r the same way as t h a t of
31 4 The Wageningen B-Screw Series
the propeller. The second assmnption is t h a t the
profile drag can be divided into two parts, the
tangential component due to skin friction and the
normal component due to pressure distribution
and t h a t only the first p a r t has Reynolds number
effect. T h e first assumption m a y be reasonable
since the center of propeller loading is in the
neighborhood of 0.75R and the profile geometry
does not change rapidly there. However, the
second assumption is quite contrary to the test
results of the wing section. Figure 56 shows the
drag coefficient of a N A C A 66-006 wing section.
T h e upper curve is for roughed section. The lower
three curves are obtained at three different
Reynolds numbers. T h e m i n i m u m drag co-
efficients of the three curves are the same while
the shape of the curves are quite different. This
means the minimum drag coefficient of a profile is
independent of Reynolds number, and the pressure
drag coefficient is highly dependent on Reynolds
number. This situation seems to contradict the
assumption made in the extrapolation procedure.
Figure 57 shows the same tendency of a slightly
cambered section. In v i e w of this I would be
inclined to question the accuracy of the extrap-
olated results, especially for the heavily loaded
conditions.
J. B. Hadler, Member: I would like to add m y
thanks, along with others, to the authors for
their efforts in reanalyzing and expanding the test
work on the 4- and 5-bladed propellers of the B-
Screw Series. The removal of inconsistencies in
the old test results along with the inclusion of the
quadrature and cavitation measurements are
welcome additions. T h e inclusion of the coeffi-
cients for the equations fitted to the test results
will be of material assistance to those of us who use
the digital computer in design or analysis work.
M y comments on this work will be restricted to
questions of clarification or amplification.
1 Do the authors plan to extend this work to
the 6-bladed series--an area of growing im-
portance to the merchant ship propeller designer?
2 Do the authors plan to extend the derived
polynomials for K r and K o to include the effect
of cavitation ?
3 The paper indicated t h a t the equations
derived for KT and t £ o approximated the experi-
mental results " v e r y well." Could the authors
give us an idea of the quality of the fit through the
usual statistical terms such as standard deviation ?
4 T h e authors' study of the effect of Reynolds
number upon the open-water performance, par-
ticularly the influence upon the o p t i m u m diameter
and propeller efficiency, is of sufficient magnitude
to make the direct use of the design charts based
 "" ~ _ _

o .z
__

.4
I
..'c/c
.~ .8
*'~
/.O
.092

i .O2O
---

---
:l .2

0 .Z .4
~/c
[

.G ,8
, ,

/.0'
'i- ?
-- m i
T -

-1
__ L--L-- i-- .024 -- -- ~ --
I

i' i i- !
i I
.02 -- -- .020 --
,Y k---- i --

•~ .ol i
II
II ,
i i.o,~ - I -i ~
! " -;4-
. .
~ , __~_ il i
"..I
i i

/I (a - - - - - -
-- ~ 4 I
¢o /I ,#.o/z - -

Q
I
Z]Z- i, L~
(Q
R
~.o~ Z Z -t
~ .OOO
~Q ¢o - - - -

R
I
Z- Z : I I-
r3o
.oo~Z- Z
0 ! Z:
O,
7- -
..___ __

-- I , t
¢ - i ii -_ _ _ i:I "'
J i ~
• i .~
~ -.2 -- -- --
__f.__ ,I , I ' I
T -- -- po~
~,,~ -.~
~k - -.4-,1~ . • ~ - - x e 3 " - - y / c .
o O.O,tlO .---_25' + - - . 0 0 5 . F
~
I
I
-'~
~t
5, t ~"-.O
'5,) ~3)9~ - - 6.0 --J-- -- . 2 5 ~ 4---
o g.o_L. .zsrL-.o/t,
0 L -- ~
I
- .--~--

--- OSOc s/i~uloted

""-.0.
Sfondal'd
S tandard r
sph't
, ouqhmexs
flop d e f / a c f e d 6 O,20e Mmu~/ed spilt floe de flecfe
;
/1:
T
--- v 8.0 --- - - I ~ v ~0 . . . . I I
--
-- . Src~do~d rouqhness -
v', ~ 0 I !n lo~ "d r o u q h t l e s s "~ I
I i i I "

":8
- -.4 -- --~
t .4 .8 /.2 L8
~5
4.s -zi -. 8
-L ~
i
--.,~ d
'

