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Hydroquinone -Inhibits tyrosinase Stable in combinations Cytotoxic, mutagenic Only allowed for small
- Cytotoxic to Ochronosis, contact areas of skin under
melanocytes dermatitis,skin irrtation, medical supervision
redness & burning
Corticosteroids -Vasoconstriction Useful for inflammatory Spread and worsening Not recommended for
- reducing the conditions of the skin of untreated infections, skin whitening
number and activity like eczema, contact contact dermatitis, acne
of melanocytes dermatitis, and scabies rosacea, hypertrichosis,
-reducing adrenal suppression
production of MSH
Ascorbic acid - Reduce back Have a protective Highly unstable, low MAP is more effective
(vitamin C) o-dopaquinone to effect against skin penetration, weak and safe derivative
dopa damage induced by UV- activity
-Antioxidsnt irradiation
Tretinoin -Inhibits tyrosinase useful for treating Quite irritating and may Should not be used
- interferes with inflammatory lesions in cause contact irritant without prescription
melanin transfer mild to moderate acne dermatitis
Azelaic acid Weak inhibitor Usefulfor lentigines, Therapeutic response is Should be used under
of tyrosinase, rosacea, and post rather slow medical supervision
cytotoxic effect on inflammatory
melanocytes hyperpigmentation.
seeing more and more women of term use of skin bleaches. (Health
Hispanic and African descent suf- i Talk, 2010).
fering from complications related
Recommendations
to the use of skin whitening creams
• The use of skin whitening
(Parker et al., 2010).
agents must be controlled.
Side effects of skin whitening • In Sudan, the skin whitening
applications agents sold in unlicensed
places and might be affected
• Dermatitis with severe Talk, 2010). by the high temperature;
drying, cracking of the skin
Treatment of skin damaged therefore the regulatory
and itching
authority must increase the
• Melasma and by skin whiteners
efforts to protect the people
hyperpigmentation of the The hyperpigmentation caused
from the side effects of these
skin by skin whitening agents is not
agents.
• Mercury poisoning ‘curable’ and will persist for a
• Different methods must
• Fetal toxicity in pregnant lifetime. Using a sunscreen on a
be used to increase the
women daily basis will assist in reducing
awareness of the people
• Cushing’s syndrome the damage caused by sun expo-
about the use and danger of
• Liver failure sure. Emollients are useful for dry the whitening agents.
• Skin cancer and cracking skin and in cases of • Research should be
The hypopigmentation (lack severe itching; a mild hydrocorti- conducted to study the
of skin pigment) leaves the skin sone cream may be used for a short effect of temperature on
prone to UV damage by sunlight. period. Always consult a derma- the stability and use of the
This can predispose to skin can- tologist for medical attention when whitening agents.
cers like a melanoma. (Health i treating skin damaged by long
References B.W., Nam , T. J. and Chio, J.S., Tyrosinase 26.10. 2009 (Accessed: 12/05/2010).
British Medical Association (BMA) Inhibitors Isolated from the Edible Brown
Pravez, S., Kang, M., Chung, H. S. and
and Royal Pharmaceutical Society (RPS) AlgaEcklonia stolonifera. Arch Pharm
Bae, H., Naturally Occurring Tyrosinase
54, British National Formulary (BNF) Res. 2004; 27(12): 1226-1232.
Inhibitors: Mechanism and Applications
54, BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and RPS, Khan, H. T. M. Molecular design of in Skin Health, Cosmetics and Agriculture
September (2007). tyrosinase inhibitors: A critical review of Industries. Phytother. Res. 2007; 21:
Donsing,P., and Viyoch,J., Thai promising novel inhibitors from synthetic 805–816.
Breadfruitûs Heartwood Extract: A New origins. Pure Appl. Chem. 2007; 79 (12):
Solano,F., Bringati,S., Picardo,M., and
Approach to Skin Whitening., SWU Sci. J. 2277–2295.
Ghanem,G., Hypopigmenting agents: an
2008; 24 (1): 9-23.
Oakley, A., Bleaching creams, New updated review on biological, chemical
Gabriel, J., Hydroquinone: Zealand Dermatological Society and clinical aspects. Pigment Cell Res.
Cancer-Causing Skin Bleach, http:// Incorporated. http://www.dermnetnz.org/ 2007; 19: 550–571.
thegreenbeautyguide.com, (2008). treatments/bleach.html Last updated 24
Thiele,J.J M. G. Traber, T. G. Polefka,
Hearing,V.J., and Tsukamoto, K., /2/2010 (Accessed: 12/05/2010).
C. E. Cross and L. P.Packer, Ozone
Enzymatic control of pigmentation in
Parker Waichman Alonso LLP, Beware exposure depletes vitamin E and induces
mammals. The FASEB Journal. 1991; 5:
of Skin Lightening Creams. http://www. lipid peroxidation in murine stratum
2902-2909.
yourlawyer.com/articles/read/17500, Jan cormeum. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1997;
Health i Talk, http://www.healthitalk. 18, 2010. 108: 753-757.
com/what-is-skin-whitening-skin-
Policarpio, B., Lui, H., Skin Lightening Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,
lightening-bleaching-cream (Accessed:
and Depigmenting Agent. e medicine, Skin whitening. http://en.wikipedia.org/
12/05/2010).
http://emedicine.medscape.com/ wiki/Skin_whitening , November 2007
Kang, H.S., Kim, H. R., Byun , D.S., Son, article/1068091-overview. Last updated: (Accessed: 12/05/2010).