Calculation of Imbibition Relative Permeability for
Two- and Three-Phase Flow From Rock Properties
C A R L O N S. L A N D
M E M B E R AIM€
ABSTRACT
Relative permeability functions are developed for
both two- and three-phase s y s t e m s with the saturation
changes in the imbibition direction. An empirical
relation between residual nonwetting-phase satura-
tion after water imbibition and initial nonwetting-
phase saturations i s found from published data.
From this empirical relation, expressions are
obtained for trapped and mobile nonwetting-phase
saturations which are u s e d in connection with
established theory relating relative permeability t o
pore-size distribution. The resulting equations yield
relative permeability a s a function of saturation
having characteristics believed to be representative
of real s y s t e m s . The relative permeability of
water - w e t rocks for both two- and t h r e e - p h a s e
s y s t e m s , with the saturation change in the
imbibition direction, may be obtained by t h i s
method after properly selecting two rock properties:
the residual nonwetting-phase saturation after the
complete imbibition c y c l e , and the capillary
pressure curve.
INTRODUCTION
R e l a t i v e permeability i s a function of saturation
history a s well a s of saturation. T h i s f a c t w a s first
pointed o u t for two-phase flow by Geffen et al. 1
a n d by O s a b a et a1.2 H y s t e r e s i s in the relative
permeability-saturation relation a l s o h a s been
reported for three-phase s y s t e m s . 3
Since s a t u r a t i o n s may change simultaneously in
two directions in a three-phase s y s t e m , four possible
r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r i s e between relative permeability
a n d saturation for a water-wet system. T h e four
saturation h i s t o r i e s of t h i s s y s t e m were given by
snel14 a s 11, ID, DI a n d DD. I and D refer t o the
direction of saturation change (imbibition a n d
drainage), with the f i r s t l e t t e r of t h e symbol
Original manuscript r e c e i v e d i n Society o f Petroleum Engineers
o f f i c e J u l y 6 . 1967. R e v i s e d manuscript r e c e i v e d F e b . 2 1 , 1968.
P a p e f (SPE 1942) w a s presented at SPE 42nd Annual Fall Meet-
ing held i n Houston, T e x . , O c t . 1-4, 1967. @ Copyright 1968
American Institute o f Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum
Engineers, Inc.
l ~ e f e r e n c e sg i v e n at end o f paper.
T h i s paper will b e printed i n Transactions Volume 243, w h i c h
w i l l cover 1968.
JUNE. 1968
1 y%MlE, WYO.
-
indicating the direction of change - of the water
phase. As u s e d in t h i s paper, t h e s e c o n d letter of
the symbol r e f e r s t o the direction of saturation
change of the g a s p h a s e , i.e., D a n d I indicate an
i n c r e a s e a n d d e c r e a s e , respectively, in g a s
saturation.
Only a few three-phase relative permeability
curves h a v e been published. L e v e r e t t a n d L e w i s 5
published three-phase curves for unconsolidated
s a n d , a n d S n e l l 4 reported r e s u l t s of s e v e r a l English
authors for both drairrage a n d imbibition three-phase
relative permeability of unconsolidated s a n d s .
Three-phase relative permeability curves for a
consolidated s a n d were published by Caudle e t a1.3
for increasing water a n d g a s saturations (ID). Corey
et a1.6 reported drainage (DD) three-phase relative
permeability for consolidated s a n d s . Recently,
Donaldson a n d Dean7 and Sarem8 calculated three-
p h a s e relative permeability curves from displacement
d a t a on consolidated s a n d s , a l s o for saturation
c h a n g e s in the drainage direction.
The only published t h r e e - p h a s e relative
permeability curves for consolidated s a n d s with
saturation c h a n g e s in the imbibition direction (11)
a r e those of Naar a n d Wygal.9 T h e s e c u r v e s are
b a s e d on a theoretical s t u d y of the model of Wyllie
a n d Gardner 10 a s modified by Naar and Henderson. 11
I n t e r e s t in three-phase relative permeability h a s
i n c r e a s e d recently due t o the introduction of new
recovery methods a n d refinements in calculation
procedures brought about by the u s e of large-scale
digital computers. T h e s c a r c i t y of empirical
relations for three-phase flow, a n d the experimental
difficulty encountered in obtaining s u c h d a t a , have
made the theoretical approach to this problem
attractive.
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY AS A
FUNCTION O F PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION
P u r c e l l u s e d pore s i z e s obtained from mercury-
injection capillary pressure d a t a t o c a l c u l a t e t h e
permeability of porous solids.12 Burdine extended
the theory by developing a relative permeability-pore
s i z e distribution relation containing the correct
tortuosity term.13 T h e works of P u r c e l l a n d Burdine
were combined by Corey14 into a form t h a t h a s
been accepted widely. These relations have been gas saturation (S;, )max. Then
derived from the capillary tube mode1,1**13 the
Kozeny equation15 and the model of Wyllie and
~ a r d n e.lo
r
Corey and co-workers6 extended the concept of
relative permeability dependence on pore-size
distribution to three-phase flow with saturation
changes in the drainage direction. Using the model
of Wyllie and Gardner that was adapted to include
a trapping mechanism for the nonwetting phase, 1
Naar and Henderson11 developed equations for
where C = - 1.
two-phase imbibition relative permeability. The (S*gr )max
extension to three - phase imbibition relative Plots of the data of several authors are shown in
permeability then was made by Naar and wygal.g Fig. 1. The solid lines are least-squares fits of
Capillary pressure-saturation relations are Eq. 2 to the data. In some c a s e s , the critical
subject to hysteresis, due in part to entrapment of wetting-phase saturation was not reported, and a
the nonwetting phase when the wetting -phase reasonable assumption of this value was made to
saturation i s increased. Fundamental to the convert all saturations to the reduced saturations.
-.

development of imbibition relative permeability
curves i s the concept that pore-size distribution of
a porous medium i s defined by drainage capillary
pressure-saturation relation. If the saturation of the
nonwetting phase that i s mobile after a saturation
change in the imbibition direction can be assigned
to the correct pore s i z e s , imbibition relative
permeability curves can be derived from known
theory.
For the general c a s e of two- and three-phase
flow, a Corey-Burdine equation can be written,
where S i F i s the mobile or "free" saturation of
phase n, whose relative permeability k,, is
being sought; and S t and are the saturations
corresponding to the minimum and maximum pore
s i z e s occupied by sGF. Saturations S; and S; are
particular values of S* which i s the fraction of the
effective porosity represented by the sum of all
pores smaller than the pore s i z e being considered.
For simplicity, reduced or effective saturations are
used throughout this paper, i.e., saturations are
fractions of pore volume, excluding pore volume
occupied by the critical (immobile) wetting phase.
TRAPPED GAS SATURATION
Several papers 16-20 have been published relating
The initial effective gas saturations greater thgn
unity shown in Fig. 1 are results of converting
initial saturations to effective saturations when
the data reported were for samples containing no
water. Data from all available sources yielded a
good fit to Eq. 2.
TWO-PHASE IMBIBITION
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
To develop equations for relative permeability
with the saturation change in the imbibition
direction, i t i s first necessary to be able to predict
the saturation of the nonwetting phase that remains
mobile a t any saturation. In the following discus-
sion, the nonwetting phase i s gas and the wetting
phase i s water.
Consider that the porous medium initially contains
a gas saturation S* which was established by
withdrawal of water brainage). If the water satura-
tion i s now increased from i t s initial value S&i to
i t s maximum value 1 - S i r , the g a s saturation S *
g
assumes every value between S*i and S* a s the
gr
saturation S * - S i r i s r e p l a c e d by water. During
st.
this change In saturation, the saturation of gas
TorptdO 8ondrtont
(Tbrtt rompltal (Tmo sornpltal
Rtl 20 R t f 19
Group A
( T h r t t 80mplt1) R t f 17
2b
V)
2 Polnta from
~ y t r c' u r v t

t
$v
the initial gas saturation to the residual gas n

saturation left trapped after imbibition. Plots of
data reported in these papers result in curves
having a characteristic shape, It i s found from
these data that the difference in the reciprocals of
the initial and residual gas saturation approximately
are constant for a given sand. Residual saturation
increases with an increase in the initial gas
saturation. When the initial g a s saturation i s unity,
the residual gas saturation i s the maximum residual
1
Mallit 0ly s~ndstona T o r ~ a d os o d a t o n #
m Ref 16 / Rtf I 0
:r:auotsa
2 Polnt omitted l n IeuIt
squora colculot~on
I N I T I A L GAS S A T U R A T I O N , Sg,*
FIG. 1-PLOTS OF PUBLISHED DATA SHOWINCj THE
FIT OF CURVE l/Sg,* - l/Sgi* = C.
SOCIETY OF PETROLEllY E S G l S E E R S JOURNAI.
that has been trapped, S*,, increases from zero a t
the initial conditions, S$ g
= Szi, to a value of S *
when Sk = Sgf,. At any g a s saturatlon S* the trapped
g'
gas saturation Sz, does not contribute to gas flow
and i s distinguished from the gas saturation that
has remained mobile or free, SF. Then the trapped
and mobile gas saturations a t any instant are parts
of the total gas saturation (S; = Sgi + XiF) a s 5;
varies from Sii to S*
?! r'
If the water saturation now i s increased from its
initial value s o that gas saturation S i has a value
between S i i and S i r , the saturation S i i - S* has
been replaced by water, S i t has been trappegd and
S i F i s considered to be unaffected by the increase
in water saturation. The mobile gas saturation S*
i s that part of S; that i s susceptible to displace-
ment and entrapment upon further reduction of S*
If Sg* i s reduced to S* the contribution of S* to
grl
the resldual gas saturation can be found by app ying 5"
S i F a s an initial saturation in Eq. 2. The gas
saturation that i s trapped, S* a t any gas saturation
S;, plus the additional gas $it will be trapped (the
contribution of XiF) during a reduction in gas
saturation from S; to S;,, must equal the residual
value Sg', associated with Xii. Then the trapped
gas saturatlon can be expressed a s
Making the substitution S i t = Si - XiF, and solving
Eq. 3 for XiF,
Eq. 4 i s an expression for the g a s saturation
that remains mobile after the g a s saturation has
been reduced from S i i to 5;. This gas saturation
may be used in the equation relating gas relative
permeability to pore-size distribution.
where 6 = 2/h + 3.
gr
In an oil-water system in the absence of gas, the
above equations are equally valid with subscript g
replaced by o if it i s assumed that the porous
medium i s completely water wet.
In the two-phase system, the entire wetting phase
remains mobile. As water saturation increases, the
water invades the next larger s i z e pores, trapping
some gas in pores of the s i z e invaded. Since some
of the pores of the size occupied by water contain
trapped gas, for a particular water saturation
some water must occupy pores of a larger s i z e than
i t would occupy if the trapped gas were not present.
Water relative permeability under these conditions
gF can be expressed by the equation
g'
PC i s a function of S*, the fraction of the effective
porosity that i s the sum of a l l pores smaller than
the largest containing water. Since the integrand in
the numerator of Eq. 7 i s to be integrated with
respect to St, it i s necessary to express either P C
a s a function of 5,: or S$ a s a function of S*. PC
can be expressed a s a function of S; since S* = 1
- SiF and SgF i s related to SL through Eq. 4. The
resulting capillary pressure a s a function of 5,: i s
the imbibition capillary pressure which would be
obtained if the contact angle i s the same in
imbibition a s in drainage.
For the purpose of developing equations of
relative permeability, 5,: i s treated a s a function
of 5'. Since S* i s the sum of the water saturation
and the trapped gas saturation, Eq. 7 can be
written

Eq. 5 yields relative permeability - saturation Eq. 3 can be written in terms of S*, since S*
relations for the nonwetting phase with the = gF
1 - S*. This substitution results in an equatlon
saturation change in the imbibition direction. For which, when differentiated, yields
porous media having a pore-size distribution such
that S * -
- (-
C ~
- ~ S ~where
' ) ~ , h i s a pore-size distri-

bution factor, 21 integration of Eq. 5 gives

k,,=
"1 :-2J
SgF I - ( I - S ) , . . . .. . . (6) Substituting Eq. 9 into Eq. 8 gives

