MATERIALS TESTING AND QUALITY

CONTROL SEMINAR
for
Philippine Rural Development Program
January 12 – 16, 2015
BY
ENG’R. ABNER GEORGE S. LOMIBAO
THE UNIVERSAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INSPECTION AND LABORATORY

POZZOLANIC PHILS, INC.

TECHNICAL STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS
AND HIGHWAYS (DPWH)
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS OF
HIGHWAYS , BRIDGES , AND
AIRPORTS, 1995
 ASTM (AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
TESTING MATERIALS)
 AASHTO (AMERICAN ASSOCIATION
OF STATE HIGHWAY
TRANSPORTATION OFFICIAL)
 ACI (AMERICAN CONCRETE
INSTITUTE)
TECHNICAL STANDARDS
SPECIFICATIONS

 NRMCA (NATIONAL READY MIXED

CONCRETE ASSOCIATION)
 AI (ASPHALT INSTITUTE)
 BS (BRITISH STANDARDS)
 DIN (EUROPEAN STANDARDS
 AGGREGATES

THE TERMS “ CONCRETE

AGGREGATES”, ROCK AGGREGATES
OR GRAVEL AND SAND REFERS TO
THE METRIC OR PRINCIPAL
STRUCTURE OF CONRETE AND
ASPHALT , CONSISTING OF
RELATIVELY INERT AND COARSE
MATERIAL USUALLY STONE
 AGGREGATES
Coarse Aggregates – are predominantly
retained on the No. 4 (4.76mm) Sieve

Fine Aggregates – are aggregates passing the

3/8 inch (9.50mm) Sieve and
predominantly retained on the No. 200
Sieve
 AGGREGATES
I. BY TYPE OF PROCESS

• SALANDRA METHOD (Manual Screening) – River bed

aggregates
• MECHANICAL SCREENING – Processed River Bed
Aggregates
• MECHANICAL CRUSHING/SCREENING –Quarried
Aggregates (Mountain Quarry)/100 % crushed
 AGGREGATES
II. COMMERCIAL FORMS OR SIZES

• 1 ½ “ (37.50 MM) MSA OR G-1

• ¾” (19.00MM) MSA

• ½” (12.50MM) MSA

• 3/8” (9.50mm) MSA OR PEA GRAVEL

• S-1 (CRUSHED OR MANUFACTURED SAND)

 Properties of Aggregates
• Hardness –to resist surface wear by
rubbing and friction
• Strength and Toughness – to resist
weathering without deterioration.
• Cleanness-free from excessive amounts of
deleterious substances such as clay, silt,
coal, lignite, and organic matter.
• Gradation – particle size distribution
 AGGREGATES
II. COMMERCIAL FORMS OR SIZES

• WASHED SAND

• BALLAST AGGREGATES

• EMBANKMENT MATERIALS

• SUB BASE COURSE MATERIALS

• BASE COURSE MATERIALS

TEST METHODS FOR AGGREGATES

I. COARSE AGGREGATES

• GRADATION ANALYSIS
• % WASH
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION
• UNIT WEIGHT
• ABRASION LOSS
• SOUNDNESS LOSS
• CLAY LUMPS AND FRIABLE PARTICLES
TEST METHODS FOR AGGREGATES

II. FINE AGGREGATES

• GRADATION ANALYSIS
• % WASH
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION
• UNIT WEIGHT
• SOUNDNESS LOSS
• MORTAR STRENGTH
• ORGANIC IMPURITIES
 ASTM C-33
GRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR AGGREGATES
No Nominal Size 4 3 1/2 3 2 1/2 2 inch 11/2 1 inch ¾ ½ inch 3/8 No. 4 No. 8 No. 16 No. 30 No.50 No.10
Openings inch inch inch inch (50m (37.50 (25.0m inch (12.50 inch (4.75m (2.36mm) (1.18 (0.60 (0.30 0
(100 (90m (75 (63mm) m) mm) m) (19.0 mm) (9.50 m) mm) mm) mm) (0.15
mm) m) mm) mm) mm) mm)

Amounts Finer than Each Laboratory Sieve (Square Openings), Weight Percent

1 31/2 to 1 ½ (90 100 90 - 25 - 60 0 - 15 0-5

to 37.50mm) 100

2 2 ½ to 1 ½ (63 100 90 - 100 35 - 0 - 15 0-5

to 37.50mm) 70

3 2 to 1 inch (50 to 100 90 - 35 - 70 0 - 15 0-5

4.75mm) 100

357 2 inches to No. 100 95 - 35 - 70 10 - 0-5

4 (50 to 100 30
4.75mm)

4 1 ½ to ¾ inch 100 90 - 20 - 55 0 - 15 0-5

(37.5 to 100
19.0mm)

467 1 ½ to No. 4 100 95- 100 35 - 10 - 0-5

(37.5 to 70 30
4.75mm)

5 1 to ½ inch (25 100 90 - 20 - 0 - 10 0-5

to 12.50mm) 100 55

56 1 to 3/8 inch (25 100 90 – 40 - 10 - 0- 0-5

to 9.50mm) 100 85 40 15

57 1 to No. 4 (25 to 100 95 - 25 - 0 - 10 0-5

4.75mm) 100 60

6 ¾ to 3/8 inch 100 90 - 20 - 0- 0-5

(19.0 to 100 55 15
9.50mm)

67 ¾ to No. 4 (19.0 100 90 - 20 - 0 - 10 0-5

to 4.75mm) 100 55

7 ½ to No.4 (12.5 100 90 - 40 - 0 - 15 0-5

to 4.75mm) 100 70

8 3/8 to No. 8 100 85 - 10 - 30 0 - 10 0-5

(9.50 to 100
2.36mm)

Sand Fine Aggregates 100 95 - 80 - 100 50 - 25 - 10 - 2 - 10

100 85 60 30
 Mineral Aggregates Blending
Sieve AGG. # 1 AGG. # 1 Blending Results Required
Size 1½” 3/4” Proportion Specificatio
MSA, % MSA, % ns
Passing Passing
AGG#1 AGG #2 % Passing % Passing
60% 40%
2” (50mm) 100 100 60 40 100 100

1 ½” 95 100 57 40 97 95 – 100
(37.50mm)
1” (25mm) 35 100 21 40 61

¾” 19mm 10 96 6 38 44 35 – 70
3/8” 3 40 2 16 18 10 – 30
(9.5mm)
#4 1 5 0.60 2 2.6 0-5
(4.75mm)
#8 1 3 0.60 1 1.6
(2.36mm)
 AGGREGATES
FUNCTION OF AGGREGATES
 PROVIDE ECONOMICAL FILLER
 REDUCE SHRINKAGE
 IMPROVE ABRASION RESISTANCE
 REDUCE OR INCREASE UNIT WEIGHT
PORTLAND CEMENT
 PORTLAND CEMENT
It is the product obtained by finely pulverizing
clinker which is produced by calcining to
incipient fusion a properly proportioned mixture
of argillaceous and calcareous materials.
 RAW MATERIALS FOR PORTLAND
CEMENT
ARGILLACEOUS MATERIALS ( At 1500ºC or
2700ºF)

• SILICA
• ALUMINA
• IRON OXIDE

CALCAREOUS MATERIALS

• LIME
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF
PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPE I
USED FOR GENERAL CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
TYPE II
USED WHEN MODERATE HEAT OF HYDRATION
AND MODERATE SULFATE RESISTANCE IS NEEDED
CHARACTERIZED BY LOW PERCENTAGE OF
TRICALCIUM SULFATE.
TYPE III
USED FOR HIGH EARLY STRENGTH CONCRETE. IT
HAS A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF C3S.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF
PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPE IV
USED WHEN LOW HEAT OF HYDRATION IS
NEEDED LIKE THE CONSTRUCTION OF MASSIVE
STRUCTURES LIKE DAM. IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY
HIGH PERCENTAGE OF C2S AND C4AF AND LOW
PERCENTAGE OF C3S AND C3A.
TYPE V
USED WHEN HIGH SULFATE RESISTANCE IS
NEEDED.
 PHYSICAL COMPOUND OF
PORTLAND CEMENT
 TRI-CALCIUM SILICATES (C3S)
Controls the strength development of cement

 DI--CALCIUM SILICATE (C2S)

Controls the strength development of cement

 TRI-CALCIUM ALUMINATE (C3A)

Controls the volume change in concrete

 TETRA CALCIUM ALUMINA FERRITE

(C4AF)
Reduces the clinkering temperature during
manufacturing process.
Approximate composition and fineness ranges
for the standard types of portland cements
ASTM TRICALCIUM DICALCIUM TETRACAL TETRACAL AIR
TYPE SILICATE SILICATE CIUM CIUM PERMEABI
(C3S), % (C2S), % ALUMINAT ALUMINA LITY
E(C3A) FERRITE SPECIFIC
(C4AF) SURFACE,
M²/KG
I 41 - 65 10 – 30 0 - 17 6 – 18 300 - 400

II 35 - 60 15 – 35 0-8 6 – 18 280 - 380

III 45 - 70 10 – 30 0 - 15 6 – 18 450 - 600

IV 20 - 30 50 – 55 3-6 8 - 15 280 - 320

V 40 - 60 15 - 40 0-5 10 - 18 290 - 350

 PHYSICAL COMPOUND OF
PORTLAND CEMENT

GYPSUM
Retards the setting time of cement (usually added
during the pulverizing stage)
 TEST METHODS FOR
PORTLAND CEMENT
1. Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
using 2” x 2” Cube

2. Normal Consistency

3. Time of Setting

4. Fineness / Blend
 TEST METHODS FOR
PORTLAND CEMENT
1. Chemical Analysis

 Aluminum Oxide
 Ferric Oxide
 Magnesium Oxide
 Sulfur Trioxide
 Silicon Dioxide
 Loss on Ignition
 Insoluble Residue
 Free Lime
 TEST METHODS FOR
PORTLAND CEMENT
6.Tri-calcium Silicate (C3S)

7. Di-calcium Silicate (C2S)

8. Tri-calcium Aluminate (C3A)

9.Tetra-calcium Alumina-Ferrite (C4AF)

 CEMENT SAMPLING AND TESTING SCHEDULE
Sample Sample Test Frequency
Location

1 Limestone being fed to raw mill COз Content 1 per shift

2 Clay being fed to raw mill H2O Content (If wet process) Percent 1 per shift
finer than 75µm (No. 200) Sieve

3 Raw mill discharge and blending tank CO3 Content 2 per shift
H2O Content (if wet process) 2 per shift

4 Kiln feed (from blending silo or tank) CO3 Content 2 per shift
H2O Content (If wet process) 2 per shift
Percent finer than 300µm (No. 50)
Sieve 2 per shift
Percent finer than 75µm (No. 200)
Sieve 2 per shift
5 Clinker Free CaO, 2 per shift
Complete chemical analysis 1 per day

6 Cement Free CaO, 1 per shift

SOз 4 per shift
Fineness (Air permeability) 4 per shift
Complete chemical analysis 1 per day
Complete physical tests 1 per day
7 Cement Retain sample for 120 days
 MISCELLANEOUS OR SPECIAL PURPOSE
Type Description or purpose ASTM
Specification
White Cement White architectural cement None

Buff Cement Buff architectural cement C 845

Expansive cement Expansive hydraulic cement None43

Type E-1 43
43
Regulated set For use where rapid setting and moderate early strength None
cement development are needed
Oil well cements Hydraulic cements used for oil well casings and linings None
Types A through H, J
Masonry cement For use in mortar for masonry, brick, and block C 91
types M, S, and N construction, and stucco
Plastic cement For use in exterior stucco applications None

High Alumina For use in refractory, high early strength, and moderately None
Cement acid resistant concretes
Block cement For use in making concrete masonry units None

Magnesium Non portland cement for use where rapid hardening is None
phosphate cement needed
 ADMIXTURE
A material other than water, aggregates and
portland cement (including air entraining
portland cement and portland blast furnace slag
cement) that is used as an ingredient of concrete
and is added to the batch immediately before or
during its mixing.
MINERAL ADMIXTURE
 MINERAL ADMIXTURES
 FLY ASH
Fly ash is also known as pulverized fuel ash
(pfa) which is a pozzolanic material which is
capable of combining with lime to form
cementitious compounds.
 MINERAL ADMIXTURES

TWO TYPES OF FLY ASH

1. TYPE F
Produced when anthracite, bituminous or
sub- bituminous coal is burned. Low lime
content.

2. TYPE C
Normally comes from lignite or sub-
bituminous coal.High lime content.
 MINERAL ADMIXTURES
ADVANTAGES OF FLY ASH

1. REDUCE HEAT OF HYDRATION

2. IMPROVE WORKABILITY OF FRESH CONCRETE
3. DECREASE PERMEABILITY
4. INCREASE DURABILITY
5. INCREASE STRENGTH
6. REDUCE CHLORIDES AND SULPHATES ATTACK
7. REDUCE BLEEDING AND SEGREGATION
8. REDUCE AGGREGATE ALKALI REACTION (AAR)
 MINERAL ADMIXTURES
 FLY ASH DOSAGE IS ABOUT 5 TO 40%
BY MASS OF THE CEMENT
 ASTM C-618
TEST REQUIREMENTS FOR FLY
ASH
 CHEMICAL
 SO3
 MOISTURE CONTENT
 LOSS ON IGNITION

 PHYSICAL
 FINENESS + 325 MESH
 POZZOLANIC ACTIVITY/CEMENT
 WATER REQUIREMENT
 AUTOCALVE EXPANSION
 MINERAL ADMIXTURES
 SILICA FUME
It is the by product of the manufacture of
silicon, ferrosilicon, from quartz and carbon in
electric arc furnaces.
 MINERAL ADMIXTURES
 Mineral Admixtures
 Silica Fumes
 A very fine particles with size smaller than one
micrometer (average diameter is 0.1 micrometer) or
100 times smaller than the average cement particle.
 Specific Gravity – 2.2 to 2.5
 Normal content – 5 to 15% of the portland cement
content
 Bulk density of 160 to 320 kg/m³, densified
 MINERAL ADMIXTURES
ADVANTAGES OF SILICA FUME

1. ACHIEVE HIGH STRENGTH

2. INCREASE DURABILITY
3. IMPROVE WORKABILITY
4. INCREASE COHESION
5. DECREASE BLEEDING AND SEGREGATION
6. REDUCE HEAT OF HYDRATION
7. REDUCE CHLORIDES AND SULPHATES ATTACK
8. REDUCE PERMEABILITY
 MINERAL ADMIXTURES
 BLAST FURNACE SLAG
It is commonly known as ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)
which is the by product of the production
of iron
 MINERAL ADMIXTURES
 BLAST FURNACE SLAG
The non metallic product consisting essentially of
silicates and alumino-silicates of calcium and of other
bases that is developed in a molten condition
simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace.

 GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG

The glassy granular material formed when molten blast
furnace slag is rapidly chilled as bay immersion in
water.
 MINERAL ADMIXTURES
 BLAST FURNACE SLAG
 Main constituents arw calcium, magnesium, silicon,
aluminum, and oxygen.
 Very effective with cements with higher contents of
alkali and C3A and higher fineness.
 It must conform to the requirements of ASTM C 989
 MINERAL ADMIXTURES
ADVANTAGES OF BLAST FURNACE SLAG

1. INCREASE STRENGTH
2. IMPROVE RESISTANCE TO CHEMEICAL ATTACK
3. IMPROVE RESISTANCE TO BLEEDING AND
SEGREGATION
4. DECREASE PERMEABILITY
CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE
 TYPES OF CHEMICAL
ADMIXTURES
ASTM C –494 -Chemical Admixtures for Concrete

TYPE A - Water reducing Admixtures

TYPE B - Retarding Admixtures

TYPE C - Accelerating Admixtures

TYPE D - Water Reducing and Retarding

Admixtures
 TYPES OF CHEMICAL
ADMIXTURES
ASTM C – 494 - Chemical Admixtures for Concrete

TYPE E - Water Reducing and Accelerating

Admixtures

TYPE F - Water Reducing, High Range

Admixtures

TYPE G - Water Reducing , High Range

Retarding Admixtures

ASTM-260 -Air Entraining Admixtures For Concrete

 Chemical Admixtures for Concrete

 Chemical Admixtures
Raw Materials
 Lignosulfonates
 Hydroxylated carboxylic acids
 Carbohydrates
 Melamine
 Napthalene condensates
 Organic and inorganic accelerators
TEST METHOD FOR CHEMICAL
ADMIXTURES
 PH NO.

 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

 SOLID CONTENT

 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
 USES OF ADMIXTURES
Usually an admixture is used to modify the properties
of the concrete in such a way to make it more suitable
for the work in hand such as:
 Improvement of workability

 Acceleration of the rate of strength development at

early age.

 Retardation of initial stiffening or too rapid.

 Retardation or reduction of heat evolution.

 USES OF ADMIXTURES
 Increase in bond to steel reinforcement.

 Reduction in bleeding.

 Increase in durability.

 Increase and decrease in the permeability to liquid.

 Production of cellular concrete.