UNIVERSITY OF BASRAH

ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LOAD TEST OF SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER

𝑵𝑨𝑴𝑬: 𝑨𝑴𝑨𝑹 𝑨𝑵𝑴𝑨𝑹 𝑨𝑯𝑴𝑬𝑨𝑫

𝑪𝑳𝑨𝑺𝑺: −𝟐𝑵𝑫 _𝑩_𝟑𝟐

𝑮𝑹𝑶𝑼𝑷 𝑵𝑨𝑴𝑬𝑺: −

1.

2.

3.

4.
Single-Phase Transformers
The transformer is one of the most widely used and useful electrical devices
available. It can be used to transform an ac voltage or current in a circuit from
one level to another and it can provide electrical isolation between circuits. By
using transformers we can efficiently transmit electricity over a great distance
at a high voltage and then reduce the voltage to safe level at the point of use
(Q: Why is it more efficient to transmit electricity at a high voltage?). The
voltage can then be further reduced and used to obtain the low voltage dc
power supplies used in appliances such as computers, printers and CD players.
The Ideal Transformer
The transformer works by electromagnetic induction. If a sinusoidal ac voltage
of is applied to a coil then it will produce a magnetic field where the flux will
alternate at the same frequency as the voltage. Conversely if a coil is placed in
an alternating magnetic field then a voltage will be induced in the coil that will
alternate at the same frequency as the magnetic field. This is Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, which can be expressed as:

Where: e = voltage induced in the coil

N = number of turns in the coil
Φ = flux within the coil in Webbers (Wb)
λ = flux linkage = NΦ (Wb)
t = time in seconds
If we now consider two coils that are closely coupled and we apply a sinusoidal
voltage to one of the coils where the voltage is defined as:
)cos(maxtVvω=
Where: v = the instantaneous value of the voltage
Vmax = the peak value of the voltage

= 2лf
The magnetic field produced by the first coil will induce a voltage in the
second coil. This is transformer action. To ensure that the coils are closely
coupled the coils should be wound on an

iron core, which will provide a path for the mutual flux linking the coils (Q:
Why will this be better than air?), to further improve the coupling the second
coil should be wound on top of the first coil. For now the coupling between the
coils will be assumed to be ideal.
Apply Lenz’s law to the coils gives:
 2
Where: L = the self inductance of the coil = N /(reluctance)
i = current producing the mutual flux
C = a constant of integration that will be zero in this case
The current that produces the mutual flux will be a sine wave that lags the
0
voltage by 90 , the flux will be in phase with the current. In the case of the
ideal transformer the reluctance of the core will be zero (μr = ∞) and the current
required to produce the mutual flux will be zero.
With reference to figure 1and by applying Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws, we can
say:
 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷 𝑇𝐸𝑆𝑇 𝑂𝐹 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝐺𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝐻𝐴𝑆𝐸 𝑇𝑅𝐴𝑁𝑆𝐹𝑂𝑅𝑀𝐸𝑅
𝐴𝐼𝑀: −𝑇𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠: −

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔. 3 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒.

(a).UPF Load:-The switch S2 open, the variac is adjusted so that the primary
voltage v1 is at its rated value.this value keep constant through the expirmebt
for all load conditions. The secondary voltage v2 is noted . the resistive load is
now put on and if necessary variac is adjusted to keep v1at its rated value .
The readings of i1,i2,w1,w2 and v2 the secondary voltage under loading
condition are noted .The resistive load is varied step by step ( and the above
readings are taken) till full load.

(b).Regulation characteristics :-The variation of regulation with PF , under

constant output current i2, is determined as follows: resistive (R), inductive(L)
,capacitive(C) loads are connected to bring i2 to its rated value and the value
of the secondary voltage v2 under this condition is noted. the inductive load
only is put on and adjusted to bring i2 to its rated value with v1 still held
constant by the variac.v2,i1,w1 and w2 are noted. The load PF now is lagging
and low.

The PF can be increased now by increasing L and increasing R still keeping i2 at

its rated value. The readings as above are taken .The PF is increased step by
step till unity PF which is obtain only R in circuit . then PF is made leading by
putting R and C in circuit. Finally the PF is made zero lead with only C in circuit.

𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠( 𝑅 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦)

𝐼1 (𝐴) 𝐼2 (𝐴) 𝑉1 (𝑉) 𝑉2 (𝑉) 𝑊1 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡) 𝑊2 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡)
0.26 0 220 115 12 0
0.64 0.9 220 114.5 117 104
1.58 2.75 220 112.2 328 304
2.16 3.85 220 111 452 422
2.63 4.71 220 110.3 553 515
 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕: −
1. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑈𝐹𝑃 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡, 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒% 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒

% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅1

𝐼1 (𝐴) 𝐼2 (𝐴) 𝑉1 (𝑉) 𝑉2 (𝑉) 𝑊1 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡) 𝑊2 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡) % 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝐹 % 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

0.36 0 220 115.7 13 0
0.57 0.58 220 111.5 80 65 0.43 0.637 81.25
0.89 1.23 220 114.3 154 138 1.225 0.7865 89.6
1.19 1.81 220 113.9 221 202 1.58 0.844 91.4
1.39 2.27 220 113.6 275 254 1.849 0.899 92.36
1.93 3.45 220 113.6 275 254 2.57 0.96 93.38
2.45 4.5 220 111.6 526 493 3.67 0.965 93.73

2. 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡 % 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, %𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝐹 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑤2

∗ 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡

3. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 (𝑅&𝐶 )

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝐿

𝒑𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝑳 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝟑

𝑰𝟏 (𝑨) 𝑰𝟐 (𝑨) 𝑽𝟏 (𝑽) 𝑽𝟐 (𝑽) 𝑾𝟏 (𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕) 𝑾𝟐 (𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕) % 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑶𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝑭
2.66 4.5 220 114.1 89 54 1.402 0.1
5.65 4.5 220 1119 363 331 3.395 0.62
5.57 4.5 220 111.7 498 465 3.58 0.878
2.51 4.5 220 111.6 526 491 3.67 0.97

𝒑𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑅𝐶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝟑

𝑰𝟏 (𝑨) 𝐼2 (𝐴) 𝑉1 (𝑉) 𝑉2 (𝑉) 𝑊1 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡) 𝑊2 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡) % 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑂𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝐹
2.31 4.54 220 111.9 517 484 -0.268 0.889
2.1 4.53 220 113.8 407 375 -1.933 0.727
2.07 4.55 220 114.8 334 303 -2.787 0.58
2.16 4.85 220 118.6 39 3 -5.9 5.2 ∗ 10−3
4. 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡 % 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ (𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

∗ 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡

5. 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠.

We seen from the result of table 1( R only) that the regulation voltage
decreased , the input PF increasing also the efficiency by the increasing of
load current, while the load voltage (output transformer voltage)
decreased from it's rated value ( at no load ) to its minimum value at rated
output load current .

 For RL Load at rated output load current the load voltage decreased
,while output PF increased by increasing L
 For RC load and at rated output current we seen that the load
voltage increased also the output PF by increasing C and the
regulation voltage is negative .