$e¢'t/o0 rift ,:oefflclenf,,

.4
cI
~
i;i
.8
Li
i
1.2 /.e
Section tiff coefl~c~f~ C~

CO
f i g . 56 D r a g coefficients of u n c a m b e r e d w i n g s e c t i o n Fig. 57 Drag coefftcients of s l i g h t l y c a m b e r e d wing section
upon model open-water tests such as those in
Figs. 1S through 26 questionable. I would like
to ask the authors for a brief outline of how they
would modify their design procedure such as con-
tained in their reference [6] to ensure obtaining
the best propeller as well as the desired full-scale
perfornmnce.
Maurice R, Hauschildt, Member: The authors are
to be congratulated on a very thorough effort in
providing a systematic series of propeller charac-
teristics for use in future design efforts.
Both the open water and cavitation tests with
the higher blade numbers and larger blade area
ratios were sponsored by the half of the Bureau of
Ships that has now become the Naval Ship En-
gineering Center, and the purpose was to increase
propeller characteristics information in these
areas. The effect of Reynolds number does raise
some questions of accuracy with these results.
I understand that you have a variable-pressure
towing basin under construction at NSMB. Do
you plan to test these propellers in this new basin
with standard ship models, to compare these
cavitation results with those for propellers in-
stalled on ships? If so, when could the results of
this comparison be made available?
Are there any plans to develop the same type
of information for ducted propellers as has been
presented for conventional propellers in this
paper?
Authors' Closure
Before answering each discussor in detail I
should like to make a general remark with respect
to the effect of Reynolds number on the optimum
diameter and efficiency.
The results presented in Fig. 29 have all been
related to a fully developed turbulent flow around
the propeller blades.
In m a n y cases such a turbulent flow will not
occur at propeller models for a Reynolds number
lower than 3-106.
If we are aware that most of the open-water
tests have been carried out at a Reynolds number
of 3.10;" we have to accept that laminar flow
effects will lead to higher et~ieieney values than can
be expected for turbulent flows. So the differ-
ences between the experimental values as have
been published up till now and the full-scale values
will be considerably smaller than might be derived
from Fig. 29.
Nevertheless for a Bp-value of 50 and a full-
scale diameter of 8 m there still remains a differ-
31 6 The Wageningen B-Screw Series
ence of 5 percent in efficiency and 4 to 5 percent
in diameter between the up-till-now-published
experimental data and the full-scale prediction.
We are aware that by using these new results
of the Wageningen B-Series, which have all been
analyzed for turbulent flow at a Reynolds number
of 1(16, we have also to look carefully to scale effect
in the other propulsive components such as the
wake factor, and thrust deduction in order to get
the right overall correlation.
Jl~rorga.n and Powell made some remarks about
the B,,-value being not dimensionless and asked
whether the density o is for fresh or salt water. I t
is for fresh water.
f2owelZ and 13jOrne asked why the conventional
way of plotting the results of systematic screw
series has been maintained. We have selected
this conventional way of plotting because this is so
familiar to the designer. On the other hand, now
that the coefficients of the polynomials of the screw
characteristics are known, each specialist can
derive from these published coefficients his own
favorite way of plotting.
13jarne asked why we kept the rpm constant and
varied the pressure in determining the character-
istic cavitation curves. He would prefer varying
the rpm at constant pressure. In our opinion
such a procedure does not make any significant
difference. By varying pressure at constant
rpm one moves vertically through the cavitation
diagram. By varying the rpm at constant pres-
sure one moves horizontally through the diagram.
The only important point is that one determines
the characteristic cavitation curves at the desinent
cavitation points. A small drawback of varying
the rpm might even be the varying Reynolds num-
ber.
Bj/irne's suggestion to analyze the cavitation
inception diagram with the equivalent profile
method is in our opinion too ambitious. Three-
dimensional effects and tip vortices would not be
treated in a proper way.
In reply to Dr. P i e n we should like to mention
that in our paper the profile data as published by
Hoerner have been used. Especially Hoerner's
functional relation between the drag coefficient C1)
and the flat-plate friction coefficient and the thick-
ness-chord ratio. We are convinced that data as
shown by Dr. Pien have been included in Hoerner's
summary which has been based on an enormous
a m o u n t of profile data.
To Morgc~n and Cox we like to make the follow-
ing remarks:
1 The authors agree that in the cavitation
diagram the incipient curves are not so accurate
as one might desire. This is due to air content
and other unknown factors. On the other hand
we are convinced that the characteristic curves
for thrust and torque breakdown do not suffer
from these unknown environmental conditions.
2 In the four quadrant diagrams the hydro-
dynamic pitch angle ~ excluding the induced
velocities has been used. In our opinion this is
correct. We agree that we can better denote B
by advance angle. The introduction of the
hydrodynamic pitch angle ~ including the in-
duced velocities is not necessary and would lead to
a rather complicated diagram.
To Hill we can answer that, as already explained
in the introduction of our reply, indeed the experi-
mental results, which might be.. affected by a
laminar flow, might lead to higher efficiency values
than the corrected ones for turbulent flow and a
Reynolds number of 106.
Hill's remark concerning the restricted value of
the cavitation inception diagram for screws de-
signed with a lifting line or surface theory is
correct. However, we like to underline again that
even for these propellers the curw~_s for thrust and
torque breakdown are valid.
Powell.'s question concerning optimizing is a
basic one. Indeed one can select the diameter
optimum if the thrust or power, the speed, and
The Wageningen B-Screw Series
the rpm are fixed. If power, speed, and di-
mneter are fixed one can select the rpm optimum.
However, a free choice of both rpm and diameter
leads always to one point in the propeller chart,
that is the top of the envelopment of the effi-
ciency curves in tile K r - K Q - J diagram.
Further, we can inform Powell, that 120-180
points have been used for the Fourier analysis.
We would like to inform Hadler and Hill that
the cross-fairing process will be continued for tile
number of blades and that the Reynolds effect will
be introduced ill the polynolnials. Furthermore
we are considering extending the cavitation ob-
servations in order to give the cavitation diagram
in polynomial form. We would like to say to
1-I~zltschiIdt that maybe the depressurized towing
tank will be the best tool to carry out these cavita-
tion tests at high loadings. And indeed we are
planning the santo information as presented in this
paper for dueted propellers.
In future papers concerning the fairing of screw
diagrams by a regression analysis we shall give
exact information about the standard deviation
of the series approximations.
Gentlemen, we thank you for your discussions
and your interest in our paper.
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