Professional Documents
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(a) Hazard
(b) Loss
(c) failure
(a) mitigation
(b) reduction
(c) residual
3. Methods that use engineering judgment and experience as the bases for the analysis
of probabilities and consequences of failure.
4. An analysis that identifies and delineates the combinations of events and estimates
the frequency of occurrence for each combination and estimates the consequences.
6. Quantitative risk analysis logic models generally consist of (blank) and (blank)
10. The susceptibility of each equipment item should be clearly defined for current
and projected operating conditions including what factors?
The act of mitigating a known risk that is deemed to be too high and lower to a
more acceptable level of risk with some form of risk reduction activity.
18. What are R.B.I. limitations or things it will not compensate for?
a. Pressure Vessels
b. Process Piping
c. Storage Tanks
d. Rotation Equipment – pressure-containing components
e. Boiler and Heater - pressurized components
f. Heat Exchangers
g. Pressure Relief Devices
20. What equipment is not covered under the API 580 RBI?
21. Who is the target audience for this Recommended Practice (R.P.) 580 R.B.I.?
The inspection and engineering personnel who are responsible for the
mechanical integrity and operability of equipment covered by this
recommended practice.
22. A.C.C.
24. A.L.A.R.P.
25. A.N.S.I.
26. A.S.M.E.
27. A.S.N.T.
28. A.S.T.M.
29. B.L.E.V.E.
30. C.C.P.S.
31. C.O.F.
consequence of failure
32. E.P.A.
33. F.M.E.A.
34. H.A.Z.O.P.
36. I.S.O.
37. L.O.P.A.
38. M.O.C.
Management of change
39. M.S.D.
40. N.A.C.E.
41. NDE
nondestructive examination
42. NFPA
43. O.S.H.A.
44. P.H.A.
45. P.M.I.
46. P.O.F.
probability of failure
47. P.S.M.
48. P.T.A.S.C.C.
49. P.V.R.C.
50. QA/QC
51. Q.R.A.
52. R.B.I.
Risk-based inspection
53. R.C.M.
reliability-centered maintenance
54. R.M.P.
55. S.I.L.
56. T.E.M.A.
57. T.N.O.
58. U.T.
ultrasonic testing
59. absolute risk
61. A.L.A.R.P.
62. components
63. consequence
65. cost-effective
A process that induces micro and/or macro material changes over time that are
harmful to the material condition or mechanical properties. Damage
mechanisms are usually incremental, cumulative, and, in some
instances, unrecoverable. Common damage mechanisms include corrosion,
stress corrosion cracking, creep, erosion, fatigue, fracture, and thermal aging.
67. damage (or deterioration) mode
Assumptions made during the design (e.g. design life and corrosion allowance
needed).
70. deterioration
71. equipment
72. event
Events resulting from forces of nature, acts of God, sabotage, or events such as
neighboring fires or explosions, terrorism, neighboring hazardous material
releases, electrical power failures, forces of nature, and intrusions of external
transportation vehicles, such as aircraft, ships, trains, trucks, or automobiles.
External events are usually beyond the direct or indirect control of persons
employed at or by the facility.
75. facility
76. failure
The manner of failure. For RBI, the failure of concern is loss of containment of
pressurized equipment items. Examples of failure modes are small holes, cracks,
and ruptures.
79. hazard
A HAZOP study is a form of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). HAZOP
studies, which were originally developed for the process industry, use
systematic techniques to identify hazards and operability issues throughout an
entire facility. It is particularly useful in identifying unforeseen hazards
designed into facilities due to lack of information, or introduced into existing
facilities due to changes in process conditions or operating procedures. The
basic objectives of the techniques are:
81. inspection
Established limits for process variables that can affect the integrity of the
equipment if the process operation deviates from the established limits for a
predetermined amount of time.
84. mitigation
85. probability
Extent to which an event is likely to occur within the time frame under
consideration. The mathematical definition of probability is "a real number in
the scale 0 to 1 attached to a random event." Probability can be related to a
long-run relative frequency of occurrence or to a degree of belief that an event
will occur. For a high degree of belief, the probability is near one (1).
Frequency rather than probability may be used in describing risk. Degrees of
belief about probability can be chosen as classes or ranks like
"rare/unlikely/moderate/likely/almost certain" or
"incredible/improbable/remote/occasional/probable/frequent."
88. reassessment
The process of integrating inspection data or other changes into the risk
analysis.
91. risk
Systematic use of information to identify sources and to estimate the risk. Risk
analysis provides a basis for risk evaluation, risk mitigation and risk acceptance.
Information can include historical data, theoretical analysis, informed opinions,
and concerns of stakeholders.
Decision not to become involved in, or action to withdraw from a risk situation.
The decision may be taken based on the result of risk evaluation.
