Muhammad Asad

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Muhammad Asad
(pronounced [ˈmoʊ̯hämæd ˈæsæd]
( listen), Arabic: ‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ أﺳﺪ‬/muħammad

ʔasad/, Urdu: ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ أﺳﺪ‬, born Leopold

Weiss; 12 July 1900[17] – 20 February
Weiss
1992[18][19]) was a Jewish-born Austro-
Hungarian, Pakistani Ambassador,
Muslim journalist, traveler, writer, linguist,
thinker, political theorist, diplomat and
Islamic scholar.[5] Asad was one of the
most influential European Muslims of the
20th century.[20]
 Muhammad Asad
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ أﺳﺪ‬

Personal

Born 12 July 1900

Lemberg, Austria-
Hungary (now Lviv,
Ukraine)

Died 20 February 1992

(aged 91)
Mijas, Spain[3]

Religion Islam
Nationality Austrian[1]
Pakistani[2]

Region Middle East, Pakistan

Denomination Sunni

Main interest(s) Islamic studies, Islamic

democracy, Muslim
world Quran

Notable idea(s) Islamic state[4]

Independent
Reasoning[5]

Notable work(s) The Message of Quran,

Road to Mecca

Alma mater University of Vienna

(dropped out in 1920)

Occupation Linguist, Academic,

Traveler, Political
Theorist, Historian
 Senior posting

Influenced by
Islamic philosophy
Bedouin culture[6]
Muhammad Iqbal[5]
Muhammad Abduh[7]
Rashid Rida[8]
Mustafa al-Maraghi[9]
Ibn Hazm[10]

Influenced
First Constitution of Pakistan[4]
Murad Hofmann[11][12]
Tariq Ramadan[13]
Imran Khan[14]
Maryam Jameelah[15][16]
By the age of thirteen, young Weiss had
acquired a passing fluency in Hebrew and
Aramaic, other than his native languages
German and Polish.[21][22] By his mid-
twenties, he could read and write in
English, French, Persian and
Arabic.[23][24][25][26] In Mandatory
Palestine, Weiss engaged in arguments
with Zionist leaders like Chaim
Weizmann, voicing his reservations about
some aspects of the Zionist
Movement.[22] After traveling across the
Arab World as a journalist, he converted
to Sunni Islam in 1926 and chose for
himself the Muslim name "Muhammad
Asad"—Asad being the Arabic rendition
of his root name Leo (Lion).[27]

During his stay in Saudi Arabia, he spent

time with Bedouins and enjoyed the close
company of Ibn Saud—the founder of
modern Saudi Arabia.[8][9] He also carried
out a secret mission for Ibn Saud to trace
the sources of funding for the Ikhwan
Revolt. Due to these activities, he was
dubbed in a Haaretz article as "Leopold
of Arabia"—hinting similarity of his
activities to those of Lawrence of
Arabia.[22]
On his visit to India, Asad became friends
with Muslim poet-philosopher
Muhammad Iqbal, who persuaded him to
abandon his eastward travels and "help
elucidate the intellectual premises of the
future Islamic state".[28][29] He also spent
five years in internment by the British
Government at the outbreak of World War
II.[2] On 14 August 1947, Asad received
Pakistani citizenship and later served at
several bureaucratic and diplomatic
positions including the Director of
Department of Islamic Reconstruction,
Deputy Secretary (Middle East Division) in
the Foreign Ministry of Pakistan and
Pakistan's Envoy to the United
Nations.[8][9][28]

In the West, Asad rose to prominence as

a writer with his best-selling
autobiography, The Road to
Mecca.[29][30][31] Later, after seventeen
years of scholarly research, he published
his magnum opus: The Message of the
Qur'an—an English translation and
commentary of the Quran.[32] The book,
along with the translations of Pickthall
and Yusuf Ali, is regarded as one of the
most influential translations of the
modern era.[5][33][32] An ardent proponent
of Ijtihad and rationality in interpreting
religious texts, he dedicated his works "to
People who Think".[32][34] In 2008, the
entrance square to the UN Office in
Vienna was named Muhammad Asad
Platz in commemoration of his work as a
"religious bridge-builder".[35] Asad has
been described by his biographers as
"Europe's gift to Islam" and "a Mediator
between Islam and the West".[36][37]
“
Islam should be presented
without any fanaticism. Without
any stress on our having the
only possible way and the others

”
are lost. Moderation in all forms
is a basic demand of Islam.
—  Muhammad Asad[30]

Personal life

The Berliner Gedenktafel (Berlin Memorial Plaque)

for Muhammad Asad.
Background

Leopold Weiss was born on 2 July 1900

to a Jewish family in Lemberg, Galicia,
then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
(which is currently the city of Lviv,
Ukraine). Weiss was a descendant of a
long line of Jewish rabbis; however, his
father, Akiva Weiss, broke from tradition
and became a lawyer. Leopold received a
religious education and was proficient in
Hebrew from an early age, as well as
familiar with Aramaic. He studied the
Jewish Bible or Tanakh, the text and
commentaries of the Talmud, the Mishna
and Gemara, also delving into the
intricacies of Biblical exegesis and the
Targum.

At the age of fourteen he escaped school

and joined the Austrian army under a
false name. After a week or so, his father
traced him with the help of the police,
and he was escorted back to Vienna.[38]

Years in wilderness (1920–

1922)

After abandoning university in Vienna,

Weiss drifted aimlessly around 1920s
Germany, working briefly for the
expressionist film director Fritz Lang (F.
W. Murnau, according to The Road to
Mecca). By his own account, after selling
a jointly written film script, he splurged
the windfall on a wild party at an
expensive Berlin restaurant, in the spirit
of the times. While working as a
telephone operator for an American news
agency in Berlin, Weiss obtained a
coveted interview with Russian author
Maxim Gorky's wife, his first published
piece of journalism, after simply ringing
up her hotel room.[2]

Stay in Middle East (1922–

1926)
In 1922 Weiss moved to the British
Mandate of Palestine, staying in
Jerusalem at the house of his maternal
uncle Dorian Feigenbaum at his invitation.
Feigenbaum was a psychoanalyst, a
disciple of Freud, and later founded the
Psychoanalytic Quarterly.

Foreign correspondent for

Frankfurter Zeitung

He picked up work as a stringer for the

German newspaper Frankfurter Zeitung,
one of the most prestigious newspapers
of Germany and Europe, selling articles
on a freelance basis. His pieces were
noteworthy for their understanding of
Arab fears and grievances against the
Zionist project. He published a small
book on the subject in 1924, and this so
inspired the confidence of the Frankfurter
Zeitung that it commissioned him to
travel more widely still, to collect
information for a full-scale book. Weiss
made the trip, which lasted two years.

Conversion to Islam (1926)

To gain closer assignments in the Arabic
world, Weiss developed an ever-
deepening engagement with Islam. This
led to his religious conversion in 1926 in
Berlin and adopting an Arabic name,
Muhammad Asad.

Asad spoke of Islam:

"Islam appears to me like a

perfect work of architecture. All
its parts are harmoniously
conceived to complement and
support each other; nothing is
superfluous and nothing lacking;
and the result is a structure of
absolute balance and solid
composure."[2]
Magazine Saudi Aramco World in a 2002
essay described his journey to
conversion in these words: "Two roads
diverged in Berlin in the 1920s: a well-
worn one to the West, the other, rarely
traveled, to the East. Leopold Weiss, a
gifted young writer, traveler and linguist
with a thorough knowledge of the Bible
and the Talmud and with deep roots in
European culture, took the road eastward
to Makkah."[2]

Years in Arabia (1927–1931)

After his conversion to Islam, Asad
moved to Saudi Arabia making a journey
by camel across the Arabian Desert, from
Tayma to Mecca.[39] He stayed there for
nearly six years during which he made
five pilgrimages.[40] Alongside, he started
writing essays for the Swiss newspaper
Neue Zürcher Zeitung, and continued to
do so till 1934.[41]

Ibn Saud's confidant and

Bolshevik allegations

After the sudden death of his wife Elsa,

Asad stayed on in Mecca where, in a
chance encounter in the Grand Mosque's
library, he met Prince Faysal. On Faysal's
invitation, Asad met King Abdulaziz
(founder of modern Saudi Arabia); the
meeting led to almost daily audiences
with the King, who quickly came to
appreciate Asad's knowledge, keen mind
and spiritual depth.[2] Ibn Saud allowed
Asad to visit the Najd region (in the King's
company), which was forbidden to
foreigners at that time.[1]

In late 1928, an Iraqi named Abdallah

Damluji, who had been an adviser to Ibn
Saud, submitted a report to the British on
"Bolshevik and Soviet penetration" of the
Hijaz. In this report, after highlighting
Asad's activities in Arabia, Damluji
alleged that Asad had connections with
Bolsheviks: "What is the real mission
which makes him endure the greatest
discomforts and the worst conditions of
life? On what basis rests the close
intimacy between him and Shaykh Yusuf
Yasin (secretary to the King and editor of
the official newspaper Umm al-Qura)? Is
there some connection between von
Weiss and the Bolshevik consulate in
Jidda?"[9]

Ikhwan Rebellion

According to Asad, he did finally become

a secret agent of sorts. Ibn Saud sent him
on a secret mission to Kuwait in 1929, to
trace the sources of financial and military
assistance being provided to Faysal al-
Dawish – an Ikhwan leader-turned-rebel
against Ibn Saud's rule.[9] Asad, after
traveling day and night through the desert
without lighting fire, reached Kuwait to
collect first-hand evidence. He concluded
that the British were providing arms and
money to Ad-Dawish to weaken Ibn Saud
for the purpose of securing a 'land route
to India' – a railroad from Haifa to Basra
ultimately connecting the Mediterranean
Sea with the Indian subcontinent.[42] [43]

Years in British India and

Pakistan (1932–1952)
Muhammad Asad (seated right) and his wife Pola
Hamida Asad (seated left) at the residence of
Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan in Jauharabad, Pakistan.
Circa 1957

Meeting Iqbal and visiting

Kashmir

Asad left Arabia and came to British India

in 1932 where he met South Asia's
premier Muslim poet, philosopher and
thinker Muhammad Iqbal. Iqbal had
proposed the idea of an independent
Muslim state in India, which later became
Pakistan. Iqbal persuaded Asad to stay
on in British India and help the Muslims of
India establish their separate Muslim
state. Iqbal introduced Asad to Chaudhry
Niaz Ali Khan, a philanthropist and
agriculturalist, who, on the advice of
Muhammad Iqbal, established the Dar-ul-
Islam Trust Institutes in Pathankot, India
and Jauharabad, Pakistan. Asad stayed
on in British India and worked with both
Muhammad Iqbal and Chaudhry Niaz Ali
Khan.[44] Allama Iqbal encouraged Asad
to translate Sahih Al-Bukhari in English
for the first time in history. Asad
responded positively and started making
the arrangements for his translation. In
order to find a place serene enough to
stimulate his intellectual and spiritual
cerebration, he arrived in Kashmir during
the summer of 1934. There, he met
Mirwaiz Mouli Yusuf who became his
close friend. While working
enthusiastically on his translation, he also
set up his own printing press in Srinagar.
The first two chapters of his translation
were printed in Srinagar. Asad mentions
in his book Home-coming of the Heart
that he had a special relationship with
Kashmir and that he felt very sad when
he left it.[45][46][47]
Internment as enemy alien
(1939–1945)

When the Second World War broke out in

1939, Asad's parents were arrested and,
subsequently, murdered by the Nazis.
Asad himself was arrested in Lahore in
1939, a day after the war broke out, by
the British as an enemy alien. This was
despite the fact that Asad had refused
German nationality after the annexation of
Austria in 1938 and had insisted on
retaining his Austrian citizenship. Asad
spent three years in prison, while his
family consisting of his wife, Munira, and
son, Talal, after being released from
detention earlier, lived under the
protection of Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan at
the latter's vast 1,000-acre (4.0 km2)
estate in Jamalpur, 5 km west of
Pathankot. Asad was finally released and
reunited with his family in Jamalpur when
the Second World War ended in 1945.[44]

Role in Pakistan Movement

Asad supported the idea of a separate

Muslim state in India. After the
independence of Pakistan on 14 August
1947, in recognition for his support for
Pakistan, Asad was conferred full
citizenship by Pakistan and appointed the
Director of the Department of Islamic
Reconstruction by the Government of
Pakistan,[48] where he made
recommendations on the drafting of
Pakistan's first Constitution.[2] In 1949,
Asad joined Pakistan's Ministry of
Foreign Affairs as head of the Middle East
Division and made efforts to strengthen
Pakistan's ties with the Muslim states of
the Middle East. In 1952, Asad was
appointed as Pakistan's Minister
Plenipotentiary to the United Nations in
New York – a position that he
relinquished in 1952 to write his
autobiography (up to the age of 32), The
Road to Mecca.[2][49]
Career as a diplomat

Asad contributed much to Pakistan's

early political and cultural life but was
shunned from the corridors of power. He
served this country as the head of the
Directorate of Islamic Reconstruction,
Joint Secretary of the Middle East
Division in Foreign Office, Minister
Plenipotentiary to the United Nations and
organizer of the International Islamic
Colloquium. If one delves into the archival
material of these government
departments, the role played by Asad for
his beloved Pakistan can be dealt with in
detail.
Marriage controversy and
resignation

By chance, at a reception Asad met Pola,

an American of Polish origin who was
destined to become his third wife (d.
2007). She was a young, beautiful and
intelligent woman. He fell in love with her
and when he came to know that she had
already embraced Islam he decided to
marry her, despite the difference of age
and temperament. But under the rules of
the Foreign Office, he was bound to get
prior permission to marry a non-Pakistani
national.[2] He applied through the proper
channels but the Governor-General
rejected his application. So, he submitted
his resignation from the Foreign Service,
divorced his Arabian wife (Munira, d.
1978) and in the inspiring company of his
new wife, he sat down and wrote his
extraordinary The Road to Mecca.

During his stay in Switzerland, Asad

received a letter from the President of
Pakistan, General Ayub Khan, who was a
great admirer of his book named The
Principles of State and Government in
Islam (1961). In a subsequent exchange
of letters, he proposed to Asad to come
to Pakistan and have the membership of
a seven-man group of Muslim scholars –
who both supposedly knew the world and
were experts on Islam – to advise him
with regard to everyday matters as well
as the drawing up of a new Islamic
constitution for the country.[28] At that
time, Asad was immersed in his
cherished work on the Qur'an, and so he
regretfully declined.

After many years, Asad was again invited

by another President of Pakistan, General
Zia ul-Haq, in 1983 and that was his last
visit to this country. When he arrived at
Islamabad, which he had not yet seen, he
was received at the plane with great
honour and escorted to the Presidency.
During his sojourn in Islamabad, there
was a series of meetings with members
of the Ansari Commission in order to
prepare a kind of programme for the
President for the future. Asad agreed with
some, and as usual disagreed with
others, which he found retrograde.[2] On
one point he was firm and insistent that
Muslim women should have exactly the
same rights in the political sphere as had
men, to the extent of becoming Prime
Minister. Asad also spared some time to
meet with his surviving friends in Lahore
and Islamabad and at the request of the
President made several radio and
television appearances, as always
spontaneous. On his return, he was
besieged by letters from literally
hundreds of admirers in Pakistan, offering
him land, a house, everything but he
refused politely, as his concept of
Pakistan was beyond all these worldly
trivialities.

Later years and death

Towards the end of his life, Asad moved
to Spain and lived there with his third
wife, Pola Hamida Asad, an American
national of Polish Catholic descent who
had also converted to Islam, until his
death on 20 February 1992 at the age of
91. He was buried in the Muslim
cemetery of Granada in the former
Moorish province of Andalusia, Spain.[17]

Family
Asad had a son, Talal Asad, from his
second Saudi Arabian wife, Munira. Talal
Asad is now an anthropologist
specializing in religious studies and
postcolonialism. Asad also had a step-
son named Heinrich (converted name
Ahmad) with his first wife Else (converted
name Aziza).[50]

Honors and recognition

Muhammad Asad Square in Donaustadt, Vienna

Muhammad Asad Platz

In April 2008, a space in front of the UNO

City in the 22nd District of Vienna was
named Muhammad-Asad-Platz in honor
of Muhammad Asad.[51] The step was
taken as part of a two-day program on
the European Year of Intercultural
Dialogue focusing on Islam and its
relationship with Europe.[52] The program
commemorated the life and work of Asad,
described as a great Austrian visionary,
who earned international recognition by
building bridges between religions.[53]
The honoree's son Talal Asad, the
President of the Islamic Community of
Austria Anas Schakfeh and Vienna's
cultural adviser Andreas Mailath-Pokorny
were present at the unveiling of the
square. Mailath-Pokorny, while talking to
the media said:

"There is probably no more

appropriate place to honor
 Muhammad Asad than that in
front of the UN-City. Muhammad
Asad was a citizen of the world,
who was at home, and left his
mark, everywhere in the world,
especially in the Orient."[35]

Honorary postage stamp

On 23 March 2013, Pakistan Post issued

a stamp with denomination of Rs. 15
under the "Men of Letters" Series in
honor of Allamah Muhammad Asad.[54]

Bibliography
Portrayals of Asad

In movie documentaries:

A Road to Mecca - The Journey of

Muhammad Asad[30][55]

In articles:

Goldman, Shalom. "Leopold Weiss, the

Jew Who Helped Invent the Modern
Islamic State", Tablet on-line magazine,
July 1, 2016.

In books:

1. Hasan, Pipip Ahmad Rifai (1998). The

Political Thought of Muhammad Asad .
Concordia University.
2. Windhager, Günther (2002). Leopold
Weiss alias Muhammad Asad : Von
Galizien nach Arabien 1900–1927
(German) . ISBN 978-3-205-99393-3.
3. Butler-Bowdon, Tom (2005). 50
spiritual classics : Timeless Wisdom from
50 Great Books on Inner Discovery,
Enlightenment and Purpose . London:
Nicholas Brealey. ISBN 1-85788-349-7.
4. Halilović, Safvet (2006). Islam i Zapad u
perspektivi Asadovog mišljenja (in
Bosnian). ISBN 978-9958-9229-2-3.
5. Chaghatai, M. Ikram (2006).
Muhammad Asad : Europe's gift to
Islam . ISBN 978-969-35-1852-8.
6. Andrabi, Abroo Aman (2007).
Muhammad Asad : His Contribution to
Islamic Learning . ISBN 978-81-7898-
589-3. Archived from the original on 13
May 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
7. Wolfe, Michael (2007). One Thousand
Roads to Mecca: Ten Centuries of
Travelers Writing about the Muslim
Pilgrimage . New York: Grove Press.
ISBN 978-0-8021-3599-5.
8. Sherif, M. A. (2009). Why An Islamic
State: The Life Projects of Two Great
European Muslims . ISBN 978-967-5062-
39-1. Archived from the original on 25
July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
9. Hoenger, Tobias (2010). Muhammad
Asad: A Mediator Between the Islamic
and the Western World . ISBN 978-3-
640-78219-2.
10. Schlosser, Dominik (2015).
Lebensgesetz und
Vergemeinschaftungsform: Muhammad
Asad (1900–1992) und sein
Islamverständnis (German) . ISBN 978-3-
86893-182-2.

In journal entries:

Elma Ruth, Harder (1998). "Muhammad

Asad and 'The Road To Mecca': Text of
Muhammad Asad's Interview with Karl
 Günter Simon". Islamic Studies. 37 (4).
ISSN 0578-8072 . JSTOR 20837016 .
Nawwab, Ismail Ibrahim (2000). "A
Matter of Love: Muhammad Asad and
Islam". Islamic Studies. 39 (2): 155–231.
ISSN 0578-8072 . JSTOR 23076101 .
Hofmann, Murad (2000). "Muhammad
Asad: Europ's Gift to Islam". Islamic
Studies. 39 (2): 233–247. ISSN 0578-
8072 . JSTOR 23076102 .

Literary works by Asad

Books

1. Unromantisches Morgenland: Aus dem

Tagebuch einer Reise (1924), German,
published under his former name Leopold
Weiss. The book is a description of the
middle-East, written before his
conversion to Islam, for a German-
speaking readership - The Unromantic
Orient (2004), English translation by Elma
Ruth Harder
2. Islam at the Crossroads (1934), a call
for Muslims to avoid imitating Western
society and instead return to the original
Islamic heritage, written in English
3. The Road to Mecca (1954),
autobiography covering his life from 1900
to 1932
4. The Principles of State and
Government in Islam (1961), description
of a democratic political system
grounded in Islamic principles
5. The Message of The Qur'an (1980), an
influential translation and interpretation of
the Qur'an
6. Sahih Al-Bukhari: The Early Years of
Islam (1981), translation and explanation
of an important collection of hadith
(reports of pronouncements by the
prophet Muhammad)
7. This Law of Ours and Other Essays
(1987), collection of essays about Islamic
law.
8. Home-Coming Of The Heart (1932–
1992). Part II of the Road to Mecca
(2016), Al Abbas International, ISBN 969-
8460-41-1.
9. Meditations (Unpublished), intended to
clarify ambiguities arising from his
translation The Message of The Qur'an
(1980), stands unpublished as of
2013.[56][57]
10. The Spirit of Islam is not a separate
book but a republication of the first
chapter of his 1934 book Islam at the
Crossroads.[58]
Journals
 Arafat: A Monthly Critique of Muslim
Thought (1946–47)
Video interviews

Muhammad Asad and Dr. Hathout on

Ijtihad
Muhammad Asad – God Man
Relationship

Other publications
 Original
Title publication Description
date

Jerusalem in 1923: The

Later published in Islamic Studies, Islamabad in 2001.
Impressions of a Young 1923
Translated by Elma Ruth Harder.[59][60]
European

The Concept of Religion Later published in The Islamic Literature , Lahore in

1934
in the West and in Islam 1967.[61]

Later published in The Islamic Literature, Lahore in

The Spirit of the West 1934
1956.

Towards a Resurrection
1937 Published in Islamic Culture, Hyderabad, Deccan.[62]
of Thought

Aims and Objectives of

Published his thoughts as the Director of the
the Department of 1947
Department of Islamic Reconstruction.[63]
Islamic Reconstruction

A collection of seven Radio Broadcasts delivered at the

Calling All Muslims 1947
request of Government of Pakistan.[64]

Essay published under the auspices of the Government

Islamic Constitution of Punjab in March 1948. It was later expanded to the
1948
Making book The Principles of State and Government in
Islam.[29]

The Encounter of Islam

1959 Talk delivered on Radio Beromunster in Switzerland.
and The West

Islam and the Spirit of

1960 Talk delivered on Radio Beromunster in Switzerland.
Our Times

Answers to questionnaire posed by German publisher

Answers of Islam 1960s
Gerhard Szczesny in the 1960s.

Islam and Politics 1963 Pamphlet series by Islamic Centre.[2][65]

Can the Qur'an be

1964 Islamic Centre.[2]
Translated?

Jerusalem: The Open Talk sent for delivery at a conference of Muslim

1970s
City Students Association, United States in the late 1970s.
My Pilgrimage to Islam 1974 Published in Majalla al-Azhar.[2]

The Meaning and

Significance of the 1979 Published in London in November 1979.
Hijrah

The Message of the Address delivered at a Conference of the Islamic

1980
Qur'an Council in London.

A Vision to Jerusalem 1982 Published in Ahlan Wasahlan, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Jerusalem: A City for all Later published in Arabia: The Islamic World Review in
1982
People 1985.[66]

A Tribe That Kept Its

1985 Published in Arabia magazine.[62]
Name

The City of the Prophet 1991 Published in Muslim Africa.

Honours
Lviv Islamic Cultural Center named after
Muhammad Asad was officially
opened.[67]

See also
List of converts to Islam
Contemporary Islamic philosophy
 Islamic revival
This Law of Ours and Other Essays
The Principles of State and
Government in Islam
Pakistan Movement

References
1. "Muhammad Asad: A Jewish Lawrence
of Arabia" .
2. "Muhammad Asad – Islamic
Encyclopedia" .
3. Cug̲h̲tāʼī, Muḥammad Ikrām (2006)
Muhammad Asad: Europe's Gift to Islam,
Volume 1 Lahore: The Truth Society.
page i & page 373. ISBN 978-969-35-
1852-8
4. Mirage, p. 10.
5. "Muhammad Asad's Journey into
Islam" . Archived from the original on 16
July 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
6. "Salaam.co.uk's biography of Asad" .
7. "Remembering Muhammad Asad, the
West's gift to Islam" .
8. "Renaissance.com.pk – From Leopold
Weiss to Muhammad Asad" . Archived
from the original on 31 May 2013.
9. "Martin Kramer's research on Asad" .
10. "Muhammad Asad Between Religion
and Politics" . Archived from the original
on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
11. "Arabic Article" .
12. "Huffington Post article" .
13. "Tariq Ramadan's tribute to
Muhammad Asad" . Archived from the
original on 23 February 2014.
14. Khan, Imran (2011). Pakistan: A
Personal History . p. 53.
15. "Maryam Jameelah – Islamic
Encyclopedia" .
16. "Express Tribune on Maryam
Jameelah" .
17. "Muhammad Asad — a Pak-Saudi
envoy" . Archived from the original on 12
April 2016.
18. Windhager, Günther (2002). Leopold
Weiss alias Muhammad Asad: Von
Galizien nach Arabien 1900–1927 (in
German). ISBN 978-3-205-99393-3. p.
203
19. Vos, Pieter (2014-10-16). The Law of
God: Exploring God and Civilization .
BRILL. p. 32. ISBN 978-90-04-28184-4.
20. "Leopold Weiss alias Muhammad
Asad: Von Galizien nach Arabien 1900–
1927" (PDF). Archived from the original
(PDF) on 6 March 2012.
21. Harder, Elma Ruth (1998).
"MUHAMMAD ASAD AND "THE ROAD
TO MECCA": Text of Muhammad Asad's
Interview with Karl Günter Simon".
Islamic Studies: 536. JSTOR 20837016 .
22. "Leopold of Arabia" .
23. Road, p. 49.
24. Road, p. 54.
25. Banda-e-Sehrai, p. 123.
26. Road, p. 105.
27. "The unusual journey of Muhammad
Asad" .
28. "The First Citizen of Pakistan" .
29. "Criterion Quarterly" .
30. "Al Jazeera" .
31. Hofmann, p. 237.
32. "Hasan Zillur Rehman's Piece" .
33. Hofmann, p. 242.
34. "Asad IRF Event" . Archived from the
original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved
6 September 2013.
35. "Austrian Times" .
36. Hoenger, p. 1.
37. Ikram Chaghatai, p. 1.
38. Road, p. 56.
39. "Lure of Mecca" . Archived from the
original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved
22 August 2013.
40. "Journey of a lifetime" .
41. Banda-e-Sehrai, p. 265.
42. "Umar Mukhtar – The Lion of the
Desert" .
43. Road, p. 228.
44. Azam, K.M., (A Righteous Life:
Founder of Dar ul Islam Chaudhry Niaz Ali
Khan), Lahore: Nashriyat, 2010 (583 pp.,
Urdu) ISBN 978-969-8983-58-1
45. "My Hero in my Homeland" .
Retrieved 24 April 2016.
46. Muneeb Majid. "Koshur Ladke" .
Retrieved 24 April 2016.
47. "Archived copy" . Archived from the
original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July
2015.
48. "Documentary: A Road To Mecca"
(PDF).
49. "The True Call" . Archived from the
original on 6 June 2009.
50. The Truth Society – Muhammed
Asad
51. "UN Vienna.Org" .
52. "Young Muslim digest on Vienna
Square" .
53. "Dawn Story on Muhammad Asad
Platz" .
54. "Pakistan Post" .
55. "Mischief Films site" .
56. Banda-e-Sehrai, p. 19.
57. "IN MEMORIAM: Muhammad Asad –
An Intellectual Giant" .
58. Hofmann, p. 238.
59. "Jay Editore pdf list" (PDF).
60. Harder, Elma Ruth (2001). "Jerusalem
in 1923: The Impressions of A Young
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JSTOR 20837153 .
61. "Rupee News article" .
62. Hasan, p. 8.
63. "Al-Ilm Trust" .
64. "Scribd Calling All Muslims" .
65. "World Catalog" .
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67. "AUASO "Alraid" Opens Another
Islamic Cultural Centre, This Time in
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Retrieved July 1, 2017.