J U N E , 1968

Jo
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (10)
For the special c a s e const./Pc2 = S*, integration
of Eq. 10 results in
Fig. 2 i s a plot of imbibition relative permeability
calculated from Eqs. 6 and 11 for E = 4 and a
maximum residual g a s saturation (S;,),,, = 0.4.
The parameter in Fig. 2 i s the initial g a s saturation.
Also shown (dashed lines) are drainage curves
calculated from Corey's equations for t = 4. The
curves for g a s permeability shown in Fig. 2 are
similar in appearance to experimental curves of
Geffen et al.l A greater permeability to water in
the imbibition direction than the drainage direction
(Fig. 2) also h a s been observed.1 The water curve
for Sgi = 1 i s of particular interest since it i s the
curve of the complete imbibition cycle. The
equation of this curve in Fig. 2 i s
152
This equation can be generalized a s k,wi = k,wd +
f (3;) where f(S;), the last term of Eq. 12, i s the
difference in imbibition and drainage relative
permeability brought about by the redistribution of
the water phase. The function f(S&) i s different
for each pore-size distribution, and the numerical
values given by the function increase with increas-
ing range of pore sizes. When a l l pores are of the
same s i z e ( 6 = 3), f (5;) = 0.
THREE-PHASE IMBIBITION
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
When three phases saturate the porous medium,
the equations for imbibition gas relative permeability
are the same a s for the two-phase system. This i s
because the g a s , being nonwetting, occupies the
same pores regardless of the nature of the liquids
present. For similar reasons, if the porous solid i s
water wet, the imbibition relative permeability to
water i s the same function of water saturation for
both the two- and three-phase systems.
In a three-phase water-wet system of water, oil
and gas, both oil and gas are trapped a s water
saturation i s increased. To develop the following
equations for the relative permeability to oil, the
assumption i s made that the maximum residual
hydrocarbon saturation i s the same, regardless of
whether the initial hydrocarbon saturation i s gas,
oil or both. This usually i s considered to be true;
WATER SATURATION, 5:
FIG. 2-TWO-PHASE IMBIBITION R E L A T I V E P E R M E -
ABILITY SHOWING T H E I N F L U E N C E O F INITIAL
SATURATION.
SOCIETY O F PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAI.
however, other assumptions could be made which
would lead to different s e t s of equations. The
above assumption, when applied to Eq. 2, results in

s;r
or
t
Sor =
s:q . . . . . . . (13)
I + c(s:,+ di) When 1 / P z i s a linear function of S * , Eq. 16
Making u s e of the procedure previously used to results in
arrive a t the expression for the free gas saturation,
the free oil saturation i s found to be

Imbibition relative permeability to oil i s found from

If water saturation increases a t the expense of

oil saturation while the gas saturation remains
constant (or i s increasing), Eq. 17 simplifies to

Eq. 18, which i s for the ID c a s e , i s equivalent to

the equation of Corey et a1.6 for oil relative per-
meability in the drainage direction, with 5,' being
Substituting the relations S f , + S& = S* and d S i t replaced by SEF, and 5 ,: by S& + S&.
-- (Sir)max dS * yields When all gas contained by the porous medium i s
fi - { l - ~s~,),a,}s'J ' trapped (the limiting I1 case), Eq. 17 can be written

