3.

SYNTHESIS AND USES OF TYPES OF CCPs

Table 2. Properties and applications of some representative conjugated polymers

Conjugated Stable Preparation method Application fields

polymers structure
Polypyrrole p-Doped PPy films can be obtained by Modified electrode, enzyme
(PPy) conducting state electrochemical oxidation electrodes (biosensors),
polymerization from aqueous or electrochromics, conducting polymer
organic solution. PPy powder can be films
prepared by chemical oxidation
polymerization
Polyaniline p-Doped Electrochemical or chemical Modified electrodes, enzyme
(PAn) conducting state oxidation polymerization from electrodes (biosensors),
(proton-acid strong acidic aqueous solution electrochromics, electrode materials
doping) for batteries and solid capacitors,
anti-corrosion, microwave
absorption, electrode buffer layer for
optoelectronic devices
Polythiophene Intrinsic Electrochemical oxidation Electrochromics, conducting polymer
(PTh) semiconducting polymerization from organic films
state solution, or chemical oxidation
polymerization in organic solvent
PEDOT:PSS p-Type doped Electrochemical oxidation Transparent conducting polymer
conducting state polymerization from organic films, anode buffer layer materials in
solution, chemical oxidation or organic/polymer light-emitting
chemical synthesis in organic diodes and organic/polymer solar
solvent cells, anti-static-electricity coating
layer materials, electrode materials in
solid state capacitors, etc.
Poly (3- Intrinsic Chemical synthesis in organic Donor material in polymer solar cells,
hexylthiophene) semiconducting solvents semiconductors in field effect
(P3HT) state transistors
MEH-PPV and Intrinsic Chemical synthesis in organic Orange electroluminescent material
MDMO-PPV semiconducting solvents for polymer light-emitting diodes
state

4. CONTEMPORARY AND FUTURE conductivity we can combine two or more materials,

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
I. CONDUCTIVE FIBERS
As explained in section 2-II, conjugated polymers or
CCPs are organic materials that conduct electricity.
Due to their high conductivity, lower weight, and
environmental stability, they have a very important
place in the field of smart and interactive textiles.
However, it is very difficult to use these fibers for
interactive applications. The major reasons are poor
mechanical strength, brittleness, a lower production
rate, and difficult processing. The production of pure
PEDOT fibers with high conductivity values, from 150
to 250 S/cm, by a chemical polymerization method has
also been reported, but due to their micro-scale size and
brittle nature, useful applications could not be found.
Therefore, to overcome the problem and to raise the
such as non-conductive and conductive materials, they
are known as treated conductive fibers or extrinsically
conductive fibers and they divided into both filled type
as well as coated type .Conductive filled fibers are a
class of conductive fibers that can be produced by
adding conductive fillers—such as metallic powder,
carbon black, carbon nanotubes, or conjugated
polymers—to non-conductive polymers such as PP, PS,
or PE. Next, the conductive fibers that can be produced
by coating insulating materials with highly conductive
materials, such as metals, metal alloys, carbon black,
carbon nanotubes, and CCPs, are known as conductive
coated fibers.

4
II. ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS recognition and enormous adsorption efficiency for
Hg(II), Ag(I) and Cr(III). The experimented results is
Pseudo capacitive CPs exhibit high conductivity,
shown as below :
structural flexibility, and chemical stability in
corrosive electrolytes. CPs such as PANI and PPy not
only show high energy storage capacity but also
present the possibility of fabricating flexible electrodes.
However, a serious drawback of CPs in practical
application lies in their poor cycling stability. To
resolve this issue, a research on morphologies of CCPs
found out that better structural ordering in the PANI
chains is believed to contribute to the outstanding
oxidation level of the nanofibers. Furthermore, the
nanofiber electrode had faster electrode kinetics than
the nanorod and nanosphere electrodes. Hence ,
nanotubes showed the best capacitance owing to its
higher surface area as shown in the SEM image.

Fig. 11: Real-time response of PPy/cellulose (PPCL) composite

membranes in a flow cell measured at different applied
potentials: (a) Hg(II); (b) Ag(I); (c) Pb(II); (d) Ni(II); (e) Cd(II);
(f) Cr(III); and (g) Zn(II). Copyright 2014, Royal Society of
Chemistry.

B. Biological Sensors
A rise in the number of people affected by disease has
prompted researchers to develop suitable devices for
the fast and accurate diagnosis of biological target
Fig. 10: SEM of PANI nanostructures with differentaspect ratios
synthesized under the same stirring conditions (200 rpm) and histograms
species. Yoon et al. developed a glucose biosensor
showing their size distribution (D, diameter; L, length) based on enzyme-functionalized PPy nanotubes using
Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society. a liquid-ion gated field-effect transistor (FET)
III. CP SENSORS configuration. It provides more sensitiveresponses
through depletion or accumulation of charge carriers.
A sensor is a device that converts an input parameter The CP nanomaterials could be chemically
(e.g., temperature, humidity, or chemical and immobilized onto a surface-modified microelectrode
biological species) into a signal that can be measured. substrate, hence this lead to a method for glucose
The output signal of the sensor is normally based on biosensor. As shown below :
changes in electrical or optical properties. CPs show
reversible changes in conductivity, color, and volume,
which makes them suitable materials for sensing.
Since CPs can interact with organic compounds and
moisture present in the surrounding environment, they
are sometimes unstable and consequently may exhibit
low sensitivity and selectivity to a target analyte,
which needs to be improved.
A. Chemical Sensors
First-generation pristine CP film sensors (un-doped)
were used to detect gas/vapor species (including NO2,
SO2 and I2) by directly exposing the sensors to the
target environment and monitoring changes in
conductivity. However, this method faced the
limitation of poor selectivity because the surrounding Fig. 12: Schematic illustration of the reaction steps for the
environment normally contains many interferences fabrication of a field-effect transistor (FET) sensor platform
including humidity. Further research show that the based on carboxylated PPy nanotubes (CPNTs).Copyright 2008,
PPCL composite membranes exhibited high American Chemical Society

5
IV. CORROSION PROTECTION LAYER
Earlier work suggesting that the interfacial contact
between the metal and adopted ΕΑΡ would generate
an electric field that would restrict the flow of
electrons from the metal to an outside oxidizing
species, thus preventing and/or reducing corrosion.
Hence by galvanizing PANI as the protective layer
could form a dense, strong adherent, low-porosity
film similar to a barrier coating and causes the
formation of protective layers of metal oxides on a
metal surface which is a resistance to corrosion.
V. ELECTROCHROMICS
It is manufactured according to a properties of CCPs
which known that reversible doping/de-doping of CPs
is mediated by oxidation/reduction processes. Visible
color change of CPs can be effected by reversible
redox processes, a phenomenon known as
electrochromism. The oxidized or reduced species
could absorb and reflect certain wavelength based on
the absorption spectra and that is how electrochromics
depict different color on its surface.
It can be apply on electrochromic window. The
operation of electrochromic window : at least one of
the electrodes must be transparent to the given
electromagnetic spectrum; the cathode material
(which colors upon being oxidized) must be
electrochemically reversible; the ion-conducting
electrolyte must not only provide physical separation
between cathode and anode, a source of cations and
anions to balance redox reactions, but must also be
transparent to the given region of the spectrum; and
the anode material (which colors upon being reduced)
must also be electrochemically reversible.
Transparent Opaque
Fig. 13: Electrochromic window operation (adapted from
Elsevier Science resources)
VI. OTHERS :
i. Radar
ii. Cells
iii. Controlled-release
iv. Electromechanical Devices
5. CONCLUSION
a. Conductive conjugated polymer is a type of organic
polymer which highly conduct electricity after
doping.
b. It can be used as material for semiconductor.
c. The flexible characteristic made it malleable to be
fabricated into different bendable electronic devices
such as OLED curved TV and wearable sensor.
6. REFERENCE
[1] Mohd Hamzah Harun ; Elias Saion; Anuar
Kassim ; Noorhana Yahya ; Ekramul Mahmud.
Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia,
Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian
Institute for Nuclear Technology Research, Faculty of
Chemical Engineering, MARA University of
Technology Conjugated Conducting Polymers: A
Brief Overview , January 2007.
[2] P. Zarras ; J. D. Stenger-Smith , American
Chemical Society. An Introduction to Corrosion
Protection Using Electroactive Polymers , Chapter
1 ,pg 2-13 , 2003.
[3] Tariq Bashir, Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of
Technology. Conjugated Polymer-based Conductive
Fibers for Smart Textile Applications,2013.
[4] Thanh-Hai Le ; Yukyung Kim ;Hyeonseok
Yoon .Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate
School, Chonnam National University. Electrical and
Electrochemical Properties of Conducting Polymers ,
23 April 2017.
[5] Dai.L.Intelligent Macromolecules for Smart
Devices From Material Synthesis to Device
Application, Chapter 2,XVI,2004.
[6] Vladan Koncar. Smart Textiles and Their
Applications : A volume in Woodhead Publishing
Series in Textiles,Chapter 24,2016.