Sources
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Asad, Muhammad (2000). The principles of
state and government in Islam ([New
ed.] ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book
Trust. ISBN 978-983-9154-09-2.
Asad, Muhammad (2000). This Law of Ours
and Other Essays (1. malaysian ed., 2.
repr. ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book
Trust. ISBN 978-983-9154-10-8.
Asad, Muhammad (1999). Islam at the
Crossroads . Kuala Lumpur: Other
Press. ISBN 978-983-9541-04-5.
Asad, Muhammad (1980). The Road to
Mecca (4th rev. ed.). Louisville, KY:
Fons Vitae. ISBN 978-1-887752-37-4.
Sherif, M. A. (2009). Why An Islamic State: The
Life Projects of Two Great European
Muslims . ISBN 978-967-5062-39-1.
Archived from the original on 25 July
2014. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Chaghatai, M. Ikram (2006). Muhammad
Asad : Europe's gift to Islam .
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Andrabi, Abroo Aman (2007). Muhammad
Asad : His Contribution to Islamic
Learning . ISBN 978-81-7898-589-3.
 Archived from the original on 13 May
2015. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Hoenger, Tobias (2010). Muhammad Asad: A
Mediator Between the Islamic and the
Western World . ISBN 978-3-640-
78219-2.
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alias Muhammad Asad : Von Galizien
nach Arabien 1900 – 1927 . ISBN 978-
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English biography articles

By Ikram Chaghatai
Profile on Islamic Encyclopedia
 Mushtaq Parker piece in The
Independent
Impact International piece
Martin Kramer's piece
By the editor of IQRA Magazine
By the editor of Saudi Aramco World

Non-English articles

Spanish: Muhammad Asad-Leopold

Weiss
Russian: БЕДУИН ИЗ ГАЛИЦИИ
Polish: Leopolda Weissa droga do
islamu
Urdu: "Mufaad Parast Club" by Javed
Chaudary
 Indonesian: Mengapa Kami Memilih
Islam
Arabic: ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻘﻮل ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ أﺳﺪ‬:‫اﻟﻴﻬـــﻮد‬
‫)اﻟﻴﻬﻮدى اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ(؟‬

Book links

Muhammad-asad.com
Goodreads.com books collection

Journal Links

Journal articles on Muhammad Asad

Videos

Documentary: A Road To Mecca

MBC report on Vienna Square naming
 Tariq Ramadan on Asad
Murad Hofmann on Asad
Risalah Reformis Tafsir Muhammad
Asad

Seminars

International Symposium on
Muhammad Asad
Tribute to Muhammad Asad

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