Holographic Metasurfaces applied to

generation of Non-diffracting Beams

Santiago R. C. Fernandez, Marcos R. R. Gesualdi
Pós-graduação em Física, Universidade Federal do ABC. São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract 2. Results in Microwave regime 3. Results in Optical regime

The first holographic metasurface (HM) was made for an The holog. metasurface works at operating frequency of 560
We show a way for controlling and manipulating
operating frequency of 24.34 GHz (λ = 12.33 mm), the metal THz (λ = 536 nm), the metal used was Aluminium (Al) on
the electromagnetic radiation through holo- used was copper (Cu) on a substrate of Rogers RT 5880 with a substrate of Silicon (ε = 11.9), thickness t = 20.5 nm and
graphic metasurfaces which are formed by a la- ε = 2.2, thickness t = 1.57 mm and d = 3 mm. d = 75 nm.
ttice of metallic patches on dielectric substrate Frequency vs Phase
1.2
×10 -3 Gap (g) vs Impedance (Z)
Frequency vs Phase ×10 -8 Gap (g) vs Impedance (Z)

with subwavelength dimensions which alters the 35

(a) (b)
1000
2.5

phase of incoming wave. Metasurfaces are de- 30

800
2

signed by interference of surface and radiation 0.8

Frequency (THz)
24.34 data
data
fitted curve
fitted curve

Gap (m)
Gap (m)
Frequency (GHz)
20 560 1.5
wave through them they and are built from g = 0.1mm
g = 0.2mm
0.6
g = 5nm
15 400 g = 7.5nm

computer-hologram-generated (CGH) of non- 10

g = 0.3mm
g = 0.4mm
g = 0.5mm
0.4 g = 10nm
g = 12.5nm
g = 15nm
1

g = 0.6mm

diffracting beams, mainly Bessel and Frozen 5

g = 0.7mm
g = 0.8mm
g = 0.9mm
0.2
200 g = 17.5nm
g = 20nm
g = 22.5nm 0.5
g = 25nm

Waves beams. Thus, we can generate those non- 0

g = 1mm

0
0
0 50 100 150 200 400 600 800 1000
0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 600
Phase (degrees) Impedance (Ω)
diffracting waves through such metasurfaces in Phase (degrees) Impedance (Ω)
Figure : (a) Variations of frequency with phase for each value of gap (g).
Figure : (a) Variations of frequency with phase for each value of gap (g).
the microwave and optical regime. (b) Variation of g with surface impedance. (b) Variation of g with surface impedance.

1. Introduction and Theory

Metasurfaces are fundamental devices for controlling wave-
front or phase of a wave because their unit cells or resonators
introduce abrupt changes of phase for waves in the inter-
face due to the discontinuities on the surface, the result is
Figure : (a) Cross section of a FW beam for N = 6. (b) its CGH
the generalization of the laws of the reflection and refraction, Figure : (a) Cross section of a Bessel beam of zero order. (b) its CGH
(128x128 pixels) (c) the obtained holographic metasurface.
making possible the control of a refracted wave by modula- (128x128 pixels) (c) the obtained holographic metasurface.
ting the gradient of phase imposed by the resonators.

In this work, we use the surface impedance (Z)

for controlling phase of a wave through a meta-
surface by control of every unit cell, such meta-
surface is called holographic metasurface.
∗
Z = i [X + M Re(ψradψsurf)] Figure : (a) Cross section of a Mathieu beam of order 2 with l = p = 1. Figure : (a) Cross section of a Bessel beam for of order zero. (b) its
(b) its CGH (128x128 pixels) (c) the obtained holographic metasurface. CGH (128x128 pixels) (c) the obtained holographic metasurface.
ψsurf (Surface wave) → Reference wave.
ψrad (Radiation wave) → Object wave. The second HM works at operating frequency of 2.4 GHz
(λ = 125 mm), the metal used was copper (Cu) on a subs-
Considering ψsurf = Ae−i(kt·xt)−kz z eiωt for TM trate of Rogers TM6 (ε = 6.0), thickness t = 7.85 mm and
modes: q
d = 15 mm.
Z = Z0 1 − φ2c2/ω 2d2 Frequency vs Phase
g = 1mm
5.5
×10 -3 Gap (g) vs Impedance (Z)

5.5 g = 1.5mm (a) (b)

5
φ = ktd is the phase through the unit cell and d 5
g = 2mm
g = 2.5mm
g = 3mm 4.5

the lattice parameter.

4.5 g = 3.5mm
g = 4mm 4
Figure : (a) Cross section of an Airy beam for a = 0.01. (b) its CGH
4 g = 4.5mm
g = 5mm
3.5
data (128x128 pixels) (c) the obtained holographic metasurface.
Frequency (GHz)

3.5 fitted curve

Gap (m)

Unit cell: metallic patch on dielectric substrate 3 3

(existence of gap g): 2.4

2
2.5

2
4. Conclusion
For every gap g → Phase φ → Impedance Z. 1.5

1
1.5

g = g(Z)
0.5

0
1

0.5
A way for modulating the phase of waves was
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Phase (degrees) Impedance (Ω) presented. The main application of holographic
We obtain holographic metasurfaces for CGH of Figure : (a) Variations of frequency with phase for each value of gap (g).
metasurfaces yield the possibility of generation
(b) Variation of g with surface impedance.
non-diffracting beams previously calculated, by of non-diffracting waves in a wide range of fre-
treatment of their pixels: quencies. Holographic metasurfaces for Airy and
Z = i [X + M Φ] FW beams were obtained. Metasurfaces offer a
Φ is the matrix pixels of CGH better resolution in focusing of non-diffracting
X = Zmin, M ≤ (Zmax − Zmin)/2π beams instead of spatial modulators.

Every pixel of the CGH has a gray level between 0 (black)

Figure : (a) Cross section of an Airy beam for a = 0.01. (b) its CGH
and 255 (white), we associate each one of those values to a (128x128 pixels) (c) the obtained holographic metasurface.
5. References
value of phase between 0 and 2π for obtaining the map of
phase Φ. We have a unique value of gap for each pixel of the 1 B. Fong et al. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
CGH and thus, we can build an array of unit cells forming Propagation 58, 3212 (2010).
the holographic metasurface. 2 Y. Li, X. Wan and B. Cai. Scientific Reports 4, 6921
(2014).
3 R. Suarez, T. Vieira, I. Yepes and M. Gesualdi. Optics
Communications 366, 291 (2016).
4 T. Vieira, M. Gesualdi, M. Zamboni-Rached and E.
Figure : (a) Cross section of an LG beam of zero order and l = 2, p = 5. Recami. Optics Letters 40, 5834 (2015).
(b) its CGH (128x128 pixels) (c) the obtained holographic metasurface.

6. Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the CAPES, FAPESP and

CNPQ from Brazil.
Figure : (a) Unit cell of the metasurface. (b) Boundary conditions in
the unit cell designed in CST Microwave Studio.