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MAPPLETHORPE
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Robert Mapplethorpe 04
2. CHILDREN 07
Summary 19
Glossary 20
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ROBERT MAPPLETHORPE
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Robert Mapplethorpe Patti Smith 1979
© Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation. Used by permission.
tie which is also around her neck while Smith’s last album prior to a nine-year-
she leans against a wall. Mapplethorpe long hiatus from her recording and
photographs her as Smith describes it, performance career. Smith, having met
‘at her most confident’. Her pose is at and fallen in love with the American
once vulnerable and confrontational. musician Fred ‘Sonic’ Smith, was ready
to focus on family life and Waves
By the late 1970s Smith had achieved reflected a new sense of calm, charm
commercial and critical success. and sincerity. Mapplethorpe captures
Mapplethorpe would photograph Smith this in the image Patti Smith 1979 for
again for her fourth album, Waves the album’s cover. Smith, with a piercing
in 1979, in the same apartment used stare, is somewhat subdued; the light
for the Horses shoot. This would be
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fabric of her dress, the tree that obscures Mapplethorpe would photograph
part of the body and the doves that rest her for the cover. Smith would also
on either hand give the image a serene, contribute to one of Mapplethorpe’s final
almost arcadian feel. projects, Flowers, a book of his flower
studies, with a foreword which was
Patti Smith returned to recording with released several months after his death.
the album Dream of Life in 1988, again
Discussion Activity
Writing for Time magazine in Mapplethorpe creates an arcadian feel
2011 Patti Smith said of Robert for the Patti Smith Waves shoot, perhaps
Mapplethorpe: ‘I was his first model, reflecting this stage in her life. Depict
a fact that fills me with pride. The someone close to you, or someone you
photographs he took of me contain admire, which reflects how you feel
a depth of mutual love and trust about them. Choose a medium you think
inseparable from the image. His work would be most appropriate e.g. a piece
magnifies his love for his subject and of writing, a collage, a sculpture, etc.
his obsession with light. So, as one
who has stood before the camera of Artist Links
many artists and friends, I can only Andy Warhol had more than one
advise a photographer to love his muse throughout his life, the most
subject, and if this is not possible, love famous of whom was Edie Sedgwick
the light that surrounds her.’ What role (1943-71). Grace Jones (b. 1948)
does the muse play in the artist’s work? was also a muse for Warhol. Find
How do you think the level of intimacy out more about Andy Warhol:
shared between an artist and their www.nationalgalleries.org/artistrooms
sitter or subject affects the work?
CHILDREN
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Robert Mapplethorpe Lindsay Key 1985
© Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation. Used by permission.
In the work Lindsay Key 1985, the that Cameron’s work is more emotionally
subject looks away from the camera, expressive than Mapplethorpe’s.
perhaps to avert her face from a gust of
wind; her hair and dress are caught in Discussion
the breeze, her posture and bare feet
Mapplethorpe’s photographs of
highlight a playful nature. Lindsay’s pose
children have sometimes proved
is a natural counter pose also known as
controversial because of the question
‘contrapposto’ which gives the subject a
of the subjects’ consent and the context
relaxed appearance.
of Mapplethorpe’s wider oeuvre. Other
Untypical of much of his work from photographs of children in the ARTIST
this period Mapplethorpe captures this ROOMS collection include Honey
subject outside the studio. The shadows 1976 and Eva Amurri 1988. Why
cast by the sitter create a strong contrast might depicting a child or working
against her white dress while trees cast with a child prompt ethical questions?
abstract shapes in the background. What is the difference between
While Lindsay does convey an element working with an adult and child sitter?
of innocence she seems more like a What is it about this image and other
little adult than a child; she appears images of children by Mapplethorpe
confident, cool and solemn. that conveys innocence?
Children have long been depicted in Activity
art. During the Renaissance, Raphael
The contrapposto pose is primarily
and Bellini amongst others depicted
associated with ancient Greek
children often in relation to Christian
and Renaissance sculpture such as
themes. The Victorian era was a
Michelangelo’s David 1504. The
particularly rich time; the increased
subject’s employment of the pose here,
depiction of children was in-line with
along with the evident motion of her
the development of the concept of
left hand and right foot, extends the
childhood – a shift in attitudes created
allusion to sculpture in Mapplethorpe’s
the expectation that a child’s life should
work. Identify other examples of the
be one of innocence and dependence.
contrapposto pose in sculptures and
During this period artists such as John
visual imagery local to you. Develop a
Everett Millais produced a number
narrative around the different subjects
of landmark paintings of children. At
for a short story or visual imagery.