The last term of Eq. 19 takes into account the

bypassing of the trapped gas by the oil, analogous
to the corresponding term in the equation for water
permeability.
Figs. 3 and 4 show relative permeability to oil
a s functions of water saturation with g a s saturation
J U N E , 1968
a s a parameter. In Fig. 3, which i s a plot of Eq.
19, the g a s saturation i s trapped; in Fig. 4,
obtained from Eq. 18, the gas saturation i s mobile.
Eqs. 18 and 19 are presented in the conventional
triangular diagram a s Figs. 5 and 6, respectively.
All the curves were constructed for the imbibition
cycle starting with an initial water saturation
of zero. Eq. 17 may be used to plot oil relative
permeability curves for any history of g a s saturation
between these two extremes, and for initial water
saturations other than zero.
DISCUSSION O F EQUATIONS
Unfortunately, experimental results are not
available with which to check the accuracy of the
WATER SATURATION, s',
FIG. 3 - R E L A T I V E PERMEABILITY T O O I L AS A
FUNCTION O F WATER SATURATION, SHOWING T H E
E F F E C T O F A T R A P P E D GAS SATURATION.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
WATER SATURATION, s',
FIG. 4 - R E L A T I V E PERMEABILITY T O O I L AS A
FUNCTION O F WATER SATURATION, SHOWING T H E
E F F E C T O F A MOBILE GAS SATURATION.
concepts and equations developed here. The only
three-phase imbibition relative permeability curves
that were found in the literature are the theoretical
curves of Naar and Wygal.10
Although the two -phase curves of Naar and
Henderson were derived from a model study, the
equations for these curves may be derived by the
procedure given here if the relation of residual g a s
saturation to initial g a s saturation i s taken a s
s;, = Sii - 1 / 2 5;;.
The mobile g a s saturation from this relation i s
When this expression for i s used in Eq. 5, the
6
resulting relative permeab~lity satisfies the rela-
tionship of Naar and Henderson between imbibition
and drainage saturations a t equal gas permeability.
However, in this development, the maximum
residual gas saturation i s restricted to a value of
0.5.
FIG. 5 - O I L ISOPERMS AS FUNCTIONS O F WATER,
O I L AND MOBILE GAS SATURATIONS F O R T H E
IMBIBITION C Y C L E STARTING WITH G i = 0.
1.0
FIG. 6 - O I L ISOPERMS AS FUNCTIONS O F WATER,
O I L AND T R A P P E D GAS SATURATIONS F O R T H E
IMBIBITION C Y C L E STARTING WITH S W i = 0.
SOCIETY O F PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL
 A similar procedure for three-phase oil permea-
bility d o e s n o t yield t h e r e s u l t s of Naar and Wygal,
although S:F c a n be e x p r e s s e d similarly. T o
obtain their equation for three-phase oil relative
permeability, Naar and Wygal integrated a n equation
that differs from Eq. 15. In comparing t h e oil
curves of Naar a n d Wygal with the c u r v e s reported
here, i t is noticed t h a t t h e curves of Naar and
Wygal for t h e I1 c a s e a r e more nearly represented
by the ID c a s e of t h i s paper. T h e upper limit of
integration of t h e equation of Naar and Wygal
p l a c e s t h e trapped g a s in t h e l a r g e s t pores, which
i s a l s o the position occupied by a g a s saturation
from t h e drainage cycle. F o r t h i s reason only o n e
s e t of curves g i v e s o i l relative permeability t h a t is
independent of t h e gas-saturation history.
If the o i l relative permeability i s influenced by
t h e behavior of t h e g a s saturation, t h e direction of
change of t h e g a s saturation, a s well a s t h a t of t h e
water saturation, must b e considered in s e l e c t i n g
t h e correct curves to b e applied to a particular
process. T h e ID c a s e is believed to apply t o o i l
recovery by in-situ combustion, while t h e I1 c a s e
a p p l i e s to waterflooding a reservoir having a n
i n i t i a l g a s saturation.
In t h i s paper, equations a r e developed a n d
plotted using S* = c o n s t . / P 2 and ( S i r ) , , , = 0.4.
T h e s e equations a r e u s e d a s examples b e c a u s e
they a r e considered a s fairly representative of
slightly consolidated porous media. However,
similar curves may be constructed using any desired
value of ( S i r ) , , , and any pore-size distribution.
Eqs. 5, 7 and 15 a r e integrated readily by numerical
methods when experimental capillary pressure
curves a r e used.
Geffenl reported that although h y s t e r e s i s is
observed in the relative permeability function when
reversing the direction of saturation from drainage
t o imbibition, the imbibition curve is reversible.
Drainage relative permeability after imbibition
follows t h e imbibition relative permeability curve
until t h e maximum nonwetting saturation of a
previous drainage c y c l e is reached. In the derived
relative permeability functions, t h e trapped satura-
tions a r e distributed within a range of pore s i z e s i n
s u c h a way that if t h e direction of saturation change
is reversed from imbibition to drainage, the trapped
saturation is r e l e a s e d i n t h e reverse order of
entrapment. With t h i s saturation distribution, a
trapped saturation becomes mobile when pores of
t h e s i z e containing the trapped saturation a r e
invaded by a mobile saturation of t h e s a m e phase.
T h e imbibition relative permeability functions c a n
be considered reversible without t h e n e c e s s i t y of
reassigning pore s i z e s to trapped s a t u r a t i o n s , or
accounting for a trapped saturation and a mobile
saturation of the same p h a s e occupying t h e s a m e
pore s i z e s , a s would b e n e c e s s a r y for other
saturation distributions.
CONCLUSIONS
The relations developed here for two- and
J U N E , 1968
three-phase imbibition relative permeability were
derived from e s t a b l i s h e d theory of the dependence
of relative ~ e r m e a b i l i ton ~ pore-size distribution.
In addition, the equations s a t i s f y a n empirical
relation of residual nonwetting-phase saturation to
initial nonwetting-phase saturation for the imbibition
cycle. A s a consequence of the combination of t h e s e
two fundamental requirements, t h e derived relations
h a v e properties which agree with reported laboratory
observations. Following a r e characteristics of the
derived functions for two-phase flow which agree
with laboratory observations.
1. T h e wetting-phase relative permeability in t h e
imbibition direction is greater than in t h e drainage
direction.
2. When the direction of saturation change is
reversed from drainage to imbibition, a d i s t i n c t
path is traced by the nonwetting-phase relative
permeability a s a function of saturation t o a residual
nonwetting-phase saturation t h a t depends on t h e
saturation e s t a b l i s h e d in t h e drainage direction.
3. T h e path followed by relative permeability a s
a function of saturation when the saturation change
is in t h e imbibition direction is reversible.
In extending t h e concepts to three-phase flow,
equations a r i s e that predict behavior that, although
not experimentally observed, s e e m s reasonable.
T h i s behavior results in t h e difference in t h e I D
and 11 c a s e s . In the water-wet, three-phase s y s t e m ,
oil relative permeability is influenced by the
direction of t h e change of g a s saturation. T h i s
e f f e c t a p p e a r s to b e a n e c e s s a r y result of the
distribution of g a s saturation, and is analogous to
the difference in the relative permeability t o water
observed in the imbibition and drainage directions.
Due to the lack of experimental d a t a , accuracy
of the equations h a s not been evaluated. However,
s i n c e the relative permeability relations were
developed t o meet required conditions of nonwetting-
p h a s e entrapment, they a r e thought to be sufficiently
a c c u r a t e for many reservoir calculations. With t h e
proper choice of residual hydrocarbon saturation
and pore-size distribution, relative permeability a s
a function of saturation may be c a l c u l a t e d to
represent the relative permeability characteristics
of any water-wet sand.
NOMENCLATURE
Standard S P E letter symbols a r e used, with the
following exceptions.
S* = effective saturation, fraction of effective
(S&),,, = residual effective g a s saturation left in
t h e s a n d after completion of a n
imbibition c y c l e starting with an
effective g a s saturation of unity
C = - 1, a trapping characteristic,
(5ir)rnax
 constant for each sand
X = pore-size distribution factor, slope of a
plot of log l / P c -vs-log S:,
r = 2 / X + 3, exponent of saturation in the
equation for drainage wetting-phase
relative permeability, k,, = S L r
SUBSCRIPTS
F =free or mobile
t = trapped
d = drainage (used with relative permeabil-
ity
i = imbibition (used with relative perrnea-
bility )
n = phase n
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The research from which this report was derived
was conducted under a cooperative agreement
between the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Bureau
of Mines and the U. of Wyoming.
REFERENCES
1. Geffen, T. M., Owens, W. W., P a r r i s h , D. R. a n d
Morse, R. A.: "Experimental Investigation of F a c t o r s
Affecting Laboratory R e l a t i v e Permeability Measure-
ments", T r a n s . , AIME (1951) Vol. 192, 99-110.
2. O s o b a , J. S., Richardson, J. G., Kerver, J. K.,
Hafford, J. A. a n d Blair, P. M.: "Laboratory Measure-
ments of R e l a t i v e Permeability", T r a n s . , AIME (1951)
Vol. 192, 47-56.
3. C a u d l e , B. H., Slobod, R. L . a n d Brownscombe, E . R.:
"Further Developments i n t h e Laboratory Determin-
a t i o n of R e l a t i v e Permeability", T r a n s . . AIhlE (1951)
Vol. 192, 145-150.
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