ECE 4371, Fall, 2017

Introduction to Telecommunication
Engineering/Telecommunication Laboratory

 
                                                          

Zhu Han
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Class 2

Sep. 6th, 2017

 Overview
 Chapter 4.1-4.3, basics of amplitude modulation
 Other
– GPS
– Type of waves
– Satellite communication basics
                                                            
 Baseband and Carrier Communication
 Baseband:
 Describes signals and systems whose range of frequencies is measured
from 0 to a maximum bandwidth or highest signal frequency
 Voice: Telephone 0-3.5KHz; CD 0-22.05KHz
 Video: Analog TV 4.5MHz, TV channel is 0-6MHz. Digital, depending on
the size, movement, frames per second, …

   Example: wire, coaxial cable, optical fiber, PCM phone

                                                          
 Carrier Communication:
 Carrier: a waveform (usually sinusoidal) that is modulated to represent
the information to be transmitted. This carrier wave is usually of much
higher frequency than the modulating (baseband) signal.
 Modulation: is the process of varying a carrier signal in order to use that
signal to convey information.
 Example on the board.
 Modulation
 Modulation
 A process that causes a shift in the range of frequencies of a signal.
 Gain advantages
 Antenna size: half of the antenna size. Thousands of miles for baseband
 Better usage of limited bandwidth: less side lopes
 Trade bandwidth for SNR: CDMA

   Robust to inter-symbol-interference (multipath delay)

                                                          
 Robust to errors and distortions
 Types
 Analog: AM (DSB, SSB, VSB), FM, Delta modulation
 Digital: ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM, …
 Pulse modulation: PCM, PDM, … Fiber, phone
 Advanced: CDMA (3G), OFDM (WLAN, WMAN), ….
 Double Sideband
 Modulation: m(t)cos(wct) 0.5[M(w-wc)+M(w+wc)]
 Low/upper side band (LSB/USB), Double side band (DSB)
 DSB-SC: suppressed carrier, no carrier frequency
 Wc >= bandwidth of the signal to avoid aliasing.
 Demodulation: e(t)=m(t)(cos(wct))^2=0.5(m(t)+m(t)cos(2wct))
  E(w)=0.5M(w)+0.25(M(w+2wc)+M(w-2wc))
                                                          

Low pass filter to remove the higher frequency

 Coherent and non-coherent detection
– Receiver can recover the frequency and phase of the transmitter by
PLL. Error of timing can cause the performance error floor
– Non-coherent receiver has 3dB worst performance than coherent.
– Cheaper for Non-coherent receiver, Nextel.
 AM-DSB-SC
 Example 4.1

t
t


( t )

 
( t )
t

                                                          
m( t ) cos( c t )
 
M() F{cos(  c t )}


0
 0 c 


() Lower sideband (LSB)
Upper sideband (USB)

 c c
0 
 Categories of Modulators
 Multiplier Modulators
– Multiply m(t) by cos(wct)
– Hard for linearity for high energy. Expensive. e.g. sound system
 Nonlinear Modulators
– Example
   Switching Modulators
                                                          

– FFT transform to series of frequencies

– Series-bridge diode modulator, shunt-bridge diode modulator
– Ring Modulators
 Frequency Conversion
 Move the signals to other frequency
 Multiplying two sinusoids results in ( t )  m( t ) cos( C t ) e 1 ( t )  21 m( t ) cos(I t )
two frequencies which are the sum BPF@ I

and difference of the frequencies of cos(MIX t )

the sinusoids multiplied. EXAMPLE : Let m(t)
be as shown.
m(t) (t) e1(t)

To change the carrier frequency c

 

cos(of t )acos( modulated
t )  21 [cos(( signal
  to
)t )an
 cos((  )t )]
                                                          
intermediate frequency I we use t
t t
an oscillator to generate a sinusoid SPECTRA
M()
of frequency MIX such that
0 
()

I   c  MIX .
 c 0 c  
 Example 4.2,MIX
m(t)cos(  c t ) cos( 4.3t )  21 m( t )[cos((  c  MIX )t )  cos((  c   MIX )t )]
Then
E1 ()
 21 m( t )[cos(( 2 c  I )t )  cos(( I )t )]
I 0 I 
 Amplitude Modulation
 Why DSB-SC not working: do not know the carrier frequency in receiver.
 The last impulse functions indicate that the carrier is not suppressed in this
case. For some M() shown, the modulated signal spectrum is as shown.
 AM (t )  [ A  m(t )] cos(c t )
( )  12  M (  c )  M (  c )  A  (  c )   (  c )

                                                            
M()

0 

()
 c 0
c  

 With this type of AM the demodulation can be performed with/without a

local oscillator synchronized with the transmitter.
 AM Example
• m(t) has a minimum value of about -0.4. Adding a dc offset of A=1 results in
A+m(t) being always positive. Therefore the positive envelope of is just
A+m(t). An envelope detector can be used to retrieve this.

A=1
m(t)
A+m(t)

 
0.7
1.

0.
-0.4 t
                                                           t

 AM ( t )  [ A  m( t )] cos( c t )

t
 AM Example (cont.)
 The choice of dc offset should be such that A+m(t) should always be
positive. Otherwise envelope detector cannot be used, but coherent still ok
 For example, the minimum value of m(t) = -0.4 . Therefore A > |min(m(t))|
for successful envelope detection. What if A< |m(t) |.
 In the previous example let A=0.3.
A+m(t)

 
m(t)

0.7
                                                          
0
0.
t t
-0.4

 AM ( t )  [ A  m( t )] cos( c t )

t
 Modulation Index
• Let mp be the absolute negative peak of m(t).
 EXAMPLE : Single-tone modulation. Let m(t)=2sin(20t)

A  mp A is the carrier amplitude.

mp
MODULATION INDEX :  
A
Then we see that for A  m p , 0    1

                                                            
When   1 (or A  m p ) the signal is overmodulated, and envelope detection can not be used.
(However, we can still use synchronous demodulation).
m(t)

2 mp
mp  2;   
. i)   0.5 A  4 ii)   1 A  2 t
A A
For dc offset of 1   2.
 1 2
  0. 5

t t t
 Sideband and Carrier Power
 AM ( t )  A cos( c t )  m( t ) cos( c t )
The first term is the carrier and the second term is sidebands which contain the signal itself.
The total AM signal power is the sum of carrier power and the sideband power.
A2
Carrier power Pc 
2
Sideband power Ps  21 Pm where Pm is the power of m(t).
The sideband power is the useful power.
useful power Ps Pm
Efficiency :     .

  Total power Pc  Ps A 2  Pm
                                                          
For example , let m(t)  Bcos( m t )
mp  B,   B
A
or B  A.
B2 2A 2 2
Pm  2
 2
  x100 %
2
2
1
For   1, max  x100 %  33%
2 1

Example 4.4, 4.5

 AM Generator

                                                             m(t)
+
-
BPF
@ c
AM output
+
c cos(ct)
-
 Coherent detector for demodulating DSB-SC
modulated wave.

                                                            
 AM Nocoherent Decoder
 Rectifier Detector: synchronous
 Envelope Detector: asynchronous

t t t

                                                             +

AM signal R vc(t)
C

t
 RC Selection
Assume that the capacitor is charged to voltage E (the envelope voltage at the instant)at the instant
when the diode turns OFF.
The capacitor begins to dischrage through the resistor according to

t
v c ( t )  Ee RC

t )
 E(1  RC for RC  1 .
c

                                                            

E .
dv c ( t )
dt
E
  RC
The slope of the capacitor discharge is - RC
For the capacitor discharge to follow the envelope, the magnitude of the
capacitor discharge slope must be greater than the envelpe slope.
dv c ( t ) E  dE .
dt
 RC dt

1  1  2 
RC   
E(t)=A(1+cos(wct)) wc   
 
 QAM
 AM signal BANDWIDTH : AM signal bandwidth is twice the bandwidth
of the modulating signal. A 5kHz signal requires 10kHz bandwidth for AM
transmission. If the carrier frequency is 1000 kHz, the AM signal spectrum
is in the frequency range of 995kHz to 1005 kHz.
 QUADRARTURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION is a scheme that allows
two signals to be transmitted over the same frequency range.

   Coherent in frequency
                                                          
and phase. Expensive
 TV for analog
 Most modems
 Single Sideband (SSB)
•Purpose : to reduce the bandwidth requirement of AM by one-half. This is
achieved by transmitting only the upper sideband or the lower sidebband of
the DSB AM signal.

                                                            
 SSB Frequency

M()

baseband

2B 2B 
0

                                                            

DSB
c c 
0

 SSB () SSB (Upper sideband)

SSB
c c 
0
 SSB Generator
• Selective Filtering using filters with sharp cutoff characteristics. Sharp
cutoff filters are difficult to design. The audio signal spectrum has no dc
component, therefore , the spectrum of the modulated audio signal has a null
around the carrier frequency. This means a less than perfect filter can do a
reasonably good job of filtering the DSB to produce SSB signals.
• Baseband signal must be bandpass

  • Filter design challenges

                                                          

• No low frequency components

0
 c c 
 SSB Generator
 Phase shift method using Hilbert transformer
 Non-causal filter, approximations

 
+
m(t)
                                                           cos c ) ~  ssb ( t )
+
 
2

H()  1 Hilbert
Transformer X

 
H( )
2

 
 
2
 SSB Demodulation
Synchronous, SSB-SC demodulation
 SSB ( t ) cos(c t )   m( t ) cos(c t )  jm h ( t ) sin( c t ) cos(n(c t )  1
2
m(t )(1  cos(c t ))  jm h (t ) sin(2c t )

A lowpass filter can be used to get 21 m( t ).

SSB+C, envelop detection

 SSBC ( t )  A cos(  c t )   m( t ) cos(  c t ) m h ( t ) sin(  c t )
  An envelope detector can be used to demodulate such SSB signals .
                                                          

What is the envelope of  SSBC ( t )  ( A  m( t )) cos(  c t ))  m h ( t ) sin(  c t )  E( t ) cos(  c t  ) ?

