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and quantum domains in the teleportation of coherent states of a violation of a CHSH inequality 共with a fair sampling
of the electromagnetic field. Our approach will be to inves- assumption兲 again refutes the purported significance of the
tigate questions of nonseparability and violations of Bell in- threshold F⫽ 32 .
equalities for the particular entangled state employed in the Note that these results are in complete accord with the
teleportation protocol of Ref. 关16兴. Of significant interest will prior treatment of Ref. 关6兴, that demonstrated that, in the
be the case with losses, so that the relevant quantum states absence of shared entanglement between Alice and Bob,
will be mixed states. Our analysis supports the following there is an upper limit for the fidelity for the teleportation of
principal conclusions. randomly chosen coherent states given by F classical ⫽ 21 .
共1兲 By application of the work of Duan et al. 关17兴, Simon Nothing in Refs. 关12–15兴 called this analysis into question.
关18兴, and Tan 关19兴, we investigate the question of entangle- By contrast, we find no support for a special significance to
ment. We show that the states employed in the experiment of the threshold fidelity F⫽ 32 in connection to issues of sepa-
rability and Bell-inequality violations. Instead, as we will
Ref. 关4兴 are nonseparable, as was operationally confirmed in
show, it is actually the value F classical ⫽ 21 that heralds en-
the experiment. Moreover, we study the issue of nonsepara-
trance into the quantum domain with respect to these very
bility for mixed states over a broad range in the degree of
same issues.
squeezing for the initial Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen state, in
All this is not to say that teleportation of coherent states
the overall system loss, and in the presence of thermal noise. with increasing degrees of fidelity beyond F classical ⫽ 21 to
This analysis reveals that EPR mixed states that are nonsepa- F⬎ 23 is not without significance. In fact, as tasks of ever-
rable do indeed lead to a fidelity of F⬎F classical ⫽ 21 for the increasing complexity are to be accomplished, there will be
teleportation of coherent states. Hence, in keeping with cri- corresponding requirements to improve the fidelity of tele-
terion 共3兲 above, the threshold fidelity for employing en- portation yet further. Moreover, there are clearly diverse
tanglement as a quantum resource is precisely the same as quantum states other than coherent states that one might de-
was deduced in the previous analysis of Ref. 关6兴. Within the sire to teleport, including squeezed states, quantum superpo-
setting of quantum optics, this threshold corresponds to the sitions, entangled states 关19,28兴, and so on. The connection
standard benchmark for manifestly quantum or nonclassical between the ‘‘intricacy’’ of such states and the requisite re-
behavior, namely, that the Glauber-Sudarshan phase-space sources for achieving high-fidelity teleportation was dis-
function takes on negative values, here for any bipartite non- cussed in Ref. 关16兴, including the example of the superposi-
separable state 关20兴. By contrast, a fidelity consistent with tion of two coherent states,
the value F⫽ 23 championed in Refs. 关12–15兴 is essentially
unrelated to the threshold for entanglement 共nonseparability兲 兩␣典⫹兩⫺␣典, 共2兲
as well as to the boundary for the nonclassical character of
the EPR state. which for 兩 ␣ 兩 Ⰷ1 requires an EPR state with an extreme
共2兲 By application of the work of Banaszek and Wod- degree of quantum correlation.
kiewicz 关21,22兴, we explore the possibility of violations of Similarly, the conditional variances contained in the
Bell inequalities for the EPR 共mixed兲 states employed in the Heisenberg-type inequalities are in fact quite important for
teleportation of continuous quantum-variables states. We find the inference of the properties of a system given the out-
direct violations of a Clauser-Horne-Shimong-Holt 共CHSH兲 comes of measurements made on a meter following a system-
inequality 关23兴 over large domains in fidelity F subject to the meter interaction. Such quantities are gainfully employed in
requirements that F⬎F classical ⫽ 21 and that the overall effi- quantum optics in many settings, including realization of the
ciency ⬎ 23 . Significant is a regime both of entanglement original EPR gedanken experiment 关29–31兴 and of back-
共nonseparability兲 and violation of a CHSH inequality, for action evading measurement and quantum nondemolition
共QND兲 detection 关32兴. However, even within the restricted
which the teleportation fidelity F⬍ 32 and for which the cri-
context of QND detection, it is worth emphasizing that the
teria of Refs. 关14,15兴 fail. Hence, teleportation with 21 ⬍F
usual inequalities imposed upon these inference variances,
⬍ 23 is possible with EPR 共mixed兲 states which do not admit together with so-called information transfer coefficients, pro-
a local hidden variable description. F⬎ 32 does not provide a vide necessary and not sufficient conditions for successful
relevant criterion for delineating the quantum and classical back-action evading measurement 关33兴.
domains with respect to violations of Bell’s inequalities for Something that we would like to stress apart from the
the EPR states. details of any particular teleportation criterion is the apparent
共3兲 By adopting a protocol analogous to that employed in growing confusion in the community that equates quantum
all previous experimental demonstrations of violations of teleportation experiments with fundamental tests of quantum
Bell’s inequalities 关24 –26兴, scaled correlation functions can mechanics. The purpose of such tests is generally to compare
be introduced for continuous quantum variables. In terms of quantum mechanics to other potential theories, such as local
these scaled correlations, the EPR mixed state used for tele- realistic hidden-variable theories 关14,34,35兴. In our view, ex-
portation violates a generalized version of the CHSH in- periments in teleportation have nothing to do with this. They
equality, though nonideal detector efficiencies require a ‘‘fair instead represent investigations within quantum mechanics,
sampling’’ assumption for this. These violations set in for demonstrating only that a particular task can be accom-
F⬎F classical ⫽ 21 , and were recently observed in a setting of plished with the resource of quantum entanglement and can-
low detection efficiency 关27兴. This experimental verification not be accomplished without it. This means that violations of
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QUANTUM VERSUS CLASSICAL DOMAINS FOR . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW A 64 022321
Bell’s inequalities are largely irrelevant as far as the original where ⫾ are expressed in terms of the squeezing parameter
proposal of Bennett et al. 关1兴 is concerned, as well as for by
experimental implementations of that protocol. In a theory
which allows states to be cloned, there would be no need to ⫹
2
⫽e ⫹2r ,
discuss teleportation at all—unknown states could be cloned 共5兲
and transmitted, with a fidelity arbitrarily close to 1. ⫺
2
⫽e ⫺2r ,
These comments notwithstanding, there are nevertheless
attempts to link the idea of Bell-inequality violations with
with ⫹ ⫺ ⫽1. Here the canonical variables (x j ,p j ) are re-
2 2
the fidelity of teleportation. It is to the details of this and
lated to the complex field amplitude ␣ j for mode j⫽(1,2) by
other linkages that we now turn. The remainder of the paper
is organized as follows. In Sec. II, we extend the prior work
␣ j ⫽x j ⫹ip j . 共6兲
of Ref. 关6兴 to a direct treatment of the consequences of
shared entanglement between Alice and Bob, beginning with
an explicit model for the mixed EPR states used for telepor- In the limit of r→⬁, Eq. 共4兲 becomes
tation of continuous quantum variables. In Sec. III we review
the criteria based upon Heisenberg-type inequalities and ‘‘in- C ␦ 共 x 1 ⫺x 2 兲 ␦ 共 p 1 ⫹ p 2 兲 , 共7兲
formation content,’’ in preparation for showing their inappro-
priateness as tools for the questions at hand. In Sec. IV, we which makes a connection to the original EPR state of Ein-
explicitly demonstrate the relationship between entanglement stein, Podolsky, and Rosen 关29–31兴.
and fidelity, and find the same threshold F classical ⫽ 21 as in Of course, W EPR , as given above, is for the ideal, lossless
our prior analysis 关6兴. The value F⫽ 32 is shown to have no case. Of particular interest with respect to experiments is the
particular distinction in this context. In Secs. V and VI, we inclusion of losses, which arise, for example, form finite
further explore the role of entanglement with regard to vio- propagation and detection efficiencies. Rather than deal with
lations of a CHSH inequality, and provide a quantitative any detailed setup 共e.g., as treated in explicit detail in Ref.
boundary for such violations. Again, F classical ⫽ 21 provides 关30兴兲, here we adopt a generic model of the following form.
the point of entry into the quantum domain, with F⫽ 32 hav- Consider two identical beam splitters each with a transmis-
ing no notoriety. Our conclusions are collected in Sec. VII. sion coefficient , one for each of the two EPR modes. We
Of particular significance, we point out that the teleportation take 0⭐ ⭐1, with ⫽1 for the ideal, lossless case. The
experiment of Ref. 关4兴 did indeed cross from the classical to input modes to the beam splitter 1 are taken to be (1 ⬘ ,a ⬘ ),
the quantum domain, just as advertised previously. while for beam splitter 2 the modes are labeled by (2 ⬘ ,b ⬘ ).
Here, the modes (1 ⬘ ,2⬘ ) are assumed to be in the state speci-
fied by the ideal W EPR as given in Eq. 共4兲 above, while the
II. EPR STATE modes (a ⬘ ,b ⬘ ) are taken to be independent thermal 共mixed兲
states, each with a Wigner distribution
The teleportation protocol we consider is that of Braun-
stein and Kimble 关16兴, for which the relevant entangled state
1
冉 冊
is the so-called two-mode squeezed state. This state is given W 共 x,p 兲 ⫽ exp兵 ⫺ 共 x 2 ⫹ p 2 兲 / 共 n̄⫹1/2兲 其 , 共8兲
explicitly in terms of a Fock-state expansion for two modes 1
共1,2兲 by 关36,37兴 n̄⫹
2
⬁
1 where n̄ is the mean thermal photon number for each of the
兩 EPR典 1,2⫽
cosh r 兺 共 tanh r 兲 n兩 n 典 1兩 n 典 2 ,
n⫽0
共3兲 modes (a ⬘ ,b ⬘ ).
The overall Wigner distribution for the initial set of input
modes (1 ⬘ ,2⬘ ),(a ⬘ ,b ⬘ ) is then just the product
where r measures the amount of squeezing required to pro-
duce the entangled state. Note that, for simplicity, we con- W EPR共 x 1 ⬘ ,p 1 ⬘ ;x 2 ⬘ ,p 2 ⬘ 兲 W 共 x a ⬘ ,p a ⬘ 兲 W 共 x b ⬘ ,p b ⬘ 兲 . 共9兲
sider the case of two single modes for the electromagnetic
field; the extension to the multimode case for fields of finite The standard beam-splitter transformations lead in a straight-
bandwidth can be found in Ref. 关38兴. forward fashion to the Wigner distribution for the output set
The pure state of Eq. 共3兲 can be equivalently described by of modes (1,2),(a,b), where, for example,
the corresponding Wigner distribution W EPR over the two
modes 共1,2兲, x 1 ⫽ 冑 x 1 ⬘ ⫺ 冑1⫺ x a ⬘ ,
共10兲
W EPR共 x 1 ,p 1 ;x 2 , p 2 兲 x a ⫽ 冑 x a ⬘ ⫹ 冑1⫺ x 1 ⬘ .
4 1 out
We require W EPR for the 共1,2兲 modes alone, which is ob-
⫽ exp共 ⫺ 关共 x 1 ⫹x 2 兲 2 ⫹ 共 p 1 ⫺p 2 兲 2 兴 / ⫹
2
2 ⫹ ⫺
2 2
tained by integrating over the (a,b) modes. A straightfor-
ward calculation results in the following distribution for the
⫺ 关共 x 1 ⫺x 2 兲 2 ⫹ 共 p 1 ⫹p 2 兲 2 兴 / ⫺
2
兲, 共4兲 mixed output state,
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BRAUNSTEIN, FUCHS, KIMBLE, AND van LOOCK PHYSICAL REVIEW A 64 022321
out
W EPR 共 x 1 ,p 1 ;x 2 , p 2 兲 具 x ix j典 2
V x i 兩 x j ⫽ 具 ⌬x 2i 典 ⫺ ,
4 1
具 ⌬x 2j 典
⫽ exp共 ⫺ 关共 x 1 ⫹x 2 兲 2 ⫹ 共 p 1 ⫺p 2 兲 2 兴 / ¯ ⫹
2
共13兲
2 ¯ ⫹ ⫺
2 ¯2
具 p ip j典2
V p i 兩 p j ⫽ 具 ⌬p 2i 典 ⫺ .
⫺ 关共 x 1 ⫺x 2 兲 ⫹ 共 p 1 ⫹p 2 兲 兴 / ¯ ⫺
2 22
兲, 共11兲
具 ⌬p 2j 典
with (i, j)⫽(1,2) and i⫽ j. Note that, for example, V x 2 兩 x 1
gives the error in the knowledge of the canonical variable x 2
where ¯ ⫾ are given by based upon an estimate of x 2 from a measurement of x 1 , and
likewise for the other conditional variances. These variances
were introduced in Refs. 关30,31兴 in connection with an opti-
¯ ⫹
2
⫽ e ⫹2r ⫹ 共 1⫺ 兲共 1⫹2n̄ 兲 , cal realization of the original gedanken experiment of Ein-
共12兲 stein, Podolsky, and Rosen 关29兴. An apparent violation of the
uncertainty principle arises if the product of inference errors
is below the uncertainty product for one beam alone. For
¯ ⫺
2
⫽ e ⫺2r ⫹ 共 1⫺ 兲共 1⫹2n̄ 兲 . example, V x 2 兩 x 1 V p 2 兩 p 1 ⬍ 161 represents such an apparent viola-
tion, since ⌬x 22 ⌬p 22 ⭓ 161 is demanded by the canonical com-
out mutation relation between x 2 and p 2 , with ⌬x 1,2 2
⫽ 41 ⫽⌬p 1,2
2
Note that W EPR , as above, follows directly from W EPR in Eq.
for the vacuum state 关30,31兴.
共4兲 via the simple replacements ⫾ → ¯ ⫾ . Relevant to the This concept of inference at a distance has been elevated
discussion of Bell inequalities in Secs. V and VI is the fact to ‘‘a criteria for nonseparability 关i.e., violation of Bell’s in-
that ¯ ⫹ ⫺ ⬎1 for any r⬎0 and ⬍1. Although the simple
2 ¯2
equalities兴’’ 关14兴, namely, that the domain of local realism
‘‘beam-splitter’’ model is sufficient for our current discus- should be determined by the conditions
sion, a more detailed dynamical model was considered in
Refs. 关39,40兴 for continuous variable teleportation in the 1 1
V x 2兩x 1V p 2兩 p 1⭓ and V x 1兩x 2V p 1兩 p 2⭓ . 共14兲
presence of dissipation. 16 16
Bob employ a classical channel alone兲. Several recent au- If we use a measurement of x j to estimate x i , then ⌬x 2 is
ij
thors instead argued in favor of alternate criteria for deter-
the variance of the error when the estimator is chosen to be
mining successful teleportation of coherent states 关12–15兴.
In this section, we recapitulate the critical elements of these
i j x j , and likewise for ⌬ p 2 i j . For an optimal estimate, the
analyses, and state their criteria in the present notation, with parameters ( i j , i j ) are given by 关30,31兴
particular attention to the work of Refs. 关14,15兴. Critical dis-
cussions of the criteria of Refs. 关12,13兴 can be found in Refs. 具 x ix j典 具 p ip j典
opt
ij ⫽ , opt
ij ⫽ , 共16兲
关6,38兴. In subsequent sections we proceed further with our 具 ⌬x 2j 典 具 ⌬p 2j 典
own analysis of entanglement and possible violations of
Bell’s inequalities for the EPR state of Eq. 共11兲, and to an and, in this case,
investigation of their relevance to the delineation of the ap- 2 2
propriate quantum-classical boundary in teleportation. V x i 兩 x j ⫽⌬x opt , V p i 兩 p j ⫽⌬p opt . 共17兲
ij ij
Turning first to criteria arising from the QND literature
关12–14兴, we recall the following statement with reference to The condition in Eq. 共14兲 that attempts to define the domain
Eq. 共21兲 of Ref. 关14兴: ‘‘As a criteria for non-separability 关by of local realism can then be reexpressed as
which is meant violations of Bell’s inequalities兴, we will use
the EPR argument: two different measurements prepare two 1 1
different states, in such a way that the product of conditional ⌬x 2 ⌬p 2 ⭓ , ⌬x 2 ⌬p 2 ⭓ , 共18兲
21 21 16 12 12 16
variances 共with different conditions兲 violates the Heisenberg
principle.’’ where we assume the optimized choice and drop the super-
This statement takes a quantitative form in terms of the script ‘‘opt.’’
following conditional variances expressed in the notation of To make apparent the critical elements of the discussion,
the preceding section for EPR beams 共1,2兲, we next assume symmetric fluctuations as appropriate to the
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QUANTUM VERSUS CLASSICAL DOMAINS FOR . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW A 64 022321
Within the setting of our current model, this condition can be ⫹⌬p2⫽1 to ⌬x 2 ⫹⌬p 2 ⫽ 21 without employing quantum re-
satisfied for any r⬎0 only so long as the efficiency ⬎ 21 sources in the teleportation protocol 共as is required when the
关44兴. Again, for rⰇ1 and ⬎0, →1, so that Eq. 共38兲 Glauber-Sudarshan P function is not positive definite兲, with
becomes their own work offering no suggestion of how this is to be
accomplished.
1
⌬x 2 ⌬ p 2 ⬍ . 共39兲
16 B. Fidelity
Although these conditional variances and related criterion Turning next to the question of the relationship of en-
are quite useful in the analysis of back-action evading mea- tanglement of the EPR beams 关as quantified in Eq. 共28兲兴 to
surement for quantum nondemolition detection, they appar- the fidelity attainable for teleportation with these beams, we
ently have no direct relevance to the question of entangle- recall from Eq. 共2兲 of Ref. 关4兴 that
ment, for ⫽1 or otherwise.
These various inequalities can be viewed in somewhat 1
F⫽ , 共42兲
more general terms by noting that Eq. 共8兲 of Ref. 关18兴 de- 1⫹ ¯ ⫺
2
mands that the sum of variances for any bipartite state satisfy
the condition where this result applies to teleportation of coherent states
关45兴 . When combined with Eq. 共29兲, we find that
兩 1⫺ 2 兩
⭐⌬x 2 ⫹⌬ p 2 , 共40兲 1
2
F⫽ . 共43兲
1⫹ 共 ⌬x 2 ⫹⌬p 2 兲
so that entangled states that satisfy Eq. 共33兲 are further con-
strained by The criterion of Eq. 共28兲 for nonseparability then guarantees
that nonseparable EPR states as in Eqs. 共4兲 and 共11兲 共be they
兩 1⫺ 2 兩 共 1⫹ 2 兲 mixed or pure兲 are sufficient to achieve
⭐ 共 ⌬x 2 ⫹⌬ p 2 兲 ⬍ . 共41兲
2 2
1
The sum of variances ⌬x 2 ⫹⌬ p 2 for the EPR 共mixed兲 state F⬎F classical ⫽ , 共44兲
2
of Eq. 共11兲 ranges continuously between these bounds. As
discussed in connection with Eq. 共33兲 above, for n̄⫽0 the whereas separable states must have F⭐F classical ⫽ 21 , al-
EPR 共mixed兲 state drops below the upper bound to become though we emphasize that this bound applies for the average
entangled for any r⬎0 so long as ⫽0 and min⬍⭐1. It fidelity for coherent states distributed over the entire com-
approaches the lower bound for rⰇ1 with ⫽1. By con- plex plane 关6兴. More general cases for the distribution of
trast, the criteria of Refs. 关12–14兴 关e.g., the inequality of Eq. coherent states are treated in the Appendix.
共26兲 from Ref. 关14兴兴 effectively split the difference between We thereby demonstrate that the condition F⬎F classical
these two limits by defining the quantum-classical boundary ⫽ 12 for quantum teleportation as established in Ref. [6] co-
to be set by ⌬x 2 ⫹⌬ p 2 ⫽ 21 . incides with that for nonseparability (i.e., entanglement) of
In this regard, it is worth emphasizing that Ref. 关29兴 no- Refs. [17,18] for the EPR state of Eq. (11). Note that, for n̄
where contains the Heisenberg-type inequalities discussed ⫽0, we have
above and in Sec. III, which were first introduced by Reid
and Drummond 关31兴. The states originally considered by 1
EPR 关i.e., Eqs. 共7兲, 共8兲, 共9兲, 共11兲, and 共15兲 of Ref. 关29兴兴 are F⫽ , 共45兲
2⫺ 共 1⫺e ⫺2r 兲
instead ␦ -correlated pure states, and have inference variances
equal to zero 共e.g., V x 2 兩 x 1 ⫽0⫽V p 2 兩 p 1 and ⌬x 2 ⫽0⫽⌬ p 2 ). so that the entangled EPR beams considered here 共as well as
For finite degrees of correlation, the quantitative boundary at in Refs. 关12–15兴兲 provide a sufficient resource for beating
which the EPR argument fails is provided not by the the limit set by a classical channel alone for any r⬎0, so
Heisenberg-type inequalities of Eq. 共38兲, but rather by the long as ⬎0. In fact, the quantities (⌬x 2 ,⌬ p 2 ) are readily
analysis of Refs. 关17,18兴 for mixed as well as for pure states, measured experimentally, so that the entanglement of the
which leads instead to Eq. 共36兲. EPR beams can be operationally verified, as discussed in
Although the boundaries expressed by the nonseparability Sec. II A 关4,30兴. We stress that independently of any further
conditions of Eqs. 共 28兲 and 共33兲 are perhaps not so familiar assumption, the condition of Eq. 共28兲 is sufficient to ensure
in quantum optics, we stress that these criteria are associated entanglement for pure or mixed states 关46,47兴.
quite directly with the standard condition for nonclassical The dependence of fidelity F on the degree of squeezing r
behavior adopted by this community. Whenever Eqs. 共28兲 and efficiency , as expressed in Eq. 共45兲, is illustrated in
and 共33兲 are satisfied, the Glauber-Sudarshan phase-space Fig. 1. Here, in correspondence to an experiment with fixed
function takes on negative values 关20兴, which for almost 40 overall losses and variable parametric gain in the generation
years has heralded entrance into a manifestly quantum or of the EPR entangled state, we show a family of curves, each
nonclassical domain. It is difficult to understand how the of which is drawn for constant as a function of r. Clearly,
authors in Refs. 关12–15兴 proposed to move from ⌬x 2 F⬎F classical ⫽ 21 , and hence nonseparability results in each
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QUANTUM VERSUS CLASSICAL DOMAINS FOR . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW A 64 022321
EPR states, be they mixed or pure, as is made clear by the where J is a positive 共real兲 constant. As shown in Refs.
above analysis and as has been operationally confirmed 关4兴. 关21,22兴, any local theory must satisfy
We should however emphasize that the above conclusions
concerning nonseparability and teleportation fidelity apply to ⫺2⭐B⭐2. 共49兲
the specific case of the EPR state as in Eq. 共11兲, for which
inequality Eq. 共28兲 represents both a necessary and sufficient As emphasized by Banaszek and Wodkiewicz for the lossless
criterion for nonseparability according to Refs. 关17,18兴. case, ⌸ EPR
out
(0,0;0,0)⫽1 ‘‘describes perfect correlations . . .
More generally, for arbitrary entangled states, nonseparabil- as a manifestation of . . . photons always generated in
ity does not necessarily lead to F⬎ 21 in coherent-state tele- pairs.’’
portation 关46,47兴. There are several important points to be made about this
result. In the first place, in the ideal case with no loss (
V. BELL’S INEQUALITIES ⫽1), there is a violation of the Bell inequality of Eq. 共49兲 for
any r⬎0. Further, this threshold for the onset of violations of
The papers by Banaszek and Wodkiewicz 关21,22兴 pro- the CHSH inequality coincides with the threshold for en-
vides our point of reference for a discussion of Bell’s in- tanglement as given in Eq. 共28兲, which likewise is the point
equalities. In these papers, the authors introduced an appro- for surpassing F classical ⫽ 21 as in Eqs. 共43兲 and 共44兲, and as
priate set of measurements that lead to a Bell inequality of shown in our prior analysis of Ref. 关6兴 which is notably
the CHSH type. More explicitly, Eq. 共4兲 of Ref. 关21兴 gives based upon a quite different approach.
the operator ⌸̂( ␣ ;  ) whose expectation values are to be Significantly, there is absolutely nothing special about the
measured. Banaszek and Wodkiewicz pointed out that the point r⫽ln 2/2⬇0.3466 共i.e., the point for which exp关⫺2r兴
expectation value of ⌸̂( ␣ ;  ) is closely related to the Wigner ⫽0.5 and for which F⫽ 23 for the teleportation of coherent
function of the field being investigated, namely, states兲. Instead, any r⬎0 leads to a nonseparable EPR state,
to a violation of a Bell inequality, and to F⬎F classical ⫽ 21 for
the teleportation of coherent states. There is certainly no sur-
4 prise here since we are dealing with pure states for ⫽1
W共 ␣; 兲⫽ ⌸共 ␣; 兲, 共46兲
2 关48兴.
We next examine the case with ⬍1, which is clearly of
where ⌸( ␣ ;  )⫽ 具 ⌸̂( ␣ ;  ) 典 . interest for any experiment. Figure 2 illustrates the behavior
For the entangled state shared by Alice and Bob in the of B as a function of J for various values of the squeezing
out
teleportation protocol, we identify W EPR as the relevant parameter r and of the efficiency . Note that throughout our
Wigner distribution for the modes 共1,2兲 of interest, so that analysis in this section, we make no attempt to search for
optimal violations, but instead follow dutifully the protocol
of Banaszek and Wodkiewicz as expressed in Eq. 共48兲 for the
⌸ EPR
out
共 x 1 ,p 1 ;x 2 , p 2 兲 case with losses as well.
From Fig. 2 we see that for any particular set of param-
1
⫽ exp兵 ⫺ 关共 x 1 ⫹x 2 兲 2 ⫹ 共 p 1 ⫺p 2 兲 2 兴 / ¯ ⫹
2 eters (r, ), there is an optimum value Jmax that leads to a
¯ ⫹ ⫺
2 ¯2
maximum value for B(Jmax), which is a situation analogous
to that found in the discrete variable case. By determining
⫺ 关共 x 1 ⫺x 2 兲 2 ⫹ 共 p 1 ⫹p 2 兲 2 兴 / ¯ ⫺
2
其. 共47兲 the corresponding value Jmax at each (r, ), in Fig. 3 we
construct a plot that displays the dependence of B on the
Banaszek and Wodkiewicz showed that ⌸ EPR out
(x 1 , p 1 ;x 2 ,p 2 ) squeezing parameter r for various values of efficiency .
directly gives the correlation function that would otherwise Note that all cases shown in the figure lead to fidelity F
be obtained from a particular set of observations over an ⬎F classical .
ensemble representing the field with density operator ˆ , For 32 ⬍ ⭐1 there are regions in r that produce direct
where the actual measurements to be made are as described violations of the Bell inequality considered here, namely, B
in Refs. 关21,22兴. In simple terms, ⌸̂ EPR
out
(0,0;0,0) is the parity ⬎2 关49兴. In general, these domains with B⬎2 contract to-
operator for separate measurements of photon number on ward smaller r with increasing loss (1⫺ ). In fact as r in-
modes 共1,2兲, with then nonzero (x i , p i ) corresponding to a creases, must become very close to unity in order to pre-
‘‘rotation’’ on the individual mode i that precedes its parity serve the condition B⬎2, where, for rⰇ1,
measurement.
2 共 1⫺ 兲 cosh共 2r 兲 Ⰶ1. 共50兲
The function constructed by Banaszek and Wodkiewicz to
test for local hidden variable theories is denoted by B, and is
This requirement is presumably associated with the EPR
defined by
state becoming more ‘‘nonclassical’’ with increasing r, and
hence more sensitive to dissipation 关50兴. Stated somewhat
B共 J兲 ⫽⌸ EPR
out
共 0,0;0,0兲 ⫹⌸ EPR
out
共 冑J,0;0,0兲 more quantitatively, recall that the original state 兩 EPR典 1,2 of
Eq. 共3兲 is expressed as a sum over correlated photon numbers
⫹⌸ EPR
out
共 0,0;⫺ 冑J,0兲 ⫺⌸ EPR
out
共 冑J,0;⫺ 冑J,0兲 ,
for each of the two EPR beams 共1,2兲. The determination of B
共48兲 derives from 共displaced兲 parity measurements on the beams
022321-9
BRAUNSTEIN, FUCHS, KIMBLE, AND van LOOCK PHYSICAL REVIEW A 64 022321
FIG. 2. The function B(J) from Eq. 共48兲 as a function of J for various values of (r, ). Recall that B⬎2 heralds a direct violation of
the CHSH inequality, with the dashed line B⫽2 shown. In each of plots 共a兲–共d兲, a family of curves is drawn for fixed efficiency and four
values of r⫽ 兵 0.1,ln 2/2,1.0,2.0其 . 共a兲 ⫽0.99, 共b兲 ⫽0.90, 共c兲 ⫽0.70, and 共d兲 ⫽0.50; and, in all cases, n̄⫽0.
共1,2兲 共i.e., projections onto odd and even photon number兲, so mixed states are nonseparable and yet directly violate a Bell
that B should be sensitive to the loss of a single photon. The inequality, but for which F⭐ 32 . Such mixed states do not
mean photon number n̄ i for either EPR beam goes as sinh2 r, satisfy the criteria of Refs. 关12–15兴, yet these are states for
with then the probability of losing no photons after encoun- which 21 ⬍F⭐ 23 and B⬎2. There remains the possibility that
tering the beam splitter with transmission scaling as F⬎ 23 might be sufficient to warranty that mixed states in this
roughly p 0 ⬃ 关 兴 n̄ i . We require that the total probability for domain would satisfy that B⬎2, and hence to exclude a
the loss of one or more photons to be small, so that description of the EPR state in terms of a local hidden vari-
ables theory.
共 1⫺ p 0 兲 Ⰶ1, 共51兲 To demonstrate that this is emphatically not the case, we
further examine the relationship between the quantity B rel-
and hence, for (1⫺ )Ⰶ1 and rⰇ1, that
evant to the CHSH inequality and the fidelity F. Figure 4
共 1⫺ 兲 n̄ i ⬃ 共 1⫺ 兲 exp共 2r 兲 Ⰶ1, 共52兲 shows a parametric plot of B versus F for various values of
the efficiency . The curves in this figure are obtained from
in correspondence to Eq. 共50兲 关51兴. plots as in Figs. 1 and 3, by eliminating the common depen-
On the other hand, note that small values of r in Fig. 3 dence on r. From Fig. 4, we are hard pressed to find any
lead to direct violations of the CHSH inequality B⬎2 with indication that the value F⫽ 32 is in any fashion noteworthy
much more modest efficiencies 关50兴. In particular, note that with respect to violations of the CHSH inequality. In particu-
for r⫽ ln 2/2 ⬇0.3466 and ⫽0.90, F⬍ 23 关from Eq. 共45兲兴. lar, for efficiency ⯝0.90 most relevant to current experi-
This case and others like it provide examples for which mental capabilities, the domain F⬎ 32 is one largely devoid
022321-10
QUANTUM VERSUS CLASSICAL DOMAINS FOR . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW A 64 022321
FIG. 3. 共a兲 The quantity B from Eq. 共48兲 as a function of r for FIG. 4. 共a兲 A parametric plot of the CHSH quantity B 关Eq. 共48兲兴
various values of efficiency ⫽ 兵 0.99,0.90,0.70,0.50其 , as indicated. vs fidelity F 关Eq. 共45兲兴. The curves are constructed from Figs. 1 and
At each point in (r, ), the value of J that maximizes B has been 3 by eliminating the r dependence, now over the range 0⭐r⭐5,
chosen. Recall that B⬎2 heralds a direct violation of the CHSH with r increasing from left to right for each trace. The efficiency
inequality, with the dashed line B⫽2 shown. Also note that F⬎ 21 takes on the values ⫽ 兵 0.99,0.90,0.70,0.50其 as indicated; in all
for all r⬎0. 共b兲 An expanded view of B in the small-r region r cases, n̄⫽0. Recall that B⬎2 heralds a direct violation of the
⭐0.1. Note that in the case ⫽0.70, B⬎2 for small r. In all cases, CHSH inequality, with the dashed line B⫽2 shown. 共b兲 An ex-
n̄⫽0. panded view around B⫽2. Note that B⬎2 is impossible for F
⭐F classical ⫽ 21 , but that B⬎2 for F⬎F classical in various domains
of instances with B⬎2, in contradistinction to the claim that 共including for ⫽0.70 at small r). The purported boundary F⫽ 3
2
this domain is somehow ‘‘safer’’ 关14兴 with respect to viola- championed in Refs. 关12–15兴 is seen to have no particular signifi-
2
tions of Bell’s inequalities. Moreover, contrary to the dis- cance. Conversely, F⫽ 3 provides absolutely no warranty that B
missal of the domain 21 ⬍F⭐ 23 as not being manifestly quan- 2
⬎2 for F⬎ 3 , nor does it preclude B⬎2 for F⬍ 3 .
2
tum, we see from Fig. 4 that there are in fact regions with
B⬎2. Overall, the conclusions in Ref. 关14兴 related to the 共here via the behavior of the CHSH quantity B). However, in
issues of violation of a Bell inequality and of teleportation our view there is a conflict between these concepts, with an
fidelity are simply not supported by an actual quantitative illustration of this point provided by the plot of the CHSH
analysis. quantity B 关Eq. 共49兲兴 versus fidelity F 关Eq. 共45兲兴 in Fig. 4.
To conclude this section, we would like to inject a note of For example, for ⫽0.90, B⬎2 over the range 0.50⬍F
caution concerning any discussion involving issues of testing ⱗ0.66, while B⬍2 for larger values of F. Hence local hid-
Bell’s inequalities and performing quantum teleportation. We den variables theories are excluded for modest values of fi-
have placed them in juxtaposition here to refute the claims of delity 0.50⬍Fⱗ0.66, but not for larger values Fⲏ0.66. This
Grangier and Grosshans related to a possible connection be- leads to the strange conclusion that quantum resources are
tween the bound F⫽ 23 and violation of Bell’s inequalities required for smaller values of fidelity but not for larger ones.
022321-11
BRAUNSTEIN, FUCHS, KIMBLE, AND van LOOCK PHYSICAL REVIEW A 64 022321
The point is that the nonseparable states that can enable In terms of our current discussion, this experimental vio-
quantum teleportation, can in a different context also be used lation of a CHSH inequality is only just within the nonsepa-
to demonstrate a violation of local realism. Again, the juxta- rability domain ⌬x 2 ⫹⌬p 2 ⬍1 共by an amount that goes as
position of these concepts in this section is in response to the rⰆ1), yet it generates a large violation of a CHSH inequal-
work of Ref. 关14兴, which in any event offers no quantitative ity. If this same EPR state were employed for the teleporta-
evidence in support of their association. tion of coherent states, the conditional fidelity obtained
would likewise be only slightly beyond the quantum-
VI. BELL’S INEQUALITIES classical boundary F classical ⫽ 21 . It would be far from a
FOR SCALED CORRELATIONS boundary consistent with F⫽ 32 proposed in Refs. 关12–15兴 as
the point for ‘‘useful entanglement’’ or ‘‘true entanglement,’’
The conclusions reached in Sec. V about violations of the yet it would nonetheless provide an example of teleportation
CHSH inequality by the EPR 共mixed兲 state for modes 共1,2兲 with fidelity F⬎ 21 and of a violation of a CHSH inequality.
follow directly from the analysis of Banaszek and Wod- Of course, the caveat would be the aforementioned ‘‘fair-
kiewicz 关21,22兴 as extended to account for losses in propa- sampling’’ loophole, but this same restriction accompanies
gation. Toward the end of making these results more ame- all previous experimental demonstrations of violations of
nable to experimental investigation, recall that the more tra- Bell’s inequalities.
ditional versions of the Bell inequalities formulated for spin-
1
2 particles or photon polarizations are based upon an analy-
sis of the expectation value VII. CONCLUSIONS
022321-12
QUANTUM VERSUS CLASSICAL DOMAINS FOR . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW A 64 022321
capable of teleporting perfect entanglement, i.e., one-half of any value currently accessible to experiment, F⬃1⫺ ⑀ , with
a pure maximally entangled state. This also applies to those ⑀ ⱗ10⫺4 to be compatible with current work in fault tolerant
nonseparable states which lead to fidelities 21 ⬍F⭐ 23 in architecture. We have never claimed that F⬎ 12 endows spe-
coherent-state teleportation. According to Refs. 关12–15兴, this cial powers for all tasks such as these, only that it provides
would force the conclusion that there is entanglement that is an unambiguous point of entry into the quantum realm for
capable of teleporting truly nonclassical features 共i.e., en- the teleportation of coherent states.
tanglement兲, but which is not ‘‘useful’’ 关14兴 for teleporting
rather more classical states such as coherent states. Further, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
in Ref. 关28兴 it was shown that entanglement swapping can be H.J.K. gratefully acknowledges critical input from A. C.
