HORTICULTURE

INTRODUCTION
OF
VEGETABLE AND SPICES
Introduction
India is ‘The Land of Spices’ and the glory of Indian spices is known throughout the world.
Satndard ISO 676: 1995 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines
spices and condiments as “vegetable products or mixtures thereof free from extraneous matter,
used for flavouring, seasoning and imparting aroma in foods”. The term “applies equally to the
product in the whole form or in the ground form”. It includes 109 spices and the list of such
spices given in the Table 1.1. The list of spices differes from country to country. According to
American Spices Trade Association (ASTA) list, there are 41 items. Spices Board of India has
52 spices under it’s list.

According to Bureau of Indian Standards, there are 63 items under spices / condiments. Spices
have been so valued primarily for their ability to make food taste better and sometimes for a
perceived ability to make people feel better and fight disease. Spices are even more important
today as around globe there is a clamour for tastier and’spicier’ foods. Spices or their extracts are
also used in medicine, pharmaceutical, perfumery, cosmetics and several other industries. Their
functional properties as antioxidants, preservatives, anti-microbial, antibiotic and medicinal have
been well recoganised and made use of. Spices have also characteristic, often very attractive
colours, which are an important part of their appeal to be used as natural colours in the
foodstuffs. The concept of flavour in spices comprises a range of olfactory and tastes
perceptions. The constituents responsible for these sensations are the volatile / essential oil and
resinous compounds, which are a wide range of different natural organic chemicals and which
generally have little or no nutritional value. These are also widely used for making ‘herbal’ teas
and other medicinal applications.

Table 1.1: List of spices

No. Botanical Name of the Plant Family Common Name of the Name of the Part
Spice in English of the Plant Used
as Spice
1 Acorus calamus L Araceae Sweet flag, myrtie flag Rhizome
Calamus, flag root
2 Aframomum angustifolium Zingiberaceae Madagascarc cardamom Fruit, seed
(sonn.) Schumann
3 Aframomum hanburyi Zingiberaceae Cameroon cardamom Fruit, seed
Schumann
4 Aframomum korarima Zingiberaceae Korarima cardamom Fruit, seed
(Peroira) Engl.
5 Aframomum melegueta Zingiberaceae Grain of paradise, Guinea Fruit, seed
(Roscoe) Schumann grains
6 Allium ascalonicum L Liliaceae Shallot Bulb
(Alliaceae)
7* Allium cepa L Liliaceae Onion Bulb
(Alliaceae)
8 Allium cepa var. aggregatum Liliaceae Potato onion Bulb
(Alliaceae)
9* Allium tuberosum Rottler Liliaceae Indian leek, Chinese chive Bulb, leaf
ex. Sprengel (Alliaceae)
10* Allium fistulosum L Liliaceae Stony leek, Welsh onion, Leaf and bulb
(Alliaceae) Japanese bunching onion
No. Botanical Name of the Plant Family Common Name of the Name of the Part
Spice in English of the Plant Used
as Spice
11 Allium porrum L Liliaceae Leek, winter leek Leaf and bulb
(Alliaceae)
12* Allium sativum Liliaceae (Alliaceae) Garlic Bulb
13* Allium schoenoprasum L Liliaceae Chive Leaf
(Alliaceae)
14 Alpinia galanga (L) wild Zingiberaceae Greater galangal longwas, Rhizome
Siamese ginger
15 Alpinia officinarum Hance Zigiberaceae Lesser galangal Rhizome
16 Amomum aromaticum Roxb. Zingiberaceae Bengal cardamom Fruit, seed
17 Amomum kepulaga Zingiberaceae Round cardamom, Chester Fruit, seed
Sprague et Burk. cardamom, Siamese
Syn .Amomum campactum cardamom, Indonesian
Sol. ex. Maton cardamom
18 Amomum krevanh Pierre Zingiberaceae Cambodian cardamom Fruit, seed
Ex. Gagnepain
19 Amomum subulatum Roxb. Zingiberaceae Greater Indian cardamom, Fruit, seed
Large cardamom, Nepalese
cardamom
20 Amomum tsao-ko Crevost Zingiberaceae Tsao-ko cardamom Fruit, seed
Et Lemaire
21* Anethum graveolens L Apiaceae Dill Fruit, leaf, top
(Umbelliferae)
22 Anethum sowa Kurz Apiaceae Indian dill Fruit
(Umbelliferae)
23 Angelica archangelica L Apiaceae Garden angelica Fruit, petiole, root
(Umbelliferae)
24 Anthriscuscereifolium (l.) Apiaceae Chervil Leaf
Hoffm (Umbelliferae)
25 Apium graveolens L. var Apiaceae Celery, garden celery Fruit, root, leaf
dulce (Miller) Pers. (Umbelliferae)
26 Apium graveolens L. var. Apiaceae Celeriac Fruit, root, leaf
rapaceum (Miller) Gaudich (Umbelliferae)
27* Armoracia rusticana P. Brassicaceae Horseradish Root
Gaertn.B. Meyer et Scherb. (Cruciferae)
28* Artemisia dracunculus L Asteraceae Tarragon, estragon Leaf
(Compositae)
29* Averrhoa bilimbi L Averrhoaceae Belimbing, bilimbi Fruit
(Oxalidaceae) cucumber tree
30* Averrhoa carambola L Averrhoaceae Carambola, caramba Fruit
(Oxalidaceae)
31* Brassica juncea (L) Czernj.et Brassicaceae Indian mustard Seed
Cosson (Cruciferae)
32* Brassica nigra (l) Koch Brassicaceae Black mustard Seed
(Cruciferae)
33 Bunium persicum (Boiss) Apiaceae Black caraway Seed, tuber
B.Fedtsch (Umbelliferae)
34 Capparis spinosa L Capparidaceae Caper, common caper, caper Floral bud
bush
35 Capsicum annum L 1) Solanaceae Capsicum, chillies, paprika Fruit
36 Capsicum frutescens L 1) Solanaceae Chiilies, Bird eye chilli Fruit
37 Carum bulbocastanum L Apiaceae Black caraway Fruit, Bulb
(Umbelliferae)
No. Botanical Name of the Plant Family Common Name of the Name of the Part
Spice in English of the Plant Used
as Spice
38* Crum carvi L Apiaceae Craway, blond caraway Fruit
(Umbelliferae
39 Cinnamomum aromaticum Lauraceae Cassia, Chinese cassia Bark
Nees. Syn. Cinnamomum
cassia Nees ex. Blume
40* Cinnamomum burmanii Lauraceae Indonesian cassia Bark
(Nees et T. Nees) Blume
41* Cinnamomum loureirii Nees Lauraceae Vietnamese cassia Bark
42 Cinnamomum tamala Nees Lauraceae Tejpat, Indian cassia Bark
43* Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae Sri Lankan cinnamon, Bark
Blume Indian cinnamon
44* Coriandrum sativum L Apiaceae Coriander Leaf, Fruit
(Umbelliferae)
45* Crocus sativus L Iridaceae Saffron Stigma
46* Cuminum cyminum L Apiaceae Cumin Fruit
(Umbelliferae)
47* Curcuma longa L Zingiberaceae turmeric Rhizome, leaf
48* Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Poaceae (Gramineae) West Indian lemon grass Leaf
Stapl.
49 Cymbopogon nardus L. Poaceae (Gramineae) Sri Lankan citronella Leaf
Randle
50 Elettaria cardamomum (L) Zingiberaceae Small cardamom Fruit, seed
Maton var.minucula. Burk
51 Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Zingiberaceae Sri Lankan cardamom Fruit, seed
Maton var. major. Thwaites
52.1 Ferula assa-foetida L Apiaceae Asafoetida Rhizome exudates
52.2 Ferula foetida Regel (Umbelliferae)
52.3 Ferula narthex Boiss
53 Foeniculum vulgare Miller Apiaceae Bitter fennel Leaf, twig, fruit
ssp.capillaceum Miller (Umbelliferae)
var. vulgare
54 Foeniculum vulgare Miller Apiaceae Sweet fennel Leaf, twig, fruit
ssp.capillaceum Miller (Umbelliferae)
var. dulce
55 Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Clusiaceae Garcinia, Camboge Pericarp of the
Desr. (Guttiferae) Fruit
56 Garcinia indica (Thouars) Clusiaceae Garcinia , Kokum Pericarp of the
choisy (Guttiferae) fruit
57* Hyssopus officinalis L Lamiaceae Hyssop Leaf
(Labiatae)
58 Illicumverum Hook. f Illiaceae Star anise, chinese anise Fruit
59 Juniperus communis L Cupressaceae Common juniper Fruit
60 Kaempferia galanga L Zingiberaceae Galangal Rhizome
61* Laurus nobilis L Lauraceae Laurel, true laurel, bay leaf, Leaf
sweet flag
62* Levisticum officinale Koch Apiaceae Garden lovage, lovage Fruit, leaf
(Umbelliferae)
63.1 Lippia graveolens Kunth Verbanaceae Mexican oregano Leaf, terminal
63.2 Lippia berlandieri Schauer shoot
64* Mangifera indica L Anacardiaceae Mango Immature fruit
(Rind)
No. Botanical Name of the Plant Family Common Name of the Name of the Part
Spice in English of the Plant Used
as Spice
65* Melissa officinalis L Lamiaceae Balm, lemon balm, melissa Leaf, terminal
(Labiatae) Shoot
66* Mentha arvensis L Lamiaceae Japanese mint, field mint, Leaf, terminal
(Labiatae) corn mint Shoot
67 Mentha citrata L Lamiaceae Bergamol Leaf, terminal
(Labiatae) shoot
68* Mentha x piperita L Lamiaceae Pepper mint Leaf, terminal
(Labiatae) Shoot
69* Mentha spicata L Lamiaceae Spear mint, garden mint Leaf, terminal
(Labiatae) shoot
70 Murraya koenigii (L) Rutaceae Curry leaf Leaf
Sprengel
71 Myristica argentea Warb Myristicaceae Papuan nutmeg Kernel
Papuan mace Aril
72* Myristica fragrans Houtt Myristicaceae Indonesian type nutmeg Kernel
Siauw type nutmeg
Indonesian type mace Aril
Siauw type mace
73 Nigella damascena L Ranunculaceae Damas black cumin, love in Seed
a mist
74* Nigella sativa L Ranunculaceae Black cumin Seed
75* Ocimum basilicum L Lamiaceae Sweet basil Leaf, terminal
(Labiatae) Shoot
76* Origanum majorana L Lamiaceae Sweet marjoram Leaf , floral bud
(Labiatae)
77* Origanum vulgare L Lamiaceae Oregano, origan Leaf, flower
(Labiatae)
78 Pandanus amaryllifolius Pandanaceae Pandan wangi Leaf
Roxb.
syn. Pandanus latifolius
Hassk. Var minor
79* Papaver somniferum L var Papaveraceae Poppy, blue maw, maw seed Seed
nigrum
80* Petroselinum crispum Apiaceae Parsely Leaf, root
(Miller) Nyman ex. A.W Hill (Umbelliferae)
syn. Petroselinum sativum
Hoffm
81* Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr Myrtaceae Pimento, allspice, Jamaica Immature fruit ,
Pepper leaf
82* Pimenta racemosa (Miller) Myrtaceae West Indian bay Fruit, leaf
J. Moore
83* Pimpinella anisum L Apiaceae Aniseed Fruit
(Umbelliferae)
84 Piper guineense Schumann Piperaceae West African or Benin Fruit
et Thonn. L pepper
85* Piper longum L Piperaceae Long pepper, Indian long Fruit
pepper
86* Piper nigrum L Piperaceae Black pepper, white pepper, Fruit
green pepper
87* Punica granatum L Punicaceae Pomegranate Seed (dried with
flesh)
 No. Botanical Name of the Plant Family Common Name of the Name of the Part
Spice in English of the Plant Used
as Spice
88* Rosmarinus officinalis L Lamiaceae Rosemary Terminal shoot,
(Labiatae) Leaf
89* Salvia officinalis L Lamiaceae Garden sage Terminal shoot,
(Labiatae) Leaf
90* Satureja hortensis L Lamiaceae Summer savory Terminal shoot,
(Labiatae) leaf
91* Satureja montana L Lamiaceae Winter savory Leaf twig
(Labiatae)
92 Schinus molle L Anacardiaceae American pepper, Fruit wall (rind)
Californian pepper tree
93 Schinus terebenthifolius Anacardiaceae “Brazilian pepper” Fruit
Radde
94* Sesamum indicum L Pedaliaceae Sesame, gingelly Seed
95* Sinapis alba L Brassicaceae White mustard, yellow Seed
(Cruciferae) mustard
96* Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae Clove Flower bud
Merr. Et Perry syn. Eugenia
caryophyllus Bullock et S.
Harrison
97* Tamarindus indica L Caesalpiniaceae Tamarind Fruit
98* Thymus serpyllum L Lamiaceae Mother of thyme, wild Terminal shoot,
(Labiatae thyme, creeping thyme leaf
99* Thymus vulgaris L Lamiaceae Thyme, common thyme Terminal shoot,
(Labiatae Leaf
100* Trachyspermum ammi (L) Apiaceae Ajowan (Bishop’s weed) Fruit
Sprague Umbelliferae
101* Trigonella foenum-graecum Fabaceae Fenugreek Seed, leaf
L (leguminosae)
102 Vanilla planifolia Andrews Orchidaceae Vanilla Fruit (pod)
syn. Vanilla fragrans
(Salisb.) Ames
103 Vanilla tahitensis J . Moore Orchidaceae Vanilla Fruit (pod)
104 Vanilla pompona Schiede Orchidaceae Pompona vanilla Fruit (pod)
105 Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) Annonaceae Negro pepper, Guinean Fruit
A. Rich pepper
106 Zanthoxylum, bungei Planch Rutaceae Chinese prickly ash pepper Fruit
syn. Zanthoxylum bungeanum Sechuang pepper
Maxim
107 Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Rutaceae Chinese pepper Fruit
DC
108 Zanthoxylum piperitum DC Rutaceae Japanese pepper Fruit
109 Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae Ginger Rhizome

Export of Spices
Agricultural commodities contribute around 7 % of total export from India and spices contribute
around 3% of the total agricultural commodities exported from India. Spices share around 0.27
% to the total export from India .
Table 1.2: Spices export from India and their share to total export in India
(Value Rs in Lakhs)

2006-
Sl No Commodity 2005-2006 %Share 2007(Apr- %Share
Dec)
1 Pepper Long 652.34 0.0014 253.55 0.0006
2 Light Black Pepper 54.13 0.0001 98.5 0.0002
3 Black Pepper Garbled 6,111.66 0.0134 15,266.42 0.0366
Black Pepper Ungarbled 278.35 0.0006 280.38 0.0007
4
Dehydrated Green Pepper 1,049.01 0.0023 604.78 0.0015
5
6 Pepper Pinheads 48.15 0.0001 37.7 0.0001
7 Freez Dried Green Pepper 662.37 0.0015 483.57 0.0012
8 Fr0zen Pepper 396.24 0.0009 18.42 0
Othr Pepper Nthr Crshd Nor 1,421.43 0.0031 1,367.81 0.0033
9 Grnd
Crushed Or Ground Pepper 4,878.12 0.0107 5,147.33 0.0124
10
11 Chilly 24,757.60 0.0542 37,892.12 0.0909
12 Chilly Powder 13,398.62 0.0294 11,376.74 0.0273
Fruits Of The Genus 0.51 0 20.97 0.0001
13 Capsicum
14 Chilly Seed 118.74 0.0003 30.96 0.0001
Pepper Jamaica (Pimenta/All 1.04 0
15 Spices)
Othr Fruits Of Gens 933.89 0.002 748.75 0.0018
16 Capscm/Pmnta
17 Vanila Bean 755.95 0.0017 1,148.87 0.0028
18 Vanilla Powder 96.82 0.0002 64.97 0.0002
Other Vanilla Excldng Vnla 121.11 0.0003 289.11 0.0007
19 Bean & Pwdr
20 Cassia 69.21 0.0002 111.5 0.0003
21 Cinnamon Bark 37.7 0.0001 27.66 0.0001
22 Cinnamon Tree Flowers 14.67 0 0.44 0
Pthr Cinmamn Not 107.19 0.0002 73.81 0.0002
23 Crshd/Grnd
Cinnamon & Its Tree Flwrs 36.38 0.0001 73.53 0.0002
24 Crshd Or Grnd
25 Cloves Extracted 84.91 0.0002 39.53 0.0001
Clove, Not Extracted (Other 5.64 0 7.34 0
26 Than Stem)
27 Cloves Stems 3.19 0 2.78 0
28 Other Cloves 105.94 0.0002 65.09 0.0002
29 Nutmeg In Shell 1,206.34 0.0026 640.58 0.0015
30 Nutmeg Not In Shell 1,699.73 0.0037 1,814.48 0.0044
31 Mace 126.85 0.0003 55.86 0.0001
 Cardamoms 1,483.07 0.0032 1,477.55 0.0035
32 Large(Amomum)
Cardamoms Small Alleppey 665.08 0.0015 350.73 0.0008
33 Green
Cardamoms Small Coorg 1,038.63 0.0023 200.94 0.0005
34 Green
Cardamons Small 49.66 0.0001 35.85 0.0001
Blchd,Half-Blchd/Blchble
35
Cardamoms Small Seeds 18.96 0 14.74 0
36
Cardamom Small(Mixed) 0.2 0 59.7 0.0001
37
38 Cardamom Powder 145.52 0.0003 97.6 0.0002
Others(Incl.Large Seeds) 271.58 0.0006 147.77 0.0004
39
40 Anise of Seed Qlty 244.56 0.0005 266.61 0.0006
41 Other Anise Seeds 146.96 0.0003 110.62 0.0003
42 Badian of Seed Qlty 4.85 0
43 Other Badian Seeds 15.05 0 3.13 0
44 Coriander of Seed Qlty 3,875.98 0.0085 3,429.92 0.0082
45 Other Coriander Seeds 3,221.96 0.0071 3,418.63 0.0082
Cumin Black of Seed Qlty 2,304.97 0.0051 3,053.20 0.0073
46
Other Cumin Black Seeds 1,619.86 0.0035 1,029.76 0.0025
47
Cumin,Othr Thn Blck of 2,475.44 0.0054 6,533.71 0.0157
48 Seed Qlty
Othr Cumin(Othr Thn Black) 2,698.67 0.0059 8,215.22 0.0197
49 Seeds
50 Caraway of Seed Qlty 24.72 0.0001 25.93 0.0001
51 Other Caraway Seeds 2.29 0 17.33 0
52 Fennel of Seed Qlty 2,001.65 0.0044 1,619.56 0.0039
53 Other Fennel Seeds 624.87 0.0014 1,070.85 0.0026
54 Juniper Berries of Seed Qlty 2.78 0 0.17 0
55 Othr Juniper Seeds 119.57 0.0003 21.72 0.0001
56 Ginger Fresh 928.28 0.002 407.36 0.001
57 Ginger Dried Unbleached 1,507.37 0.0033 1,229.23 0.003
58 Ginger Dried Bleached 543.84 0.0012 267.62 0.0006
59 Ginger Powder 1,179.61 0.0026 1,122.16 0.0027
60 Ginger,Nes Incl Dried 421.5 0.0009 451.11 0.0011
61 Saffron Stigma 63.35 0.0001 137.11 0.0003
62 Saffron Stamen 124.98 0.0003 52.99 0.0001
63 Other Saffron 12.83 0 129.21 0.0003
64 Fresh 6,148.92 0.0135 4,600.87 0.011
65 Dry 4,040.45 0.0089 3,709.08 0.0089
66 Powder 5,689.48 0.0125 4,959.97 0.0119
67 Other Turmeric 652.53 0.0014 580.96 0.0014
 Tejpat (Leaves Of Cassia 130.18 0.0003 70.17 0.0002
68 Lignea)
69 Thymes 45.16 0.0001 121.68 0.0003
70 Bay Leaves 74.89 0.0002 58.02 0.0001
71 Curry 1,225.89 0.0027 2,066.92 0.005
Mixtrs Of Two Or Mors 2,684.06 0.0059 2,851.56 0.0068
72 Prodcts Of Diff Hdg
73 Celery Seed 1,670.28 0.0037 1,307.35 0.0031
74 Fenugreek Seed 2,980.28 0.0065 2,049.29 0.0049
75 Dill Seed 581.84 0.0013 372.95 0.0009
Ajwan Seed (Bishop Seed) 482.62 0.0011 296.78 0.0007
76
77 Cassia T0rea Seed 357.39 0.0008 711.78 0.0017
78 Other Spices N.E.S 1,141.74 0.0025 935.67 0.0022
79 Cassia Powder 657.92 0.0014 730.36 0.0018
80 Cumin Powder 1,141.30 0.0025 1,281.18 0.0031
81 Celery Powder 97.06 0.0002 97.29 0.0002
82 Fenugreek Powder 354.27 0.0008 366.37 0.0009
83 Dill Powder 8.83 0 60.18 0.0001
84 Poppy Powder 12.91 0 10.31 0
85 Mustard Powder 67.54 0.0001 86.11 0.0002
Other Powder Of Other 4,954.71 0.0109 3,476.46 0.0083
86 Spices N.E.S.
87 Cardamom Husk 207.29 0.0005 67.14 0.0002
88 Spices Husk/Spent, N.E.S., 460.24 0.001 372.62 0.0009
89 Other Spices N.E.S. 987.76 0.0022 1,014.45 0.0024
Spices Total 123928.01 0.2717 64,491.44 0.1546
India's Total Export 45,641,788.00 41,668,588.00
Table 1.3: Item-wise share of Export of Spices from India

Quantity

Value

Fig 1.1: India's share in world trade of spices – 2017

Table 1.4a: Item-wise export of spices from India
 Table 1.4b: Item-wise import of spices into India

India produced 38,17,900 tonnes of spices during 2004-05 and exported 3,20,530 tonnes during
2005-06. It indicated that strong domestic market is exists and we consume more than 90 % of
our production only < 10 % is exported. India also imports considerable amount of spices (Table
1.4b). Traditionally we export freesh or dried produces but in recent times value added products
are in great demand. The produce subjected to value addition chain. During which it is made into
powders, oils, oleoresins etc., they are in great demand in culinary preparations and
pharmaceuticals etc.

For the export of spices and spice products, the exporting countries have to comply with the
specifications laid down by the regulatory agencies in importing countries. Before the
liberalisation, exporters had to comply with the pre-shipment inspection and quality control as
per the AGMARK Grade Specification prescribed by the Directorate of Marketing and
Inspection (DMI). Export Inspection Agency, under the Export Inspection Council of India, also
has the mandate for pre-shipment inspection and quality control certification. With the
liberalization pre-shipment inspection and quality control was withdrawn and the exporters are
free to export the spices and spice products as per the specifications prescribed by the importing
countries. As per the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed between Ministry of
Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India and the United States Food and Drug Administration
(USFDA), export of Black Pepper to USA can be made with the pre-shipment inspection and
quality control certification by Export Inspection Agency.

The most popular specification for spices and herbs the world over is the "ASTA Cleanliness
Specifications for Spices, Seeds and Herbs". The unified ASTA, USFDA Cleanliness
Specifications for Spices, Seeds and Herbs was made effective from 1-1-1990. Major producing
countries have built up their facilities to meet the requirements as per ASTA Cleanliness
Specification. The importing countries where they do not have specifications for spices, used to
request the exporting countries to supply spices as per the ASTA Specification.
Countries like UK, Germany and Netherlands have laid down cleanliness specification for

spices. European Spice Association (ESA) comprising of the members of the European Union
has come out with the "quality minima for herbs and spices". This serves as a guideline
specifications for member countries in European Union. European Union is yet to finalise the
cleanliness specification for spices and spice products.

In addition to the cleanliness specification, the importing countries insist on the specification for
parameters like pesticide residues, aflatoxin, trace metal contamination and microbial
contamination. Individual member countries in European Union have fixed Maximum Residue
Levels (MRLs) for pesticide residues. European Union has not prescribed the limits for pesticide
residues in spices and spice products. USA and Japan has prescribed the MRLs in spices. Under
the Codex, MRLs for pesticide residues have not been prescribed. India has taken the initiative to
fix the MRLs for spices at the Codex level. European Union has prescribed limits for aflatoxin as
5 ppb, for Aflatoxin B1 and l0 ppb for Aflatoxin total. Member countries in European Union and
others have fixed limits for aflatoxin varying from 1 ppb to 20 ppb.

Importing countries are cautious on the microbial contamination in spices at the time of import.
Almost all the importing countries have fixed the limits for Salmonella as absent in 25g.
Specifications have been prescribed laid out by major importing countries for the microbial
parameters such as Total Plate Count (TPC), E. coli, Yeast, Mould, Coliforms, etc. The limits for
the above parameters vary from country to country.
The cleanliness specification, the limits for pesticide residues, aflatoxin and microbial
contaminants prescribed by the major importing countries are given in spices.

Area and Production of Spices

The important spices and condiments under commercial or large scale cultivation are Chillies,
Black Pepper, Cardamom, Turmeric, Ginger, Coriander, Fennel, Fenugreek, Cumin, and Garlic.
The total area under spices is over 2.6 m.ha with a production of 3.8 m tones and our domestic
consumption is around 80 % of the production.
Table 1.5: State Wise Area and Production and Important Spices Grown in India (2004-05)
State Area (‘000ha) Production Important Spices Grown
(‘000 tonnes)
Andaman & Nicobar 1.87 3.1 Black pepper, Chilli, Ginger, Clove, Nutmeg,
Cinnamon
Andhra Pradesh 354.6 1217.1 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Coriander, Mustard
Seed, Garlic, Tamarind
Arunachal Pradesh 6.7 37.3 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric
Assam 26.0 17.6 Chilli, Turmeric
Bihar 10.9 10.9 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Coriander, Mustard
Seed, Garlic
Chhattisgarh 12.4 8.7 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Mustard Seed, Garlic
Gujarat 260.4 279.4 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Coriander, Cumin,
Fennel, Fenugreek, Ajwan Seed, Dill Seed,
Mustard Seed, Garlic
Himachal Pradesh 2.9 14.9 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Coriander, Garlic
Jammu & Kashmir 4.3 8.3 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Garlic, Saffron
Karnataka 151.4 214.4 Black pepper, Cardamom, Chilli, Ginger,
Turmeric, Coriander, Mustard Seed, Garlic,
Tamarind, Clove, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Sweet
Flag, Vanilla
Kerala 326.4 178.9 Black pepper, Cardamom, Chilli, Ginger,
Turmeric, Garlic, Tamarind, Clove, Nutmeg,
Cinnamon, Vanilla
Maharastra 105.6 83.8 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Garlic
Mehalaya 19.7 73.6 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Mustard Seed, Tejpat
Mizoram 7.4 38.3 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Garlic
Manipur 15.0 10.8 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Mustard Seed
Madhya Pradesh 209.4 266.5 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Coriander, Mustard
Seed, Garlic
Nagaland 13.7 70.3 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Garlic
Orissa 145.8 194.4 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Coriander, Mustard
Seed, Garlic
Punjab 4.0 22.2 Chilli, Celery, Garlic
Rajasthan 574.2 492.8 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Coriander, Cumin,
Fennel, Fenugreek, Ajwan Seed, Dill Seed,
Mustard
Sikkim 31.8 40.1 Large Cardamom, Ginger, Turmeric
Tamil Nadu 140.0 263.0 Black pepper, Cardamom, Chilli, Ginger,
Turmeric, Coriander, Mustard Seed, Garlic,
Tamarind, Clove, Vanilla
Tripura 4.5 9.4 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric
Uttar Pradesh 51.7 134.0 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Coriander, Fennel,
Fenugreek, Garlic
Uttaranchal 1.1 6.5 Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Coriander, Fenugreek,
Garlic
West Bengal 76.8 105.4 Large Cardamom, Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, New Delhi and State Departments & Arecanut and Spices
Database, Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development, Calicut & Spices Board, Cochin
Organizations

Research

Indian Institute of Spices Research(ICAR), Calicut, Kerala

National Research Center for Seed Spices(ICAR), Ajmer, Rajasthan
National Research Center for Onion and Garlic(ICAR), Pune, Maharashtra
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research(ICAR), Bangalore, Karnataka
National Research Center for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants(ICAR), Anand, Gujarat
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants(CSIR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Central Food Technological Research Institute(CSIR), Mysore, Karnataka
All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices(ICAR), Calicut, Kerala
Indian Cardamom Research Institute(Spices Board), Myladumpara, Kerala
Cardamom Research Center (IISR)(ICAR), Appangala, Karnataka
State Agricultural Universities
CSIR Labs

Development
 Directorate of Arecanut, Spices and Medicinal Plants Development, Calicut

Export
 Spices Board, Co chin, Kerala
 Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, New Delhi
 National Agricultural Cooperative Federation of India Ltd. , New D elhi
India Pepper & Spice Trade Association [IPSTA], Cochin, Kerala
All India Spices Exporters Forum [AISEF], Cochin, Kerala

THE END

SHIVAM
SYT ID -2017015230