Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Yunhan Jiang
2/24/2019
Introduction
In the Hebrew Bible, there is a giant sea monster which is knows as a powerful and cruel
enemy of gods. It is called Leviathan (Cirlot, 1971). Having a giant body and the power of
apocalypse, Leviathan is often compared to other great monsters in other mythologies or tales.
also noted as a destined enemy of the god Hadad. Later scholars interpret Leviathan as referring
to huge, brutal and mysterious aquatic animals (Gesenius, 1859). As time flies, in modern era
the name “Leviathan” used by novelists and poets becomes a term for large sea animals, usually
whales, in general.
However, although having such a deterrent nickname, whales are warm and kind animals,
and are facing a fatal threat from human -- commercial whaling. According to EIA International,
at around the middle of 19th century, modern era of commercial had begun. In short sixty years,
1 A serpent or dragon which is opposite to god Indra, and is finally killed by him (Gopal, 1990).
2 A sea serpent, the archenemy of the Norse Gods (Simek, 1993).
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the stock of many whale species suffered a sudden decrease. Data given by International
Whaling Commission (2019) expose that from 1920s to 1940s, several species such as blue
whale, humpback whale and minke whale were heavily exploited by industrial whaling and
commercial whaling. Although society realized that whales were over-exploited, and began to
regulate whalers and whaling industries, whales were already reduced to only a very small
the most official whaling association in the world -- posted several whaling prohibitions on
specific species, such as fin whale and blue whale. In spite of this, whaling also happened
annually, and whaling cannot be completely controlled only by setting policies, as there are
countries which already taste tremendous economic profit and industrial benefits from whaling,
and does not want to stop even a little bit. Whaling problem should be taken serious
consideration, and there has to be a more powerful organization to take charge of whaling
problem. Moreover, normal people also should reject whaling and other whale products.
The seriousness
Commercial whaling contains several problems and is extremely inhumane. Whales have
huge bodies which bring them vitality, so they cannot die easily. During the process of hunting
and killing, every whale suffers extreme pain. As whales have huge bodies, there is no humane
way to kill a whale quickly at sea. According to researches given by Mann (2000), whales’
important organs, such as lung and heart, are hiding deeply inside their bodies, protected by
thick skins and fat. They also contain a large amount of blood, up to 14,000 pounds (6400kg),
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and it is also impossible to bleed whales for decreasing their pains. For preventing whales from
struggling, people even use harpoons with grenades in whaling. Nearly every whale dies
painfully during the hunting. Moreover, Roman (2016) says whaling ships in polar areas often
make sounds which are very similar to whales. Those sounds usually attract whales approaching.
Whales identify the ships as members so they will go closer and give body contacts, so they will
be shaved hardly by the high speed screw propellers. Many whales are killed because of the
damage of their vertebra and backs. Roman (2016) notes that although there are some lucky
survivors, they have no choice but carry scary scars in the rest of their life. Surrounding by sea
water, whales suffer from extremely pain from scars, and they may be isolated by crews because
of the weird “marks” on their skins. Whaling activity seriously threats the safety of whales, and
do no contribution to marine life and environment. Such bloody tradition should be abandoned
Although whaling activity started to be controlled, there were countries which did not apply
for the decision, especially European countries, such as Iceland and Norway, and Japan in Asia.
Arne (2013) says in Asia, Japan is always known as the biggest whaling country. Around forty
thousand of whales were killed by Iceland, Norway and Japan since 1986. Several evidence to
show that whaling activity is still in progress, although they are under the controlling of IWC.
For example, Japan announced to leave IWC at the end of June, 2018, and resumed commercial
whaling in July. “Japan has been hunting whales for the past thirty years under a scientific
programme. Critics say the practice is a cover for what actually amounts to commercial
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whaling” (Arne, 2013). Junko Sakuma, a researcher working for Greenpeace in Japan, has been
studying in Japan's whaling industry for more than 10 years. "There is no benefit to Japan from
whaling...but nobody knows how to quit," she takes an interview at Tokyo's famously chaotic
Tsukiji fish market, the biggest in the world renowned for its fresh tuna auctions. If there is a
whale meat shortage, the price should be soaring. But according to Junko it is not. "The fact is,
most Japanese people do not eat whale meat," she says. "Consumption has been falling for
years," and follows "even as the amount of whale meat decreases, the price doesn't go up".
According to Junko's research, the average consumption of whale meat by Japanese people in
2015 was just 30g (one ounce) per person (BBC, Japan and the whale).
Why Japan does not want to stop whaling while there are less and less demands of whale
products? The explanation from the Japanese government is that whaling is a part of Japanese
culture for decades, that fishermen have caught whales for centuries. And Japan will never
accept foreigners from telling its people what they should and should not eat. A Japanese official
once replied to Hayes (2016), a news researcher of BBC: "Japanese people never eat rabbits, but
we don't tell British people that they shouldn't". Hayes mentions that rabbits are not treated as
endangered species. In another word, whaling has already become a part of economic cycle in
Possible Solutions
According to the data given on the website of IWC, more than 2.9 million of whales were
killed in the 20th century. IWC announced a moratorium on commercial whaling, which was the
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first important step about whale protecting. After the policy started in 1986, the rate of whales
were killed since 1986 (EIA International). However, although the number decreased, it was still
a huge loss of whale stocks. Life should not be counted as numbers. (On editing)
We all understand that profit pushes commercial activities, so the most direct way to stop
commercial whaling is to stop supporting whale products. There are lamp oil, candles and soaps
which are made from sperm oil and whale oil, whale meat for human consumption and animal
feed, fertilizer made from whale bones, and strings on tennis rackets which are made from
tendons (KCPC 2001). In fact, there are plenty of alternatives which have better quality and
lower price compare to those whale products. Advocating the idea of anti-whaling and
anti-whale products can be an effective way to reduce whaling activities. According to an article
from Human Society International (HSI), whales are kinds of species which are easily affected
by environmental containment. While eating, whales absorb those organochlorines3 and heavy
metals such as mercury which float on the top of the oceans and are contained by plankton. If
people consume whale meat, chemicals adjust on whale meat will also be absorbed by people
and can cause serious health problems. By exposing such fatal facts, anti-whaling activities run
actively and effectively. Even in one of the biggest whaling countries, Japan, there are more than
four thousand supermarkets which already refuse to sell whale and dolphin products. At least
85% of Japanese citizens strongly oppose their government to use money from taxpayers to
Anti-whaling activities are held not only in Japan, but also in Northern Europe whaling
countries such as Iceland and Finland. According to the International Fund for Animal Welfare
(IFAW), they started a joint project with the Association of Icelandic Whale Watchers (IceWhale)
in the summer of 2010. The project is called “Meet Us Don’t Eat Us”, and is held in Reykjavík4
annually. Whale friendly restaurants also began to build around the beginning of 21st century in
Northern European countries such as Iceland and Norway. In 2017, more than 80% of unsold
whale meat in Norway were abandoned by markets and companies, because whale meat became
hard to sell (EIA International). In Iceland, only 1% of citizens eat whale meat regularly, and at
least 34% of Icelander actively and strongly oppose commercial whaling, which number is
Citation
Cirlot, Juan Eduardo. A Dictionary of Symbols (2nd ed.). Dorset Press, 1971.
Gopal, Madan. K.S. Gautam, ed. India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of
Gesenius, Wilhelm, and Samuel Prideaux Tregelles. “Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old
eia-international.org/reports-mm/keeptheban/
Roman, Joe (2006-05-01). Whale. Reaktion Books. p. 24. ISBN 9781861895059. Retrieved 25
March 2017.
Mann, Janet, et al. Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales. University of
Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert. “Japan and the Whale.” BBC News, BBC, 8 Feb. 2016,
www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35397749.
Kalland, Arne, and Brian Moeran. Japanese Whaling: End of an Era? Routledge, 2013.
“Whale Products.” KCPC Education Resource Web Site: 9.2.3 Molar Heat of Combustion, 2001,
discovery.kcpc.usyd.edu.au/9.5.1/9.5.1_whale.html.
“Human Health Concerns of Whale Meat.” Humane Society International, 26 July 2002,
www.hsi.org/issues/whaling/facts/human_health_concerns_of_whale_meat.html.