achieved with two pure EPR states for any nonzero squeez- Doherty, H. Mabuchi, E. S. Polzik, and J. P. Preskill, and
ing in both initial states. Neither of the initial states has to support from the NSF 共Grant No. PHY-9722674兲, the Insti-
exceed a certain amount of squeezing in order to enable suc- tute for Quantum Information 共IQI兲 funded by the NSF-ITR
cessful entanglement swapping. This is another indication Program, the Caltech MURI on Quantum Networks admin-
that F⫽ 32 , which is exceedable in coherent-state teleporta- istered by the Army Research Office, and the Office of Naval
tion only with more than 3-dB squeezing, is inappropriate in Research. S.L.B. and P.v.L. were funded in part under project
delineating the quantum-classical boundary. QUICOV as part of the IST-FET-QJPC program. P.v.L. ac-
We also point out that Giedke et al. showed that for all knowledges support by a DAAD Doktorandenstipendium
bipartite Gaussian states for a pair of oscillators, nonsepara- 共HSP III兲.
bility implies distillability 关53兴. This result applies to the
EPR 共mixed兲 states considered here, and in particular to
APPENDIX
those nonseparable states for which 21 ⬍F⭐ 23 in coherent
state teleportation, which are otherwise dismissed as not ex- The expressions of Eqs. 共42兲-共45兲 are strictly applicable
hibiting ‘‘true EPR entanglement’’ 关13兴. Conversely, en- only for the case gain g⫽1 for teleportation of coherent
tanglement distillation could be applied to the mixed EPR states uniformly distributed over the entire complex plane.
states employed for teleportation in this domain 共and in gen- Here g specifies the gain employed by Bob in generating a
eral for F⬎ 12 ) 关54兴, leading to enhanced teleportation fideli- coherent state based upon the information received from Al-
ties and to expanded regions for violations of Bell’s inequali- ice. More generally, when working with a restricted alphabet
ties for the distilled subensemble. of states 共e.g., coherent amplitudes selected from a Gaussian
However, having said this, we emphasize that there is no distribution兲, the optimal gain is not unity when referenced
criterion for quantum teleportation that is sufficient to all to the fidelity averaged over the input alphabet. In fact as
tasks. For the special case of teleportation of coherent states, shown in Ref. 关6兴, the optimal gain is g⫽1/(1⫹) for an
the boundary between classical and quantum teleportation is input alphabet of coherent states distributed according to
fidelity F classical ⫽ 21 , as should by now be firmly established. p(  )⫽(/ )exp(⫺ 兩  兩 2 ). When incorporated into the cur-
Fidelity F⬎ 32 will indeed enable certain tasks to be accom- rent analysis, we show in this appendix that nonseparable
plished that could not otherwise be done with 21 ⬍F⭐ 23 . EPR states are sufficient to achieve F⬎(1⫹)/(2⫹)
However, F⫽ 23 is clearly not the relevant point of demarca- 共again with an optimal gain g⫽1), although F is now no
tion for entrance into the quantum domain. There is instead a longer a monotonic function of r as in Fig. 1. This result is in
hierarchy of fidelity thresholds that enable ever more remark- complete correspondence with the prior result of Ref. 关6兴 that
able tasks to be accomplished via teleportation within the F classical ⫽(1⫹)/(2⫹) is the bound for teleportation
quantum domain, with no one value being sufficient for all when only a classical channel is employed. To simplify the
possible purposes. discussion in the text, we have set ⫽0 throughout, with
For example, if we wish to teleport a nonclassical state of then the optimal gain g⫽1 and F classical ⫽ 21 .
the electromagnetic field, then ¯ ⫺ 2
⭓1 is sufficient to guaran- In the more general case, we begin by recalling from Eqs.
tee that all nonclassical features will vanish 关39兴. This im- 共1兲 and 共2兲 in Ref. 关4兴 that the fidelity F for teleportation of
plies that a necessary condition for nonclassical features to a coherent state 兩 v in 典 can be expressed in the current notation
be teleported is ¯ ⫺ 2
⬍1, which leads to the requirement F by
⬎ 2 for the teleportation of coherent states. If the task is to
1
022321-13
BRAUNSTEIN, FUCHS, KIMBLE, AND van LOOCK PHYSICAL REVIEW A 64 022321
FIG. 5. Optimized fidelity F̄ 0 vs the degree of squeezing r, with ⫽2 共upper curve兲 and ⫽0.001 共lower curve兲. In 共a兲–共d兲 the efficiency
⫽0.99, 0.90, 0.70, and 0.50, respectively. The dashed lines give the limiting value F⫽(1⫹)/(2⫹) for each case.
We next proceed to average the fidelity as given in Eq. this variance at the optimal gain. Finally, (g 0 , Q ) together
2
0
共A1兲 over a distribution of incident coherent states 兵 兩  典 其 of with Eq. 共A4兲, leads to an expression for the optimum fidel-
the form previously considered in Ref. 关6兴, namely, ity F̄ 0 . Two limiting cases are worth checking straightaway.
共1兲 For vacuum inputs for the EPR beams, ¯ ⫾ 2
⫽1 共no
squeezing兲, so that
P共  兲⫽ exp共 ⫺ 兩  兩 2 兲 . 共A3兲
1
g 0⫽ ,
1⫹
The calculation is a straightforward, and yields
共A7兲
1⫹
F̄ 0 ⫽ ,
2 2⫹
F̄⫽ . 共A4兲
Q
2
⫹2 共 1⫺g 兲 2
which are in complete accord with the prior treatment of Ref.
关6兴.
Next we optimize this average fidelity F̄ by choosing the 共2兲 For ¯ ⫹
2
→⬁ 共corresponding to very large parametric
best gain g, which is found from the relation gain, rⰇ1), we have that
022321-14
QUANTUM VERSUS CLASSICAL DOMAINS FOR . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW A 64 022321
g 0 →1, has chosen兲 and 共the losses that Alice and Bob have to live
共A8兲 with in generating and distributing their EPR beams兲. Fur-
F̄ 0 →F, ther, if they nonetheless persist in increasing r past this op-
timum, in some cases they will do worse with r nonzero than
which is just the 共unaveraged兲 fidelity given by Eq. 共A1兲. with r⫽0.
The importance of this result is that it sets the limiting values While these results may at first sight seem strange, their
of (g 0 ,F̄ 0 ) for large r independent of , as will become interpretation is as follows. The initial value F̄ 0 (r⫽0)⫽(1
apparent from the figures that follow. ⫹)/(2⫹) is artificially boosted in the sense that for
Figure 5 show a series of plots, each of which contains Ⰷ1, Alice and Bob have to be less and less concerned about
two curves for the fidelity versus the squeezing parameter r losses and squeezing. They simply increasingly bias their
for two values of . The upper trace is the optimized fidelity choice toward  ⫽0 as specified in Eq. 共A3兲. Further, for
F̄ 0 from Eq. 共A4兲 with the optimized values (g 0 , Q2
) for the increasing r, the spread of the Wigner function for the EPR
0
beams at some point overtakes the spread associated with
particular choice ⫽2, while the lower trace is the fidelity
P(  ) so that the particular value of becomes irrelevant,
F̄ 0 from Eq. 共A4兲 for ⫽0.001 共and hence g 0 ⬇1). Also
and F̄ reverts to the g⫽1 case.
shown are two dashed lines corresponding to F⫽(1
Although we emphasize that the foregoing analysis is suf-
⫹)/(2⫹) for the two values ⫽2 and 0.001.
ficient to demonstrate that nonseparable EPR states achieve
As is apparent, F̄ 0 increases with rⰆ1 in all cases from
fidelity F⬎F classical ⫽(1⫹)/(2⫹), we make no war-
its initial value (1⫹)/(2⫹). However, if (1⫹)/(2 ranty that it provides the optimal strategy for Alice and Bob.
⫹)⬎F(rⰇ1) where F is the result for gain g⫽1 from Eq. The principal caveats are that we have assumed that Alice is
共 1兲, then F̄ 0 will rise to a maximum and then decrease 共slope always performing an Arthurs-Kelly measurement 关41兴, and
⬍0). Thus, although r⬎0 helps Alice and Bob initially, F̄ is that Bob always generates a coherent state based upon the
not monotonic in r. In many cases, there is an optimum value information from Alice, where this coherent state is given by
for the degree of squeezing r for given 共the alphabet Victor ␣ out ⫽g ␣ in , with g real and optimized, as discussed above.
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BRAUNSTEIN, FUCHS, KIMBLE, AND van LOOCK PHYSICAL REVIEW A 64 022321
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关33兴 A simple example, illustrating that QND criteria based upon mode, one finds that the inequality ⌬x 2 ⫹⌬p 2 ⬍1 of Ref. 关17兴
conditional variances and information transfer coefficients is satisfied for any r⬎0 only if N⭐17, but that the product
共e.g., as in Ref. 关32兴兲 give necessary but not sufficient condi- inequality ⌬x 2 ⌬p 2 ⬍1/4 of Ref. 关19兴 is satisfied for any r⬎0
tions, was provided by J. A. Levenson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. and any N. Significantly, this demonstrates that not all suffi-
70, 267 共1993兲. Here, a signal field is amplified with gain G cient criteria are identical to each other. Note that in this ex-
Ⰷ1, so that the fidelity for the states of the signal input and ample the excess noises in x and p are not equal, which makes
output fields is near zero. Nonetheless, the QND criteria for the these criteria differ from each other. Of course, the sufficient
conditional variance of the signal beam, given a measurement and necessary nonseparability criteria of Refs. 关17,18兴 would
of the meter beam and for the information transfer coefficients give identical results, revealing the nonseparability in the
for signal and meter beams, are satisfied. above example for any r⬎0 and any N.
关34兴 C. M. Caves 共private communication兲. 关48兴 N. Gisin and A. Peres, Phys. Lett. A 162, 15 共1992兲.
关35兴 K. Wodkiewicz 共private communication兲. 关49兴 The value ⫽ 32 is significant in that B⬎2 is not possible for
关36兴 D. F. Walls and G. J. Milburn, Quantum Optics 共Springer- an efficiency ⭐ 3 . This same threshold efficiency was also
2
Verlag, Berlin, 1994兲, Eq. 共5.64兲. found by P. H. Eberhard, Phys. Rev. A 47, R747 共1993兲 in a
关37兴 S. J. van Enk, Phys. Rev. A 60, 5095 共1999兲. somewhat different context.
关38兴 P. van Loock, S. L. Braunstein, and H. J. Kimble, Phys. Rev. A 关50兴 H. Jeong, J. Lee, and M. S. Kim, Phys. Rev. A 61, 052101
62, 022309 共2000兲. 共2000兲; e-print quant-ph/0003077. These authors provided an
关39兴 J. Lee, M. S. Kim, and H. Jeong, Phys. Rev. A 62, 032305 analytical solution of the master equation for the two-mode
共2000兲. squeezed state of Eq. 共3兲 in contact with a thermal reservoir.
关40兴 M. S. Kim and J. Lee, e-print quant-ph/0005022. Their conclusions, based upon this dynamical model, are in
关41兴 E. Arthurs and J. L. Kelly, Jr., Bell Syst. Tech. J. 44, 725 accord with ours, that follow from the conceptually more
共1965兲. straightforward beam-splitter model of Eq. 共10兲.
关42兴 Note that the violation of the inequality ⌬x 2 ⫹⌬p 2 ⭓1 of Refs. 关51兴 We stress that these conclusions relate to the particular mea-
关17,18兴 implies the violation of the product inequality surement strategy proposed in Refs. 关21,22兴, which certainly
⌬x 2 ⌬p 2 ⭓1/4 of Ref. 关19兴, but not vice versa. might be expected not to be optimal in the presence of loss. It
关43兴 The inequality ⌬x 2 ⫹⌬p 2 ⬍(1⫹ 2 )/2 of Eq. 共33兲, with the is quite possible that for fixed as r grows, there could be
choice ⫽ opt as in Eq. 共19兲, can only be satisfied if (1 larger domains and magnitudes for violation of the CHSH in-
⫺4 )⬍2 2 关 cosh(2r)⫺1兴, which requires ⬎ 4 .
1
equality if a different set of observables were chosen, includ-
关44兴 P. Grangier 共private communication兲. ing general positive operator valued measures.
关45兴 Equation 共42兲 is written in the notation of the current paper. It 关52兴 P. Grangier, M. J. Potasek, and B. Yurke, Phys. Rev. A 38,
follows from Eq. 共2兲 of Ref. 关4兴 for the case gain g⫽1, Alice’s R3132 共1988兲.
detection efficiency A2 ⫽1 共denoted 2 in Ref. 关4兴兲, and with 关53兴 G. Giedke, L.-M. Duan, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, e-print
the replacement of efficiencies ( 21 ⫽ 22 ) from 关4兴 → here. quant-ph/0007061.
关46兴 Note that for the noisy EPR states considered here with Gauss- 关54兴 L.-M. Duan, G. Giedke, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev.
ian statistics, Eq. 共44兲, with Eq. 共43兲, is both a necessary and Lett. 84, 4002 共2000兲; Phys. Rev. A 62, 032304 共2000兲.
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