 
1

{Recall Acos(  )  Bsin(  )  A 2  B 2 2

cos(   ),    tan -1( B
A
))
E(t)  (( A  m( t )) 2  m h2 ( t ))  (( A 2  m 2 ( t ))  m h2 ( t )  2Am( t ))
1 1
2 2

 A 1  A  A  A 
2
m (t) m (t)
2
2m( t )
h

 
2 2

 A  m( t ) for A  m(t) , A  m h (t) .

The efficiency of this scheme is very low since A has to be large.
 SSB vs. AM
 Since the carrier is not transmitted, there is a reduction by 67% 
of the transmitted power (-4.7dBm).   --In AM @100%
modulation: 2/3 of the power is comprised of the carrier; with
the remaining (1/3) power in both sidebands. 
 Because in SSB, only one sideband is transmitted, there is a
further reduction by 50% in transmitted power
  Finally, because only one sideband is received, the receiver's
                                                          

needed bandwidth is reduced by one half--thus effectively
reducing the required power by the transmitter another 50%
 (-4.7dBm (+) -3dBm (+) -3dBm = -10.7dBm).
 Relative expensive receiver
 Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
• VSB is a compromise between DSB and SSB. To produce SSB signal from
DSB signal ideal filters should be used to split the spectrum in the middle so
that the bandwidth of bandpass signal is reduced by one half. In VSB system
one sideband and a vestige of other sideband are transmitted together. The
resulting signal has a bandwidth > the bandwidth of the modulating
(baseband) signal but < the DSB signal bandwidth.
DSB

                                                            

c c 
0
 SSB () SSB (Upper sideband)

c c 
0
 VSB () VSB Spectrum

c c 
 Filtering scheme for the generation of VSB modulated wave.

                                                            
 VSB Transceiver
m(t)  VSB () e(t)
 VSB () M()
Hi() LPF
Ho()

2cos(  c t )
2cos(  c t )
Transmitter Receiver

M( ) is bandlimite d to 2B rad/sec

 
 VSB ( )  [M(   c )  M(   c )]Hi ()
E()  [ VSB (   c )   VSB (    c )]
                                                          
 [Hi (   c )M(  2 c )  Hi (    c )M( )  Hi (   c )M( )  Hi (    c )M(   2 c )]
High freq. term High freq. term
 M( )  E()H o ()  Hi (   c )  Hi (    c )M( )Ho ( )
 [Hi (   c )M(  2 c )  Hi (   c )M(   2 c )]H o ()
Lowpass filter removes this.
Thus we should have Hi (  c )  Hi (  c )Ho ()  1 for   2B
1
OR H o ( ) 
Hi (    c )  Hi (   c )
 Other Facts about VSB
 Envelope detection of VSB+C
 Analog TV:
 DSB, SSB and VSB
– DSB bandwidth too high
– SSB: baseband has low
frequency component, receiver
  cost
                                                          

– Relax the filter and baseband

requirement with modest increase
in bandwidth
                                                            

(a) Idealized magnitude

spectrum of a transmitted TV
signal. (b) Magnitude
response of VSB shaping
filter in the receiver.
 Comparison

                                                            
 GPS Orbits

                                                            
 GPS Position
 By knowing how far one is from three satellites one can ideally
find their 3D coordinates
 To correct for clock errors one needs to receive four satellites
 Differential GPS: local FM

                                                            
 Type of waves

                                                            
 Radio Frequency Bands
Classification Band Initials Frequency Range Characteristics

Extremely low ELF < 300 Hz

Infra low ILF 300 Hz - 3 kHz Ground wave

Very low VLF 3 kHz - 30 kHz

Low LF 30 kHz - 300 kHz

  Medium
                                                          

High
MF

HF
300 kHz - 3 MHz

3 MHz - 30 MHz
Ground/Sky wave

Sky wave

Very high VHF 30 MHz - 300 MHz

Ultra high UHF 300 MHz - 3 GHz

Space wave
Super high SHF 3 GHz - 30 GHz

Extremely high EHF 30 GHz - 300 GHz

Tremendously high THF 300 GHz - 3000 GHz

 Satellite Communications
 Large communication area. Any two
places within the coverage of radio
transmission by satellite can
communicate with each other.  
 Seldom effected by land disaster
( high reliability)
 Circuit can be started upon
establishing earth station (prompt
circuit starting)

   Can be received at many places

simultaneously, and realize broadcast,
                                                          

multi-access communication
economically( feature of multi-
access)
 Very flexible circuit installment , can
disperse over-centralized traffic at
any time.
 One channel can be used in different
directions or areas (multi-access
connecting).
 Satellite Orbit

                                                            

Geostationary (GEO): 35,786 km

Beidou (MEO): 27,878 km
Hubble Space Telescope (LEO): 347mile
International Space Station (LEO): 249mile
 Rain Attenuation