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Controlled fill shall be free of organic matters, rubbles, cobbles and boulders, and other
deleterious substances.
The following four (4) types of controlled fills are classified for earthworks.
9.1.1 General Fill (Class D) shall meet the following gradation requirements:
b. Between 80% and 40% by weight passing the 2.0 mm mesh sieve
c. Not more than 15% by weight passing the 75 micron mesh sieve; less
than 4 plasticity index. Where binding effect is required between soil
particles as in uncontained embankments, a maximum of 20% by
weight material passing the 75 micron mesh sieve shall be provided.
9.1.2 Select Fill shall be a well graded granular material as shown in Table-I.
Table-I
50 100
19.0 95 to 80
2.0 80 to 50
0.250 50 to 25
0.075 20 to 5
Where free draining properties of the controlled fill are essential, such as
groundwater table being within 1.5 m depth below the bottom of foundations
or pavements, the material passing the 75 micron mesh sieve shall be between
5% and 10% by weight. Where groundwater is not a problem and binding
effect is required between soil particles, as in uncontained embankments and
surfaces exposed to erosion, near maximum limit of 20% by weight material
passing the 75 micron mesh sieve shall be provided.
9.1.3 Clean sand satisfying the following USA Standard sieve size gradation shall
be used for bedding around utilities as shown in Table II.
Table II
9.1.4 Aggregate sub-base and base course materials shall meet the following
gradation as shown on Table III and physical properties as shown on Table
IV.
Fine Aggregate 20 20 20 20 20
The COMPANY Representative shall approve the depth of the fill after the
availability of soil reports. Aggregate sub-base and base courses, if specified, shall
be used as fill material for access roads, substation yards, designated roadways,
parking lots, and material yards where heavy traffic load is expected.
Minimum depth of filling shall be 600 mm if the bottom of excavation reveals good
soil/ hard surface.
Sand shall be used for bedding around service lines such as pipes, conduits, and
cables. In all other instances, “General Fill” shall be used as sub-base unless
otherwise specified.
Fifty kilogram bag samples of each material to be used as controlled fill shall be
collected in the presence of COMPANY Representative and submitted for testing to
an independent soil testing laboratory, approved by the COMPANY, at least ten
(10) days prior to commencing controlled fill operations. The testing laboratory
shall perform at least one of each of the following tests on fill samples and submit
the test results to the COMPANY.
If the results from the above tests meet the specification requirements, the testing
laboratory shall determine the CBR, Sulphate and chloride content including the
compaction characteristic of the fill material by conducting one of the following tests
(item a or b below) that is applicable to the gradation, plasticity and drainage
characteristics of the fill material:
c. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) for each class of fill materials
compacted in the laboratory after four (4) days soaking as determined by
ASTM D 1883 shall be as follows:
Table V
Note: The correlation of the soil ratings based on CBR values is given in
Figure 8.
d. The Sulfate and chloride contents of controlled fill for each class of fill
materials shall also be determined. Borrowed fill with greater Sulfate or
chloride content than the existing soil in the site shall not be used as
controlled fill for improvement of existing facility.