PHYSIC‘S

OFTHE EARTH
AYDPLAKETARY
IYTERIORS
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297

The Flinn-Engdahl Regionalisation Scheme: the 1995 revision

J.B. Young a.* , B.W. Presgrave ‘, H. Aichele ‘, D.A. Wiens d, E.A. Flinn et’
a A WE Bluckne.\t. Brinyron. Reudin~ KG7 4R.S. UK
b r
htrtioncrl Eurthyucrkr I@rmutron Centre. USGS Suroey. P.O. Box 25046. Stop 967. Denoer Federul Center.
Drnurr. CO 80225. USA
’ Srrsmo/o~t.vchrs Zrntralohsrruutorium. Krunkrnhau.t.strcrJ.te 1-3. D-91054 Eriurpw. Grrmuq
d Dqxutment oJ’Eorth ctnd Plunetury Sciences. Washington Unioersuy. P.O. Box 1169. Saint Louis. MO 63130. 1JSA
’ NASA, Wo.\hrngton, DC, USA

Received 27 November 1995: accepted 9 January I996

Abstract

The Flinn-Engdahl Regionalisation Scheme, also known as the F-E Code, has been used by seismologists for many
years to identify and specify regions of the Earth. The Working Group on Regionalisation of the International Association of
Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior (IASPEI) Commission on Practice has the task of defining a new standard for
the regionalisation of the Earth. In the meantime, it was agreed that a revision of the F-E Code would be appropriate. This
paper presents the 1995 revision and supersedes the F-E Code standard published in 1974.

1. Introduction with a minor revision of region namespublished by

The Flinn-Engdahl Regionalisation Scheme is the
standard list of namesand boundary definitions used
by seismologiststo specify and identify regions of
the Earth. The Scheme was first proposed by Flinn
and Engdahl (I 965) who described the criteria for
defining and naming regions. The standardknown as
the F-E Code was published by Flinn et al. (1974)
’ Corresponding author.
Dedication: Ted Flinn’s influence was not only Earth-wide
also reached the outer-most planets of our Solar System. This
paper tlluminates one small part of Ted’s work and is dedicated to
his memory.
’ Deceased.
Young and Pooley (1986).
The original regionalisation of the Earth was done
by Gutenberg and Richter (1954). They studied more
than 4000 large earthquakes recorded over a period
of nearly 50 years and plotted the epicentres on a
world map. On this map they drew 5 1 regions, which
were numbered l-51, and allocated descriptive
names; the regions of high seismicity, being, in
general, smaller in area than those of low seismicity.
One consequence of this is that oceanic regions
having sparse seismicity cover a larger area than
most continental regions.
The regionalisation proposed by Flinn and Eng-
dahl (1965) is a subdivision of 50 of the Gutenberg
but and Richter regions(regions 5 1 and 30 being merged)
so forming a mosaic within the larger region. Ini-
tially, there was a total of 729 subdivisions. Some
adjustment of the large region boundariesalso had to

003 I-9201 /96/S15.00 Copyright 0 1996 Elsrvter Science B.V. All rights reserved.
P/I SOO~1-9~Ol(96~O~l~l-X
224 J.B. Youn,q et ul./PItyi~~.~
be made. Flinn and Engdahl called the large regions
“seismic regions” and the subdivisions forming the
mosaic “geographical regions”.
When the F-E Code was published by Flinn et al.
(1974) most seismological agencies such as the In-
ternational Seismological Centre (ISC) and the US
Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS) had adopted
the regionalisation and were using it routinely in
their publications. The F-E Code contained 728
geographical regions (numbered l-729, region 172
no longer in use> with names, and 50 seismic regions
(numbered l-50) also with names. With the increas-
ing accuracy of hypocentres it became apparent that
in some areas of the Earth the F-E Code was
inadequate for regionalising epicentres. For example,
Chandra (19751, Aichele and Peterschmitt (1977),
and Young and Pooley (1986) published criticisms
of the F-E Code. So in 1985, the Commission on
Practice (COP> of the International Association of
Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior
(IASPEI) established a Working Group on Regional-
isation at the IASPEI Assembly in Tokyo. The COP
asked Dr E.A. Flinn to be the Group’s Chairman
with the task of defining the new standard for the
regionalisation of the Earth. In 2 years Dr Flinn
appointed members of the Group and the first meet-
ings were held at the International Union for Geodesy
and Geophysics (IUGG) Assembly in Vancouver in
1987. At its meetings in 1987 and 1988 the Working
Group decided that the new standard would be a
seismo-geographical regionalisation based on poly-
gons defining ‘local’ regions of seismic, tectonic,
geographic, and other features. It was also agreed at
that time that the new standard would include some
minor corrections to the F-E Code.
This work was started but by the time of the
meeting of the Working Group at the IASPEI As-
sembly in Istanbul in 1989 Ted Flinn had died. The
first author (Young) was appointed as Chairman by
the COP in succession to Dr Flinn. Three short
papers by Young (19881, Young and Wiens (19901,
and Young and Presgrave (1995) have been pub-
lished describing the changes made to the F-E Code.
The purpose of this paper is to bring together all this
work and present a revised F-E Code. This paper
supersedes the special issue of the Bulletin of the
Seismological Society of America (BSSA) describ-
ing the F-E Code published by Flinn et al. (19741
oft/w Eurth und Planetury Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297
and is the current standard definition of the F-E
Code.
2. The revised F-E Code
The region boundaries in the F-E Code follow
integer values of latitude and longitude. The smallest
region is one degree square, for example, Region
271, Buru, Indonesia, and the largest is Region 611,
North Pacific Ocean, covering thousands of square
degrees. There are 754 geographical regions (num-
bered l-757, regions 172, 299, and 550 no longer in
use) which form a mosaic within the seismic regions
(numbered l-50). The seismic regions have re-
mained unchanged since Flinn and Engdahl (1965)
proposed the regionalisation and for completeness
are illustrated in Fig. 1. (Note that this map has been
adapted from Flinn et al., 1974; Young and Pooley,
1986 and the ISC Regional Catalogue of Earth-
quakes, e.g. International Seismological Centre,
1995.) The seismic regions are called the first level
regions. or Level 1; being a coarse regionalisation of
the Earth. For this revision, 28 new geographical
regions have been added; with two, Region 299,
Southeast Asia, and Region 550, Northwest Affica,
being completely replaced by new regions. All other
new geographical regions reduce the size of existing
regions. Geographical regions are called second level
regions, or Level 2; being a finer regionalisation of
the Earth. (The third level regions, or Level 3, are
for ‘local’ regionalisation but the description of this
system is beyond the scope of this paper.) Note that
the boundary definitions of the regions in the F-E
Code remain fixed.
All the region names in the F-E Code have been
reviewed, see Young et al. (1993), and the list of
both seismic and geographical region names pre-
sented in Appendix A is the best current description.
However, use of the names is not mandatory and the
list is only our recommendation. For example, both
the ISC and the NEIC (National Earthquake Informa-
tion Centre, successor to the USCGS) tend to use
names that are shorter than those in Appendix A.
3. The 28 new geographical regions
The 28 new geographical regions have been in-
cluded after consultation with users of the F-E
 225

1 I I
226 J.B. Young er ul. /Physics oj’the Earth und Plonerory Interrors 96 (19961223-297

h I 464 468
1460°w 9o”w

463 465'-
1 467

.
_ 495 .
I
tl I

r
L-1 lOoN . .

104

I 1 I 1 I CIA., 1 I / I / I / I 1

Fig. 2. Regions centred on 20”N 94”W illustrating new regions 730, 731 and 757.
 J.B. Youq et (11. /Physic\ ofthe Eurth cod Plunctury Interiors 96 (19961 223-297 227

729
t

3o"w 20% 10%

I ~'l,',,1,,,~l/,,_~,/,,l,,,,i/ ,
Fig. 3. Regions centred on 65”s IS’W illustrating new region 732.
228 J.B. Young rf d./Phy.w.~ ofrhr Earth urul Plmetury Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297

12O'E
1.' * 658 .. .

323 1

c. 319

7L”

t 90°E -l

Fig. 4. Regions centred on 20% IOYE illustratmg new regions 733-737.

 229

c 635
-

“_1
60 N

[ 402
MAPdq 402 (

, !

/:-.
,. ‘;I
I / 1 I
40%
1
402
.L 1
i-e
.-l--1

Fig. 5. Regions centred

p-i-
3Q$w

on 65”N 29”W illustrating new region 738.

462
1
230

402

E.
rr- LA_ I fL’-
..

407'7.
P,Zj 409
; /.,. y1oJY ODE
I I

FIX. 6. Regions centred on 20”N 4’W illustrating new regions 739, 743-755.
 231

,- 60°E

Fig. 7. Repmns centred on 2O”N 65”E illustrating new region 710.