the same time the photographer Julia
Margaret Cameron’s Renaissance- Artist links
inspired photographs depicted children
Diane Arbus also photographed
as sacred and the embodiment of
children but in her portraits the young
innocence. Mapplethorpe cited
subjects often seem troubled or
Cameron as one of his main influences.
vulnerable. Find out more about
While they share in portraiture and
Diane Arbus:
depictions of innocence, it could be said
www.nationalgalleries.org/artistrooms
PORTRAITS: ARTISTS AND CELEBRITIES
Portraiture was one of the main strands Richard Marshall, and Some Women
of Mapplethorpe’s work and during 1989. His subjects included those
his lifetime, he published books which from wide-ranging social and cultural
concentrated on portraiture, including contexts: from royalty and aristocracy
Lady: Lisa Lyon 1983, Certain People: to rent boys, but a large proportion of
A Book of Portraits 1985, 50 New his portraits from the 1980s were of
York Artists 1986, in collaboration with prominent figures, many in the arts.
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His portraits can be seen as a in her performances, challenging
reflection of New York’s ‘cultural scene’ representations of the female body.
throughout the 1980s and each image She occupies both the mainstream
is characterised by Mapplethorpe’s style and avant-garde position within society
– his relentless pursuit of beauty where and transformed her body into a
imperfections are absent. The works site of power. A second photograph
appear not to define the persona of from this session was featured in
each sitter but confirm Mapplethorpe’s Mapplethorpe’s book Certain People:
vision, which allows depictions of the A Book of Portraits.
sitters that mirror their most perfect
selves. The critic and curator Janet Discussion
Kardon describes Mapplethorpe’s
portraiture subjects as ‘avatars for Mapplethorpe’s interest in portraiture
his vision’. stemmed from his concern with the
beauty of the human form. Much
In 1984 Mapplethorpe photographed of his work has a strongly classical
Grace Jones, the Jamaican-American and sculptural quality. What does
singer, songwriter, model and actress, Janet Kardon mean when she
known for her androgynous looks and describes Mapplethorpe’s portraiture
her provocative behaviour. Jones was subjects as ‘avatars for his vision’?
a prominent figure in the New York Do you think the personality being
art and social scene in the 1980s, photographed is relevant to the
a successful recording artist, film image and Mapplethorpe? What is
actress and sometimes muse of the the difference between the subject
artist Andy Warhol. and the sitter?
In Mapplethorpe’s Grace Jones 1985,
Jones is decorated in body paint by the Activity
artist Keith Haring for her performance Mapplethorpe’s subjects are often
at Paradise Garage, an alternative referred to as epitomising a particular
dance club in New York City. Keith cultural scene with figures such as
Haring was introduced to Grace Jones Andy Warhol, Marianne Faithful
by Andy Warhol and Warhol arranged and Grace Jones. Create a collage
for Mapplethorpe to photograph Jones bringing together figures which you
prior to the performance. Although feel occupy an equivalent scene today.
the image could be seen as a multiple
collaboration it is classic Mapplethorpe; Artist Links
the sitter is portrayed frontally,
Alex Katz often paints family and
occupying the parameters of the lens
friends. Find out more about Alex Katz:
in complete symmetry.
www.nationalgalleries.org/artistrooms
Jones has a perfectly sculpted body and and www.tate.org/artistrooms
often took on masculinised personas
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THE BODY AND SCULPTURE
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Robert Mapplethorpe Derrick Cross 1983
© Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation. Used by permission.
Discussion modelling, casting or constructing
yet Mapplethorpe created sculptural
Writing in the introduction to Lady:
photographs. Consider ways that you
Lisa Lyon, the British writer Bruce
could create your own two-dimensional
Chatwin stated that Mapplethorpe’s
sculpture. Consider the materials you
‘eye for a body was that of a classical
could use within the limitations of the
sculptor in search of an ideal’.
two dimensional.
Mapplethorpe’s photographs of Lyon
explore the parameters and limitations
Artist Links
of gender; she is fetishised not for her
sex but for her strength and physical Francesca Woodman also
beauty. Mapplethorpe once said that photographed the human body
‘photography was a great way to where the subjects identity is
make a sculpture’. What do you think sometimes unclear. Find out more
he meant by this? about Francesca Woodman:
www.nationalgalleries.org/artistrooms
Activity and www.tate.org.uk/artistrooms
Sculpture is three-dimensional art
associated with carving,
While images of the body are associated and ideas of identity, while his late self
with ideals of beauty, the portrait is portraits are more autobiographical and
often associated with the identity and concerned with questions of existence.
individuality. The self portrait is perhaps
the most complex aspect of the genre The ARTIST ROOMS collection contains
because it brings the artist and the sitter a number of Mapplethorpe self portraits
into one with the allure of a private were he takes on different personas,
diary. Historically the self portrait is including knife-wielding hoodlum, a
linked to artistic identity, experimentation revolutionary and ultimate bad-boy.
with techniques and autobiography. He also took on the persona of devil,
Mapplethorpe’s self portraits contain all sexual-provocateur and transvestite
of these elements: his early polaroids are amongst others. These personas can
his first experiments with the self portrait all be considered different facets of
and his exploration of photography; his identity. Susan Sontag, writing
his works from the late-1970s to the in the introduction to his publication
mid-1980s survey different personas Certain People: A Book of Portraits
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1985, quotes Mapplethorpe as saying Mapplethorpe is wearing black, so
that his self portraits express the part of that his head floats free, disembodied,
him that is most self-confident. surrounded by darkness. Using a
shallow depth of field, Mapplethorpe
For the cover image for his Certain People photographs his head very slightly out
publication Mapplethorpe chose the work of focus perhaps to suggest his gradual
Self Portrait 1980. Here Mapplethorpe fading away. Robert Mapplethorpe,
portrays himself as the archetypal bad until the very end of his life, believed
boy, with black leather jacket, dark shirt, that he could beat AIDS.
cigarette hanging out of the corner of his
mouth, cool gaze and coiffed 1950s-style
hair. The image is reminiscent of James Discussion
Dean in Rebel Without a Cause 1955 How does a self portrait differ from a
and Marlon Brando in The Wild Ones standard portrait? Does Self Portrait
1953. Typical of many of his portraits, the 1988 differ to Mapplethorpe’s earlier
pose is wholly frontal and composed so self portraits? What elements of
that his mouth lies at the very centre of the autobiography are drawn upon in
photograph. this work?
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Robert Mapplethorpe Self Portrait 1988
© Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation. Used by permission.
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BALANCE AND UNITY
Beyond ideals of the human body, The sitter’s eyes are closed suggesting
characteristic of Mapplethorpe’s figurative that this work is more closely related to
work and ancient Greek sculpture, balance Mapplethorpe’s body studies rather than
and unity were key to Mapplethorpe’s one of his portraits.
compositions. In his portrait / partial
body study Ken Moody 1983 (see front Mapplethorpe’s photograph Patti Smith
cover), the sitter is typically photographed 1976, like many of his photographs
frontally in perfect symmetry with his of Smith, is taken outside the studio.
mouth and nose at the very centre of the Captured while Smith temporarily lived
image; his shoulders, which fill the bottom in Mapplethorpe’s loft apartment, the
of the frame, and the top of his smooth photograph relies on natural light.
head form a triangular shape, which Looking pensive and somewhat insecure,
was favoured in many of Mapplethorpe’s her body, cradled in a foetal position,
sculptures and photographs. Smith holds onto a radiator pipe running
along the wall. The geometries of Smith’s
body unify the geometries of the room
Typical of Mapplethorpe’s work, Ken and enhance perspective. The main axies
Moody, a model he worked with are horizontal and vertical, but running in
numerous times, is photographed in counterpoint to these are the diagonals of
his studio with photographic backdrop the radiator pipes beneath the windows
material in the background to allow and of Smith’s arms and legs.
absolute focus on the figure in the
foreground. The lighting is arranged to Despite lacking a studio, lighting
enhance the sitter’s symmetrical features, and styling equipment, the image is
muscle definition and bone-structure. quintessentially Mapplethorpe.
Left image: Robert Mapplethorpe Patti Smith 1976. Right image: Robert Mapplethorpe Lowell Smith 1981
© Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation. Used by permission.
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CENSORSHIP AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
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SUMMARY
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GLOSSARY
ADONIS ASSEMBLAGE
A handsome youth in Greek mythology Art made by assembling disparate
loved by Aphrodite. He was killed by elements often scavenged by the
a wild boar and restored to Aphrodite artist, sometimes bought specially.
from Hades. One Mapplethorpe’s early influences,
Joseph Cornell, is associated with
AIDS assemblage art, as are his sitters Robert
A disease of the immune system, Rauschenberg and Louise Nevelson.
caused by the virus HIV, leading
to death from infections that the AVANT-GARDE
body is no longer able to resist. The New and experimental ideas and
disease had a devastating effect on methods in art, music and literature.
the gay community in the 1980s and
many of Mapplethorpe’s friends and GIOVANNI BELLINI
acquaintances were victims of the An Italian Renaissance painter (c.1430-
disease. Mapplethorpe died from an 1516), probably the best known of the
AIDS-related illness in 1989. Bellini family of Venetian painters.
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JULIA MARGARET CAMERON CULTURE WARS
A British photographer (1815-79) known Conflict of values between conservative
for her portraits of prominent society and liberal groups characterised in
figures of the time. the 1980s by conservative climate of
the Reagan administration in the USA.
TRUMAN CAPOTE During this period members of the
American author and society figure religious right often criticised academics
(1924-84) who was a subject of and artists for what they regarded
Mapplethorpe’s. as their indecent, subversive and
blasphemous work.
BRUCE CHATWIN
A British writer (1940-89) who was a DADAISM
subject and friend of Mapplethorpe. Early twentieth-century movement in
art and literature based on deliberate
CHELSEA HOTEL
irrationality and negation of traditional
A Manhattan hotel renowned as the
artistic values. Mapplethorpe’s early
home for many artists, writers and
influences such as Marcel Duchamp are
musicians in 1970s and 1980s New
associated with the dada movement.
York. Mapplethorpe lived at the Chelsea
Hotel in the early 1970’s with Patti JAMES DEAN
Smith. Cultural icon and American film star
(1931-55) best known for playing the
CONTRAPPOSTO
troubled teenager Jim Stark in A Rebel
An asymmetrical arrangement of the
Without A Cause 1955.
human figure in which the lines of
the arms and shoulders contrast with, DERRICK CROSS
while balancing, those of the hips and A New York based modern dancer who
legs. The most famous example of posed for Mapplethorpe on numerous
contrapposto is Michelangelo’s David occasions. Mapplethorpe’s photographs
1504. A number of Mapplethorpe’s of Cross often focus on body sections
sitters pose in a contrapposto, including such as his torso, arm or buttocks.
Lindsay Key 1985.
DOCUMENTA
JOSEPH CORNELL An exhibition of modern and
An American artist (1903-72), contemporary art taking place every five
associated with assemblage, and a years in Kassel, Germany. Mapplethorpe
major influence on Mapplethorpe. participated in Documenta 6, 1977.
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GLOSSARY
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NEO-CLASSICISM SATYR
The revival of a classical style or In classical mythology, a woodland god
treatment in art, literature, architecture, associated with drunken revelry and
or music dominant in Europe in the mid- lustfulness. In Greek representations, the
seventeeth and the eighteenth century. satyr was a man with certain attributes of
Mapplethorpe acknowledged the a horse, such as a horse’s ears and tail,
influence of the neo-classical in his work. and in Roman representations he was
References to French painter Jacques- a man with the tail, legs and horns of a
Louis David (1748-1825) are particularly goat. Mapplethorpe gives his sitters the
evident in Mapplethorpe’s work. appearance of a satyr in works such as
Alan Lynes 1979 and Snakeman 1981.
SAINT PETER
An early Christian leader who was one MARTIN SCORSESE
of Jesus’s twelve apostles. American film director (b. 1942) known
for works such as Taxi Driver 1976
PUNK and Goodfellas 1990. His film The Last
A movement among young people in Temptation of Christ was embroiled in
the mid to late 1970s, characterised by the culture wars of the early 1990s.
a violent rejection of established society
and expressed through punk rock and ANDRES SERRANO
wearing of aggressively outlandish American artist (b.1950) whose
clothes and hairstyles. controversial work Piss, Christ 1987
was involved in the culture wars of
RAPHAEL the early 1990s.
Italian painter (1483-1520) associated
with the Renaissance. PATTI SMITH
American singer-songwriter, poet and
RENAISSANCE performance artist, a close friend and
The revival of European art and confidante of Mapplethorpe. Smith
literature under the influence of (b. 1946) was sometimes referred to
classical models in the fourteenth as the poetess of punk.
and fifteenth centuries.
TELEVISION
S&M American rock band who were
Sadomasochism is broadly a form photographed by Mapplethorpe in 1977
of physical role play – those involved for their Marquee Moon album cover.
get pleasure from receiving or inflicting
pain and/or humiliation. ANDY WARHOL
American pop artist (1928-87) who
had a major influence on and who was
a subject for Mapplethorpe.
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FIND OUT MORE
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