Exchange or sharing of information about risk between the decision maker and
other stakeholders. The information may relate to the existence, nature, form,
probability, severity, acceptability, mitigation, or other aspects of risk.
Process used to assign values to the probability and consequence of a risk. Risk
estimation may consider cost, benefits, stakeholder concerns, and other
variables, as appropriate for risk evaluation.
Process used to compare the estimated risk against given risk criteria to
determine the significance of the risk. Risk evaluation may be used to assist in
the acceptance or mitigation decision.
Process to find, list, and characterize elements of risk. Elements may include:
source, event, consequence, probability. Risk identification may also identify
stakeholder concerns.
103. risk management
107. source
108. stakeholder
109. system
110. turnaround
a. consequence
b. probability
c. POF
d. engineering judgment
d. engineering judgment
c. materials of construction
116. It is important to link the damage mechanism to the most likely
resulting_________________:
a. failure analysis
b. failure mode
c. consequence
d. probability
b. failure mode
a. process flow
b. failure mode
c. POF
d. COF
d. COF
a. process flow
b. ground
c. external environment
d. unit
c. external environment
c. logic model
120. Results of a quantitative analysis are usually __________________:
a. consequence
b. numeric
c. logic models
d. Buccheim's Law
b. numeric
a. precision
b. accuracy
c. analysis
d. validation
a. precision
122. The data quality has a direct relation to the relative _________________ of the
RBI analysis:
a. precision
b. detail
c. correctness
d. accuracy
d. accuracy
a. precision
b. accuracy
c. analysis
d. validation
a. precision
124. ________________in the hydrocarbon process industry are addressed in API 571:
a. Pressure Vessel
b. Piping Inspection
c. Damage mechanisms
d. Relief Valves
c. Damage mechanisms
125. Failure modes identify how the damaged component
will_____________________:
a. leak
b. crack
c. react to contaminants
d. fail
d. fail
126. The RBI team should consult with a __________________________ to define the
equipment damage mechanisms:
a. RBI analyst
b. reliability specialist
c. corrosion specialist
d. engineer
c. corrosion specialist
a. process
b. material
c. temperature band
d. pressure vessel
a. process
128. Once a credible damage mechanism(s) has been identified, the associated
_______________ should also be identified:
a. reference
b. material
c. temperature
d. failure mode
d. failure mode
129. In some cases, damage by one mechanism may progress to a point at which a
different mechanism takes over and begins to dominate the rate of _____________:
a. damage
b. dissemination
c. throughput
d. failure
a. damage
130. The probability analysis in an RBI program is performed to estimate the
probability of a specific adverse consequence resulting from a ____________that
occurs due to a damage mechanism(s):
a. damage mechanism
b. event
c. loss of containment
d. failure
c. loss of containment
131. It should be noted that damage mechanisms are not the only causes of loss of
containment. Other causes of loss of containment could include but are not limited to
all EXCEPT the following:
a. seismic activity
b. truck off-loading
c. design error
d. sabotage
b. truck off-loading
132. It should be noted that damage mechanisms are not the only causes of loss of
containment. Other causes of loss of containment could include but are not limited to
all EXCEPT the following:
a. seismic activity
b. truck off-loading
c. design error
d. sabotage
b. truck off-loading
a. process
b. metallurgy
c. P&ID
d. design
a. process
134. The _______________ of the data should be consistent with the RBI method
used:
a. accuracy
b. precision
c. completeness
d. quantification
b. precision
136. Generally, a qualitative analysis using broad ranges requires a higher level of
judgment, skill and understanding from the user than a more
________________________ approach:
a. probabilistic
b. quantitative
c. consequential
d. semi-quantitative
b. quantitative
a. qualitative
b. PHA
c. QRA
d. semi-quantitative
c. QRA
138. The semi-quantitative analysis typically requires the same type of data as a
quantitative analysis but generally not as:
a. quantitative
b. detailed
c. QRA
d. semi-quantitative
b. detailed
139. The data quality has a direct relation to the relative _________________ of the
RBI analysis:
a. precision
b. detail
c. correctness
d. accuracy
d. accuracy
140. As is true in any inspection program, data validation is essential for a number of
reasons. Among the reasons for inspection data quality errors are all of the following
EXCEPT :
141. Unfortunately, when this __________________ step has not been a priority before
RBI, the time required to do it gets included with the time and resources necessary to
do a good job on RBI, leaving the wrong impression with some managers believing that
RBI is more time consuming and expensive than it should be :
d. data validation
142. The selection and type of _______________ used by a facility can have a
significant impact on RBI results:
143. Facilities approaching the end of their economic or operating service life are a
special case where ___________________________ can be very useful. The end of life
case for plant operation is about gaining the maximum remaining economic benefit
from an asset without undue personnel, environmental or financial risk:
d. application of RBI
144. The scope of an RBI assessment may vary between an entire refinery or plant and
a single component within a single piece of equipment. Typically, RBI is done on
multiple pieces of equipment (e.g. an entire process unit) rather
than______________________:
b. on a single component
145. If the scope of the RBI assessment is a multi-unit facility, the first step in the
application of RBI is screening of entire process units to
rank________________________:
a. absolute risk
b. damage mechanisms
c. relative risk
d. probability
c. relative risk
146. It is often advantageous to group equipment within a process unit into
____________________ where common environmental operating conditions exist based
on process chemistry, pressure and temperature, metallurgy, equipment design and
operating history:
147. _________diagrams for the unit may be used to identify the systems including
information about metallurgy, process conditions, credible damage mechanisms and
historical problems:
148. In most plants, a large percentage of the total unit risk will be concentrated in a
relatively small percentage of the____________________. These potential high-risk
items should receive greater attention in the risk assessment:
d. equipment items
149. When emergency systems (e.g. flare systems, emergency shutdown systems) are
included in the RBI assessment, their service conditions during both
_______________________should be considered:
a. risk matrices
b. set points
c. operational boundaries
d. probability
c. operational boundaries
151. Process conditions during start-up and shutdown can have a significant effect on
the risk of a plant especially when they are more severe (likely to cause accelerated
deterioration) than normal conditions, and as such should be considered for all
equipment covered by the RBI assessment. A good example is____________________:
a. General corrosion
b. external corrosion
c. HF Acid corrosion
d. polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking
152. The normal operating conditions may be most easily provided if there is a process
flow model or ____________________ available for the plant or process unit:
a. P&ID
b. mass balance
c. flow rates
d. process rates
b. mass balance
153. Codes and legal requirements vary from one ____________________to another:
a. inspection
b. state
c. jurisdiction
d. PSM
c. jurisdiction
a. team-based
b. required
c. tiresome
d. PSM mandated
a. team-based
155. From the understanding of ________________, an inspection program may be
designed that optimizes the use of inspection and plant maintenance resources:
a. probability
b. consequence
c. risks
d. criteria
c. risks
156. The results of managing and reducing risk are all of the following EXCEPT:
c. inspection deferral
a. RBI assessment
b. ALARP
c. HAZOP
d. risk analysis
a. RBI assessment
158. More effective infrequent inspections may be substituted for less effective
frequent inspections:
a. true
b. false
c. maybe
d. I don't know
a. true
a. lowest
b. greatest
c. probable
d. newest
b. greatest
160. Changing metallurgy of components can reduce _______________________:
a. PSM
b. ALARP
c. COF
d. POF
d. POF
a. PSM
b. ALARP
c. COF
d. POF
c. COF
162. An RBI assessment made on new equipment or a new project, while in the design
stage, may yield important information on potential risks. This may allow potential
risks to be (blank) and have a risk-based inspection plan in place prior to actual
installation:
a. minimized by design
b. reduced by half
c. removed
d. mitigated
a. minimized by design
a. Save money
b. manage risk
c. fix stationary equipment
d. PHA's and HAZOP's
b. manage risk
a. ALARP
b. POF
c. COF
d. PHA
b. POF
165. The primary product of an RBI effort should be an _________________________
for each equipment item evaluated:
d. inspection plan
166. For risks considered unacceptable, the plan should contain the mitigation actions
that are recommended to reduce the ________________ to acceptable levels:
a. unmitigated risk
b. risk plan
c. probability and consequence
d. risk matrix
a. unmitigated risk
a. 571
b. 579
c. 580
d. 572
b. 579
168. Some risks cannot be adequately managed by inspection alone. Examples where
inspection may not be sufficient to manage risks to acceptable levels are:
a. PHA
b. LOPA
c. ALARP
d. OSHA PSM
c. ALARP
170. Potential hazards identified in a PHA will often affect the ______________ side of
the risk equation:
a. POF
b. COF
c. PSM
d. PCMS
a. POF
171. The RBI system will improve the focus of the inspection plan, resulting in a
strengthened _____ program:
a. PSM
b. COF
c. POF
d.PCMS
a. PSM
a. inspection
b. risk management
c. OSHA
d. reliability
d. reliability
173. What is the R.B.I. process capable of Generating?
174. The primary work products of the RBI assessment and management approach are
plans that address ways to manage risks on an equipment level. These equipment
plans highlight risks from a safety/health/environment perspective and/or from an
economic standpoint. RBI plans should include cost-effective actions along with a
projected risk mitigation. Implementation of these plans provides one of the
following:
179. Identification of credible damage mechanisms and failure modes for equipment in
a risk analysis is essential to blank and the blank of the risk analysis.
182. Failure modes identify how the damaged component will fail (e.g. by leakage or
by rupture). Understanding failure modes is important for three reasons: