ABSTRACT Soil is the basic foundation for any civil engineering structures.

It is
required to bear the loads without failure.In some places, soil may be weak which
cannot resist the oncoming loads.In such cases,soil stabilization is
needeed.Numerous methods are available in the literature for soil stabilization.But
sometimes,some of the methods like chemical stabilization,lime stabilization etc.
adversly affects the chemical composition of the soil. In this study,fly ash and
lime were mixed with clay soil to investigate the relative strength gain in terms
of unconfined compression,bearing capacity and compaction.The effect of fly ash and
lime on the geotechnical characteristics of clay-fly ash and clay-lime mixtures was
investigated by conductiung standard Proctor compaction tests,unconfined
compression tests,CBR tests and permeability test.The tests were performed as per
Indian Standard specifications. The following materials were used for preparing the
samples:  Clayey soil  Fly ash  Lime The soft clay used for these experiments
was brought from a site,near Kumarakom.The physical properties of the soil were
determined as per IS specifications. Fly ash for the study was brought from
Hindustan Newsprints,Piravam.it is finely divided residue resulting from the
combustion of ground or powdered coal from electric generating plants. It has high
water absorption capacity. Lime for the study is locally available.it imparts much
strength to the soil by pozzolanic reaction which is explained later in the report.
In this test programme,without additives clay was tested to find the optimum
moisture content ,CBR value ,plasticity index and unconfined compression
strength.Fly ash and lime were added in varying percentages and that fraction for
which maximum strength is obtained was found out.The mixture is cured for 3,7 and
14 days.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION General

Transport in the Republic of India is an important part of the nation's economy.
Roads are the vital lifelines of the economy making possible trade and commerce.
They are the most preferred modes of transportation and considered as one of the
cost effective modes. An efficient and well-established network of roads is desired
for promoting trade and commerce in any country and also fulfills the needs of a
sound transportation system for sustained economic development. To provide mobility
and accessibility, all weather roads should connect every nook and corner of the
country. To sustain both static and dynamic load, the pavement should be designed
and constructed with utmost care. The performance of the pavement depends on the
quality of materials used in road construction. Sub grade is the in situ material
upon which the pavement structure is placed. Although there is a tendency to look
at pavement performance in terms of pavement structures and mix design alone, the
subgrade soils can often be the overriding factor in pavement performance. The
construction cost of the pavements will be considerably decreased if locally
available low cost materials are used for construction of lower layer of pavements
such as subgrade, sub base etc.If the stability of local soils is not adequate for
supporting the loads, suitable methods to enhance the properties of soil need to be
adopted. Soil stabilization is one such method. Stabilizing the subgrade with an
appropriate chemical stabilizer (such as

Quicklime, Portland cement, Fly Ash orComposites) increases subgrade stiffness and
reduces expansion tendencies, it performs as a foundation (able to support and
distribute loads under saturated conditions). This report contains a summary of the
performance of lime and fly ash used with clay.
Fly ashes are finely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or
powdered coal from electric generating plants. Lime is another additive used, which
is locally available, to improve subgrade characteristics. It is obtained by
heating limestone at elevated temperatures. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT The soil used in
the study is natural clay brought from Kumarakom.Pavement subgrade over there is
composed of clayey soil whose bearing capacity is extremely low.Due to this
reason ,the roads require periodic maintenance to take up repeated application of
wheel loads.This proves to be costly ,and at the same time, conditions of raods
during monsoon seasons is extremely poor.Therefore, a thought on how to enhance the
stability of roads by chaper means demands appraisal. Soil stabilization can be
done using different additives ,but use of fly ash which is a waste material from
thermal power plants,at the same time difficult-to-dispose material will be much
significant.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT The major objectives of the project are:

1.

To explore the possibility of using flyash in road construction programme. clayey

soil.

2. To study the effect of lime and flyash on proctor’s density and OMC of
3. To study the effect of lime and flyash on the consistency limits of clayey soil.
4.

To study the changes in CBR of soil by the addition of lime and fly ash

5. To study the effect of curing period on the properties of clayey soil.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW General Stabilization is the process ofblending and

mixing materials with a soil to improve certain properties of the soil. The process
may include the blending of soils to achieve adesired gradation or the mixing of
commerciallyavailable
additives that may alter the gradation, texture or plasticity, or act as a binder
for cementationof the soil. The process of reducing plasticity and improving the
texture of a soil is called soil modification. Monovalent cations such as sodium
and potassium are commonly found in expansive clay soil and these cations can be
exchanged with cations of higher valenciessuch as calcium which are found in lime
and flyash. This ion exchange process takes place almost rapidly, within a few
hours. The calcium cations replace the sodium cations around the clay particles,
decreasing the size of bound water layer, and enable the clay particle to
flocculate. The flocculation creates a reduction in plasticity, an increase in
shear strength of clayey soil and improvement in texture from a cohesive material
to a more granular, sand-like soil. The change in the structure causes a decrease
in the moisture sensitivity and increase the workability and constructability of
soil. Soil stabilization includes the effects from modification with a significant
additional strength.

Soil structure The clay particles in the soil structure are arranged in sheet like
structures composed of silica tetrahedral and alumina octahedra. The sheets form
many different combinations, but there are three main types of formations .the
first is kaolinite,which consists of alternating silica and alumina sheets bonded
together. This form of clay structure is very stable and does not swell appreciably
when wetted .the next form is montmorillonite, which is composed of two layers of
silica and one alumina sheet creating aweak bond between the layers. This weak
bonding
between the layers allows water and other cations to enter between the
layers,resulting in swelling in the clay particle. The last type is illite, which
is very similar to montmorillonite ,but has potassium ions between each layer which
help bond the layers together. Inter layer bonding illite is therefore stronger
than for montmorillonite,but weaker than kaolinite. Clay particles are small in
size but have alarge to mass ratio,resulting in alarger surface area available for
interaction with water and cations.the clay particles have negatively charged
surfaces that attract cations and polar molecules,including water forming a
boundwater layer around the negatively charged clay particles. The amount of water
surrounding the clay particles is related to the amount of water that is available
for the clay particle to take in and release. This moisture change around the clay
particles causes expansion and swelling pressures within clays that are confined .

Uses of stabilization Pavement design isbased on the premise that minimum

specifiedstructural quality will be achieved for each layerof material in the
pavement system. Each layermust resist shearing, avoid excessive deflectionsthat
cause fatigue cracking within the layer or inoverlying layers, and prevent
excessive permanentdeformation through densification. As the qualityof a soil layer
is increased, the ability of that layerto distribute the load over a greater area
isgenerally increased so that a reduction in therequired thickness of the soil and
surface layersmay be permitted.
Quality improvement. The most common improvementsachieved through stabilization
includebetter soil gradation, reduction of plasticity indexor swelling potential,
and increases in durabilityand strength. In wet weather, stabilizationmay also be
used to provide a working platformfor construction operations. These types of
soilquality improvement are referred to as soil modification. Thickness reduction.
The strength and stiffnessof a soil layer can be improved through theuse of
additives to permit a reduction in designthickness of the stabilized material
compared withan unstabilized or unbound material.

STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES Stabitization with portland cement Portland cement can be

used either to modify or improve the quality of the soil into a cemented mass with
increased strength and durability. The amount of cement used will depend upon
whether the soil is to be modified or stabilized. Cement stabilization is most
commonly used for stabilizing silt, sandy soils with small quantities of silt or
clayey fractions stabilization of soil with cement has been extensively used in
road construction. Mixing the pulverized soil and compact the mix to attain a
strong material does this stabilization. The material thus obtained by
mixing soil and cement is known as ‘soil cement’. The soil content becomes a hard
and durable structural material as the cement hydrates and develops strength. The
cementing action is believed to be the result of chemical reaction of cement with
the siliceous soil during hydration. Stabilization with bitumen Stabilization of
soils and aggregates with asphalt differs greatly from cementand lime
stabilization. The basic mechanism involved in asphalt stabilization of fine
grained soils is a water proofing phenomenon. Soil particles soil agglomerates are
coated with asphalt that prevents or slows the penetration of water, which could
normally result in a decrease in soil strength. In addition, asphalt stabilization
can improve durability characteristics by making the soil resistant to the
detrimental effects of water such as volume. In non-cohesive material such as sand
and gravel, crushed gravel, and crushed stone, two basic mechanisms are active:
water proofing and adhesion. The asphalt coating on the cohesion less materials
provides a membrane, which prevents or hinders the penetration of water and thereby
reduces the tendency of the material to lose strength in the presence of water. The
second mechanism has been identified as adhesion. The aggregate particle adheres to
the asphalt and the asphalt acts as a binder or cement. The cementing effect thus
increases the shear strength by increasing adhesion. Criteria for design of
bituminous stabilized soils and aggregates are based almost entirely on stability
and gradation requirements. Freeze-thaw and wet durability test are not applicable
for asphalt-stabilized mixtures. Stbilization with lime-cement and lime-bitumen
The advantages in using combination stabilizers are that one of the stabilizers in
the combination compensates for the lack of effectiveness of the other in treating
a particular aspect or characteristics of a given soil. For instance in clay areas
devoid of base material, lime have been used jointly with other stabilizers notably
Portland cement or asphalt, to provide acceptable base courses. Since Portland
cement or asphalt cannot be mixed successively with plastic clays, the lime is
incorporated into the soil to make it friable, thereby permitting the cement or
asphalt to be adequately mixed. While such stabilization might be more costly than
the conventional single stabilizer methods, it may still prove to be economical in
areas where base aggregate costs are high. Two combination stabilizers are
considered in this section. 1. lime-cement 2. lime-asphalt Lime-cement Lime can be
used as an initial additive with Portland cement or the primary stabilizer. The
main purpose of lime is to improve workability characteristics mainly by reducing
the plasticity of soil. The design approach is to add enough lime to improve
workability and to reduce the plasticity index to acceptable levels. The design
lime content is the minimum that achieves desired results. Lime-asphalt Lime can be
used as an initial additive with asphalt as the primary stabilizer. The main
purpose of lime is to improve workability characteristics and to act as an
antistripping agent. In the latter capacity, the lime acts to neutralize acidic
chemicals in
the soil or aggregate, which tend to interfere with bonding of the asphalt.
Generally, about 1-2 percent lime is all that is needed for this objective.
Stabilazation by geo-textiles and fabrics Introducing geo-textiles and fabrics that
are made of synthetic materials, such as polyethylene, polyester, and nylon, can
stabilize the soil. The geo-textile sheets are manufactured in different thickness
ranging from 10 to 300 mils (1mil=0.254mm). The width of sheet can be upto 10m.
These are available in rolls of length upto about 600m. Geotextiles are permeable.
Their permeability is compared to that of fine sand to course sand and they are
strong and durable.

STABILIZATION WITH LIME Lime stabilization is done by adding lime to soil. This is
useful for the stabilization of clayey soil. When lime reacts with soil there is
exchange of cations in the adsorbed water layer and a decrease in the plasticity of
the soil occurs. The resultant material is more friable than the orginal clay, and
is more suitable as subgrade. Lime is produced by burning of limestone in kiln. The
quality of lime obtained depends on the parent material and the production process.
And there are basically 5 types of limes 1. High calcium, quick lime (CaO)
2.

Hydrated high calcium lime [Ca(OH)2]

3. Dolomitic lime [CaO+MgO]

4. 5.

Normal, hydrated Dolomitic lime [Ca(OH)2+MgO] Pressure, hydrated dolomitic

lime[Ca(OH)2+MgO2]

The two primary types of lime used in construction today are quick lime(calcium
oxide) and hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide).Heating limestone at elevated
temperatures produce quick lime and addition of water to quick lime produces
hydrated lime. Equation shows the reaction that occurs when limestone is heated to
produce quick lime with carbon dioxide produced as by-product. CaCO3+heat CaO+CO2

Addition of water to quick lime produces hydrated lime along with heat as
byproduct: CaO+H2O Ca (OH)2+Heat

For stabilization with lime,soil conditions and mineralological properties have a

significant effect on the long term strength gain. Mechanism For soil stabilization
with lime, soil conditions and mineralogical properties have a significant effect
on the long-term strength gain. A pozzolanic reaction between silica and alumina in
the clay particles and calcium from the lime can form a cemented structure that
increases the strength of the stabilized soil. Residual calcium must remain in the
system to combine with the available silica or alumina to keep the pH high enough
to maintain the pozzolanic reaction. Soil that should be considered for lime
treatment include soils with a PI that exceeds 10 and have more than 25 percent
passing the #200 sieve.
In lime stabilization the liquid limit of soil generally decreases but the plastic
limit increases. Thus the plasticity index of the soil decreases. The strength of
the lime stabilized soil is generally improved. It is partly due to the decrease in
the plastic properties of the soil and partly due to the formation of cementing
material. Increase in the unconfined compressive strength is as high as 60 times.
The modulus of elasticity of the soil also increases substantially. Addition of
lime causes a high concentration of calcium ions in double layer. It causes a
decrease in the tendency of attraction of water. Consequently, the resistance of
soil to water absorption, capillary rise and volume changes on wetting or drying is
substantially increased. The lime-stabilized bases or sub bases form a water
resistant barrier which stops penetration of rain water. There is an increase in
optimum water content and a reduction in maximum density. In swampy areas where the
water content is above the optimum, application of lime to soilhelps in drying of
soil. Cyclic freezing and thawing can causes a temporary loss of strength, but
because of subsequent healing action, there is no loss of strength in long run.
Construction methods used in lime stabilization are similar to those used in cement
stabilization. However , the following points are to be noted.

1.

As the reaction in the case of lime is low,there is no maximum time limit between
the addition of lime to the soil and the completion of compaction. However ,care
should be taken to avoid carbonation of lime in the process.

2. Lime may be added in the form of slurry instead of dry powder.

3. A rest period of 1 to 4 days is generally required for spreading lime over heavy
clay before final mixing is done. This facilitates proper mixing of lime and soil.
4. The soil-lime is compacted to the required maximum dry density. After
compaction, the surface is kept moist for 7 days and then covered with a suitable
wearing coat. Sometimes, the wearing coat is applied soon after the compaction to
help hold the moisture.

STABILIZATION WITH FLYASH Class C flyash is an industrial byproduct generated at

coal fired electricity generating power plants that contains silica,alumina and
calcium based minerals.Upon exposure to water,these calcium compounds hydrate and
produce cementitious products similar to the products formed during the hydration
of Portland cement.The rate of hydration for flyash is much more rapid than
Portland cement.It is therefore more desirable to mix and compact flyash as quickly
as practical. The hydration property depends on coal source, boiler design and the
type of ash collection system.The coal source governs the amount and type of
organic matter present in it. Eastern coal source contain small amount of calcium.
This class F flyash does not exhibitself-cementing characteristics. Western coals
contain higher amount of calcium (about 20%-35%) and are classified as class C
flyash.
The amount of calcium oxide in flyash is lower than that of lime and much of it is
combined with silicates and aluminates, so flyash has less effect on plasticity
than lime. Boiler design and operation depends on the rate at which the hydration
occurs. During combustion the inorganic matter is fused consequently rapid cooling
of fused particles occur. So the flyash particles are non crystalline in nature.
Compaction time after mixing is critical to achieve maximum density and strength.
When compaction is delayed hydration products begin to bond with loose particles
and disruption of these aggregation is required to densify the material. So a
portion of compactive energy isutilized in overcoming cementation and maximum
densities are reduced. In fly ash the high loss on ignition is due to the presence
of unburnt carbon. The combined amount of silica alumina and iron oxide (84.6%)
indicate its suitability as a pozzolanicmaterial.fly ash is no-plastic in
nature.its moisture condition does not predominantly affect the dry density. The
fly ash has high angle of internal friction. The grain size distribution of is
shown if fig 2. Fly ash is a fine grained material .about 86% of the sample passes
through 75 micron sieve indicating that fly ash is essentially a silt size
material.
CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME INTRODUCTION In this chapter, a brief review of
various experiments conducted using clay and the same stabilized with lime and
flyash are explained. MATERIALS USED 1. Clayey soil Soil is brought from a paddy
field in kumarakom.Soil over thereis highly plastic clay. Therefore the strength of
pavement subgrade needs to be ascertained to withstand the compressive loadunder
traffic. Properties of clay usedin the study: Sl No: 1 Properties CBR value Values
4.3%
2 3 4 5 6

Max.dry density Optimum moisture content Liquid limit Plastic limit Plasticity
index

1517 kg/m3 20% 36% 26% 10

2.Additives Theadditives used for stabilization and modification include lime and
flyash. The soils weremixed with each of these additives for which there were
reasonable expectations of improved engineering properties. The amount of additive
used was determined based on testing the strength for addition of varying
percentages and selecting the one with greatest strength. The lime percentage was
fixed at 10% and flyash 14%.

Physical properties and chemical composition of flyash

Physical properties Specific gravity Loss on ignition Chemical composition Silica
(SiO2) Alumina (Al2O3)+Iron oxide (Fe2O3) Calcium oxide (CaO) Magnesium oxide (MgO)
58.3% 26.3% 2.2% 0.3% 2.27 11.8%

LAB TESTING

The various tests conducted on the sample are the following: 1.Atterberg limits 2.
Specific gravity 3. Direct shear test 4. Proctor compaction test 5. CBR test 6.
Unconfined compression test(UCS) Firstly the above tests were conducted on plane
clay sample to determine its properties.UCS test is conducted to evaluate it
strength. Thereafter, certain percentages of lime and flyash are added to the clay
sample to stabilize it. And the percentages of the above additives which produce
the optimum strength to the soil are chosen by conducting UCS test on them.
Soil preparation The soil was collected from site in large sacks. It is brought to
the lab and is dried in oven for 24 hours in large pans. This soil due to loss of
water formed big lumps which is broken to smaller pieces or even fine powder and is
sieved according to the needs of different experiments.

Compaction test Compaction is the densification of soil by reduction of air voids.

The purpose of a laboratory compaction test is to determine, the quantity of water
to be added for field compaction of soil and resultant density expected. When water
is added to dry fine grained soil, the soil absorbs water. Addition of more water
helps in sliding of particles over each other. This assists the process of
compaction. Up to a certain point, additional water helps in reduction of air
voids,but after a relatively high degree of saturation is reached, the water
occupies the space ,which could be filled with soil particles, and the amount of
entrapped air remains essentially constant.Therfore,there is an optimum amount of
water for a given soil and compaction process, which give rise to maximum dry
density. Compaction of clay,clay-lime and clay-flyash mixtures were carried out
using standard proctor test with three layers on each 25 blows. Samples for
conducting compaction tests were prepared using moulds of dimensions 10 cm diameter
and 15 cm height. In this study, lime is added for about 10% and cured for 3, 7,
and 14 days. Also,flyash is added for about 14% and is cured for 3,7 and 14 days.
The values of optimum moisture content and maximum dry density are obtained in a
plot of dry density versus moisture content.
Unconfined compression test This test is conducted on undisturbed or remoulded
cohesive soils that are normally saturated.This test may be considered as a special
case of triaxial compression test when the confining pressure is zero and the axial
compressive stress only is applied to the cylindrical specimen. The stress may be
applied and the deformation and load readings are noted until the specimen fails.
The area of cross section of specimen for various strains may be corrected assuming
that the volume of the specimen remains constant and it remains cylindrical. The
following equations were used: Axial strain (ε) =∆L/L0 L0=initial length of sample
(cm) Corrected area of cross section (A) =A0/1-ε A0=initial area of cross section
of the sample (cm2) Axial stress (qu) =P/A (kg/cm2) P=axial load (kg) Graphs are
plotted between axial strain(ε) Vs axial stress(qu),% of flyash and lime Vs axial
stress and curing period VS axial stress. The maximum value of axial stress is the
unconfined compressive strength of soil sample. Samples for conducting unconfined
compression test were prepared using moulds of dimensions 10cm diameter, 20cm
height. Soil sample without additives were tested to find out the optimum moisture
content based on compressive stress. In this study flyash is added in 12% and 14%
and lime 5% and 10% respectively. The stress is applied and the deformation and
load readings are noted until the specimen fails. The maximum axial strain is
noted. California bearing strength
Califonia state highway department developed the California bearing ratio test ,
(CBR)test in 1938 for evaluating soil subgrade and base course materials for
flexible pavements. Just after World War 2,the U.S corps of Engineers adopted the
CBR test for use in designing base courses for airfield pavements. California
bearing ratio(CBR) is the ratio of force per unit area required to penetrate a soil
mass with a standard circular piston at the rate of 1.25 mm/min to that required
for corresponding penetration in the standard material. Load that has been obtained
from the test in crushed stone(Standard material) is called standard load. The
standard material is said to have a CBR value of 100%.Smooth curves are plotted
between penetration (mm) Vs load (kg).The curve in most cases is concave upwards in
the initial portions.A correction is applied by drawing a tangent to the curve at
the point of greatest slope from the corrected load penetration graph obtained the
loads at 2.5mm and 5mm penetration. The standard loads for these penetrations can
be taken from he table below:

Standard loads for CBR tests Penetration depth (mm) 2.5 5.0 7.5 Standard load (kg)
1370 2055 2630 Unit load (kg/cm2) 70 105 134
10 12.5

3180 3600 CBR value= (Test load/Standard load) X100

162 183

Samples for conducting CBR tests were prepared using moulds of dimensions 15cm
diameter and 17.5cm height. The weight of soil used is 5kg passing through 20mm
sieve. The samples were prepared at OMC and varying lime and flyash.In this study,
lime is added at 10% and fly ash at 14%. Direct shear test The shear strength of a
soil is its maximum resistance to shear stresses just before the failure. Shear
failure of a soil mass occurs when the shear stresses induced due to the applied
compressive loads exceed the shear strength of the soil. Failure in soil occurs by
relative movements of the particles and not by breaking of particles. Shear
strength is the principal engineering property which controls the stability of the
soil mass under loads. Shear strength determines bearing capacity of soils,
stability of slopes of soils, earth pressure against retaining structure etc.
Direct shear test is conducted on a soil specimen in a shear box which can split
into two equal halves and is covered with porous grid plates on either sides.
Normal load is applied for a constant stress and shear load is applied at a
constant rate of 0.02 mm/minute. The test is repeated for different stress and
failure stress is noted. A failure envelope is obtained by plotting shear stress
with different normal stress and is joined to form a straight line from which angle
of shear resistance and cohesion is obtained.
Specific gravity The specific gravity of solid particles is defined as the ratio of
the mass of a given volume of solids to the mess of an equal volume of water at
40C. Specific gravity of normal soils is between 2.65 to 2.80. Specific gravity of
soil mass indicates the average value of all the solid particles present in the
soil mass. Also it is an important parameter used for the determination of void
ratio and particle size. Consistency limits The consistency of fine grained soil is
the physical state in which it exists. It is used to denote the degree of firmness
of soil. The water content at which soil changes from one state to another is known
as consistency limits. A soil containing high water is in the liquid state. It has
no shear resistance and can flow like liquid. Therefore the shear strength is equal
to zero. As the water content is reduced, the soil becomes stiffer and starts
developing resistance to shear deformation. The water content at which soil changes
from liquid state to plastic state is known as liquid limit. The liquid limit is
find out by Casagrande’s liquid limit device. The number of blows of this device is
find out at different water content. Flow curve is plot with number of blows on x
axis and water content on y axis. The water content corresponding to 25 blows is
the liquid limit. Plastic limit is the water content below which the soil stop
behaving as a plastic material. It begins to crumble when rolled into a thread of
soil of 3mm diameter. At this water content , the soil loses its plasticity and
passes to the semi-solid state. The shear strength at the plastic limit ,is about
100 times that at the liquid limit.
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The following chapter covers the results of the
testing programmes. The results that are presented include soil properties
admixture percentages and the various testing results for the soil additive
combinations .
Native soil properties and admixture percentages Soil chacterstics were determined
using atterberg limits ,hydrometer analysis, specific gravity, standard proctor
compaction and unconfined compression tests. The test results is shown the table Sl
No: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Properties CBR value Max.dry density Optimum moisture content
Liquid limit Plastic limit Plasticity index 36% 26% 10 Values 4.3% 1517 kg/m3 20%

The grain size dirtribution curve for the soil used is shown in figure.

The percentage of lime and fly ash for stabilization is determined from the
unconfined compression test. The test results are shown.
The native soil has an unconfined compression of 400kpa. This increased by the
addition of lime and fly ash. The maximum strength is obtained by the addition of
10% lime and 14% fly ash.

Atterberg limits The atterberg limit test results with various soil additive
combination at different curing period are presented in the table and graphs
showing variation of atterberg limits with curing period is plotted for different
soil-additive combination.

Atterberg test results on clay-flyash-lime mixture Curing period Native soil Lime:3
days 7 days 14 days Flyash:3 days 7 days 14 days Liquid limit 36 25 23 22 35 35 35
Plastic limit 26 15 18 20 19 23 26 Plasticity index 10 10 10 5 16 12 9
The native liquid limit and plasticity index of the soil were 36 and 10. The PI
values were reduced when they are mixed with small amout of lime and became
nonplastic with the addition of more lime.For clay-lime mixture, the 3 day liquid
limit is 25, it reducese to 23 for 7days and it becomes 22 at 14days. The plastic
limit is increases from 15 at 3day to 20 at 14 days.As the liquid limit decreases
and plastic limit increases the plasticity index decreases from 10 to 5 with curing
period. For fly ash had more limited effect on the plasticity ofthese soils.The
liquid limit remains constant with curing period for the fly ash-clay mixture.The
plastic limit increases from 19 at 3day to 26 at 14days, as a liquid limit remains
constant and plastic limit increases, the plasticity index values decreases from 16
at 3days to 9 at 14 days.

MAXIMUM DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT Optimum moisture content and maximum
density for native soil and each of the soil additive combination at different
curing period is presented in the table and the variation of maximum density and
optimum moisture content is plotted Sl no: Water content Dry density
1 2 3 4

18 20 22 24

1490 1517 1467 1427

Moisture-density relationship for clay-flyash mixtures 3 days curing Water content

17.1 1370 Dry density 7 days curing Water content 14.8 1260 Dry density 14 days
curing Water content 13.3 900 Dry density
17.6 18.9 20.1 20.5

1420 1490 1380 1360

15.3 16 17.2 18

1300 1350 1310 1250

14 14.9 15.6 15.9

1130 1000 870 900

Moisture-density relationship of clay-lime mixtures 3 days curing Water content 22

23 24 25 26 450 590 645 555 490 Dry density 7 days curing Water content 24 25 26 27
28 390 410 445 390 300 Dry density 14 days curing Water content 24 26 28 30 32 150
200 235 200 159 Dry density

The maximum density and optimum moisture content for the native soil are 1517 kg/m3
and 20%. When mixed with fly ash the optimum moisture content
and the maximum density is decreased.The maximum density is 1490 kg/m3 at an
optimum moisture content of 18.9 % at 3 days.It is reduces to 1000kg/m3 at an
optimum content of 14.9% in 14 days. So both the maximum density and optimum
moisture content decreases for fly ash-clay mixture. When mixed with lime, the
optimim moisture content is increased and the maximum dry density is decreased.The
maximum density is 645 kg/m at an optimum moisture content of 24% in 3 days.In
7days the maximum density is 445 kg/m3 at an optimum moisture content of 26%.The
maximum density is decreased to 235 kg/m3 and optimum moisture content increased to
28%.

DIRECT SHEAR TEST-FLYASH 3 days curing Normal stress (kg/cm2) Native soil 0.5 1 1.5
Lime: 0.5 1 1.5 Fly ash: 0.569 .897 1.2 .72 1.074 1.33 0.99 1.24 1.45 0.497 0.789
0.99 Shear stress (kg/cm2) 7 days curing Shear stress (kg/cm2) 14 days curing Shear
stress (kg/cm2)
0.5 1 1.5

0.569 0.91 1.07

0.581 0.998 1.264

0.695 1.01 1.314

The direct shear stresses of native soil for normal stress 0.5 kg/cm2 is
0.497kg/cm2.When mixed with fly ash the direct shear stress increases to 0.569 for
3days curing, 0.581 for 7days curing and 0.695 kg/cm2 for 14days curing. When mixed
with lime, the direct shear stress increases to 0.569 for 3days curing, 0.72 for
7days curing and 0.99kg/cm2 for 14 days curing.

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST

Load penetration graph for native soil is given below:

Penetration (mm) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 7.5 10 Penetration(mm) 12.5

Load (kg)

38.16 59.36 69.536 82.256 86.496 CBR:Load –penetration graph for clay107.696
mixtures: flyash 117.872 Load(kg) 124.656 3 days curing 7 days curing 0 7.93 25.99
33.92 63.98 84.82 97.92 117.84 122.95

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5

0 4.01 9.35 22.54 40.98 62.77 76.89 89.99 95.99

0 5.55 13.86 25.99 53.01 71.85 90.92 97.96 104

7.5 10 12.5

115.98 126.73 132.89

129.03 141.93 152.94

153.97 164.78 185.72

CBR test values for clay-lime mixture Load(kg) Penetration(mm) 3 days curing 0 0.5
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 7.5 10 12.5 0 4.24 10.35 25.88 46.92 73.689 89.82 95 97.51 125.62
131.06 140.69 0 6.98 15.65 28.99 54.74 79.05 95.77 99.95 109.59 134.98 149.65
156.32 7 days curing 0 9.36 21.28 34.76 65.96 87.99 100.01 119.76 124.82 154.87
170.21 190.97
CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION