1 Highway Engineering-II CEng-4183

Chapter 2:
2.2. UNBOUND
GRANULAR MATERIALS

Instructor: Fasika Mekonnen

Fasomeku@gmail.com
 Introduction
2
 Sources of Aggregates
3
 Sources of Aggregates
4
 Aggregates Test
5
 Aggregates Test
Particle Size
6
 Aggregates Test
Particle Size
7
 Aggregates Test
Particle Size
8
 Aggregates Test
Particle Size
9
 Aggregates Test
Particle Size
10
 Aggregates Test
Toughness and Abrasion Test
11
 Aggregates Test
Toughness and Abrasion Test
12
 Aggregates Test
Toughness and Abrasion Test
13
 Aggregates Test
Soundness Test
14
 Aggregates Test
Shape & Texture Test
15

 Flakiness index
 Angularity number
 Elongation index
 Aggregates Test
Specific Gravity Test
16
 Blending Aggregates
17

 To meet the gradation requirements of aggregates for

particular uses in pavement construction, it is often necessary
to blend two or more aggregates together.
 Charts and diagrams are available to do this blending, but
the trial-and-error method is simpler and just about as fast
as more complex methods
 The following equation may be written to apply the
procedure to any given sieve: aA  bB  T
 Where:
 A and B are percentages from aggregates A and B
 a and b are the respective sieve analysis values for a given sieve
X, expressed as a decimal fraction,
 T is the sieve analysis value in the blended aggregate. The
equation can be used for gradation expressions
 Blending Aggregates
18

Example 1:
% Passing

Sieve
Aggregate A Aggregate B Specification Mid-point Combined
aggregate

12.5 mm 100 100 90-100 95 100

No. 10 0 100 40-55 48 48

No. 200 0 14 5-10 8 7

 Blending Aggregates
19

 Three aggregates are to be blended to meet a specification. The

aggregates, gradations, and the specification are given in the table
below:
Sieve size Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate Specification Spec. Mid- Combined
A B C point gradation

(1st trial)

Passing 12.5 mm 100 100 100 100

9.5 mm 62 100 72-88 80 79

4.75 mm 8 100 78 45-65 55 46

2.36 mm 2 91 52 30-60 45 34

1.18 mm 0 73 36 25-55 40 25

600 m 51 29 16-40 28 18

300 m 24 24 8-25 16.5 11

150 m 4 20 4-12 8 6

75 m 1 18 3-6 4.5 5
 Base Course Materials
20

 Graded crushed aggregate:

 This material is produced by crushing fresh, quarried rock usually termed a
'crusher-run‘.
 The rock used for crushed aggregates should be hard and durable
 After crushing, the material should be angular in shape with a Flakiness Index of
less than 35%, and preferably of less than 30%.
 Grading limits for graded crushed stone base course materials
Test sieve (mm) Percentage by mass of total aggregate passing test sieve
Nominal maximum particle size
37.5 mm 28 mm 20 mm
50 100 - -
37.5 95 – 100 100 -
28 - - 100
20 60 – 80 70 - 85 90 – 100
10 40 – 60 50 - 65 60 – 75
5 25 - 40 35 - 55 40 – 60
2.36 15 – 30 25 - 40 30 – 45
0.425 7 – 19 12 - 24 13 – 27
0.075 1 5 – 12 5 - 12 5 – 12
 Selected subgrade materials and capping
layers
21

 These materials are often required to provide

sufficient cover on weak subgrades.
 Thick sub-base to reduce costs, and a cost
comparison should be conducted to assess their cost
effectiveness
 A minimum CBR of 15 %
 Grading or plasticity criteria are not given for these
materials
 Least change in bearing capacity from dry to wet is
also beneficial.
 Sub-base Course Materials
22

 The sub-base is an important load spreading layer which enables

traffic stresses to be reduced to acceptable levels on the subgrade.
 working platform for the construction of the upper pavement layers
 Bearing capacity: A minimum CBR of 30%
 Filter or separating layer

Typical particle size distribution for sub-bases

Test Sieve (mm) Percentage by mass of total aggregate
passing test sieve (%) Where: D15 is the sieve
50 100 size through which 15%
37.5 80 – 100 by weight of the material
20 60 – 100 passes and D85 is the
5 30 – 100 sieve size through which
1.18 17 – 75 85% passes.
0.3 9 – 50
0.075 5 – 25
 Gravel Surface Roads
23

 Generally roads which are

constructed and maintained at Gradation requirements for gravel wear course (ERA, 2001)
low cost
Test Sieve Percent(%) by mass of total aggregate passing test sieve
 Coarse well graded gravel Size(mm)

 designed for AADT between Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Type 6
350 and 400 50 - - - 100 - -

 The general soil-aggregate 37.5 100 - 100 80-100 - -

mixture used for constructing 28 - 100 95 - - - -

gravel roads should be stable 100

20 80 - 100 95 - 100 85-100 60-80 100 -
14 - 80-100 65 - - - -
100
10 55 - 100 65 - 100 55 - 45-65 80 - 100 100
100
5 40 - 60 45 - 85 35-90 30-50 60 -85 80-100
2.36 30 - 50 - - 20-40 45-70 50-80
2 - 30 - 65 22-75 - - -
1 - 25-55 18-60 - - -
0.425 15 - 30 18 - 45 15-50 10-25 25-45 25-45
0.075 5 - 15 12-32 10-40 5-15 10-25 10-25
 THANK YOU!

24

QUESTIONS?