232 J.B. Young et uI./Physics of’rhr Eurth und Plonrtury 1nrrr1or.s 96 (1996) 223-297

I I 1 1 / ! I 1 L

Fig. 8. Regons centred on 203 70”E illusuatmg new region 741.

t
1. 110% 120’E 130’E 140’E ,9qusj
-&-L- 1----~ 1 I 1 I , I I
Fig. 9. Regions centred on 65’S I26”E illustrating new region 742.
 . ..
. ::
698. c T-
699

.;+:
.r 6g4
;.f. r-
~ 698 699 ~.

L . ;. 684 ~ 683
20”s : ‘f 20%
1
-
683 I. I,
685
&. :

MAP 10
__
.
.
.:.

; :
‘:
_-J
./ ‘-7
_’ I
,I
: ._ .I
686

684
. llOOW
_I -. I
Fig. IO. Regions centred on 203 99”W illustratmg new rqyons 756, part 757.
 J.B. Youn~q et ul. / Ptry.sic\
Code. The accepted regions are necessarily a com-
promise between conflicting interests and is probably
the minimum amount of change required to produce
an acceptable new standard. The new regions have
been defined in three separate published papers
(Young, 1988; Young and Wiens, 1990; Young and
Presgrave, 1995) on the assumption that the number-
ing of the regions would be consecutive. However, at
the IUGG Assembly in Vienna in 1991 the Working
Group decided that the regions should be put into
seismic region number order so the numbering of the
regions has been changed from that in the first two
papers. (Note the region boundary definitions are
unchanged so are not being repeated here.) The
region numbers allocated are 730-757 following on
from the l-729 in the 1974 F-E Code standard. The
regions are shown by shading in Figs. 2-10 with the
seismicity included to demonstrate the reasons for
defining the region. The 28 new geographical re-
gions are described below and shown on one or more
of Figs. 2-10.
Region 730 Northern East Paci$c Rise
Region 757 Galapagos Triple Junction region
These two regions enclose the area of seismicity
stretching from the Galapagos Triple Junction west
of the Galapagos Islands, northwards towards the
southwest coast of Mexico. The reason for the two
regions is that the two existing geographical regions
which are split, are in different seismic regions.
Region 730 is in seismic region 5 and divides Re-
gion 63. Off coast of Mexico, into two parts. Region
757 is in seismic region 44 and divides Region 693,
Eastcentral Pacific Ocean, with the smaller part in
the east, lying north of Region 696, Galapagos
islands region and Region 695, West of Galapagos
Islands, and the larger part to the west. The geo-
graphical regions 63 and 693 are now classed as
aseismic.Both regions 730 and 757 are illustrated in
Fig. 2 and the southern part of 757 is also shown in
Fig. 10.
Region 73 1 North qf Hondurus
The region is based on a proposal for a new
geographical region for the Cayman Islands (M.
Isaacs,personalcommunication. 1986) but is a com-
of r/w Earth trnd Plummry Inrrrror.\ 96 1/9Y6) 223-297 235
promise as the proposed region involved changing
existing boundaries.The region enclosesthe seismic-
ity in the northwest comer of Region 94. Caribbean
Sea, between Region 85, Cuba region, and Region
72, Honduras, and west of Region 86, Jamaica
region. The reduced region 94 is now classed as
aseismic.Note that adjacent Region 93, Belize, now
appears to be wrongly placed but both regions 731
and 93 remain as part of seismicregion 7. The area
is illustrated in Fig. 2.
Region 732 East of South Sandwich Islands
This region enclosesthe area of seismicity from
the South Sandwich Islands Trench eastwards to-
wards the triple junction of the Atlantic-Antarctic
Ridge and Region 410, Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Region 156, SouthwesternAtluntic Ocean, is split in
two with the larger portion stretching west to Region
155, Antarctic Peninsula, and the smaller part to the
northwest of Region 153, South Sandwich Islands
region; the revised region being classedas aseismic.
Flinn and Engdahl (1965) thought the seismicity of
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and South Sandwich Islands
followed Region 152, South Georgia Rise; this geo-
graphical region is in fact aseismic. Region 732 is
illustrated in Fig. 3 and shown as part of seismic
region 10.
Region 733 Thailund
Region 734 Laos
Region 735 Kampuchea
Region 736 Vietnam
Region 737 Gulf of Tongking
Regions 733-736 are from one of two groups of
political subdivisionsof geographical regions; region
737 being an oceanic region. These five regions
subdivide Region 299, SoutheastAsia, which is no
longer in use. Because region 299 is in seismic
region 25, regions 733-737 remain the same and
constitute about a third of the area of the seismic
region. This is illustrated in Fig. 4.
Region 738 ReykjanesRidge
Flinn and Engdahl (1965) ‘forgot’ about the area
of seismicity joining the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to Ice-
land. Region 738 links Region 403, Northern Mid- Region 742 Western Indian-Antarctic Ridge
Atlantic Ridge, to Region 637, Iceland region, which
includes the northern end of the Reykjanes Ridge. The seismicity of the ridges south of Australia is
Region 402, North Atlantic Ocean, then has only sparse with the geographical regions coarsely de-
sparse intraplate seismicity and is classed correctly fined. Region 437, Sourh of Australia, is split into
as aseismic in seismic region 32. Fig. 5 shows the two roughly equal parts by this region to enclose the
necessity for region 738. seismicity along the Indian Rise as far as the Antarc-
tic Ridge. Neighbouring Region 435, Southeast Kn-
Region 739 Azores-Cape St. Vincent Ridge dian Ridge, and Region 701, West of Macquarie
Island, were considered for new regions but are not
so large as to warrant subdivision. Therefore only
The seismicity in this region between the Western
region 437 has been changed becoming classed as
Mediterranean area and Region 404, Azores Islands
aseismic and the seismic region number stays as 33.
and north of Region 393, Madeira Islands, Portu-
Fig. 9 shows the extent of the region but has little
gal, region is relatively low with the earthquakes
detail as to global position.
only being located with any accuracy since Flinn and
Engdahl’s proposal (Flinn and Engdahl, 1965). This Region 743 Western Sahara
region was the easiest to define requiring only one Region 744 Mauritania
east-west line to create it from Region 402, North Region 745 Mali
Atlantic Ocean. As with region 738. region 402 is Region 746 Senegal-Gambiu region
slightly reduced in size with region 739 remaining in Region 747 Guinea region
seismic region 32. The region is shown in the north- Region 748 Sierra Leone
west comer in Fig. 6. Region 749 Liberia region
Region 750 Cote d’lvoire
Region 740 O\rsen Fracture Zone region Region 751 Burkina Faso
Region 752 Ghana
Even though Region 417, Arabian Sea, is a rela- Region 753 Benin-Togo region
tively small oceanic region the tectonic features are Region 754 Niger
well known. Region 740 encloses practically all the Region 755 Nigeria
seismicity in region 417 to the northeast of Region
416. Socotra region, leaving the remainder of the Regions 743-755 are the second group of wholly
region aseismic. The seismic region is unchanged as political subdivision of geographical regions. These
33 and the whole area is illustrated in Fig. 7. 13 regions subdivide Region 550, Northwest Africa,
leaving this region no longer in use. As region 550 is
Region 741 Indian Ocean Triple Junction in seismic region 37 all the new regions lie in this
seismic region. Fig. 6 shows the regions.
The region encloses the seismicity associated with Region 756 Southeast of Easter Island
the Indian Ocean Triple Junction and separates it
from Region 425, South Indian Ocean. Region 429. This region is another example of how Flinn and
Mid-Indian Ridge, is reasonably well defined except Engdahl (1965) failed to accurately define a known
for part being in Region 427, Mauritius-Reunion tectonic feature. The feature is the West Chile Rise
region, which was also considered for subdivision partly defined by Region 686, West Chile Rise, but
but it was felt that it is not large enough to justify some of the seismicity occurs to the south in Region
defining a new geographical region. Region 428, 692, Southern Pacific Ocean. The region is in two
Southbrlest Indian Ridge, is extended by this region to parts and removes the earthquakes associated with
join up with region 429. The seismic region stays as the tectonic activity from region 692 which remains
33. The Southern Indian Ocean seismicity is well classed as aseismic. The seismic region remains as
illustrated in Fig. 8. 43. Fig. 10 illustrates the reason for this region.
 J.B. Youn,~ et d./Phy.ws ofrhr Earth und Plunrtury Inrrriors 96 (1996) 223-297 237

I’ I I I j ‘1’ I I 1 i I I ’ I
9&v<
_180°W 1 7o"w 16O'W 150°w
633 !
t I 7

t’
MAP 11

675 675

6761,

I
> 1 1
1

16 17
~

t
c
611 611 ]

_ 180°W 170°w 16O'W 150°w i

,
I 1 , I I I I / 1 I I 1 I I I

Fig. I I. Regions centred on 65”N 163”W.

238

-
I , I I 1 II 1 ’ I’ ”
1 90°N
t- 1 5o”w 140°w 633 130°w 120°w ,
-
+

MAP 12

675

1
24
i 1

1 50%
23

i
611
1 5o”w
 J.B. Your~g rr u/./ Pt~y.w:~ o/ r/w Eorrh und Plunrwy Inrenm 96 (19961 223-297 239

I I I 1 1 ’ i 1 j 90”N!
1 2o”w 1 lo”w 100°W 9o”w
633 7
t I
MAP 13 634
11
!

679 \

;
679
60% 603
440

I
438

461 j -
456
28 I
462 464 -Y 466
1 /
240

I’ / / ” 1 : I”” 11 1 [‘I 1 1 90’N

9o”w 8O'W 7o”w 60°W
633
I 1
!
634MAP 14LL 634 -1

_6O0N 60%
440
446

J I I I / I, , I /

Fig. 14. Regions centred on 65”N 75”W.

 J.B. Youn,q rr ~1. / Phy.\w.s of the Eurth untl Planrrury Intrrrors 96 (1996) 223-297 241

7-v--.- I 1 I I
’ 1 ’ 9O”Yj
60°W 5o"w 4o"w mow J
L
633

;
c 680 MAP 15

636

50°W 4o"w
/ I / 1 L.I-Am.ll,, I ! I I / I
Fig. 15. Regions centred on 65”N 45”W.
242 J.H. Young rr d.,‘Phjw.\ ofrhe Eorrh unrl Planrrury 1nrrnor.s 96 (1996) 223-297

m- /
'T" I 1 9oy
30% 2o”w 1 o”w 03 _

633 r

-~- i
635 635 i

641

MAP 16
640 640d
1
,--
639

642 1
I
-402 642

5-i-
‘1
‘- i-
403 ~

k
1.
1
1 3o”w
--__i -!
2o”w 1
404
404 ~
2o”w
402

Fig. 16. Regions centred on 65”N 15”W.

 J.B. Ymnfi ct ul./Phy.uc~s oj’the Earth uml Plmrtury /rut+-ton 96 (1996) 223-297 243

641
MAP 17

t- 639
[_70”N
I

642

I
I

FIN. 17. Regions centred on 6YN 15”E

244

I I I / 1 ’ I’ I ’ II ’ i 1 I I I I
I 90’N
r
r 30°E 40'E 50'E 60"E
633 1
t I :

MAP 18 1
1 641 ~ 644 644
-/ I I

645 -- -- i

O”N 645 --s-m

647 --
r----- I

i 647

’ 721 1723

F r-A5-i7 33

I
335

'50"N I 50%'-
357 357 336
-1

I / I I , I /

Fig. 18. Regions centred on 6S”N 45”E.

 J.B. Young et ul./Phy.\m oj’thr Earth crnd Plunetury Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297 245

r 644
1 MAP 19
651
645
c-
~
649 649 ;;
647
- 1

725 726 j

c 60%
725
L 60°N

326
326
1
r 336 713
t
50%
c
329

330 4 332 332

OE 9O'E
I ! 1 ! I.1

Fig. 19. Regions centred on 65”N 75”E.

246 J.B. Youn,q et d./Phy.w.\ of the Eurth urul Plonrtory Intrriors 96 (1996) 223-297

I -’ 1 1 90°Nl
, 1lO’E 120”E ]
I 90°E 1OO’E
r
i
633
-- - 7

651

653 _’

726 726 726 -

i

Fig. 20. Regions centred on 6S’N 105”E

 J.B. Young rt ul./Physic~.\ ofthe Eurth wtd Plunetury Intrrror.\ 96 (1996) 223-297 241

) I I ,
I” I I”’ / 1 ; ( I / ( ’ 9o”sj
120°E 130'E 140'E 150%
1 i

1
I L-551 633MAP 21 1?
.j
654
633
80’N’
-1
667
667

655 IA F---h - 668i

I 671 671
I

Fig. 2 I. Regions centred on 65”N I WE.

248 J.B. Your~,q e: ul./Physic.s ofthe Eurrh and Plunetury Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297

I r I I I r /
t - ’ ~ ’ ’ ‘9d”iq
150'E 160% 170'E 180°Q
c
633 r

c 633 !/ 634 MAP 22 634

BOON I
667

669 ’
i
1
-b-
670

L-
671 671 - 4

1217

611 ’
160°E 170'E 1805
L I I I 1 / I 1 2 I I

Fig. 22. Repons centred on 65W 163%.

 249

18'O'W 17o”w 16'0% 150%

j
r 611 611
1po%
MAP 23

I
i I I I

L
c
20"N i

t
I

‘1
t 619
t
L

620

621 ~
I -
1
611 620 '622 611 1
h

62.4 632 632

170°w; 160%' 150°w
I, j L I _- I I
FIN. 23. Regions centred on 2O”N 163’W.
250 J.B. Young el aI./ Physics of the Eurth und Planetary Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297

/ I 1 I I I 1 1 / I ’
150°w i 14o”w 13o”w

; 611 611 3o
>OON
c MAP 24 34

38

611

693

611 611

632 693 -
15o”w 140% 1 3o”w

Fig. 24. Regions centred on ZO”N 135”W.

 J.B. Young et d./Phyks ofthe Earth und Planefury Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297 251

;- , -- I ,. / .-- ,
463
t
-------L--l
478 479

496
I c
516

522 ‘w 5:

L 20"N
53
a
i

r
t- ofin
OY3
I

- I
63

I I
i
1 lOoN
I
730
t
c
!-
MAP 25 1
I
-

693 (
757 1
!
>I 693 76

1
693
bOW IO b "w698 i 90°W 1
I
/ I ,/,I, / I1 I I I1 1 I1 1 I I

Fig. 25. Regions centred on 2O”N 105”W.

252 J.B. Youn,g rr ul./ Physics ofrhe Earth md Plunetury 1ntrrior.s 96 (19Y61 223-297

t-

693 176

’ 9o”w
t 1 1 h--L_L_L__1 1 I I i /

Fig. 26. Regions centred on 20”N 75”W.

 J.B. Youtq et ul. / Phytict oj thr Eurtlr orul Plonrtcrry Interior.\ 96 f 1996) 223-297 253

I 404

I
J
t
402 I
402:

~ f

20’N
i

403 402
!

t 402
406

cmO’N
528
i-

60%
I,, , i I

Fig. 27. Regions centred on 20”s 45”W.

254 J.B. Young et d./Physic.s oft/w Earth und Planrtury lntrrkm 96 (1996) 223-297

40°N

i 402

I 20’N
MAP 28

561 I

, I I 1 I 1 ‘,

Fig. 28. Regions centred on 20”N I SOW.

 J.B. Young rr ul./Phy.w.s ofshe Eorrh ud Planetury lnrerior.s 96 (19961223-297 255

‘*“‘y
r /I o”I
ID 386 J
367
X---
G

396 1 I

551 I 552 552 553 1

:
i
556 t---
20%A

MAP 29 557
1

i
1

lOoN
755 4
556

r 752 I
r
562 564 r1
56q
/
c
c 561 0
0
0

t
i. 409
ODE PO'E
I I I I I 1 J I I

Fig. 29. Regions centred on 20”N 15”E.

 -
371 i; j
j

/A-,,
374

348

lM,AP 30 ‘p;j

r'

b , 557> 558
-421
- 1
1

lr
1

Fig. 30. Regions centred on 20”N 45”E.

 J.B. Young et ul. /Physics oj thr Eurttt und Plmwtury Intmors 96 (i996) 223-297 257

304
--. 306

I
315
308

'7'420 420 ou

422

425 425 I’ 425 ~

60°E ~ 80°E 90"E :
I I I I / / ! 1, 1 I I,

Fig. .i I. Regions centred on 20% 75”E.

258

306
_30°N 306 -
-1

I! 3111312

296 /

425
I 273

i 90’E
I,,, / I,,,,,,,,, I 1 I I I

Fig. 32. Regions centred on 20”N IOYE.

 J.B. Youtrg et ul. /Physics oj’thr Earth clnd Plunctury Interiors 96 (19961223-297 259

120'E ' ' 658

1 225 '

240 212

213 611
241

I
--I.,
I
248 260 241 214 ' 215 '29 215
I (

, / , ,
Fig. 33. Regions centred on 20”N 135”E.
260 J.B. Young et crl./Phy.sic.\ oj’rhe Eurrh md Plorwtury Inrrriors 96 (19961223-297

iA

30°N-
r-
7
I
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611

20 N
611

216 215
~ t

-210 -
lopiv

O"N

Fig. 34. Regions centred on 20°K 163”E.

 J.B. Youq et ul./Physics of the Earth und Plonrrury Irttrriors 96 119961 223-297 261

i’” OOW

611
1 TNOOW

632
~MAP 351 632 :

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10”s

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/

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.180°W qr 689
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150°w
4o”s
:

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262 J.B. Youn,g et ul./ Physics ofthe Earth ud Plunctary Intrriors 96 (1996) 223-297

611 611

632 MAP 36 632 693

-1
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10”s

.’ ,’
_

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‘_
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zoos

629 631 632 684 1

632
_30°S

4oy i

632 632 :
; 1 5o”w 140°w 1 30°w 1 2o”w 1
I,,, / I, I 1 , I I ‘I

Fig. 36. Regions centred on 203 I35”W.

 J.B. Young er al. / Physrcs of the Earth md Planetary Inreriors 96 f 1996) 223-297 263

1 l’ODW lolo”w
757
693

MAP 37 I- 695 696

693
r- 694

/_ 694 694
i

684 683
20% A

684 683
i-
t 685

30°sj

! i

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632 684 692

1 2o”w 1 10°W 1 oo”w
I

Fig. 37. Regions centred on 203 IOYW.

264 J.R. Youtt,e et ul./Phy.sic.\ ofrhc Earth und Plunrtq Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297

16939776
( , 83H’0°$33

528

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1 , 129 d $1
i 133 L
L !
683
‘JOY

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t 756 146
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! ,, / I ! I / --IpI LLLLL

Fig. 3X. Regions centred on 203 7S”W.

5

528

3 .,’

528

60”W 50%
266 J.B. Young er d./Physics c?f’fhe Earrh anti Planemy Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297

561
0

t 1 I
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409 407 409.

1 MAP40
408 10"s

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409 410 409

LL. 4o”s

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I,,,
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2o”w
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410

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Fig. 40. Regions centred

1 I

on 203 15”W.
409
O’E
1
 J.E. Young et al./Physrcv oj’the Earth und Plunetcrry Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297 267

, I r 4 ! , 3 / I
I i I I I
562 564 564 /

- o” \ .iw-h. 1O'E r210’E I / 30'E 557

409 567

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lO”S 567

575 576

~0%

578
i
\

_30°s

587;

587 i
_40°s

409 413
0% 10°E ZJOE
I

Fig. 41. Regions centred on 203 I YE.

268 J.B. Youn,y er trl. / Phy.w.s of’ the Eurth und Plunerury Interior.s 96 (1996) 223-297

425-
,

1
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425 1

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$09 428 Ir
40°:
I

430 431 432 425

30°E 40% 50°E 60°E
Li, I1 1 I / i I I ,

Fig. 42. Regions centred on 20% 45%.

 269

r
i 425 425 425 Lj
426

- L
1

f
429 r
I
425
10”s
I
MAP 43
20”:

ii

1 425
I
x428;- 74,L7~ 429 425 425

307
I

I
1 425 r--_ 429
60°E 70%
i

Fig. 33. Regions centred on 203 75”E

270 J.B. Youn,q rt d./Phy.sics of the Earth crnd Plunetury Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297

I 273

1 273 I 282 l284--x

t
-
MAP 44 588
--
-

L 20%

t
t

‘+

L
425 425
c

30%
r
434 434 589
c
c/

425
-40°s
i

435 435
90”E 1 OO”E
I, I 1,1,,,,‘///, I,, / ,

Fig. 44. Regions centred on 20% I OS’E.

 J.B. Young et al. /Physics ofthe Eurrh uml Planemy Itrtrriors 96 (19961223-297 271

1 &E
614 I

I 194

MAP
591

592

599 n

-437 437 609 610

120’E 1 30°E 1 40°E
I , , , / , I / 1,, I I, / I I, 1 / 1 I, 1 1
Fig. 45. Regions centred on 20”s 135”E.
272 J.B. Youn,y et ul./Phy.~~.v ofthe Earth und Plunrtury lntrriorr 96 (1996) 223-297

IT
I ’ I ’ (
150’E 160°E 170° lb E
614 614 615 618 ;o"-

0 MAP 46 - ‘:
199 o 190 191

I--

loos

605

601

I / I I

Fig. 46. Regions central on 203 I63”E.

 J.B. YOURS YI ul./ Phyrrcs of the Eurth umi Plunetury Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297 273

r ( I-. I I I I1
688
II 160°W 150%
t-
689
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J
690 632 691

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1
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Fig. 47. Regions centred on 65”S I63”W.

274 J.B. Young er ol./Physics of the Earth und Planetary Inreriors 96 (1996) 223-297

r 150°w
, I ‘I 140°w 1
11 i ’ I I 1 3o”w
1 1 I “‘I I ’ 12ioow -
632 632 :

MAP 48
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50”s

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_so"s 60%

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3
$,
70%

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I I I I I / I I I.1 I I I I ! 1 I I I I I / I I I I / I ’ 9J”S.
Fig. 48. Regions centred on 65% I3S’W.
 J.B. Young et d/Physics oj’the Earth and Planetcrry Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297 27.5

I, I I ( ” I i 1 11
I’ ’ ’ I
120°w I 1 10°W lobow %w’ I
t 632 684 692 , 756 i 686]
~
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[60’S i 60’S 1

i
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120°w llOOW loo”w 9o”w

I, / 1 ,I, / I / 1 I I , , , 1 I I, I / j ,9Q”S
Fig. 49. Regions centred on 653 IOYW.
276

[ 756

692
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/
60’S MAP 50 149

[iL
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cpo”s

9o"w 80% 7o"w

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Fig. 50. Regions centred on 65% 75”W.
 J.B. Yrxq et 01. /Phy.\ics oft/w Earth und Plunemy Interrors
96 ClY96) 223-297 277

- 1 I -
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60% 40% 3o”w
i
409 409 :

MAP 51 !
r-i

149 150

156

Fig. 5 I. Regions centred on 65’S 45’W

278 J.B. Young rt ol./Physics of‘ the Earth crd Plunetury Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297

156 410

156

156

703
G c

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z

Fig. 52. Regions centred on 6.53 IYW.

! I 1

‘O’E
409

MAF

414 414 425

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-80% 80”s

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729

Fig. 53. Regions centred on 653 15”E.

280 J.B. Youn,q C’I ol./Physic.s (@‘the Eurrh and Plmetury Interiors 96 (19961 223-297

-T- 7 ~-r-T I 1 I I / r I T
I
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i h 4u c -
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430 431 432 425

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n 54 0

431 1 432
1

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425
I: 425 :

--I

30’E 40’E 50’E 60°E

I, /, I, I, / , , , I ,9O”S

Fig. 54. Regions centred on 653 45"E.

 281

I’ / /
1 ’
I 610°E 7’0’E 60’E 90”E
425

- 50°s -i

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1

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i

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Fig. 55. Regions centred on 65’S 75”E.

2x2

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598
90'E 100"E 1lO"E
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80% 80'S
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Fig. 56. Regions centred on 65% 105”E.
 J.B. Young et d. /Phy.si~.s oj‘the Earth crd Plmrtory Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297 283

701

so”s
J
tc 437 437 437 702

729

120'E 130% 140'E 150%

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Fig. 57. Regions centred on 65’S 135”E.
 J.B. Youny et ul. / Phy.\~s of’the Earth und Plmrtury Intenors 96 (1996) 223-297

‘--T-T
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165

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Fig. 58. Regions centrrd on 653 163”E.
 J.B. Yourr,q rt ul./Phy.,ics
Region 757 Galapagos Triple Junction Region
See description of region 730 and Fig. 2.
4. Pictorial presentation of the F-E Code
The whole of the F-E Code including the 28 new
regions is presented in a series of 48 maps. These
maps are upgrades of those presented by Young et
al. (1988) but without the seismicity and with an
improved database of coastlines. Every effort has
been made to identify clearly each geographical re-
gion with its number, taking into account its posi-
tion, size, and coastlines. Each map covers an area of
45” of latitude and 30” of longitude, with a few
degrees of overlap except at the Poles and the Inter-
national Dateline. The 48 maps are split into four
sets of 12 with each set being in a band of latitude
from 18O”W to 180”E at 65”N, 20”N, 20%. and 65”s.
One further map is included showing the position of
the 48 maps on the same world projection as Fig. 1.
The first band of mdpS is numbered 1 l-22 (Figs.
1l-22) the second 23-34 (Figs. 23-34), the third
35-46 (Figs. 35-46), and the fourth 47-58 (Figs.
47-58). A cylindrical projection is employed as in
Flinn and Engdahl (1965) so that the first and fourth
band of maps are more distorted with the North and
South Poles stretching across the top and bottom of
the maps respectively. The map of maps is numbered
59 (Fig. 59). Hence, all regions are illustrated as
rectilinear; the geographical regions being enclosed
by normal straight lines and the seismic regions by
thickened lines. Coastlines are included and are from
the World Data Bank II (WDBII) database but only
the first level of detail has been used and any errors
in the database have not been corrected. Every geo-
graphical region has its number printed at least once
within it, with its position chosen largely to give
legibility. Four sizes of printing for the numbers are
used; small, medium, large, and extra large with the
size usually being chosen on the following criteria:
small regions usually only one degree wide;
medium border and coastal regions, regions at
the edges of maps. ‘busy’ regions:
large normal indicator for most regions:
extra large ocean regions and the two polar regions.
of’rhe Eortll und Plonetury Interior.\ 96 (1996) 223-297 285
Note that there are many exceptions to the above as
readability is the overriding criterion.
Each map has a large banner indicating its num-
ber usually in the centre near the top, but on a
number of maps the banner is placed in a suitable
clear space. They also all have an outside grid
marked in degrees with each 10 degrees marked N
(north) or S (south), E (east) or W (west). Hence
each region is displayed as a rectilinear box unless it
is large when it will spread over several maps. The
North and South Polar regions spread right across 24
maps!
All maps include coastlines to show the area of
the Earth covered. Every attempt has been made to
print the region number away from coastlines but in
some areas like the Philippine Islands the numbers
have had to be over-printed.
On each map the numbers have usually been
positioned so that the they do not result in ‘over-
crowdin g’, yet provide the required information. The
symbols used by Flinn and Engdahl (1965) and
Young and Pooley (1986) to identify small regions
have thus been avoided.
5. Using the F-E Code
Flinn and Engdahl (1965) say of their regionalisa-
tion that it is “intended to provide uniformity of
geographical description. speed up the regular publi-
cation of epicentre information, and aid in seismicity
studies.” When the F-E Code was published 9 years
later by Flinn et al. (1974) little had changed from
the original proposal. Now this new standard, whilst
appearing to make major changes to the F-E Code
in fact changes less than 1% of the geographical
region numbers in, say, a world earthquake database.
For example, about I in 200 earthquakes reported to
the ISC has a region number change. Obviously,
there will be no change in seismic region numbers.
The region name changes have improved the geo-
graphical description of a substantial number of
regions though some names have had to remain
political. The main effect of the new regions should
be observed in seismicity studies with seismic areas
being better defined.
This paper. we hope. maintains the ethos of the
original F-E Code but obviously with modem com-
J.B. Young et uI./Physic.s ofthe Earth and Plunetury Interior.\ 96 (1996) 223-297
 J.B. Young rr ul./Physic.s oflhc Eurrh urul Planerory lnreriors 96 (1996) 223-297 287

puters the way the F-E Code is used in seismologi- sation is also acknowledged. The contribution made
cal processing has greatly changed. However, it is by seismological agencies, in particular the ISC and
the authors’ intention to provide users with the the NEIC, and by companies, in particular Bradford
method of looking up a region number and name in University Software Services (BUSS) for SIMPLE-
the way in which they are accustomed. Maps like PLOT and Elsevier Science for publishing this re-
those published by Flinn and Engdahl (1965) are port, is also recognised.
provided but we hope with far greater clarity. In
keeping with modem publications a CD-ROM is
provided with original data, look-up tables similar to Appendix A. Seismic Region Names with Geo-
those published by Flinn et al. (19741, and computer graphical Region Identification
programs written in both Fortran and C. However,
the maps of Figs. 11-58 can easily be used to
quickly look up a region number using Fig. 59 to 1 ALASKA - ALEUTIAN ISLANDS
identify the individual map. ARC
The work on the revised F-E Code was largely I Central Alaska, United States
completed for the IUGG Assembly in Vienna in 2 Southern Alaska, United States
1991. The Working Group on Regionalisation was 3 Bering Sea
requested to consult seismological agencies and other 4 Komandorsky Islands, Russia, region
users to try out the revised code and report any 5 Near Islands, Aleutian Islands, United
problems. This task was completed for the IUGG States
Assembly in Boulder in 1995 when final approval of 6 Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands, United
the revised standard of the F-E Code was given by States
IASPEI; hence the 1995 revision. It was hoped that 7 Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands,
the NEIC would be the first seismological agency to United States
formally adopt this revision of the F-E Code to be 8 Pribilof Islands, Alaska, United States
followed by other agencies that use its publications. 9 Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, United
However, circumstances have delayed its implemen- States
tation. At the time of going to press, the ISC, which 10 Unimak Island. Alaska, United States,
has a 2-year lag in its publications, is also not able to region
commit to adopting the revised code immediately, 11 Bristol Bay, Alaska, United States
that is for the next Bulletin year (19951, but only to 12 Alaska Peninsula, United States
do so in the near future. When the ISC does adopt 13 Kodiak Island, Alaska, United States,
this revision of the F-E Code it is likely to continue region
to use it for some time. 14 Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, United States
I5 Gulf of Alaska
16 South of Aleutian Islands
Acknowledgements 17 South of Alaska

We acknowledge the support of many colleagues 2 EASTERN ALASKA TO

in the international community of IASPEI. In partic- VANCOUVER ISLAND
ular, we thank Dr E.R. Engdahl as the co-author of 18 Southern Yukon Territory, Canada
the F-E Code firstly as Chairman of the Commis- 19 Southeastern Alaska, United States
sion on Practice and then as Secretary-General of 20 Off coast of southeastern Alaska, United
IASPEI. The first author thanks his colleagues at States
Blacknest, in particular, Professor A. Douglas, with- 21 West of Vancouver Island
out whose support there would probably have not 22 Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada, region
been a revision of the F-E Code. The input from 23 British Columbia, Canada
other members of the Working Group on Regionali- 24 Alberta, Canada
288

2.5 Vancouver Island, Canada. region 64 Off coast of Michoacan, Mexico

26 Off coast of Washington. United States 65 Off coast of Guerrero, Mexico
27 Near coast of Washington, United States 66 Near coast of Oaxaca, Mexico
28 Washington-Oregon border region 67 Off coast of Oaxaca, Mexico
29 Washington, United States 6X Off coast of Chiapas, Mexico
69 Near coast of Chiapas, Mexico
3 CALIFORNIA - NEVADA AREA 70 Guatamala
30 Off coast of Oregon, United States 71 Near coast of Guatemala
31 Near coast of Oregon. United States I 730 Northern East Pacific Rise
32 Oregon. United States
33 Western Idaho. United States 6 CENTRAL AMERICA
34 Off coast of northern California. United 72 Honduras
States 73 El Salvador
35 Near coast of northern California, United 74 Near coast of Nicaragua
States 75 Nicaragua
36 Northern California, United States 76 Off coast of central America
37 Nevada, United States 77 Off coast of Costa Rica
3X Off coast of California, United States 7X Costa Rica
39 Central California, United States 79 North of Panama
40 California-Nevada border region X0 Panama-Costa Rica border region
41 Southern Nevada, United States 81 Panama
42 Western Arizona. United States X2 Panama-Colombia border region
43 Southern California, United States X3 South of Panama
44 California-Arizona border region
45 California-Baja California border region 7 CARIBBEAN LOOP
46 Western Arizona-Sonora border region X4 Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
85 Cuba region
4 BAJA CALlFORNIA AND GULF OF 86 Jamaica region
CALIFORNIA X7 Haiti region
47 Off west coast of Baja California, Mexico 8X Dominican Republic region
4X Baja California. Mexico 89 Mona Passaga
49 Gulf of California, Mexico 90 Puerto Rico region
SO Sonora, Mexico 91 Virgin Islands
51 Off coast of central Mexico 92 Leeward Islands
52 Near coast of central Mexico 93 Belize
$ 94 Caribbean Sea
5 MEXICO - GUATEMALA AREA 9.5 Windward Islands
53 Revilla Gigedo Islands, Mexico, region 96 Near north coast of Colombia
54 Off coast of Jalisco, Mexico 97 Near coast of Venezuela
55 Near coast of Jalisco. Mexico 98 Trinidad
56 Near coast of Michoacan, Mexico 99 Northern Colombia
57 Michoacan, Mexico 100 Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela
58 Near coast of Guerrero, Mexico 10 1 Venezuela
59 Guerrero. Mexico I 731 North of Honduras
60 Oaxaca, Mexico
61 Chiapas, Mexico 8 ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA
62 Mexico-Guatemala border region 102 Near west coast of Colombia
$ 63 Off coast of Mexico 103 Colombia
 289

104 Off coast of Ecuador 149 Drake Passage

105 Near coast of Ecuador 150 Scotia Sea
I 06 Colombia-Ecuador border region 151 South Georgia lsland region
107 Ecuador 152 South Georgia Rise
108 Off coast of northern Peru 153 South Sandwich Islands region
109 Near coast of northern Peru 154 South Shetland Islands
110 Peru-Ecuador border region 15s Antarctic Peninsula
111 Northern Peru S 156 Southwestern Atlantic Ocean
112 Peru-Brazil border region 157 Weddell Sea
113 Western Brazil I 732 East of South Sandwich Islands
114 Off coast of Peru
115 Near coast of Peru 11 NEW ZEALAND AREA
1 16 Central Peru 15x Off west coast of North Island, New
117 Southern Peru Zealand
118 Peru-Bolivia border region 159 North Island. New Zealand
119 Northern Bolivia 160 Off east coast of North Island, New
120 Central Bolivia Zealand
121 Off coast of northern Chile 161 Off west coast of South Island, New
122 Near coast of northern Chile Zealand
123 Northern Chile 162 South Island, New Zealand
124 Chile-Bolivia border region 163 Cook Strait. New Zealand
125 Southern Bolivia 164 Off east coast of South Island, New
126 Paraguay Zealand
127 Chile-Argentina border region 165 North of Macquarie Island
128 Jujuy Province, Argentina 166 Auckland Islands. New Zealand, region
129 Salta Province, Argentina 167 Macquarie Island. Australia. region
130 Catamarca Province. Argentina 16X South of New Zealand
131 Tucuman Province. Argentina
132 Santiago del Ester0 Province, Argentina
12 KERMADEC - TONGA - SAMOA
133 Northeastern Argentina
BASIN AREA
134 Off coast of central Chile
169 Samoa Islands region
135 Near coast of central Chile
170 Samoa Islands
136 Central Chile
171 South of Fiji Islands
137 San Juan Province, Argentina
* 172 West of Tonga Islands (REGION NOT
138 La Rioja Province. Argentina
IN USE)
139 Mendoza Province. Argentina
173 Tonga Islands
140 San Luis Province. Argentina
174 Tonga Islands region
141 Cordoba Province. Argentina
175 South of Tonga Islands
142 Uruguay
176 North of New Zealand
9 EXTREME SOUTH AMERICA 177 Kermadec islands region
I 43 Off coast of southern Chile 17X Kermadec Islands. New Zealand
144 Southern Chile 179 South of Kermadec Islands
145 Southern Chile-Argentina border region
I46 Southern Argentina
13 FIJI ISLANDS AREA
10 SOUTHERN ANTILLES 1X0 North of Fiji Islands
147 Tierra de1 Fuego IX1 Fiji Islands region
14X Falkland Islands region 1X2 Fiji Islands
290 J.B. Young et ul./Physi~~ oj’the Earth md Planetury Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297

14 VANUATU ISLANDS 2 15 Mariana Islands region

183 Santa Cruz Islands region 2 16 Mariana Islands
184 Santa Cruz Islands
185 Vanuatu Islands region 19 JAPAN - KURIL ISLANDS -
186 Vanuatu Islands KAMCHATKA PENINSULA
187 New Caledonia 2 17 Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
188 Loyalty Islands 218 Near east coast of Kamchatka Peninsula,
189 Southeast of Loyalty Islands Russia
219 Off east coast of Kamchatka Peninsula,
15 BISMARCK AND SOLOMON Russia
ISLANDS 220 Northwest of Kuril Islands, Russia
190 New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, region 221 Kuril Islands, Russia
191 North of Solomon Islands 222 East of Kuril Islands, Russia
192 New Britain, Papua New Guinea, region 223 Eastern Sea of Japan
193 Bougainville - Solomon Islands region 224 Hokkaido, Japan, region
194 D’Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New 225 Off southeastcoast of Hokkaido, Japan
Guinea, region 226 Near west coast of easternHonshu, Japan
195 South of Solomon Islands 227 Eastern Honshu, Japan
228 Near east coast of eastern Honshu, Japan
16 NEW GUINEA AREA 229 Off east coast of Honshu, Japan
196 Irian Jaya, Indonesia, region 230 Near south coast of easternHonshu, Japan
197 Near north coast of Irian Jaya, Indonesia
198 Ninigo Islands, Papua New Guinea, 20 SOUTHWESTERN JAPAN AND
region RYUKYU ISLANDS
199 Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea, 231 South Korea
region 232 Western Honshu, Japan
200 Near north coast of New Guinea, Papua 233 Near south coast of western Honshu,
New Guinea Japan
201 Irian Jaya, Indonesia 234 Northwest of Ryukyu Islands, Japan
202 New Guinea, Papua New Guinea 235 Kyushu, Japan
203 Bismarck Sea 236 Shikoku, Japan
204 Am Islands, Indonesia, region 237 Southeastof Shikoku, Japan
205 Near south coast of Irian Jaya, Indonesia 238 Ryukyu Islands, Japan
206 Near south coast of New Guinea, Papua 239 Southeast of Ryukyu Islands, Japan
New Guinea 240 West of Bonin Islands, Japan
207 Eastern New Guinea, Papua New Guinea, 241 Philippine Sea
region
208 Arafura Sea 21 TAIWAN
242 Near coast of southeasternChina
17 CAROLINE ISLANDS TO GUAM 243 Taiwan region
209 Western Caroline Islands, Micronesia 244 Taiwan
210 South of Mariana Islands 245 Northeast of Taiwan
246 Southwestern Ryukyu Islands, Japan
18 GUAM TO JAPAN 247 Southeastof Taiwan
211 Southeast of Honshu, Japan
212 Bonin Islands, Japan, region 22 THE PHILIPPINES
2 13 Volcano Islands, Japan, region 248 Philippine Islands region
214 West of Mariana Islands 249 Luzon, Philippine Islands
 J.B. Young et al./ Phy.ws of the Earth und Plunettrry Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297 291

250 Mindoro, Philippine Islands 25 MYANMAR AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

251 Samar, Philippine Islands 294 Myanmar-India border region
252 Palawan, Philippine Islands 295 Myanmar-Bangladesh border region
253 Sulu Sea 296 Myanmar
254 Panay, Philippine Islands 297 Myanmar-China border region
255 Cebu, Philippine Islands 298 Near south coast of Myanmar
256 Leyte, Philippine Islands * 299 Southeast Asia (REGION NOT IN USE)
257 Negros, Philippine Islands 300 Hainan Island, China
258 Sula Archipelago, Philippine Islands 301 South China Sea
259 Mindanao, Philippine Islands I 733 Thailand
260 East of Philippine Islands I 734 Laos
I 735 Kampuchea
23 BORNEO - SULAWESI I 736 Vietnam
261 Borneo I 737 Gulf of Tongking
262 CelebesSea
263 Talaud Islands, Indonesia 26 INDIA - XIZANG - SICHUAN -
264 North of Halmahera, Indonesia YUNNAN
265 MinahassaPeninsula, Sulawesi, Indonesia 302 Eastern Kashimir
266 Northern Molucca Sea 303 Kashmir-India border region
267 Halmahera, Indonesia 304 Kashmir-Xizang border region
268 Sulawesi, Indonesia 305 Western Xizang-India border region
269 Southern Molucca Sea 306 Xizang
270 Ceram Sea 307 Sichuan, China
271 Bunt, Indonesia 308 Northern India
272 Seram, Indonesia 309 Nepal-India border region
310 Nepal
24 SUNDA ARC 311 Sikkim, India
273 Southwest of Sumatera, Indonesia 312 Bhutan
274 Southern Sumatera, Indonesia 313 Eastern Xizang-India border region
275 Java Sea 3 14 Southern India
276 Sunda Strait, Indonesia 3 15 India-Bangladesh border region
277 Jawa, Indonesia 3 16 Bangladesh
278 Bali Sea 3 17 Northeastern India
279 Flores Sea 318 Yunnan, China
280 Banda Sea 319 Bay of Bengal
281 Tanimbar Islands, Indonesia, region
282 South of Jawa, Indonesia 27 SOUTHERN XINJIANG TO GANSU
283 Bali, Indonesia, region 320 Kyrgyzstan-Xinjiang border region
284 South of Bali, Indonesia 321 Southern Xinjiang, China
28.5 Sunbawa, Indonesia, region 322 Gansu, China
286 Flares, Indonesia, region 323 Western Nei Mongol, China
287 Sumba, Indonesia, region 324 Kashmir-Xinjiang border region
288 Savu Sea 325 Qinghai, China
289 Timor, Indonesia, region
290 Timor Sea 28 LAKE ISSYK-KUL TO LAKE
291 South of Sumbawa, Indonesia BAYKAL
292 South of Sumba, Indonesia 326 Southwestern Siberia, Russia
293 South of Timor, Indonesia 327 Lake Baykal, Russia,region
 328 East of Lake Baykal. Russia 370 Crete, Greece
329 Eastern Kazakhstan 371 Eastern Mediterranean Sea
330 Lake Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan, region 372 Cyprus region
33 I Kazakhstan-Xinjiang border region 373 Dead Sea region
332 Northern Xinjiang, China 374 Jordan - Syria region
333 Tuva-Buryatia-Mongolia border region 375 Iraq
334 Mongolia
31 WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA
29 WESTERN ASIA AREA
335 Ural Mountains, Russia,region 376 Portugal
336 Western Kazakhstan 377 Spain
337 Eastern Caucasus 378 Pyrenees
338 Caspian Sea 379 Near south coast of France
339 Northwestern Uzbekistan 380 Corsica, France
340 Turkmenistan 381 Central Italy
341 Iran-Turkmenistan border region 382 Adriatic Sea
342 Turkmenistan-Afghanistan border region 383 Northwestern Balkan Peninsula
343 Turkey-Iran border region 384 West of Gibraltar
344 Iran-Armenia-Azerbaijan border region 385 Strait of Gibraltar
345 Northwestern Iran 386 Balearic Islands, Spain
346 Iran-Iraq border region 387 Western Mediterranean Sea
347 Western Iran 388 Sardinia, Italy
348 Northern and central Iran 389 Tyrrhenian Sea
349 Northwestern Afghanistan 390 Southern Italy
350 Southwestern Afghanistan 391 Albania
351 Eastern Arabian Peninsula 392 Greece-Albania border region
352 Persian Gulf 393 Madeira Islands, Portugal, region
353 Southern Iran 394 Canary Islands, Spain, region
354 Southwestern Pakistan 395 Morocco
35.5 Gulf of Oman 396 Northern Algeria
356 Off coast of Pakistan 397 Tunisia
398 Sicily, Italy
30 MIDDLE EAST - CRIMEA - 399 Ionian Sea
EASTERN BALKANS 400 Central Mediterranean Sea
357 Ukraine - Moldova - Southwestern 401 Near coast of Libya
Russiaregion
358 Romania 32 ATLANTIC OCEAN
359 Bulgaria $ 402 North Atlantic Ocean
360 Black Sea 403 Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge
361 Crimea, Ukraine, region 404 Azores Islands region
362 Western Caucasus 405 Azores Islands. Portugal
363 Greece-Bulgaria border region 406 Central Mid-Atlantic Ridge
364 Greece 407 North of Ascension Island
365 Aegean Sea 408 Ascension Island region
366 Turkey 409 South Atlantic Ocean
367 Turkey-Georgia-Armenia border region 410 Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge
368 Southern Greece 41 1 Tristan da Cunha region
369 DodecaneseIslands. Greece 412 Bouvet Island region
 293

413 Southwest of Africa 451 New Brunswick, Canada

414 Southeastern Atlantic Ocean 452 Nova Scotia. Canada
I 73X Reykjanes Ridge 453 Prince Edward Island, Canada
I 739 Azores-Cape St. Vincent Ridge 454 Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada
45.5 Newfoundland, Canada
33 INDIAN OCEAN 456 Montana, United States
4 I5 Eastern Gulf of Aden 457 Eastern Idaho. United States
4 I6 Socotra region 458 Hebgen Lake, Montana, United States,
$ 4 I7 Arabian Sea region
4 1X Lakshadweep. India. region 459 Yellowstone, United States. region
419 Northeastern Somalia 460 Wyoming, United States
420 North Indian Ocean 461 North Dakota, United States
421 Carlsberg Ridge 462 South Dakota, United States
422 Maldive Islands region 463 Nebraska, United States
423 Laccadive Sea 464 Minnesota, United States
424 Sri Lanka 465 Iowa. United States
s 425 South Indian Ocean 466 Wisconsin, United States
426 Chagos Archipelago region 467 Illinois. United States
427 Mauritius - Reunion region 468 Michigan, United States
42X Southwest Indian Ridge 469 Indiana, United States
429 Mid-Indian Ridge 470 Southern Ontario, Canada
430 South of Africa 471 Ohio, United States
43 1 Prince Edward Islands. South Africa. 472 New York, United States
region 473 Pennsylvania, United States
432 Crozet Islands region 474 Vermont - New Hampshire, United
433 Kerguelen Islands region States, region
434 Broken Ridge 475 Maine. United States
435 Southeast Indian Ridge 476 Southern New England, United States
436 Southern Kerguelen Plateau 477 Gulf of Maine, United States
437 South of Australia 47X Utah, United States
;” 740 Owen Fracture Zone region 479 Colorado, United States
I 741 Indian Ocean Triple Junction 4X0 Kansas, United States
I 742 Western Indian-Antarctic Ridge 48 I Iowa-Missouri border region
4X2 Missouri-Kansas border region
34 EASTERN NORTH AMERICA 4X3 Missouri. United States
43X Saskatchewan, Canada 484 Missouri-Arkansas border region
439 Manitoba, Canada 485 Missouri-Illinois border region
440 Hudson Bay 4X6 New Madrid. Missouri, United States,
441 Ontario. Canada region
442 Hudson Strait, Canada, region 4X7 Cape Girardeau, Missouri, United States,
443 Northern Quebec. Canada region
444 Davis Strait 488 Southern Illinois, United States
445 Labrador, Canada 4X9 Southern Indiana, United States
446 Labrador Sea 490 Kentucky, United States
447 Southern Quebec, Canada 491 West Virginia. United States
44X Gaspe Peninsula. Canada 492 Virginia. United States
449 Eastern Quebec. Canada 493 Chesapeake Bay, United States, region
450 Anticosti Island, Canada 494 New Jersey, United States
294 J.B. Young et ul./Phy.sics of‘rhe Earth und Planetury Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297

495 Eastern Arizona, United States 538 France

496 New Mexico, United States 539 Bay of Biscay
497 Northwestern Texas-Oklahoma border 540 The Netherlands
region 541 Belgium
498 Western Texas, United States 542 Denmark
499 Oklahoma, United States 543 Germany
500 Central Texas, United States 544 Switzerland
501 Arkansas-Oklahoma border region 545 Northern Italy
502 Arkansas, United States 546 Austria
503 Louisiana-Texas border region 547 Czech and Slovak Republics
504 Louisiana, United States 548 Poland
505 Mississippi, United States 549 Hungary
506 Tennessee, United States
507 Alabama, United States 37 AFRICA
508 Western Florida, United States * 550 Northwest Africa (REGION NOT IN
509 Georgia, United States USE)
5 10 Florida-Georgia border region 55 1 Southern Algeria
511 South Carolina, United States 552 Libya
512 North Carolina, United States 553 Egypt
5 13 Off east coast of United States 554 Red Sea
5 14 Florida Peninsula, United States 555 Western Arabian Peninsula
5 15 Bahama Islands 556 Chad region
5 16 Eastern Arizona-Sonora border region 557 Sudan
517 New Mexico-Chihuahua border region 558 Ethiopia
5 18 Texas-Mexico border region 559 Western Gulf of Aden
5 19 Southern Texas, United States 560 Northwestern Somalia
520 Near coast of Texas, United States 561 Off south coast of northwest Africa
521 Chihuahua, Mexico 562 Cameroon
522 Northern Mexico 563 Equatorial Guinea
523 Central Mexico 564 Central African Republic
524 Jalisco, Mexico 565 Gabon
525 Veracruz, Mexico 566 Congo
526 Gulf of Mexico 567 Zaire
527 Bay of Campeche 568 Uganda
569 Lake Victoria region
35 EASTERN SOUTH AMERICA 570 Kenya
528 Brazil 571 Southern Somalia
529 Guyana 572 Lake Tanganyika region
530 Suriname 573 Tanzania
531 French Guiana 574 Northwest of Madagascar
575 Angola
36 NORTHWESTERN EUROPE 576 Zambia
532 Eire 577 Malawi
533 United Kingdom 578 Namibia
534 North Sea 579 Botswana
535 Southern Norway 580 Zimbabwe
536 Sweden 58 1 Mozambique
537 Baltic Sea 582 Mozambique Channel
 J.B. Young et d/Physics of’the Earth und Plunetury Interiors 96 (1996) 223-297 295

583 Madagascar region

584 South Africa 615 Marshall Islands region
585 Lesotho 616 Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, region
586 Swaziland 617 Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, region
587 Off coast of South Africa 618 Gilberg Islands, Kiribati, region
743 Western Sahara 619 Johnston Island region
744 Mauritania 620 Line Islands, Kiribati, region
745 Mali 621 Palmyra Island, Kiribati, region
746 Senegal - Gambia region 622 Kiritimati, Kiribati, region
747 Guinea region 623 Tuvalu region
748 Sierra Leone 624 Phoenix Islands, Kiribati, region
749 Liberia region 625 Tokelau Islands region
750 Cote d’Ivoire 626 Northern Cook Islands
75 1 Burkina Faso 627 Cook Islands region
752 Ghana 628 Society Islands region
753 Benin - Togo region 629 Tubuai Islands region
754 Niger 630 Marquesas Islands region
755 Nigeria 631 Tuamotu Archipelago region
632 South Pacific Ocean
38 AUSTRALIA
40 ARCTIC ZONE
588 Northwest of Australia
633 Lomonosov Ridge
589 West of Australia
634 Arctic Ocean
590 Western Australia
635 Near north coast of Kalaallit Nunaat
591 Northern Territory, Australia
637 Iceland region
592 South Australia
638 Iceland
593 Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia
639 Jan Mayen Island region
594 Queensland, Australia
640 Greenland Sea
595 Coral Sea
641 North of Svalbard
596 Northwest of New Caledonia
642 Norwegian Sea
597 New Caledonia region
643 Svalbard, Norway, region
598 Southwest of Australia
644 North of Franz Josef Land
599 Off south coast of Australia 645 Franz Josef Land, Russia
600 Near coast of South Australia 646 Northern Norway
601 New South Wales, Australia
647 Barents Sea
602 Victoria, Australia 648 Novaya Zemlya, Russia
603 Near southeast coast of Australia 649 Kara Sea
604 Near east coast of Australia 650 Near coast of northwestern Siberia,
605 East of Australia Russia
606 Norfolk Island, Australia, region
651 North of Sevemaya Zemlya
607 Northwest of New Zealand 652 Sevemaya Zemlya, Russia
608 Bass Strait, Australia 653 Near coast of northern Siberia, Russia
609 Tasmania, Australia, region 654 East of Sevemaya Zemlya
610 Southeast of Australia
655 Laptev Sea
39 PACIFIC BASIN 41 ASIA SEA
611 North Pacific Ocean 656 Southeastern Siberia, Russia
612 Hawaiian Islands region 657 Priamurye-Northeastern China border
613 Hawaiian Islands, United States region
6 14 Eastern Caroline Islands, Microne 658 Northeastern China
296

659 North Korea 695 West of Galapagos Islands

660 Sea of Japan 696 Galapagos Islands region
661 Primorye. Russia 697 Galapagos Islands. Ecuador
662 Sakhalin Island, Russia 698 Southwest of Galapagos Islands
663 Sea of Okhotsk 699 Southeast of Galapagos Islands
664 Southeastern China I 757 Galapagos Triple Junction region
665 Yellow Sea
666 Off east coast of southeastern China MACQUARIE LOOP
45
700 South of Tasmania
42 NORTHEASTERN ASIA, 70 I West of Macquarie Island
NORTHERNALASKATO 702 Balleny Islands region
GREENLAND
667 North of New Siberian Islands
46 ANDAMAN ISLANDS TO
668 New Siberian Islands, Russia
SUMATERA
669 Eastern Siberian Sea
703 Andaman Islands, India, region
670 Near north coast of eastern Siberia.
704 Nicobar Islands, India, region
Russia
705 Off west coast of northern Sumatera,
671 Eastern Siberia. Russia
Indonesia
672 Chukchi Sea
706 Northern Sumatera, Indonesia
673 Bering Strait
707 Malay Peninsula
674 St. Lawrence Island. United States, region
708 Gulf of Thailand
675 Beaufort Sea
676 Northern Alaska, United States
677 Northern Yukon Territory, Canada 47 BALUCHISTAN
678 Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canada 709 Southeastern Afghanistan
679 Northwest Territories. Canada 710 Pakistan
680 Western Kalaallit Nunaat 711 Southwestern Kashmir
681 Baffin Bay 712 India-Pakistan border region
682 Baffin Island, Canada, region
48 HINDU KUSH AND PAMIR
43 SOUTHEASTERN AND ANTARCTIC 713 Central Kazakhstan
PACIFIC OCEAN 714 Southeastern Uzbekistan
683 Southeastcentral Pacific Ocean 715 Tajikistan
684 Southern East Pacific Rise 716 Kyrgyzstan
68.5 Easter Island region 717 Afghanistan-Tajikistan border region
686 West Chile Rise 718 Hindu Kush, Afghanistan, region
687 Juan Femandez Islands. Chile, region 719 Tajikistan-Xinjiang border region
688 East of North Island, New Zealand 720 Northwestern Kashmir
689 Chatham Islands, New Zealand, region
690 South of Chatham Islands 49 NORTHERN EURASIA
691 Pacific-Antarctic Ridge 721 Finland
692 Southern Pacific Ocean 722 Norway-Murmansk border region
: 756 Southeast of Easter Island 723 Finland-Karelia border region
724 Baltic States - Belarus - Northwestern
44 GALAPAGOS AREA Russia region
$ 693 Eastcentral Pacific Ocean 725 Northwestern Siberia, Russia
694 Central East Pacific Rise 726 Northern and central Siberia, Russia
 50 ANTARCTICA 43 SOUTHEASTERN AND ANTARCTIC
727 Victoria Land. Antarctica PACIFIC OCEAN
728 RossSea I 756 Southeastof Easter Island
729 Antarctica
44 GALAPAGOS AREA
5 MEXICO - GUATEMALA AREA I 757 GalapagosTriple Junction region
I 730 Northern East Pacific Rise

7 CARIBBEAN LOOP Key

I 731 North of Honduras I New Geographical region.
$ Geographical Region Reduced in Size.
10 SOUTHERN ANTILLES * Geographical Region No Longer in Use.
I 732 East of South Sandwich Islands

2s MYANMAR AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

References
I 733 Thailand
I 734 Laos Aichrle, H. and Peterschmitt, E., 1977. Refinement of Geographi-
735 Kampuchea cal and Seismic Regionalisation. Publ. Inst. Geophys. PO].
736 Vietnam Acad. Sci.. A-6. I 17.
737 Gulf of Tongking Chandra, L.. 1975. Discussion on “Seismic and Geographical
Regtonaliration” by E.A. Flinn, E.R. Engdahl and A.R. Hill.
Bull. Seismol. Sot. Am., 65(3J- 789-791.
32 ATLANTIC OCEAN Flmn, E.A. and Engdahl. E.R., 1965. A proposed basis for
I 738 Reykjanes Ridge geographical and seismic tegionalization. Rev. Geophys., 3:
I 739 Azores-Cape St. Vincent Ridge 12% 149.
Flinn, E.A.. Engdahl, E.R. and Hill, A.R.. 1974. Seismic and
geographical regionalizatton. Bull. Setsmol. Sot. Am., 64(3,2):
33 INDIAN OCEAN
771-993.
740 Owen Fracture Zone region Gutenberg, B. and Richter. C.F., 1954. Seismicity of the Earth and
741 Indian Ocean Triple Junction Associated Phenomena. Princeton Unwersity Press, 3 IO pp.
742 Western Indian-Antarctic Ridge International Seismological Centre. 1995. Regional Catalogue of
Earthquakes. Volume 30. No. 1, Januav-June 1993.
Young, J.B., 1988. A proposal for additional regions for the
37 AFRICA
Flmn~Engdahl regionalization scheme. Geophys. J., 93: 58%
743 Western Sahara 586.
744 Mauritania Young. J.B. and Pooley, C.I., 1986. Classifiers of seismic and
745 Mali geographical regionaltsation. AWRE Report No. 0 6/85.
746 Senegal- Gambia region Young. J.B. and Presgrave, B.W., 1995. The political subdivision
of Southeast Asia and Northwest Africa in the Flinn-Engdahl
747 Guinea region
Regionalizatton Scheme. Geophys. I. Int.. 123: 623-627.
748 Sierra Leone Young. J.B. and Wiens, D.A., 1990. A further proposal for
749 Liberia region additional regions for the FlinnEngdahl Regionalization
750 Cote d’Ivoire Scheme. Ceophys. J. Int.. 103: 759-762.
751 Burkina Faso Young. J.B., Lilwall, R.C. and Douglas, A.. 1988. World seismic-
tty maps sunable for the study of seismic and geographical
752 Ghana
regionalisation. AWRE Report No. 0 7/87.
753 Benin - Togo region Younp. J.B., Aichele, H. and Presgrave. B.W., 1993. Region
I 754 Niger name conventions in the Flinn-Engdahl Regionakation
I 755 Nigeria Scheme. Geophys. J. Int.. 1 14. 41 I-413.