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ME6603-SCAD-MSM - by EasyEngineering - Net-1 PDF
ME6603-SCAD-MSM - by EasyEngineering - Net-1 PDF
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2. SYLLABUS
3 0 03
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Historical Background – Mathematical Modeling of field problems in Engineering – Governing
Equations – Discrete and continuous models – Boundary, Initial and Eigen Value problems–
Weighted Residual Methods – Variational Formulation of Boundary Value Problems –
RitzTechnique – Basic concepts of the Finite Element Method.
UNIT II ONE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 9
One Dimensional Second Order Equations – Discretization – Element types- Linear and Higher
order Elements – Derivation of Shape functions and Stiffness matrices and force vectors-
Assembly of Matrices - Solution of problems from solid mechanics and heat transfer.
Longitudinal vibration frequencies and mode shapes. Fourth Order Beam Equation –Transverse
deflections and Natural frequencies of beams.
ww
UNIT III TWO DIMENSIONAL SCALAR VARIABLE PROBLEMS 9
Second Order 2D Equations involving Scalar Variable Functions – Variational formulation –
Finite Element formulation – Triangular elements – Shape functions and element matrices and
w.E
vectors.Application to Field Problems - Thermal problems – Torsion of Non circular shafts –
Quadrilateral elements – Higher Order Elements.
asy
UNIT IV TWO DIMENSIONAL VECTOR VARIABLE PROBLEMS 9
D
Equations of elasticity – Plane stress, plane strain and axisymmetric problems – Body forces
En
and temperature effects – Stress calculations - Plate and shell elements.
A
UNIT V ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION
gin 9
Natural co-ordinate systems – Isoparametric elements – Shape functions for iso parametric
elements – One and two dimensions – Serendipity elements – Numerical integration and
eer
SC
REFERENCES:
1. Rao, S.S., “The Finite Element Method in Engineering”, 3rd Edition, Butterworth
Heinemann,2004
2. Logan, D.L., “A first course in Finite Element Method”, Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd., 2002
3. Robert D. Cook, David S. Malkus, Michael E. Plesha, Robert J. Witt, “Concepts and
Applications of Finite Element Analysis”, 4th Edition, Wiley Student Edition, 2002.
4. Chandrupatla & Belagundu, “Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering”, 3rd
Edition,Prentice Hall College Div, 1990
5. Bhatti Asghar M, "Fundamental Finite Element Analysis and Applications", John Wiley
& Sons,2005 (Indian Reprint 2013)
3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE..
S.NO TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO
a. Aim and Objective of the subject 4
b. Detailed Lesson Plan 5
c. Unit I- Introduction -Part A 8
d. Unit I- Introduction -Part B 10
e. Unit II- One-dimensional problems -Part A 37
f. Unit II- One-dimensional problems -Part B 39
g. Unit III- Two dimensional scalar variable problems -Part A 66
h. Unit III- Two dimensional scalar variable problems -Part B 68
i. Unit IV- Two Dimensional Vector Variable Problems -Part A 95
wwj.
k.
Unit IV- Two Dimensional Vector Variable Problems -Part B
Unit V- Isoparametric Formulation - Part A
96
117
w.E
l.
m.
Unit V- Isoparametric Formulation - Part B
Question bank
120
141
asy
D
En
A
gin
eer
SC
i ng
.ne
t
AIM
The goal is to understand the fundamentals of the finite element method for the
analysis of engineering problems arising in solids and structures.
The course will emphasize the solution to real life problems using the finite
element method underscoring the importance of the choice of the proper
mathematical model, discretization techniques and element selection criteria.
OBJECTIVES:
w.E
method.
4. To perform steady-state and transient heat transfer analysis including the effects of
asy
conduction, convection, and radiation.
D
5. To perform modal analysis of a part to determine its natural frequencies, and analyze
En
harmonically-forced vibrations.
A
gin
eer
SC
i ng
.ne
t
TEXT BOOK:
1. Reddy. J.N., “An Introduction to the Finite Element Method”, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill,2005
2. Seshu, P, “Text Book of Finite Element Analysis”, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,2007.
REFERENCES:
1. Rao, S.S., “The Finite Element Method in Engineering”, 3rd Edition, Butterworth Heinemann,2004
2. Logan, D.L., “A first course in Finite Element Method”, Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd., 2002
3. Robert D. Cook, David S. Malkus, Michael E. Plesha, Robert J. Witt, “Concepts and
ww
Applications of Finite Element Analysis”, 4th Edition, Wiley Student Edition, 2002.
4. Chandrupatla & Belagundu, “Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering”, 3rd Edition,
Prentice Hall College Div, 1990
w.E
5. Bhatti Asghar M, "Fundamental Finite Element Analysis and Applications", John Wiley & Sons,
2005 (Indian Reprint 2013)*
asy
D
Unit En Hours
Cumulative Books
A
S.No
No
gin
Topic / Portions to be Covered Required
/ Planned
Hrs Referred
1
eer 1 1 T1,R1
SC
1 Historical Background
2 1 Mathematical modeling of field problems in
Engineering i ng1 2 T1,R1
3 1 Governing Equations 1
.ne 3 T1,R1
4
5
1
1
Discrete and continuous models
1 t4
5
T1,R1
T1,R1
6 1 1 6 T1,R1
Weighted Residual Methods concept
7 1 1 7 T1,R1
Weighted Residual Methods-Problems
8 1 Variational Formulation of Boundary Value 1 8 T1,R1
Problems
9 1 1 9 T1,R1
Ritz Technique concept
10 1 1 10 T1,R1
Ritz Technique -Problems
11 1 1 11 T1,R1
Basic concepts of the Finite Element Method.
12 2 One Dimensional Second Order Equations 1 12 T1,R1
19
ww
2
Longitudinal vibration frequencies and mode
shapes
1 19
T1,R1
21 2
asy
Transverse deflections of beams. 1 21 T1,R1
D
22 2
En
Transverse Natural frequencies of beams. 1 22 T1,R1
A
23 3 gin
Second Order 2D Equations involving Scalar 1 23 T1,R1
Variable Functions
eer
SC
24 3
Variational formulation -Finite Element
formulation i ng
1 24
T1,R1
26
3
3
element matrices and vectors.
1
t25
26 T1,R1
1 T1,R1
41
ww 5 Isoparametric elements
T1,R1
42
w.E5
One and two dimensions
1 42
43 5
asy Serendipity elements 1 43 T1,R1
D
44 5 En
Numerical integration and application to 1 44
T1,R1
A
plane stress problems
gin 1 T1,R1
45 5 Matrix solution techniques
eer 45
SC
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION
Part- A
1. Distinguish one Dimensional bar element and Beam Element (May/June 2011)
1D bar element: Displacement is considered.
1D beam element: Displacement and slope is considered
ww
3. What do you mean by weak formulation? State its advantages. (April/May 2015), (May/June
2013)
w.E
A weak form is a weighted integral statement of a differential equation in which the
differentiation is distributed among the dependent variable and the weight function and also
asy
includes the natural boundary conditions of the problem.
D
A much wider choice of trial functions can be used.
En
The weak form can be developed for any higher order differential equation.
A
gi
Natural boundary conditions are directly applied in the differential equation.
nee
The trial solution satisfies the essential boundary conditions.
SC
rin
4. Why are polynomial types of interpolation functions preferred over trigonometric functions?
(May/June 2013)
g .ne
Polynomial functions are preferred over trigonometric functions due to the following
reasons:
1. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations
2. It is easy to perform differentiation or integration
t
3. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the polynomial.
ww
w.E
In this problem, displacement u at node 1 = 0, that is primary boundary condition.
asy
EA du/dx = P, that is secondary boundary condition.
D
En
8. Compare Ritz method with nodal approximation method.(Nov/Dec 2014), (Nov/Dec 2012)
A
Similarity:
gi nee
(i) Both methods use approximating functions as trial solution
(ii) Both methods take linear combinations of trial functions.
SC
rin
(iii) In both methods completeness condition of the function should be satisfied
(iv) In both methods solution is sought by making a functional stationary.
Difference
g .ne
(i) Rayleigh-Ritz method assumes trial functions over entire structure, while finite element method
uses trial functions only over an element.
t
(ii) The assumed functions in Rayleigh-Ritz method have to satisfy boundary conditions over entire
structure while in finite element analysis, they have to satisfy continuity conditions at nodes and
sometimes along the boundaries of the element. However completeness condition should be
satisfied in both methods.
In a continuum, the field variables are infinite. Finite element procedure reduces such
unknowns to a finite number by dividing the solution region into small parts called Elements. The
common points between two adjacent elements in which the field variables are expressed are called
Nodes.
10. State the discretization error. How it can be reduced? (April /May 2015)
not resemble the original structure. Now there is an error developed in calculation. Such type of
error is discretization error.
To Reduce Error:
(i) Discretization error can be minimized by reducing the finite element (or) discretization
element.
ww
boundaryconditionthosethatalsosatisfytheequationofequilibriummakethe
minimum is astable system.
potential energya
1.
w.E PART-B
asy 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒙𝟐
D
𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎, The boundary conditions are u(0) = 0, 𝑨𝑬 = = 𝟎 By using Galerkin’s
𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝑳
En
technique, find the solution of the above differential equation.
A
Given Data: gi nee
SC
𝑑2𝑢
Differential equ. 𝐴𝐸 = 𝑑𝑥 2
+ 𝑎𝑥 = 0
rin
To Find:
Boundary Conditions 𝑢 0 = 0, 𝐴𝐸 =
𝑑2𝑢
𝑑𝑥 2
+ 𝑎𝑥 = 0
g .ne
u(x) by using galerkin’s technique
Formula used
t
𝐿
𝑤𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
Solution:
Assume a trial function
Let 𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 …….. (1)
Apply first boundary condition
i.e) at x=0, u(x) = 0
1 ⟹ 0 = 𝑎0 + 0 + 0 + 0
𝑎0 = 0
10
𝑑𝑢
Apply first boundary condition i.e at x = L, 𝐴𝐸 = 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑢
⟹ = 0+𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2
𝑑𝑥
⟹ 0 = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝐿 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2
⟹ 𝑎1 = −(2𝑎2 𝐿 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2 )
sub 𝑎0 and 𝑎1 in value in equation (1)
𝑢 𝑥 = 0 + − 2𝑎2 𝐿 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3
= −2𝑎2 𝐿𝑥 − 3𝑎3 𝐿2 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3
= 𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥 + 𝑎3 (𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥) ……… (2)
We Know That
𝑑2𝑢
Residual, 𝑅 = 𝐴𝐸 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 ………. (3)
(2) ⟹ ww 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎2 2𝑥 − 2𝐿 + 𝑎3 (3𝑥 2 − 3𝐿2 )
𝑑2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 2
w.E
= 𝑎2 2 + 𝑎3 (6𝑥)
𝑑2 𝑢
asy
D
= 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑢
En
A
Sub 𝑑𝑥 2 value in equation (3)
𝑤𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0
g
. . … … . . . (5) .ne
0
11
𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3
⟹ [2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 + 6𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 + 𝑎 − 4𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝐿 − 12𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝐿 − 2𝑎𝐿 ]𝐿0 = 0
3 4 4 2 3 3
𝐿3 𝐿4 𝐿4 𝐿3 𝐿4 𝐿4
⟹ 2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 + 6𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 + 𝑎 − 4𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 − 12𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 − 2𝑎 = 0
3 4 4 2 3 3
2 3 𝐿4 2
⟹ 3 𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 + 2 𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 𝐿4 + 𝑎 − 2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 − 4𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 − 3 𝑎𝐿4 = 0
4
2 3 𝐿4 2
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 − 2 + 𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 𝐿4 − 4 + 𝑎 − 𝑎2 𝐿4 = 0
3 2 4 3
⟹
−4
3 ww 5
2
2 1
3 4
4
3
5
𝐴𝐸𝐿3 𝑎2 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 𝑎3 = − 𝑎𝐿4 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 𝑎2 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 𝑎3 =
2
5 4
12
𝑎𝐿
−4
3 w.E5 5
𝐴𝐸𝐿3 𝑎2 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 𝑎3 = − 𝑎𝐿4
2 12
………. 8
Equation (7)
asy
D
𝐿
⟹ En
(𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥) 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
A
0
𝐿 gi nee
SC
g .ne
2𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝑥 3 + 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 4 − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿2 𝑥 − 18𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿2 𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝐿2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥5 𝑥2 𝑥3
⟹ 2𝐴𝐸𝑎2 + 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 + 𝑎 − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿2 − 18𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿2 − 3𝑎𝐿2
4 5 5 2 3
𝑥3
3
𝐿
=0
t
0
𝐿
1 6 1
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝑥 4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝑥 5 + 𝑎𝑥 5 − 3𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿2 𝑥 2 − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿2 𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝐿2 𝑥 3 =0
2 5 5 0
1 6 1
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 + 𝑎𝐿5 − 3𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿2 (𝐿2 ) − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿2 (𝐿3 ) − 𝑎𝐿2 (𝐿3 ) = 0
2 5 5
1 6 1
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 + 𝑎𝐿5 − 3𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 − 𝑎𝐿5 = 0
2 5 5
1 6 1
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 − 3 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 − 6 + 𝑎𝐿5 + − 1 = 0
2 5 5
5 24 4
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 − 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = 𝑎𝐿5
2 5 5
5 24 4
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = − 𝑎𝐿5 …………. 9
2 5 5
12
−9
ww
60
9
360
⟹
60
𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 =
360
⟹ −0.15𝐴𝐸𝑎3 = 0.025𝑎
w.E
𝑎𝐿5
asy 𝑎
D
𝑎3 = −0.1666
En 𝐴𝐸
𝑎
A
gi
Substituting a3 value in Equation (8)
𝑎3 = −
6𝐴𝐸
nee
… … … . (10)
SC
4
3
5
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 + 𝐴𝐸
2
−𝑎 4 −5 4
6𝐴𝐸
𝐿 =
12
𝑎𝐿
rin
4
3
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 =
−5 4 5
12
𝑎𝐿 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 =
2
−𝑎
6𝐴𝐸
g .ne
4
3
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 =
−5 4 5
12
𝑎𝐿 + 𝐴𝐸𝐿4
2
t
4
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 = 0
3
𝑎2 = 0
Sub a2 and a3 value in equation (2)
−𝑎
⟹ 𝑢 𝑥 = 0𝑥 𝑥2 − 2𝐿𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥 = 0
6𝐴𝐸
𝑎
⟹𝑢 𝑥 = 3𝐿2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3
6𝐴𝐸
Result:
𝑎
𝑢 𝑥 = 3𝐿2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3
6𝐴𝐸
13
2. Find the deflection at the centre of a simply supported beam of span length “l” subjected
to uniformly distributed load throughout its length as shown in figure using (a) point
collocation method, (b) sub-domain method, (c) Least squares method, and (d) Galerkin’s
method. (Nov/Dec 2014)
Given data
Length (L) = 𝑙
UDL = 𝜔 𝑁/𝑚
To find
Deflection
𝑑4 𝑦ww
Formula used
𝐸𝐼 4 − 𝜔 = 0, 0≤𝑥≤𝑙
𝑑𝑥
w.E
Point Collocation Method R = 0
asy 𝑙
𝑅𝑑𝑥 =0
D
Sub-domain collocation method = 0
E → Young’s Modules
I → Moment of Inertia of the Beam.
𝜋𝑥
Let us select the trial function for deflection as 𝑌 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 ……. (2)
𝑙
14
𝑑3 𝑦 𝜋3 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 3 = −𝑎 3 . cos
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
𝑑4 𝑦 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 4 = 𝑎 4 . sin
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
Substituting the Equation (3) in the governing Equation (1)
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝑎 4 . sin −𝜔 = 0
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
Take, Residual 𝑅 = 𝐸𝐼𝑎 𝑙 4 . sin −𝜔
𝑙
ww 𝐸𝐼𝑎
𝜋4
𝑙 4
. sin
𝜋𝑥
𝑙
=𝜔
w.E 𝑙
To get maximum deflection, take 𝑘 = 2 (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚)
𝜋4
𝐸𝐼𝑎 𝑙 4 . sin 𝑙
asy
𝜋 𝑙
2
=𝜔
𝜋
D
[∵ sin = 1]
𝐸𝐼𝑎
𝜋4
𝑙4
=𝜔
En 𝑙
A
𝑎=
𝜔𝑙 4
𝜋 4 𝐸𝐼
gi nee
SC
15
𝜋𝑥 𝑙
𝜋 4 −cos
⟹ 𝑎𝐸𝐼 𝑙 −𝜔 𝑥 =0
𝑙4 𝜋
𝑙 0
𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥 𝑙
⟹ 𝑎𝐸𝐼 4 −cos −𝜔𝑥 =0
𝑙 𝑙 𝑢 0
𝜋3 ∵ cos 𝜋 = −1
⟹ −𝑎𝐸𝐼 cos𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝜔 𝑙 = 0 ,
𝑙3 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1
𝜋3
−𝑎𝐸𝐼 3 −1 − 1 = 𝜔 𝑙
𝑙
𝜔𝑙 4 𝜔𝑙 4
⟹ −𝑎 = 3 =
2𝜋 𝐸𝐼 62𝐸𝐼
Sub “a” value in the trial function equation (2)
𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋𝑥
𝑌= . sin
ww 62𝐸𝐼
𝑙
𝑙
𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑙
w.E
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = , 𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2
𝜔𝑙 4
62𝐸𝐼
. sin ( )
𝑙 2
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
asy
62𝐸𝐼
D
c) Least Square Method:
En
A
𝐼=
𝑙
In this method the functional
𝑅 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
gi nee
SC
0
𝑙 rin
𝐼=
0
𝜋4
(𝑎𝐸𝐼 4 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑙
𝜋𝑥
𝑙
− 𝜔)2 𝑑𝑥 g .ne
=
𝑙
2
𝜋8 2 2
[𝑎 𝐸 𝐼 8 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑙
2
𝜋𝑥
𝑙
2
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
− 𝜔 − 2𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 4 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
t
0
2
𝜋8 1 2𝜋𝑥
2 2
𝑙 2
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
= [𝑎 𝐸 𝐼 8 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝜔 − 2𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 4 . [−𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]]
𝑙 2 𝑙 2𝜋 𝑙 𝑙 𝜋 0
𝜋8 1 𝑙 𝜋4 𝑙
= 𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝑙 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝜔2 𝑙 + 2𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 . [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0]
𝑙8 2 2𝜋 𝑙4 𝜋
16
𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝜋 8 𝜋3
⟹ = 4𝐸𝐼𝜔 3
2𝑙 7 𝑙
𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝜋 8 𝜋3
= 4𝐸𝐼𝜔 3
𝑙7 𝑙
4𝐸𝐼𝜔𝑙 5
𝑎= 5
𝜋 𝐸𝐼
Hence the trial Function
4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋𝑥
𝑌 = 5 . sin
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝑙
𝑙 𝜋
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2 , max 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = 1]
4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑙
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 2 2
𝜔𝑙 4
ww
d) Galerkin’s Method:
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
76.5 𝐸𝐼
asy
D
𝑌. 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
En
A
⟹
𝑙
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋𝑥
𝑙
𝑎𝐸𝐼
𝜋4
𝑙 4 gi
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋𝑥
𝑙
−𝜔 𝑑𝑥 = 0
nee
SC
⟹
𝑙
𝜋4
𝑎 𝐸𝐼 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
2
𝜋𝑥
− 𝑎𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 0 rin
0
𝑙
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
g .ne
⟹
0
𝜋4 1
2
𝑎 𝐸𝐼 4 [ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑙 2
2𝜋𝑥
𝑙
) − 𝑎𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋𝑥
𝑙
𝑑𝑥 = 0
t
𝑙
𝜋4 1 2
1 2𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑎 𝐸𝐼 4 [ 1 − 𝑥− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + 𝑎𝜔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 =0
𝑙 2 2𝜋 𝑙 𝜋 𝑙 0
4
𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
𝑎2 𝐸𝐼 − 2𝑎𝜔 =0
𝑙4 2 𝜋
2𝜔𝑙 2𝑙 3
∴𝑎= .
𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4
4𝜔𝑙 3
𝑎= 5
𝜋 𝐸𝐼
Hence the trial Function
4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋𝑥
𝑌 = 5 . sin
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝑙
17
𝑙 𝜋
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2 , max 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = 1]
4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑙
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 2 2
4𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5
𝜋 𝐸𝐼
𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
76.5 𝐸𝐼
Verification,
We know that simply supported beam is subjected to uniformly distributed load, maximum
deflection is,
5 𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
384 𝐸𝐼
𝜔𝑙 4
ww = 0.01
𝐸𝐼
3) i)
w.E
What is constitutive relationship? Express the constitutive relations for a linear
elastic isotropic material including initial stress and strain. (4)
nee
solid body and components of strains. The structure or solids bodies under consideration are made
SC
(1 − 𝑣) 0 0 0 0 0 𝑒𝑥
t
𝜎𝑦 0 0 0 𝑒𝑦
𝑣 (1 − 𝑣) 0 0 0 0
𝜎𝑧 𝐸 𝑒𝑧
= 𝑣 𝑣 (1 − 𝑣)1 − 2𝑣 0 0
𝛿𝑥𝑦 1 + 𝑣 1 − 2𝑣 0 0 𝑣𝑥𝑦
0 2 1 − 2𝑣 0
𝛿𝑦𝑧 0 0 0 0 2 1 − 2𝑣 𝑣𝑦𝑧
𝛿𝑧𝑥 0 0 0 𝑣𝑧𝑥
0 0 2
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
ii) Consider the differential equation + 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 subject to boundary
𝒅𝒙𝟐
conditions Y(0) = 0, Y(1) = 0. The functions corresponding to this problem, to be eternized
𝒍 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
is given by 𝑰 = 𝟎
−𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 𝒀 . Find the solution of the problem using Ray
𝒅𝒙
Light Ritz method by considering a two term solution as 𝒀 𝒙 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝟐 (𝟏 −
𝒙) (12)
18
Given data
𝑑2𝑦
Differential equation = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 400𝑥 2 = 0 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑌 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)
To find:
Rayleigh- Ritz method
Formula used
𝜕𝐼
=0
ww𝜕𝑐1
𝜕𝐼
Solution:
𝜕𝑐2
=0
w.E
asy
𝑌 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)
D
En
𝑌 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )
A
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 gi
= 𝑐1 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 (2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 )
nee
SC
= 𝑐1 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2
= 𝑐1 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 3𝑥)2 2 rin
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑐12 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐22 𝑥 2 4 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥 1 − 2𝑥 (2 − 3𝑥)
g .ne
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐12 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐22 𝑥 2 4 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 )
2
t
= 𝑐12 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐22 𝑥 2 4 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 7𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
We know that
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
2 2
𝑑𝑦 2
−1 𝑑𝑦
𝐼= [−0.5 + 400𝑥 𝑦] = + 400 𝑥2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
𝑙
+ 400[ 𝑥 2 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 1 − 𝑥
0
By Solving
19
−1 𝑐12 2 1 𝑐1 𝑐2
𝐼= + 𝑐22 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 400 +
2 3 15 3 20 30
−1 2 1 2 1 40
𝐼= 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 20𝑐1 + 𝑐2
6 15 6 3
𝜕𝐼
=0
𝜕𝑐1
−1 1
⟹ × 2𝑐1 − 𝑐2 + 20 = 0
6 6
−1 1
⟹ × 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 + 20 = 0 … … … . . (1)
3 6
Similarly,
𝜕𝐼
=0
𝜕𝑐2
−2 1 40
⟹
15 ww
𝑐2 − 𝑐1 +
6 3
=0 … … … . . (2)
𝑐1 = ; 𝑐1 =
w.E
By Solving (1) and (2)
80 200
3 3
asy
D
We know that
En
𝑌 = 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)
A
𝑌=
80
3
𝑥 1−𝑥 +
3
gi
200 2
𝑥 1−𝑥
nee
SC
rin
4)
g
Consider a 1mm diameter, 50m long aluminum pin-fin as shown in figure used to
.ne
enhance the heat transfer from a surface wall maintained at 300C. Calculate the
temperature distribution in a pin-fin by using Rayleigh – Ritz method. Take, 𝒌 =
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒘
𝒎𝐂 for aluminum h=
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒘
𝒎𝟐 𝐂
, 𝑻∞ = 𝟑𝟎𝐂.
t
𝒅𝟐 𝑻 𝑷𝒉 𝒅𝑻
𝒌 𝒅𝒙𝟐 = 𝑨
(𝑻 − 𝑻∞ ) , 𝑻 𝟎 = 𝑻𝒘 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐂, 𝒒𝑳 = 𝑲𝑨 𝒅𝒙 𝑳 = 𝟎 (insulated tip)
20
Given Data:
The governing differential equation
𝑑2 𝑇 𝑃
𝑘 = (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐴
Diameter d = 1mm = 1x10-3m
Length L = 50mm = 50x10-3m
Thermal K = 200𝑤 𝑚C
To Find:
ww
Ritz Parameters
Formula used w.E
asy
𝜋 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 − 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
D
Solution:
En
The equivalent functional representation is given by,
A
𝜋 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 − 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝜋 =𝑢−𝑣
gi nee
SC
𝜋=
𝐿
1 𝑑𝑇
𝐾
2
𝑑𝑥 +
𝐿
1 𝑃
𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑞𝐿 𝑇𝐿 rin
… … … … . (1)
0
𝐿
2 𝑑𝑥
2
0
𝐿
2 𝐴
g .ne
𝜋=
0
1 𝑑𝑇
𝐾
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 +
0
1 𝑃
2 𝐴
𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 2 𝑑𝑥 ………….. 2
t
∵ 𝑞𝐿 = 0
Assume a trial function
Let
𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 … … … … … . . (3)
Apply boundary condition
at x = 0, T(x) = 300
300 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 (0) + 𝑎2 (0)2
𝑎0 = 300
Substituting 𝑎0 value in equation (3)
𝑇 𝑥 = 300 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 …………….. 4
21
𝑑𝑇
⟹ = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 … … … … … … (5)
𝑑𝑥
Substitute the equation (4), (5) in (2)
𝑙 𝑙
1 1 𝑃
𝜋= 𝑘 (𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 + 270 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥.
2 2 𝐴
0 0
2
[∵ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏; 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 2
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎
𝑙 𝑙
𝑘 𝑃
𝜋= (𝑎12 + 4𝑎22 𝑥 2 + 4𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑥) + 2702 + 𝑎1 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 2 𝑥 4 + 540𝑎1 𝑥 + 2𝑎1 𝑥 3 + 540𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 2𝐴
0 0
50𝑥10 −3
𝑘 4𝑎22 𝑥 3 4𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑥 2
𝜋 = (𝑎12 𝑥 + +
2 3 2 0
50𝑥10 −3
𝑃 𝑎1 2 𝑥 3 𝑎2 2 𝑥 5 540𝑎1 𝑥 2 2𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑥 4 540𝑎2 𝑥 3
ww +
2𝐴
72900𝑘 +
3
+
5
+
2
+
4
+
3 0
𝑘
w.E
4𝑎22 (50 × 10−3 )3 4𝑎1 𝑎2 (50 × 10−3 )2
[∵ 𝑙 = 50𝑥10 ] −3
𝜋=
2
(50 × 10−3 )𝑎12 +
asy
3
+
2
D
𝑎1 2 (50 × 10−3 )3 𝑎2 2 (50 × 10−3 )5
+
𝑃
2𝐴 En
72900𝑘 +
3
+
5
A
gi 𝜋 × 10−3 × 20 nee
SC
200
𝜋= 50 × 10−3 𝑎12 + 1.666 × 10−4 𝑎22 + 50 × 10−3 𝑎1 𝑎2 +
2 𝜋
2 × 2 × 10−3 2
rin
= 364.5 + 4.166 × 10−5 𝑎12 + 6.25 × 10−8 𝑎22
𝜋 = 5𝑎12 + 0.0166𝑎22 + 0.5𝑎1 𝑎2 + 14.58 × 10−7 + 1.66912 + 2.5 × 10−3 𝑎22 + 2700 𝑎1
g
+ 0.675𝑎1 + 3.125 × 10−6 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 0.0225𝑎2
.ne
+ 0.125 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 900𝑎2 ]
𝜋 = 6.66𝑎12 + 0.0191𝑎22 + 0.625𝑎1 𝑎2 + 2700𝑎1 + 900𝑎2 + 14.58 × 107
t
𝜕𝜋
Apply 𝜕𝑎 = 0
2
22
−0.1182𝑎2 = −4887
𝑎2 = 41345
Sub 𝑎2 value in equation (6)
13.32𝑎1 + 0.625(41345) = − + 27000
𝑎1 = −3967.01
Sub 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 values in equation (3)
𝑇 = 300 − 3697.01𝑥 + 41345𝑥 2
5) Explain briefly about General steps of the finite element analysis.
ww [Nov/Dec 2014]
Step: 1
w.E
Discretization of structure
asy
D
The art of sub dividing a structure into a convenient number of smaller element is known as
discretization.
En
A
Smaller elements are classified as
i) gi
One dimensional element
nee
SC
1 2
(ii) Two Dimensional element:-
Triangular and Rectangular elements are considered as 2D element. These elements
are loaded by forces in their own plane.
3 4 3
1 2
1 2
23
ww
problems are axisymmetric these elements are used.
w.E
The stress-strain relationship is given by,
𝜎 = 𝐸𝑒
asy
Where, 𝜎 = Stress in 𝑥 direction
D
𝐸 = Modulus of elasticity
En
Step 2:- Numbering of nodes and Elements:-
A
gi
The nodes and elements should be numbered after discretization process. The numbering
nee
process is most important since if decide the size of the stiffness matrix and it leads the reduction of
SC
rin
memory requirement . While numbering the nodes, the following condition should be satisfied.
{Maximum number node} – {Minimum number node} = minimum
g .ne
t
24
ww
w.E
asy
D
Step 3:
En
A
gi
Selection of a displacement function or a Interpolation function:-
nee
It involves choosing a displacement function within each element. Polynomial of linear,
SC
quadratic and cubic form are frequently used as displacement Function because they are simple to
work within finite element formulation. 𝑑 𝑥 .
rin
g .ne
t
The polynomial type of interpolation functions are mostly used due to the following
reasons.
1. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations.
2. It is easy to perform differentiation or Intigration.
3. The accuracy of the result can be improved by increasing the order of the polynomial.
25
Step – 4:-
Define the material behavior by using strain – Displacemnt and stress. Strain
relationship:
Strain – displacement and stress – strain relationship and necessary for deriving the equatins
for each finite element.
In case of the dimensional deformation, the strain – displacement relationship is given by,
𝑑𝑢
𝑒 = 𝑑𝑥
ww 𝑓2
𝑓3
𝑘21 ,
𝑘31 ,
𝑘22 ,
𝑘32 ,
𝑘23 … . . 𝑘2𝑛
𝑘33 … . . 𝑘3𝑛
𝑢2
𝑢3
.
.
.
𝑓4
w.E 𝑘𝑛1 , 𝑘42 , 𝑘43 … . . 𝑘4𝑛
.
.
.
𝑢𝑛
.
.
.
asy
D
In compact matrix form as.
En
A
Where,
gi nee
𝑒 is a element, {𝐹} is the vector of element modal forces, [𝑘] is the element stiffness
SC
rin
matrix and the equation can be derived by any one of the following methods.
(i)
(ii)
Direct equilibrium method.
Variational method. g .ne
(iii)
Step (6):-
Weighted Residual method.
t
Assemble the element equations to obtain the global or total equations.
The individual element equations obtained in step 𝑠 are added together by using a
method of super position i.e. direction stiffness method. The final assembled or global equation
which is in the form of
𝑓 = 𝑘 {𝑢}
Where, 𝐹 → Global Force Vector
𝐾 → Global Stiffness matrix
{𝑢} → Global displacement vector.
Step (7):-
Applying boundary conditions:
26
The global stiffness matrix [𝑘] is a singular matrix because its determinant is equal
to zero. In order to remove the singularity problem certain boundary conditions are applied so that
the structure remains in place instead of moving as a rigid body.
Step (8):-
Solution for the unknown displacement formed in step (6) simultaneous algebraic
equations matrix form as follows.
Deviation of equation is in matrix form as
𝑓1 𝑘11 , 𝑘12 , 𝑘13 … . . 𝑘1𝑛 𝑢1
𝑓2 𝑘21 , 𝑘22 , 𝑘23 … . . 𝑘2𝑛 𝑢2
𝑓3 𝑘31 , 𝑘32 , 𝑘33 … . . 𝑘3𝑛 𝑢3
𝑓3 𝑘41 , 𝑘42 , 𝑘43 … . . 𝑘4𝑛 𝑢4
. . .
ww .
.
𝑢𝑛
.
.
w.E
These equation can be solved and unknown displacement {𝑢} calculated by using
Gauss elimination. asy
D
En
A
Step (9):-
gi nee
Computation of the element strains and stresses from the modal displacements 𝒖 :
SC
In structural stress analysis problem. Stress and strain are important factors from the
rin
solution of displacement vector {𝑢}, stress and strain value can be calculated. In case of 1D the
strain displacement can strain.
𝑑
g .ne
𝑒=
𝑢
= 𝑢2 − 𝑢1
t
Where, 𝑢1 and 𝑢2 are displacement at model 1 and 2
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = Actual length of the element from that we can find the strain value,
By knowing the strain, stress value can be calculated by using the relation.
Stress 𝜎 = 𝐸𝑒
Where, 𝐸 → young’s modulus
𝑒 → strain
Step – 10
Interpret the result (Post processing)
27
Analysis and Evaluation of the solution result is referred to as post-processing. Post processor
computer programs help the user to interpret the results by displaying them in graphical form.
ww
conditions.
−𝑑
𝑑𝑥 w.E
𝑎
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑐𝑢 = 𝑓 for 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 𝑢0 , 𝑎
asy 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿
= 𝑞0
D
i)
En
Bending of elastic beams under Transverse load : find 𝑢 𝑥 that satisfies the fourth order
A
𝑑2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑏 gi
differential equation and boundary conditions.
𝑑2𝑢
𝑑𝑥 2
+ 𝑐𝑢 = 𝐹 for 0 < 𝑥 < −𝐿
nee
SC
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 𝑢0 ,
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0 rin
= 𝑑0
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑢
𝑏 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥=𝐿
= 𝑚0 .
𝑑2𝑢
𝑏 𝑑𝑥 2
0
= 𝓋0 g .ne
x=0 Ω = (o, L) x=L t
x
Initial value problems:-
i) A general first order equation:-
Find 𝑢 𝑡 that satisfies the first-order differential equation and initial condition.
Equation and initial condition:-
𝑑𝑢
𝑎 + 𝑐𝑢 = 𝐹 for 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
𝑑𝑡
𝑢 0 = 𝑢0 .
ii) A general second order equation:-
Find 𝑢 𝑡 that satisfies the second – order differential equation and initial conditions:-
28
𝑑𝑢 𝑑2𝑢
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐𝑢 = 𝐹 for 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 𝑢0 , 𝑏 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣0
𝑡=0
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 0, 𝑎 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿
ww boundary condition.
w.E −
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 0 on Γq
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑎1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑎2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝜆𝑢 = 0 in Ω
asy
D
En
The values of 𝜆 are called cigen values and the associated functions 𝑢 are called cigen functions.
A
b)
gi nee
A simple pendulum consists of a bob of mass 𝒎(𝒌𝒈)attached to one end of a rod of
SC
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚.
𝑑𝑣 𝑥
t
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑄
−𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑙
𝑑𝑡 2
or
𝑑2 𝑄 𝑔
+ sin 𝑄 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑙
𝑑2 𝑄 𝑠
+ 𝑄=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑙
𝑑𝑄
+ (𝑜) = 𝑈0.
𝑑𝑡
29
𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑡 + 𝐵 cos 𝜆 𝑡.
Where,
𝑠
𝜆= and 𝐴 and 𝐵 are constant to be determined using the initial condition we
𝑙
obtain.
𝜈0
𝐴− , 𝐵 = 𝜃0
𝜆
for zero initial velocity and non zero initial position 𝜃0 , we have.
𝜃 𝑡 = 𝜃0 cos 𝜆𝑡.
7) ww A simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load over entire span and
w.E
it is subject to a point load at the centre of the span. Calculate the bending moment
and deflection at imdspan by using Rayleish – Ritz method. (Nov/Dec 2008).
asy
D
Given data:-
En
A
gi nee
SC
rin
g .ne
To Find:
t
1. Deflection and Bending moment at mid span.
2. Compare with exact solutions.
Formula used
We know that,
πx 3πx
Deflection, y = a1 sin + a2 sin 1
l l
2
30
π=U−H 2
2
Where, U – Strain Energy.
2
EI 1 d2y
U= 0 dx 2
dx 3
2
2
dy πx π 3πx 3π
= a1 cos × + a2 cos ×
dx l l l l
dy a 1 πx πx a 2 3πx 3πx
ww dx
= l
cos l
+ l
cos l
d2y
dx 2 w.E
=−
a1 π
l
sin
πx
l
×
π
l
−
a 2 3π
l
sin
3πx
l
×
3π
l
d2y
asy a1 π2 πx a2 π2 3πx
D
=− sin − 9 sin 4
dx 2 l2 l l2 l
d2y En 2
A
gi
Substituting dx 2 value in equation (3),
nee
SC
2
EI l a1 π2 πx a2 π2 3πx
U= − sin − 9 sin dx
2 0 l2 l l2 l
rin
=
EI
2 0
l a1
l2
π2
sin
πx
l
+9
a2
l2
π2
sin
3πx
l
2
dx g .ne
=
EI π 4
2 l4 0
l
a21 sin2
πx
l
+ 81a22 sin2
3πx
l
+ 2 a1 sin
πx
l
.9 a2 sin
3πx
l
dx t
2
[∴ a + b = a2 + b2 + 2ab]
EI π 4 l πx 3πx πx 3πx
U= a21 sin2 + 81a22 sin2 + 18 a1 a2 sin . sin dx 5
2 l4 0 l l l l
2
𝑙 2 πx l1 2πx 1−cos 2x
a
0 1
sin2 l dx = a21 0 2 1 − cos dx ∴ sin x = 2
l 2
1 l 2πx
= a21 2 0
1 − cos dx
l
a 21 𝑙 1 2πx
= 2 0
dx − 0
cos l dx
31
2𝜋𝑥 𝑙
𝑎 12 𝑙 sin
= 𝑥 0 − 2𝜋
𝑙
2
𝑙 0
𝑎 12 1 2𝜋𝑙
= 𝑙−0− sin − sin 0
2 2𝜋 𝑙
𝑎 12 1 𝑎 12 𝑙
= 𝑙− 0−0 = ∴ sin 2𝜋 = 0; sin 0 = 0
2 2𝜋 2
𝑙
πx 𝑎12 𝑙
a21 sin2
dx = 6
0 l 2
2
Similarly,
1 𝑙 6πx
02 l 2
w.E
= 81a22 2 0
1 − cos l
dx
asy =
81a 22 𝑙
dx −
𝑙
cos
6πx
dx
2 0 0
D
l
En 81𝑎 22 sin
6𝜋𝑥 𝑙
A
=
gi 2
𝑥 𝑙
0 − 6𝜋
𝑙
𝑙
nee
SC
81𝑎 22 1 6𝜋𝑙
= 2
𝑙−0− 6𝜋
sin 𝑙
− sin 0
rin
=
81𝑎 22
2
𝑙−
1
6𝜋
0−0 =
𝑎 12 𝑙
2
g .ne
∴ sin 6𝜋 = 0; sin 0 = 0
0
𝑙
81a22 sin
3πx
l
2
dx =
81𝑎22 𝑙
2
t
7
2
𝑙 πx 3πx 𝑙 πx 3πx
0
18 a1 a2 sin . sin dx = 18 a1 a2 0
sin . sin dx
l l l l
𝑙 3πx πx
= 18 a1 a2 0
sin . sin dx
l l
𝑙1 2πx 4πx
= 18 a1 a2 02
cos − cos dx
l l
18 a 1 a 2 𝑙 2πx 𝑙 4πx
= 0
cos l dx − 0
cos l dx
2
32
2𝜋𝑥 𝑙 4𝜋𝑥 𝑙
18 a 1 a 2 sin sin
= 2𝜋
𝑙
− 4𝜋
𝑙
2
𝑙 0 𝑙 0
𝑙
πx 3πx
18 a1 a2 sin . sin dx = 0
0 l l 8
2
EI π 4 𝑎 12 𝑙 81𝑎 22 𝑙
U= + +0
2 l4 2 2
ww U=
EI π 4 𝑙
4 l4
𝑎12 + 81𝑎22
w.E 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2
Strain Energy, U =
asy 𝑎 + 81𝑎22
4𝑙 3 1
9
D
2
0 10
𝑙
2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2 rin
0
𝜔 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
𝜋
𝑎1 +
3
g 11
.ne
We know that, 𝑦 = 𝑎1 sin
𝜋𝑥
𝑙
+ 𝑎2 sin
1
3𝜋𝑥
𝑙 t
In the span, deflection is maximum at 𝑥 = 2
1 1
𝜋× 3𝜋×
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎1 sin 2
+ 𝑎2 sin 2
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
= 𝑎1 sin 2 + 𝑎2 sin ∴ sin 2 = 1; sin = −1
2 2
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 12
2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
H= 𝑎1 + + 𝑊 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )
𝜋 3 13
33
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
𝜋= 𝑎12 + 81𝑎22 − 𝑎1 + + 𝑊 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )
4𝑙 3 𝜋 3
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
𝜋= 𝑎12 + 81𝑎22 − 𝑎1 + − 𝑊 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 ) 14
4𝑙 3 𝜋 3
𝜕𝜋 𝜕𝜋
= 0and𝜕𝑎 = 0
𝜕𝑎 1 2
𝜕𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
= 2𝑎1 − −𝑊 =0
𝜕𝑎 1 4𝑙 3 𝜋
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
𝑎1 − −𝑊 =0
2𝑙 3
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4
𝑎1
ww
=
2𝜔𝑙
𝜋
+𝑊
2𝑙 3 𝜋
w.E 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙
asy 𝑎1 = +𝑊 15
D
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋
En
A
gi 𝜕𝜋
𝜕𝑎2
=
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4
4𝑙 3
162𝑎2 −
2𝜔𝑙 1
𝜋 3
+𝑊 =0
nee
SC
Similarly,
rin
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4
4𝑙 3
162𝑎1 −
2𝜔𝑙
𝜋
+𝑊 =0 g .ne
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4
2𝑙 3
162𝑎1 =
2𝜔𝑙
𝜋
−𝑊 t
2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙
𝑎2 = −𝑊 16
81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 3𝜋
2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 𝑊 − 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 −𝑊
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋 3𝜋
34
4𝜔 𝑙 4 2𝑊𝑙 3 4𝜔 𝑙 4 2𝑊𝑙 3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + − +
𝐸𝐼𝜋 5 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 243𝐸𝐼𝜋 5 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4
𝜔 𝑙4 𝑊𝑙 3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0130 + 0.0207 17
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
We know that, simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load, maximum deflection
5 𝜔 𝑙4
is, 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 384 𝐸𝐼
Simply supported beam subjected to point load at centre, maximum deflection is,
𝜔 𝑙3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 48𝐸𝐼
5 𝜔 𝑙4 𝜔 𝑙3
So, total deflection, 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 384 +
𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼
ww 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0130
𝜔𝑙 4
+ 0.0208
𝑊𝑙 3
w.E 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
18
asy
From equations (17) and (18), we know that, exact solution and solution obtained by using
D
En
Rayleigh-Ritz method are same.
A
Bending Moment at Mid span
gi nee
SC
We know that,
d2y rin
Bending moment, M = EI dx 2
g 19
.ne
From equation (9), we know that,
d2y
= −
𝑎1 𝜋 2
sin
𝜋𝑥
+
𝑎 2 9𝜋 2
sin
3𝜋𝑥
t
dx 2 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙
𝑙
Maximum bending occurs at 𝑥 = 2
1 1
2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 𝜋2 𝜋×2 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 9𝜋 2 3𝜋 × 2
= − + 𝑊 × 2 sin + − 𝑊 × 2 sin
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋 𝑙 𝑙 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 3𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
35
2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 𝜋2 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 9𝜋 2
= − + 𝑊 × 2 (1) + − 𝑊 × 2 (−1)
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋 𝑙 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 3𝜋 𝑙
𝜋 3𝜋
∴ sin 2 = 1; sin = −1
2
2𝑙 2𝜔𝑙 2𝑙 2𝜔𝑙
= − + 𝑊 − −𝑊
𝐸𝐼𝜋 2 𝜋 9𝐸𝐼𝜋 2 3𝜋
3.8518 𝜔𝑙 2 2.222𝑊𝑙
=− +
𝐸𝐼𝜋 3 𝐸𝐼𝜋 2
d2 y 𝜔𝑙 2 𝑊𝑙
= − 0.124 + 0.225
ww dx 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
d2y
w.E
Substitute dx 2 value in bending moment equation,
asy d2y 𝜔 𝑙2 𝑊𝑙
D
Mcentre = EI dx 2 = −𝐸𝐼 0.124 + 0.225
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
En
Mcentre = − 0.124 𝜔𝑙 2 + 0.225 𝑊𝑙
A
gi nee
(∴Negative sign indicates downward deflection)
20
SC
We know that, simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load, rin
maximum bending moment is,
Mcentre =
𝜔 𝑙2
8
g .ne
is,
Simply supported beam subjected to point load at centre, maximum bending moment
𝑊𝑙
t
Mcentre = 4
𝜔 𝑙2 𝑊𝑙
Total bending moment, Mcentre = +
8 4
21
Mcentre = 0.125 𝜔𝑙 2 + 0.25 𝑊𝑙
From equation (20) and (21), we know that, exact solution and solution obtained by
using Rayleigh-Ritz method are almost same. In order to get accurate results, more terms in Fourier
series should be taken.
36
PART - A
ww
4. Define shape function. State its characteristics (May/June 2014), (Nov/Dec 2014), (Nov/Dec 2012)
In finite element method, field variables within an element are generally expressed by the
w .E
following approximate relation:
u (x,y) = N1(x,y) u1+N2 (x,y) u2+ N3(x,y) u3
asy
Where u,1 u2, u3 are the values of the field variable at the nodes and N1 N2 N3 are interpolation
D
function. N1 N2 N3 is called shape functions because they are used to express the geometry or shape
En
of the element.
The characteristics of the shape functions are follows:
A
gin
1. The shape function has unit value at one nodal point and zero value at the
other nodes.
eer
SC
ing
Polynomials are generally used as shape functions due to the following reasons:
1. Differentiation and integration of polynomials are quite easy.
.ne
2. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the Polynomial.
3. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations.
t
6. Write the governing equation for 1D Transverse and longitudinal vibration of the bar at one end
and give the boundary conditions. (April/May 2015)
The governing equation for free vibration of abeam is given by,
𝜕4 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣
𝐸𝐼 4 + 𝜌𝐴 2 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Where,
E – Young’s modulus of the material.
I – Moment of inertia
Ρ – Density of the material.
A – Cross sectional area of the section of beam.
The governing equation for 1D longitudinal vibration of the bar at one end is given by
d2 U
AE + ρAUω2 = 0
dx 2
Where,
U – axial deformation of the bar (m)
ρ – Density of the material of the bar (kg/m3)
37
hPTaL 1
2 1
Convection force matrix for 1D bar element:
Where,
h- Convection heat transfer coefficient (w/m2k)
P – Perimeter of the element (m)
L – Length of the element (m)
Ta – Ambient temperature (k)
ww
8. State the properties of a stiffness matrix.(April/May 2015), (Nov/Dec 2012)
The properties of the stiffness matrix [K] are,
1. It is a symmetric matrix
asy
D
9. Show the transformation for mapping x-coordinate system into a natural coordinate system for
En
a linear bar element and a quadratic bar element.(Nov/Dec 2012)
For example consider mapping of a rectangular parent element into a quadrilateral element
A
gin
eer
SC
ing
.ne
t
The shape functions of this element are
38
11. What are the types of boundary conditions used in one dimensional heat transfer problems?
12. What are the difference between boundary value problem and initial value problem?
(i) The solution of differential equation obtained for physical problems which satisfies some
specified conditions known as boundary conditions.
(ii) If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with initial conditions then it is
known as initial value problem.
(iii) If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with boundary conditions then it is
known as boundary value problem.
PART -B
1. For the beam and loading shown in fig. calculate the nodal displacements.
Take [E] =210 GPa =210×109 𝑵 𝒎𝟐 , [I] = 6×10-6 m4 NOV / DEC 2013
ww 12 𝐾𝑁 𝑚
w .E 6 KN
asy 1m
D
2m
En
A
Given data
gin
Young’s modulus [E] =210 GPa =210×109 𝑁 𝑚2
eer
SC
𝑣1, F1 𝑣2 ,F2
39
−𝑙
2 – 12 6𝑙
−𝑙 2 𝐹1 12 6𝑙 𝑢1
12 𝑀1 𝐸𝐼 6𝑙 4𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 2𝑙 2 𝜃1
f(x) + = 𝑢2
−𝑙 𝐹2 𝑙3
– 12 – 6𝑙 12 – 6𝑙
2 𝑀2 𝜃2
𝑙2 6𝑙 2𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 4𝑙 2
12
12 6 −12 6 0
ww
=1.26×106 6 4 −6
−12 −6 12
2
−6
0
𝑢2 M3,θ3
w .E 6
For element 2
2 −6 4 0 M2,θ2
2
12 𝐾𝑁 𝑚
3
asy
D
−𝑙
2
En
−𝑙 2 𝐹2
𝑀2
12
6𝑙
6𝑙
4𝑙 2
– 12 6𝑙
– 6𝑙 2𝑙 2
𝑢2
𝜃2
𝑣2, F2 𝑣3 ,F3
A
f(x) 12
−𝑙
2
+
𝐹3
𝑀3
=
𝐸𝐼
𝑙3
– 12 – 6𝑙 gin
12 – 6𝑙 𝑢3
𝜃3
6𝑙 2𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 4𝑙 2
eer
SC
𝑙2
12
40
0 12 6 −12 −6 0 0 0
0 6 4 −6 2 0 0 0
3 −12 6 −12 −6 24 0 −12 6 𝑢2
10 × = 1.26×10 × 𝜃2
−1 6 2 0 8 −6 2
−6 0 0 −12 −6 12 −6 0
1 0 0 6 2 −6 4 0
Solving matrix
-12×103=1.26×106×24u2=0; u2=-3.96×10-4m
-1×103=1.26×106×8θ2=0; θ2=-9.92rad
Result
θ2=-9.92rad
u2=-3.96×10-4m
ww
2. Determine the axial vibration of a steel bar shown in fig. Take [E] =2.1×105
𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐 , [ρ] = 7800 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟑 NOV/DEC 2014
w .E 1200mm2 900mm2
To find
=7.8×10-6 𝐾𝑔 𝑚𝑚3
ing
Stiffness matrix
Mass matrix .ne
Natural frequency
Mode shape
t
Formula used
General equation for free vibration of bar 𝑘 − 𝑚𝜆 {u}= 0
𝐴𝐸 1 –1
Stiffness matrix [k] = 𝑙
–1 1
𝜌𝐴𝐿 2 1
Consistent mass matrix [m] = 6
1 2
𝜌𝐴𝐿 1 0
Lumped mass matrix [m] = 2
0 1
Mode shape 𝑘 − 𝑚𝜆 U1 = 0 ; Normalization 𝑈1𝑇 M U1 = 1
Solution
For element 1 u1 u2
1200mm2
300mm
41
𝐴𝐸 1 –1
Stiffness matrix [k] = 𝑙 –1 1
𝐴1 𝐸1 1 –1 1200 ×2.1×10 5 1 −1
[k1] = ; =
𝑙1 –1 1 300 −1 1
1 –1 8.4 – 8.4
=8.4×105 ; =105
–1 1 – 8.4 8.4
𝜌𝐴𝐿 2 1
Consistent mass matrix [m] = ;
6 1 2
𝜌𝐴1 𝐿1 2 1
[m1] = 6 1 2
1200 ×300×7.8×10 −6 2 1
= 6 1 2
2 1
= 0.468×
ww [m1] =
1 2
0.936 0.468
0.468 0.936
w .E
For element 2
u2 900 mm2 u3
asy 1 –1
𝐴𝐸
D
Stiffness matrix [k] = 400mm
En 𝑙
1 –1
–1 1
A
[k2] =
𝐴2 𝐸2
𝑙2 –1 1
;
gin
900×2.1×10 5 1 −1
eer
SC
= 400 −1 1
= 4.73×10 5 1 −1
−1 1 ing
[k2] = 105
4.73 – 4.73
– 4.73 4.73
; .ne
Consistent mass matrix [m] =
𝜌𝐴𝐿
6
2 1
1 2
; t
𝜌𝐴2 𝐿2 2 1
[m2] = 6 1 2
900×400×7.8×10 −6 2 1
= 6 1 2
2 1
= 0.468
1 2
0.936 0.468
[m2] =
0.468 0.936
Assembling global matrix
8.4 −8.4 0
Stiffness matrix [k] = 105 −8.4 13.13 −4.73
0 −4.73 4.73
0.936 0.468 0
Consistent mass matrix [m] = 0.468 1.87 0.468
0 0.468 0.936
42
[(13.13×105 -1.87λ)( 4.73 × 105 − 0.936𝜆) – (−4.73 × 105 − 0.468𝜆)( −4.73 × 105 − 0.468𝜆)] =0
ww
Solving above equation
𝜆1 = 1.49×106
w .E 𝜆2 = 1.73×105 = 0.173×106
asy
To find mode shape
D
En
𝑘 − 𝑚𝜆 {𝑢} = 0
𝜆1 = 0.173×106
;
A
gin
eer 𝑢2
SC
1.87 0.468 𝑢2
𝑢2 1.77𝑢2
0.46 0.936 1.77𝑢2 =1
𝑢2
𝑢2 1.77𝑢2 1.77𝑢2 = 1
2.7𝑢22 + 3.79𝑢22 =1
1
𝑢22 = 6.4 ; 𝑢2 = 0.392
𝑢3 =1.78𝑢2 ; 𝑢3 = 0.698
Normalization of 𝜆2
𝑈2𝑇 M U2 = 1
1.87 0.468 𝑢2
𝑢2 −1.26𝑢2 −1.26𝑢2 =1
ww 0.46 0.936
𝑢2
w .E 1.28𝑢2 −0.707𝑢2
1.28𝑢22 + 0.88𝑢22 =1
−1.256𝑢2 = 1
asy
D
𝑢22 = 0.46;
En 𝑢3 =-1.268𝑢2
A
𝑢3 = -0.84
gin
eer
SC
Result
Mode shape
ing
1 2 3 .ne
u2=0.392
u3=0.698
t
u1=0
Mode 1
u2=0.678
u1=0
Mode 2
u3=-0.698
44
3. Consider the simply supported beam shown in fig. let the length L=1m,
E=2×1011𝑵 𝒎𝟐 , area of cross section A=30cm2, moment of inertia I=100mm4,
density[ρ] = 7800𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟑 . Determine the natural frequency using two types of
mass matrix. Lumped mass matrix and consistent mass matrix. APRIL / MAY 2011
Given data
Length = 1m
Young’s modulus E=2×1011 𝑁 𝑚2
Area A=30cm2 = 3×10-3 m2
Moment of inertia I=100mm4 = 100×10-12 m4
ww Density[ρ] = 7800 kg/m3=76518 𝑁 𝑚3
w .E
To find
En
Natural frequency
A
Formula used gin
eer
SC
Solution
For element 1
45
𝑣1 𝑣2
12 6 × 0.5 −12 6 × 0.5
=
2×10 11 ×100×−12 6 × 0.5 4 × 0.52 −6 × 0.5 2 × 0.52
0.53 −12 −6 × 0.5 12 −6 × 0.5
6 × 0.5 2 × 0.52 −6 × 0.5 4 × 0.52
12 3 −12 3
[k]1 =160× 3 1 −3 0.5
−12 −3 12 −3
3 0.5 −3 1
ww 𝜌𝐴 𝑙 1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
w .E
Lumped mass matrix [m]1 = 2 0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
asy
D
1 0 0 0
En =
76518 ×3×10 −3 ×0.5
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
A
gin
0 0 0 0
eer
SC
[m]1
57.38
= 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 ing
0
0
0
0
57.38
0
0
0 .ne
𝜌𝐴 𝑙 1
156
22𝑙1
22𝑙1
4𝑙12
54
13𝑙1
−13𝑙1
−3𝑙12
t
Consistent mass matrix [m]1 = 420 54 13𝑙1 156 −22𝑙1
−13𝑙1 −3𝑙12 −22𝑙1 4𝑙12
46
For element 2
12 6𝑙2 −12 6𝑙2 θ2 θ3
𝐸𝐼 6𝑙2 4𝑙22 −6𝑙2 2𝑙22
Stiffness matrix[k]2 = 𝑙 3
2 −12 −6𝑙2 12 −6𝑙2 2 3
6𝑙2 2𝑙22 −6𝑙2 4𝑙22 0.5 m
𝑣2 𝑣3
12 3 −12 3
[k]2 = 160× 3 1 −3 0.5
−12 −3 12 −3
3 0.5 −3 1
ww 𝜌𝐴 𝑙 2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
w .E
Lumped mass matrix [m]2 = 2 0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
asy
D
1 00 0
En =
76518 ×3×10 −3 ×0.5
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
A
57.38 0
0
0 gin
00
0
0
= 0 0 0 0
eer
SC
[m]2
0 0 57.38 0
0 0 0 0
ing
156
22𝑙2
22𝑙2
4𝑙22
54
13𝑙2
−13𝑙2
−3𝑙22
.ne
Consistent mass matrix [m]2 =
𝜌𝐴 𝑙 2
420 54
−13𝑙2
13𝑙2
−3𝑙22
156
−22𝑙2
−22𝑙2
4𝑙22
t
156 22 × 0.5 54 −13 × 0.5
=
76518 ×3×10 −3 ×0.5 22 × 0.5 4 × 0.52 13 × 0.5 −3 × 0.52
420 54 13 × 0.5 156 −22 × 0.5
−13 × 0.5 −3 × 0.52 −22 × 0.5 4 × 0.52
42.63 3 14.74 −1.77
[m]2 = 3 0.27 1.77 −0.20
14.74 1.77 42.63 −3
−1.77 −0.20 −3 0.27
Global matrix
47
12 3 −12 3 0 0
3 1 −3 0.5 0 0
−12 −3 24 0 −12 3
Stiffness matrix [k] =160×
3 0.5 0 2 −3 0.5
0 0 −12 −3 12 −3
0 0 3 0.5 −3 1
57.38 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 114.77 0 0 0
Lumped mass matrix [m]=
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 57.38 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
w .E
Frequency for lumped mass matrix
𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑚 {u} = 0
asy
D
12 3 −12 3 0 0 57.38 0 0 0 0 0 𝑣1
3
−12En −3
1 −3
24
0.5
0
0
−12
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
114.77
0
0
0
0
0
0
𝜃1
𝑣2
A
gin
2
160 × −𝜔 𝜃2 =0
3 0.5 0 2 −3 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 −12 −3 12 −3 0 0 0 0 57.38 0 𝑣3
𝜃3
0 0 3 0.5 −3 1 0
eer
0 0 0 0 0
SC
0 −12
0
0
0
0
3
57.38
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 114.77
0
0
0
0
0
0 .ne 0
0
0
0
0
𝑣2
160 ×
0
0
3 0.5
0 −12 −3
0
0
3 0.5
2 −3
12
−3
0.5
−3
1
−𝜔 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
57.38
0
t0
0
0
𝜃2 =0
0
0
24 0 114.7 0 𝑣2
160 × − 𝜔2 𝜃2 = 0
0 2 0 0
1228800-36704𝜔2 = 0
𝜔2 = 33.47
𝜔 = 5.78 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠
48
𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑚 {u} = 0
ww
160 ×
24
0
0
2
− 𝜔2
85.26
0 0.5
0 𝑣2
𝜃2 =0
w .E
3840 − 85.26ω2 0−0
320 − 0.5ω2
=0
asy
0−0
D
En
(3840 − 85.26𝜔2 ) 320 − 0.5𝜔2 = 0
1.23×106-1920𝜔2 -27283.2𝜔2 +42.63𝜔4 =0
A
gin
Take λ = 𝜔 2
eer
SC
−𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
42.63 λ2 -29203.3 λ+1.23×106 =0
ing
ax2 +bx+c=0; x = 2𝑎
𝜆=
29203 .3 ± 29203 .32 −4×42.63×1.23×10 6
2×42.63 .ne
=
29203 .3 ±25359 .28
85.26
t
29203 .3+25359 .28 29203 .3−25359 .28
𝜆1 = ; 𝜆2 =
85.26 85.26
𝜆1 =639.95; 𝜆2 =45.08
λ = 𝜔2
𝜔1 = λ1 ; 𝜔 2 = λ2
𝜔1 = 639.95 𝜔2 = 45.08
49
4. For a tapered plate of uniform thickness t = 10mm as shown in fig. find the
displacements at the nodes by forming in to two element model. The bar has mass
density ρ = 7800𝑲𝒈 𝒎𝟑 Young’s modulus E = 2×105𝑴𝑵 𝒎𝟐 . In addition to self
weight the plate is subjected to a point load p = 10KN at its centre. Also
determine the reaction force at the support. Nov/Dec 2006
80mm
150m
P m
300m
m
40m
Given data
Mass density ρ = 7800𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 m
ww = 7800 × 9.81=76518 𝑁 𝑚3
150m 150mm
P m 2
300m 1
m 10KN
150mm
3
W3=40 50
mm
Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net
Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net
W1 = 80mm
𝑊1 +𝑊3 80+40
W2 = = = 60 mm
2 2
W3 = 40mm
=W1 × t1
= 80 × 10 = 800mm2
=W2 × t2 = 60 × 10 =600mm2
ww = W3 × t3 = 40 × 10 =400mm2
Ā1 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 1 +𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 2
=
𝐴1 + 𝐴2
=
800+600
= 700mm2
asy 2 2 2
D
Average area of element 2
For element 1
eer
SC
u1,F1
Stiffness matrix [k]1 =
Ā1 𝐸1
𝑙1
1
–1
– 1 𝑢1
1 𝑢2 ing
=
700 ×2×10 5 1 −1 𝑢1
1 𝑢2
.ne 150mm
= 2× 10
150
4.67
−4.67
5
−1
−4.67 𝑢1
4.67 𝑢2 10KN
t
u2,F2
𝜌 Ā1 𝑙 1 1
Force vector 𝐹 1 = 2 1
7.65×10 −5 ×700×150 1 4.017
= =
2 1 4.017
u2,F2
For element 2
Ā2 𝐸2 1 – 1 𝑢2 150mm
Stiffness matrix [k]2 = 10KN
𝑙2 –1 1 𝑢3
51
𝜌 Ā2 𝑙 2 1
Force vector 𝐹 2 = 2 1
7.65×10 −5 ×500×150 1 2.869
= =
2 1 2.869
Global matrix
4.66 −4.66 0
Stiffness matrix [k] = 2×105 × −4.66 7.99 −3.33
0 −3.33 3.33
4.017
Force vector 𝐹 = 6.88
2.87
Finite element equation
ww 𝐹1 4.66
𝐹2 = 2×105 × −4.66
−4.66
7.99
0
−3.33
𝑢1
𝑢2
w .E 𝐹3 0 −3.33 3.33 𝑢3
asy
Applying boundary conditions
D
𝑢1 = 0; 𝑢2 ≠ 0; 𝑢3 ≠ 0; 𝐹2 = 10 × 103 N
En
𝐹1 4.66 −4.66 0 𝑢1
A
𝐹2 = 2×105 × −4.66
𝐹3 0
7.99
−3.33
gin
−3.33
3.33
𝑢2
𝑢3
eer
SC
10006.88
= 2×105
7.99 −3.33 𝑢2 .ne
2.86 −3.33
2×105 (7.99𝑢2 − 3.33𝑢3 ) = 10006.88
3.33 𝑢3
t
2×105 (-3.33𝑢2 + 3.33𝑢3 ) = 2.86
𝑢2 = 0.01074 mm
𝑢3 = 0.01074
52
Reaction force
𝑅1 4.66 −4.66 0 𝑢1 𝐹1
𝑅2 = 2×105 × −4.66 7.99 −3.33 𝑢2 - 𝐹2
𝑅3 0 −3.33 3.33 𝑢3 𝐹3
w .E −10000 4.017
= 10000 - 10006.88
asy 0 2.87
D
−10004.017
En = −6.88
A
−2.86
Result gin
eer
SC
𝑅1 −10004.017
𝑅2 =
𝑅3
−6.88
−2.86 ing
5. .ne
A wall of 0.6m thickness having thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/mk. The wall is to
be insulated with a material of thickness 0.06m having an average thermal
conductivity of 0.3 W/mk. The inner surface temperature in 1000OC and outside
of the insulation is exposed to atmospheric air at 30oc with heat transfer co-
t
efficient of 35 W/m2k. Calculate the nodal temperature. NOV/DEC 2014
Given Data:-
53
= 303 K
To find
Formula used
1D Heat conduction
𝐹1 𝐴𝑘 1 – 1 𝑇1
=
𝐹2 𝑙 –1 1 𝑇2
1D Heat conduction with free end convection
𝐴𝑘 1 –1 0 0
[K]= + hA
0 1
ww 𝑙 –1 1
w .E
Solution
Conduction
asy
For element 1
T1 T2
D
f1
f2
=
En
k1 A1 1 −1 T1
l1 −1 1 T2
A
For unit area: A1 = 1m2
1.2 1 −1 T1
gin
= 0.6
eer
SC
−1 1 T2
f1 2 −2 T1
f2
=
−2 2 T2 ing
L1
5 −5 0 0 T1 0
+ =
−5 5 0 35 T2 10.605 × 103 L2
5 −5 T1 0
=
−5 5 T2 10.605 × 103
54
f2 = 0
f3 = 10.605 x 103
2 −2 0 T1 0
−2 7 −5 T2 = 0
0 −5 40 T3 10.605 × 103
Step (1)
The first row and first column of the stiffness matrix K have been set equal to 0
except for the main diagonal.
1 0 0 T1 0
T
0 7 −5 2 = 0
0 −5 40 T3 10.605 × 103
Step – II
The first row of the force matrix is replaced by the known temperature at node 1
ww 1 0 0 T1 1273
w .E 0 7 −5 T2 =
0 −5 40 T3
0
10.605 × 103
asy
Step – III
D
The second row first column of stiffness K value is multiplied by known
En
temperature at node 1 -2 × 1273 = -2546. This value positive digit 2546 has been
A
1 0
0 7 −5 T2 =
gin
added to the second row of the force matrix.
0 T1 1273
2546
eer
SC
0 −5 40 T3 10.605 × 103
⟹ 7 T2 − 5 T3 = 2546
−5 T2 + 40 T3 = 10.605 × 103 ing
Solving above Eqn ×8 56 T2 − 40T3 = 20.368 × 103
5 T2 − 40T3 = 10.605 × 103
.ne
t
51 T2 = 30973
T2 = 607.31 K
7 × 607.31 -5 T3 = 2546
4251.19 - 5 T3 = 2546
-−5 T3 = −1705
T3 = 341.03 K
Result
Nodal Temp T1 = 1273 K
T2 = 607.31K
T3 = 341.03 K
55
7. Derivation of the displacement function u and shape function N for one dimensional
linear bar element. OR
Derive the shape function, stiffness matrix and load vector for one dimensional bar
element. May / June 2013
Consider a bar with element with nodes 1 and 2 as shown in Fig. 𝜐1 and 𝜐2 are the
displacement at the respective nodes. 𝜐1 And 𝜐2 is degree of freedom of this bar element.
1 2
𝑢1 𝑢2
ww 𝑙
asy
Since the element has got two degrees of freedom, it will have two generalized co-ordinates.
D
𝑢 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥
En
Where, 𝑎0 and 𝑎1 are global or generalized co – ordinates.
A
Writing the equation in matrix form,
𝑢 = 1𝑥 𝑎
𝑎0 gin
1
eer
SC
At node 1, 𝑢 = 𝑢1 , 𝑥 = 0
At node 1, 𝑢 = 𝑢2 , 𝑥 = 1
Substitute the above values ion equation, ing
𝑢1 = 𝑎0
.ne
𝑢2 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑙
Arranging the equation in matrix form, t
𝑢1 1 0 𝑎0
𝑢2 = 1 𝑙 𝑎1
𝑢∗ 𝐶 𝐴
∗
Where, 𝑢 ⟶ Degree of freedom.
𝐶 ⟶ Connectivity matrix.
𝐴 ⟶ Generalized or global co-ordinates matrix.
𝑎0 1 0 −1 𝑢1
𝑎1 = 𝑢2
1 𝑙
1 1 −0 𝑢1
= 𝑢2
𝑙−0 −1 1
𝑎11 𝑎12 −1 1 𝑎22 −𝑎12
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑎 𝑎22 = × −𝑎 𝑎11
21 𝑎11 𝑎22 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 21
56
𝑎0 1 𝑙 0 𝑢1
𝑎1 = 𝑙 −1 1 𝑢2
𝑎0
Substitute 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1
1 𝑙 0 𝑢1
𝑢 = 1 𝑥 𝑙 𝑢2
−1 1
1 𝑙 0 𝑢1
= 𝑙 1 𝑥 𝑢2
−1 1
1 𝑢1
= 𝑙 1−𝑥 0+𝑥 𝑢
2
∵ 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 × 2 2 × 2 = 1 × 2
1− 𝑥 𝑥 𝑢1
𝑢 = 𝑙 𝑙 𝑢2
𝑢1
𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑢
2
Displacement function, 𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2
𝑙− 𝑥 𝑥
Where, Shape function, 𝑁1 = ; 𝑠𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 𝑁2 =
ww
Stiffness matrix for one dimensional linear bar element
𝑙 𝑙
w .EConsider a bar with element with nodes 1 and 2 as shown in Fig. 𝜐1 and 𝜐2 are the
displacement at the respective nodes. 𝜐1 And 𝜐2 is degree of freedom of this bar element.
asy 𝓍
D
En 1 2
A
𝑢1 gin 𝑢2
eer
SC
𝑙
ing
Stiffness matrix, 𝐾 = B T
𝐷 𝐵 𝑑𝑣 .ne
Shape function, 𝑁1 =
𝑣
Displacement function, 𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2
𝑙− 𝑥
; 𝑠𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 𝑁2 =
𝑥
t
𝑙 𝑙
𝑑𝑁1 𝑑𝑁2
Strain displacement matrix,[B] = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1 1
= 𝑙 𝑙
−1
𝑙
[B]T= 1
𝑙
One dimensional problem [D] = [E] = young’s modulus
−1
𝒍 𝑙 −1 1
[K] = 𝟎 1 ×𝐸× 𝑙 𝑙
𝑑𝑣
𝑙
57
1 −1
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙2
= 0 −1 1 × 𝐸 × 𝑑𝑣 [dv = A×dx
𝑙2 𝑙2
1 −1
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙2
= 0 −1 1 × 𝐸 × A × dx
𝑙2 𝑙2
1 −1 1 −1
𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙
= AE −1 1 × 0
𝑑𝑥 = AE −1 1 𝑥 0
𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2
1 −1
𝑙2 𝑙2
= AE −1 1 (𝑙 − 0)
𝑙2 𝑙2
1 −1
ww = AE 𝑙 𝑙2
−1
𝑙2
1
w .E = 𝑙2
𝐴𝐸𝑙 1
𝑙2 𝑙2
−1
asy −1 1
D
1 –1
En [K] =
𝐴𝐸
𝑙 –1 1
A
Finite element equation for finite element analysis gin
eer
SC
𝐹1
𝐹2
=
𝐴𝐸 1 – 1 𝑢1
𝑙 –1 1 𝑢2
ing
.ne
t
Load vector [F]
Consider a vertically hanging bar of length𝑙, uniform cross section A, density ρ and young’s
modulus E. this bar is subjected to self weight Xb
The element nodal force vector
𝑇
𝐹 𝑒 = 𝑁 Xb
Self weight due to loading force Xb = ρAdx
x
Displacement function, 𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2
𝑙− 𝑥 𝑥
Where; 𝑁1 = ; 𝑁2 = ;
𝑙 𝑙
𝑙− 𝑥 𝑥 xb
[N] = 𝑙 𝑙
58
𝑙− 𝑥
𝑙
[N]T = 𝑥
𝑙
Substitute Xb and [N]T values
𝑙− 𝑥 𝑙− 𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝐹 𝑒 = 0 𝑥 ρA dx = ρA 0 𝑥 dx
𝑙 𝑙
𝑙
𝑥2 𝑙2 𝑙
𝑥− 𝑙− 𝑙−
2𝑙 2𝑙 2
= ρA 𝑥2
= ρA 𝑙2
= ρA 𝑙
2𝑙 0 2𝑙 2
𝑙
2
= ρA 𝑙
2
ww
Force vector {F} =
𝜌𝐴𝑙
2
1
1
7.
w .E DERIVATION OF SHAPE FUNCTION AN STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR ONE-
DIMENSIONAL QUADRATIC BAR ELEMENT: May / June 2012
asy
D
Consider a quadratic bar element with nodes 1,2 and 3 as shown in
En
Fig.(i), 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 are the displacement at the respective nodes. So, 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 are
A
considered as degree of freedom of this quadratic bar element.
gin
𝓍
eer
SC
ing
𝜐1 1
3 𝜐3
2 𝜐2.ne
𝑙
t
2
Since the element has got three nodal displacements, it will have three generalized
coordinates.
u = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2
Where, 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 are global or generalized coordinates. Writing the equation is matrix
form,
59
𝑎0
𝑈 = 1𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑎1
𝑎2
At node 1, u = u1 , 𝑥 = 0
At node 2, u = u2 , 𝑥 = 1
1
At node 3, u = u3 , 𝑥 = 2
u1 = 𝑎0
u2 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑙 + 𝑎2 𝑙 2
𝑙 𝑙 2
u3 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
2 2
ww
Substitute the equation we get
w .E u2 = 𝑢1 + 𝑎1 𝑙 + 𝑎2 𝑙 2
asy u3 = 𝑢1 +
𝑎1 𝑙
+
𝑎2 𝑙2
D
2 4
En u2 − u1 = 𝑎1 𝑙 + 𝑎2 𝑙 2
A
u3 − 𝑢1 =
𝑎1 𝑙
+
𝑎2 𝑙2
gin
2 4
eer
SC
u2 − u1 𝑙 𝑙2 a1 ing
u3 − 𝑢1 = 𝑙
2
𝑙2
4
a2
.ne
⇒
a1
a2 =
𝑙
𝑙
𝑙2
𝑙2
−1
u2 − u1
u3 − 𝑢1
t
2 4
𝑙2
1 −𝑙 2 u2 − u1
4
= 𝑙3 𝑙3 −𝑙 u3 − 𝑢1
4
−
2 𝑙
2
𝑙2
a1 1 −𝑙 2 u2 − u1
4
⇒ a2 = −𝑙 3 −𝑙 u3 − 𝑢1
4 𝑙
2
−4 𝑙2
⇒ 𝑎1 = u2 − u1 −𝑙 2 u3 − 𝑢1
𝑙3 4
60
−4 −𝑙
⇒ 𝑎2 = u2 − u1 + 𝑙 u3 − 𝑢1
𝑙3 2
−4 𝑙2 𝑢2 𝑙2 𝑢1
Equation 𝑎1 = − −𝑙 2 𝑢3 + 𝑙 2 𝑢1
𝑙3 4 4
−4𝑙 2 𝑢 2 4𝑙 2 𝑢 1 4𝑙 2 𝑢 3 4𝑙 2 𝑢 1
= + + −
4𝑙 3 4𝑙 3 𝑙3 𝑙3
− 𝑢2 𝑢1 4 𝑢3 4 𝑢1
= + + −
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
−3 𝑢 1 𝑢2 4 𝑢3
𝑎1 = − +
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
Equation
−4 −𝑙𝑢 2 𝑙
𝑎2 = − 2 𝑢1 + 𝑙𝑢3 − 𝑙𝑢1
𝑙3 2
4𝑙 𝑢 2 4𝑙 4𝑙 4𝑙
+ 2 𝑙 3 𝑢1 − 𝑢3 + 𝑢1
ww =
2𝑢 2
2 𝑙3
2 4
− 𝑙 2 𝑢1 − 𝑙 2 𝑢3 + 𝑙 2 𝑢1
𝑙3
4
𝑙3
w .E =
𝑎2 = 𝑙 2 𝑢1 +
𝑙2
2 2𝑢 2
− 𝑙 2 𝑢3
4
asy 𝑙2
D
Arranging the equation in matrix form,
En 𝑎0 1 0 0 𝑢1
A
𝑎2
−3
𝑎1 = 𝑙
2
−1
𝑙
2 gin
𝑙
−4
4
𝑢2
𝑢3
eer
SC
𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2
2 𝑥2
2
𝑙2
−𝑥
−4
𝑙2
𝑢3
2 𝑥2 4𝑥 4 𝑥2
𝑢1
t
𝑢 = 1− 𝑙 𝑥+ + − 𝑢2
𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2
𝑢3
𝑢1
𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁3 𝑢2
𝑢3
𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2 + 𝑁3 𝑢3
−𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑁2 = +
𝑙 𝑙2
4𝑥 4𝑥 2
𝑁3 = −
𝑙 𝑙2
61
𝜐1 1 1 2 𝜐1 2 23 𝜐2
𝑙
2
ww
Let 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 be the nodal displacement parameters or otherwise known as degree of
freedom.
w .E
We know that,
eer
2𝑥 2
SC
3𝑥
Where, 𝑁1 = 1 − +
𝑙 𝑙2
𝑁2 =
−𝑥
+
2𝑥 2
ing
4𝑥
𝑙
4𝑥 2
𝑙2
.ne
We know that,
𝑁3 = 𝑙
− 𝑙2
t
𝑑 𝑁1 𝑑 𝑁2 𝑑 𝑁3
Strain – Displacement matrix, 𝐵 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑁1 −3 4𝑥
⟹ = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙2
𝑑 𝑁2 −1 4𝑥
⟹ = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙2
𝑑 𝑁3 4 8𝑥
⟹ = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙2
62
−3 4𝑥
+
𝑙 𝑙2
𝑇 −1 4𝑥
𝐵 = +
𝑙 𝑙2
4 8𝑥
+
𝑙 𝑙2
𝐷 = 𝐸 = 𝐸 = 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝑇
Substitute 𝐵 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 values in stiffness matrix equation 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑙 .
−3 4𝑥
+ 2
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
−1 4𝑥 −3 4𝑥 −1 4𝑥 4 8𝑥
⟹= + 2 + 2 + 2 − × E 𝑑𝑣
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙2
0
4 8𝑥
−
𝑙 𝑙2
ww
w .E −3
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
−3
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
−3
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
−1
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
−3
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
4
𝑙
−
8𝑥
𝑙2
⟹ 𝑘 = 𝐸𝐴
asy 𝑙 −3
+
4𝑥 −1
+
4𝑥 −1
+
4𝑥 −1
+
4𝑥 −1
+
4𝑥 4
−
8𝑥
𝑑𝑥
D
0 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2
En −3
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
4
𝑙
−
8𝑥
𝑙2
−1
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
4
𝑙
−
8𝑥
𝑙2
4
𝑙
−
8𝑥
𝑙2
4
𝑙
−
8𝑥
𝑙2
A
⟹ 𝑘 = 𝐸𝐴
gin
eer
SC
0
𝑙
𝑙
𝑙2
2
3
−
𝑙3
12𝑥
𝑙3
−
𝑙3
4𝑥
𝑙3
+
𝑙4
16𝑥 2
𝑙4
𝑙
𝑙2
2
1
−
𝑙3
4𝑥
𝑙3
− 𝑙3
𝑙3
4𝑥
+
𝑙4
16𝑥 2
𝑙4
𝑙2
−4
𝑙2
+ ing
𝑙3
8𝑥
𝑙3
+
𝑙3
16𝑥
𝑙3
−
𝑙4
32𝑥 2
𝑙4
𝑑𝑥
−12
𝑙2
+
24𝑥
𝑙3
+
16𝑥
𝑙3
−
32𝑥 2
𝑙4
−4
𝑙2
+
8𝑥
𝑙3
+
16𝑥
𝑙3
−
32𝑥 2
𝑙4
16
𝑙2
−
32𝑥
𝑙3
−
32𝑥
𝑙3 .ne
+
64𝑥 2
𝑙4
9 6 6 16 3 6 2 16 −12 12 8 32
− − + − − + + + −
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙
3 6 2 16 1 2 4 16 −4 4 8 32
⟹ 𝑘 = 𝐸𝐴 − − + − − + + + −
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙
−12 12 8 32 −4 4 8 32 16 16 16 64
+ + − + + − − − +
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙
63
7 1 −8
3𝑙 3𝑙 3𝑙
1 7 −8
⟹ 𝑘 = 𝐸𝐴
3𝑙 3𝑙 3𝑙
−8 −8 16
3𝑙 3𝑙 3𝑙
𝐸𝐴 7 1 −8
⟹ 𝑘 = 1 7 −8
3𝑙
−8 −8 16
LOAD VECTOR FOR ONE DIMENSIONAL QUADRATIC BAR ELEMENT:
3𝑥 2𝑥 2
ww Where, 𝑁 𝑇
𝑁1
= 𝑁2 =
1− 𝑙
−𝑥
+
+
𝑙2
2𝑥 2
w .E 𝑁3
𝑙
4𝑥
𝑙
−
𝑙2
4𝑥 2
𝑙2
eer
SC
𝑙 −𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝐹 = 0
+ ρ A 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙2
4𝑥
𝑙
−
4𝑥 2
𝑙2 ing
𝑥−
3𝑥 2
+
2𝑥 3
1
.ne
𝐹 =ρA
2𝑙
−𝑥 2
2𝑙
4𝑥 2
+
3 𝑙2
2𝑥 3
3 𝑙2
4𝑥 3
t
−
2𝑙 3 𝑙2 0
3𝑙 2 2𝑙 3
1− +
2𝑙 3 𝑙2
−𝑙 2 2 𝑙3
= ρA +
2𝑙 3 𝑙2
4 𝑙2 4𝑙 3
−
2𝑙 3 𝑙2
3𝑙 2𝑙
𝑙− +
2 3
−𝑙 2𝑙
=ρA +
2 3
4𝑙 4𝑙
−
2 3
64
0.166 𝑙
=ρA 0.166 𝑙
0.166 𝑙
0.166
= ρ A 𝑙 0.166
0.166
1
6
1
𝐹 =ρA𝑙
6
2
3
1
𝐹1 6
1
𝐹2 = ρ A 𝑙
ww 𝐹3 6
2
w .E 3
asy
D
En
A
gin
eer
SC
ing
.ne
t
65
PART- A
C1 – Governing differential equation is biharmonic, øas well as derivative has to be continuous inside
and between the elements.
ww
Cn – Governing differential equations is polynomial.
w.E
3. How do we specify two dimensional elements? (May/June 2014)
asy
Two dimensional elements are defined by three or more nodes in two dimensional plane (i.e x and y
D
plane). The basic element useful for two dimensional analysis is a triangular element.
En
4. What is QST element?(May/June 2014)
A
gin
Ten noded triangular elements are known as Quadratic strain element (QST).
eer
SC
i ng
.ne
t
5. Write the governing differential equation for two dimensional heat transfer.
The governing differential equation for two dimensional heat transfer is given by,
6. Write the governing differential equation for shaft with non-circular cross-section subjected to
torsion.
66
1 𝑑2 ∅ 1 𝑑2 ∅
+ + 2𝜃 = 0
𝐺 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐺 𝑑𝑦 2
Where,
Ø – Field variable
1
ww
𝑞1
0
0
𝑟1
𝑞2
0
0 𝑞3 0 𝑞 = 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑞 = 𝑦 − 𝑦
𝑟2 0 𝑟3 𝑟1 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑟2 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 1
𝑞3 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
[B]=
2𝐴
𝑟1
w.E𝑞1 𝑟2
𝑝1
𝑞2 𝑟3 𝑞3 1
= 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑥3 𝑦2
3 2 2 1
𝑝2 = 𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦3
3 𝑟3 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑝3 = 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦1
asy
D
9. Why higher order elements are preferred?
En
Higher order elements are preferred to,
(i) Represent the curved boundaries
A
gin
(ii) Reduce the number of elements when compared with straight edge elements to model geometry.
eer
SC
10. Evaluate the following area integrals for the three noded triangular element
𝛼 ! 𝛽! 𝛾!
𝛼+ 𝛽+ 𝛾+2
𝑋 2𝐴 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗2 𝑁𝑘3 𝑑𝐴. (May/June 2013), (Nov/Dec 2012)
We know that, i ng
𝛽 𝛾
𝐿𝛼𝑖 𝐿2 𝐿𝑘 𝑑𝐴 =
1! 2! 3!
(1+ 2+ 3+2)!
𝑋 2𝐴
.ne
𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗2 𝑁𝑘3 𝑑𝐴 =
Here, α = 1, β = 2, γ = 3
1𝑋2𝑋1𝑋3𝑋2𝑋1
𝑋 2𝐴 =
1! 2! 3!
𝑋 2𝐴
t
(8𝑋7𝑋6𝑋5𝑋4𝑋3𝑋2𝑋1) (8)!
𝐴
=1680 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗2 𝑁𝑘3 𝑑𝐴
𝑢1
𝑒𝑋 𝑣1
1 𝑞1 0 𝑞2 0 𝑞3 0 𝑢2
𝑒𝑌 = 0 𝑟1 0 𝑟2 0 𝑟3
𝛾𝑥𝑦 2𝐴 𝑟 𝑣2
1 𝑞1 𝑟2 𝑞2 𝑟3 𝑞3 𝑢3
𝑣3
67
12. List out the two theories for calculating the shear stress in a solid non circular shaft subjected to
torsion.
The two theories which helps in evaluating the shear stresses in a solid non circular shaft is proposed
by,
(i) St. Venant called as St.Venant theory
(ii) Prandtl called as Prandtl’s theory.
13. Write down the shape functions associated with three noded linear triangular element (April/May
2015)
1 1 1
𝑁1 = 2𝐴
𝑝1 + 𝑞1 𝑥 + 𝑟1 𝑦 ; 𝑁2 = 2𝐴
𝑝2 + 𝑞2 𝑥 + 𝑟2 𝑦 ; 𝑁3 = 2𝐴
𝑝3 + 𝑞3 𝑥 + 𝑟3 𝑦 ;
PART - B
1. For a four Noded rectangular element shown in fig. determine the temperature at the
point (7, 4). The nodal values of temperature are T1=420C, T2=540C, T3= 560C, & T4=
460C. Also determine 3 points on the 500C contour line.
Given: ww
ϕi= 420C
w.E m (5,5) 460C k(8,5) 560C
ϕj= 540C
asy
D
ϕk=560C
En
A
ϕm=460C
i (5,3) 460C gin j(8,3) 540C
2b=3 2a=2
eer
SC
b=3/2
To find:
a=1
i ng
1. Temperature at point (2,1),ϕ .ne
2. Three points on 500C.
Formula used:
t
s t s t
Ni= 1 1 1 1
2b 2a 3 2
s t s t
Nj= 1 1
2b 2a 3 2
st
st = st
Nk=
4ab 4 3 1 6
2
t s t s
Nm= 1 1
2a 2b 2 3
68
Solution:
The point (7,4) in global coordinate (x,y) is changed in the local coordinate (s,t)
S= x-xi 7-5=2
t= y-yi 4-3=1
2 1 1
Ni= 1 1 =
3 2 6
2 1 1
Nj= 1 =
3 2 3
Nk= ww
2 1 1
6 3
=
w.E
1 2 1
asy
Nm = 1 =
2 3 6
D
1 1 1
En 1
ϕ = 42 54 56 46 .
A
6 3 3 6
gin
ϕ = 51.40C
eer
SC
𝜙 𝑗 −𝜙 𝑥 𝑗 −𝑥 𝑦 𝑗 −𝑦
0
The x,y coordinates of 50 C contour line are
𝜙 𝑗 −𝜙 𝑖
=
𝑥 𝑗 −𝑥 𝑖 i ng
=
𝑦 𝑗 −𝑦 𝑖
.ne
m (5,5) 460C k(8,5) 560C t
i j(8,3) 540C
460C (5,3) 500C
54 50 8 x 3 y
i,j
54 42 8 5 3 3
69
4 8 x 4 3 y
12 3 12 0
x 7cm y 3cm
𝜙 𝑘 −𝜙 𝑥 𝑘 −𝑥 𝑦 𝑘 −𝑦
m,k = =
𝜙 𝑘 −𝜙 𝑚 𝑥 𝑘 −𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑘 −𝑦𝑚
56 50 8 x 5 y
56 46 8 5 5 5
6 8 x 6 5 y
;
10 3 10 0
ww
x 6.2cm ; y 5cm
w.E
Third point
asy y=4 [lower point yi=3, upper point ym=5]
D
En
Centre line between the sides i,j&k,m
A
Local coordinates
gin
t = y-yi= 4-3 = 1
eer
SC
s 1.63cm (6.2,5)
s x xj
1.63 5 x (6.7,4)
x 6.7cm
500C (7,3)
y 4cm
70
2. For the plane stress element shown in Fig, the nodal displacements are:
U1=2.0mm; v1=1.0mm;
U2=0.5mm; v2=0.0mm;
U3=3.0mm; v3=1.0mm.
ww
Determine the element stresses σx, σy, σ1, and σ2 and the principal angle θp, let E=210 GPA,
w.E
ν= 0.25 and t=10 mm. All coordinates are in millimetre.
Given:
asy
D
Nodal Displacements: U1=2.0mm; v1=1.0mm;
En U2=0.5mm; v2=0.0mm;
A
U3=3.0mm; gin v3=1.0mm.
eer
SC
i ng
.ne
t
X1= 20mm y1=30mm
X3=50mm y3=120mm
Thickness, t= 10mm
71
a) Normal stress, σx
b) Normal stress, σy
c) Shear stress, xy
d) Maximum normal stress, σ1
e) Minimum normal stress, σ2
2. Principle angle,θp
Formula used:
ww
Minimum normal stress, σmin = σ2 =
x y
2
x y
2
2
2 xy
w.E
principle angle, tan 2θp=
2 xy
x y
asy
D
En
Solution: we know that
A
1
1 x1
Area of the element, A= 1 x 2
y1
gin
1 20 30
y 2 1 80 30
1
2 2
eer
SC
1 i ng
=
2
x[ 1x(80x120-50x30)-20(120-30)+30(50-80)]
.ne
=
1
2
x [8100-1800-900] t
A=2700 mm2 ….. (1)
We know that,
q1 0 q 2 0 q3 0
1
[B]= 0 r1 0 r 2 0 r 3 …… (2)
2A
r1 q1 r 2 q 2 r 3 q3
q2= y3 – y1 = 120- 30 = 90
q3= y1- y2 = 30 – 30 = 0
72
90 0 90 0 0 0
1
[B] = 0 30 0 30 0 60
2A
30 90 30 90 60 0
90 0 90 0 0 0
[B] =
1 0 30 0 30 0 60
2 2700
30 90 30 90 0
ww 60
=w.E 30
3 0
2 2700
3
0 1 0 1
0 0
0
0
2
asy 1 3 1 3 2 0
D
En 3 0
-3
3 0 0 0
2
A
[B] = 5.555 x 10 0 1 0 1
1 3 1 3 gin
0
2 0
………(3)
eer
SC
We know that
Stress strain relationship matrix [D] for plane stress problem is, i ng
.ne
E
1 v 0
t
[D]= v 1 0
1 v2 1 v
0 0
2
1 0.25 0
2.1 10 5
= 0.25 1 0
1 (0.25) 2 1 0.25
0 0
2
1 0.25 0
2.1 10 5
= 0.25 1 0
0.9375
0 0 0.375
73
4 1 0
2.1x10 5 0.25
=
1 4 0
0.9375
0 0 1.5
4 1 0
= 56 10 1 4 0
3
…. (4)
0 0 1.5
4 1 0 3 0 3 0 0 0
[D] [B] = 56 10 1 4 0 x 5.555 x 10-3
3 0 1 0 1 0 2
0 0 1.5 1 3 1 3 2 0
4 1 0 3 0 3 0 0 0
= 311.08 x 1 4 0 0 1 0 1 0 2
ww 0 0 1.5 1 3 1 3 2 0
w.E
12 0 0
= 311.08 3 0 0
0 1 0
040
12 0 0
3 0 0
0 1 0
040
000
000
020
0 8 0
asy
0 0 1.5 0 0 4.5 0 0 1.5 0 0 4.5 003 0 0 0
D
12En 1 12 1 0 2
A
=311.08 x 3
4 3
1.5 4.5 1.5
4 0
gin
8
0
4.5 3
eer
SC
We know that
i ng
Stress { σ} = [D] [B] {u}
.ne
u1
v
1
u 2
t
= [D] [B]
v2
u 3
v3
2
1
12 1 12 1 0 2
0.5
= 311.08 3 4 3 4 0 8 X
0
1.5 4.5 1.5 4.5 3 0
3
1
74
17
{σ} =311.08 0.5
0.75
x 5288.36
y = 155.54
233.31
z
w.E
We know that,
asy x y x y
2
Maximum normal stress, σmax = σ1 = 2 xy ….. (7)
D
2 2
En
A
2 2 gin
= 5288.36 155.54 5288.36 155.54 (233.31) 2
2
eer
SC
σ1 = -144.956 N/mm2
x y x y
i ng
.ne
2
Minimum normal stress, σmin = σ2 = 2 xy …… (8)
2 2
=
5288.36 155.54 5288.36 155.54
(233.31)
2
2
t
2 2
σ2 = -5298.9N/mm2
2 xy
We know that principle angle, tan 2θp=
x y
2 xy
tan 2θp = tan-1
x y
2 233.31
= tan-1
5288.36 155.54
2θp=-5.1940
75
θp = -2.590
3. Calculate the element stiffness matrix and the temperature force vector for the plane stress
element as shown in figure. The element experiences a 20°C increase in temperature, Assume
coefficient of thermal expansion is 6 x 10-6/°C. Take Young’s modulus E = 2 X
105N/mm2,possion ratio v=0.25,Thickness t=
ww
5mm.
w.E
asy
D
Given data:
En
A
gin
eer
X1 = 0; Y1 = 0
SC
X2 = 2; Y2 = 0
X3 = 1; Y3 = 3
i ng
E = 2 X 105N/mm2
.ne
V = 0.25
t= 5mm
ΔT = 10°C
t
α = 6 x 10-6/°C
To find: 1. Element stiffness matrix [K]
2. The temperature force vector [F]
Formula used:
Stiffness matrix [K] = [B] T [D] A t
Temperature force vector, {F} = [B] T [D] {eo} A t
Solution:
We know that, stiffness matrix [K] = [B] T [D] A t
Where A = Area of the element
76
1 X 1 Y1 1 0 0
1 1
= 1 X 2 Y2 = 1 2 0
2 2
1 X 3 Y3 1 1 3
1
= [1(6-0)-0+0]; A= 3 mm2.
2
q1 0 q2 0 q3 0
1
Strain –Displacement matrix [B] = 0 r1 0 r2 0 r3
2A
r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3
ww 3 0 3 0 0 0
w.E
[B] =
1
2A
0 1 0 1
1 3 1 3
0
2
2
0
asy
D
3 0 3 0 0 0
En
Substitute “A” value, [B] =
1
23
0 1 0 1
0 2
A
1 3 1 3
gin 2 0
3 0 3 0 0 0
eer
SC
[B] = 0.1667 0 1 0 1 0 2
1 3 1 3 2 0
i ng
We know that, stress-strain relationship matrix [D] for plane stress problem is
.ne
E
[D] = 1V 2
1 v
v 1
0
0
2105
= 10.252
1
0.25
0.25
1
0
0
t
1 v 1 0.25
0 0 2 0 0
2
4 1 0 4 1 0
2 x105 0.25 1 4 0 3 1 4 0
= ; [D] = 53.33 x 10
0.9375
0 0 1.5 0 0 1.5
3 0 3 0 0 0
We know [B] = 0.1667 0 1 0 1 0 2
1 3 1 3 2 0
77
3 0 1
0 1 3
3 0 1
[B]T = 0.1667
0 1 3
0 0 2
0 2 0
3 0 1
0 1 3
4 1 0
3 0 1 1 4 0
T 3
[B] [D] = 0.1667 x 53.33 x 10
0 1 3 0 0 1.5
0 0 2
0 2 0
12 3 1.5
ww 1
4 4.5
w.E
= 0.1667 X 53.33 X 103
12
1
3
4
1.5
4.5
asy 0
0 3
D
2 8 0
En 12 3 1.5
A
1
4 4.5 gin
12 1.5
eer
SC
3
[B]T [D] = 8.890 X 103
1 4 4.5
0
0 3
i ng
2 8 0
.ne
12
1
3
4
1.5
4.5
3 0 3 0
t0 0
12 3 1.5 0 1 0 1
T
[B] [D] [B] == 8.890 X 10 3
x 0.1667 0 2
1 4 4.5
1 3 1 3 2 0
0 0 3
2 8 0
78
ww
w.E
We know that, for plane stress problem, Initial strain {eo} =
asy
6 x10 6 x10
D
60
En
{eo} = 6 x10 6 x10 = 1 x 10-6
60
60
A
0
gin
We know that, Temperature force vector, {F} = [B] T [D] {eo} A t
eer
SC
12 3 1.5
1
4 4.5
60 i ng
{F} = 8.890 x 103
12
1
3
4
1.5
4.5
x 1 x 10-6
60
60
xAxt
.ne
0
2
0
8
3
0
t
Substitute “A” and “t” values
12 3 1.5
1 4 4.5
60
12 3 1.5
x 60
3 -6
= 8.890 x 10 x 1 x 10 x3x5
1 4 4.5 60
0
0 3
2 8 0
79
120.15
40.05
120.15
{F} =
40.05
0
80.10
ww
Result:
w.E 37.5
7.5
7.5 34.5 1.5 3 6
asy 17.5 1.5 9.5 9 8
D
34.5 1.5 37.5 7.5 3 6
En
Stiffness matrix [K] = 22.23 X 103
1.5
3
9.5 7.5 17.5 9 8
0
A
6
9
8 gin 3
6
9
8
6
0
16
eer
SC
120.15
40.05
i ng
120.15 .ne
Temperature force vector, {F} =
40.05
0
t
80.10
4. A thin plate is subjected to surface traction as shown in figure. Calculate the global stiffness
matrix.
fig (i)
Take Young’s modulus E = 2 X 105N/mm2, possion ratio v=0.30, Thickness t=25mm.Assume plane
stress condition.
80
Given data:
asy
Formula used:
D
En
Global Stiffness matrix [K]1 = [B] T [D][B] A t
A
gin
eer
SC
Solution:
i ng
.ne
t
Fig (iii)
For element (1) - Nodal displacements are u1, v1, u3, v3 and u4 v4
Fig (iv)
Take node 1 as origin;
81
For node 1: X1= 0, Y1=0; For node 3: X2=500, Y2=250; For node 4: X3= 0, Y3=250;
We know that, stiffness matrix [K]1 = [B] T [D][B] A t
1 X 1 Y1 1 0 0
1 1
Where A =Area of the triangular element = 1 X 2 Y2 = 1 500 250
2 2
1 X3 Y3 1 0 250
1
= x 1 (500x250 -0) = 62500mm2
2
A = 62.5 X 103 mm2
q1 0 q2 0 q3 0
1
Strain –Displacement matrix [B] = 0 r1 0 r2 0 r3
2A
r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3
ww
Where, q1 = y2 – y3 = 250-250 = 0 r1 = x3 – x2 = 0-500 = -500
w.E
q2 = y3 – y1 = 250-0 = 250
q3 = y1 – y2 = 0-250 =-250
r2 = x1 – x3 = 0-0 = 0
r3 = x2 – x1 = 500-0 = 500
asy
Substitute the above values in [B] matrix equation
D
En
1
0 0 250 0 250 0
A
[B] =
2A
0
500
500
0
0
0
0
250 gin 0
500
500
250
eer
SC
0 0 250 0 250 0
Substitute “A” value, [B] =
1
2 62.5 103
0 500 0
i ng
0 0 500
500 0 0 250
.ne
500 250
[B] =
250
2 62.5 103
0 0
0 2
2 0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
2
1
t
We know that, stress-strain relationship matrix [D] for plane stress problem is
1 v 0 1 0.3 0
21 0 5
E
[D] = 1V 2 v 1 0 = 1 ( 0.3) 2 0.3 1 0
1 v 1 0.3
0 0 2 0 2
0
1 0.3 0
2105 0.3 1
= 0.91
0
0 0 0.35
82
1 0.3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
[D][B] =
2 x105 0.3 1 0 x
250 0 2 0 0 0 2
0.91 2 x62.5 x10 3
0 0 0.35 2 0 0 1 2 1
0 0.6 1 0 1 0.6
= 439.56 0 2 0.3 0 0.3 2
0.7 0 0 0.35 0.7 0.35
0 0 1 0 1 0
We know that, [B] =
250 0 2 0 0 0 2
2 62.5 103
2 0 0 1 2 1
0 0 2
0 2 0
1 0 0
ww
[B]T = 2 x 10-3
0
1 0
0 1
2
w.E
0
2 1
asy 0 0 2
D
0 2 0
En
1 0 0
0
0.6
2
1 0 1
0.3
0.6
2
A
[B]T [D] [B] = 2 x 10-3 x 439.56
0
1 0
0
2
x 0
1
0.7 gin 0
0.3
0 0.35
0
0.7 0.35
eer
SC
0 2 1
1.3
t
0.7 4 0.6 0.35 1.3 4.35
83
U1 v1 u3 v3 u4 v4
w.E 1923.026
961.513
824.154
5494.36
1373.59
824.154
961.513 3296.616 1785.667 u 4
480.7565 1785.667 5975.1165 v4
asy
For element (2):
D
En
A
gin
eer
SC
i ng
.ne
Nodal displacements are u1, v1, u3, v3 and u4 v4
fig(v)
t
Take node 1 as origin; For node 1: X1= 0, Y1=0; For node2: X2=500, Y2=0; For node 3: X3= 500, Y3=250;
We know that, stiffness matrix [K]2 = [B] T [D][B] A t
1 X 1 Y1 1 0 0
1 1
Where A =Area of the triangular element = 1 X 2 Y2 = 1 500 0
2 2
1 X3 Y3 1 500 250
1
= x 1 (500x250 -0) = 62500mm2
2
A = 62.5 x 103 mm2
84
q1 0 q2 0 q3 0
1
Strain –Displacement matrix [B] = 0 r1 0 r2 0 r3
2A
r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3
250 0 250 0 0 0
[B] =
1 0 0 0 500 0 500
2A
0 250 500 250 500 0
ww
Substitute “A” value, [B] =
250
1
0
2 62.5 103
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
w.E 0 1 2
We know that, stress-strain relationship matrix [D] for plane stress problem is
1 2 0
asy
D
1 v 0 1 0.3 0
En
[D] = 1V 2
E
v 1 0
2 x10
= 1 ( 0.3) 2
5
0.3 1 0
A
0 0
1 v
2 gin
0
0
1 0.3
2
eer
SC
1 0.3 0
2 x105
= 0.91 0.3
0
1 0
0.35
i ng
0
.ne
2 x10
[D][B] = 0.91
5 1 0.3
0.3 1
0
0
0 x
0 0.35
250
2 x62.5 x10 3
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 2
0 1 2 1
0
0
2
0
2
0
t
1 0 1 0.6 0 0.6
= 439.56 0.3 0 0.3 2 0 2
0 0.35 0.7 0.35 0.7 0
1 0 1 0 0 0
We know that, [B] =
250 0 0 0 2 0 2
2 62.5 103
0 1 2 1 2 0
85
1 0 0
0 0 1
1 0 2
[B]T = 2 x 10-3
0 2 1
0 0 2
0 2 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
1 0 1 0.6 0 0.6
1 0 2
[B] [D] [B] = 2 x 10 x 439.56
T -3
0.3 0 0.3 2 0 2
0 2 1 0 0.35 0.7 0
2
0.35 0.7
0 0
0 2 0
1 1 0.6
ww 0
0
0.35 0.7
0.6
0.35
0
0.7 0
= 0.8791
w.E 1
0.6
0.7
0.35
2.4
1.3
1.3
4.35
1.4
0.7
0.6
4
asy
0
0.7 1.4 0.7 1.4 0
D
0.6 0 0.6 4 0 4
En
Substitute [B]T [D] [B] and A, t values in stiffness matrix
A
Stiffness matrix [K]1 = [B] T [D] A t gin
eer
SC
1
0
0
0.35
1
0.7
0.6
0.35
0
i ng
0.7
0.6
0
0
0.6 0.35
0.7
1.3
1.4
4.35
0.7
0.7
1.4
4
0
t
0.6 0 0.6 4 0 4
1 0 1 0.6 0 0.6
0 0.35 0.7 0.35 0.7 0
1 0.7 2.4 1.3 1.4 0.6
=1373.59 x 103
0.6 0.35 1.3 4.35 0.7 4
0 0.7 1.4 0.7 1.4 0
0.6 0 0.6 4 0 4
u1 v1 u3 v3 u4 v4
86
ww
-1373.59
480.7565
961.513 3296.616 -1785.667
-961.513
-1923.026 824.154 0 0 u2
824.154
0+0
w.E -480.7565
-824.154+
-1785.667 5975.116
0+ 0+
961.513
1373.59+
-5494.36
0+0
0
-1373.59+
0
824.154+
v2
u3
asy
-961.513 -1923.026 961.513 1923.026 0 0
D
-961.513+
-824.154 En
0+0 0+
824.154
0+
-5494.36
0+0 480.7565
+
961.513+
0
-480.7565
+0
v3
A
gin 5494.36
-1923.026 824.154 0 0 -1373.59
eer
961.513 3296.616 -1785.667 u4
SC
i ng
Global stiffness matrix [K] = 1 x 103 x
.ne
u1
3296.616
0
0
v1
5975.1165 961.513
u2
-1373.59 824.154
v2
-480.7565
0
u3
-1785.667
v3
-1785.667
0
u4
-1923.026
824.154
t v4
961.513
-5494.36
u1
v1
-1373.59 961.513 9296.616 -1785.667 -1923.026 824.154 0 0 u2
824.154 -480.7565 -1785.667 5975.116 961.513 -5494.36 0 0 v2
5
0 -1785.667 -1923.026 961.513 9296.616 0 -1373.59 824.154 u3
-1785.667 0 824.154 -5494.36 0 5975.116 961.513 -480.7565 v3
5
-1923.026 824.154 0 0 -1373.59 961.513 3296.616 -1785.667 u4
961.513 -5494.36 0 0 824.154 -480.7565 -1785.667 5975.116 v4
87
5. Derive the Shape function for the six noded triangular elements.
ww
At node 1: (Coordinates L1 =1, L2 =0, L3 =0)
w.E
Shape function N1=1 at node 1
N1=0 at all other nodes,
asy 1
D
N1 has to be in the form of N1 = C L1 (L1 - ); where C is constant.
En 2
A
Substitute L1= 1 and N1 =1
gin
N1 = C x 1 (1 -
1
2
)
eer
SC
C=2
Substitute C value in the above equation
i ng
1
N1 = 2 L1 (L1 - )
2 .ne
N1 = L1 (2L1 -1)
88
1
N3 has to be in the form of N3 = C L3 (L3 - ); where C is constant.
2
1
Substitute L3= 1 and N3 =1 N3 = C x 1 (1 - )
2
C=2
Substitute C value in the above equation
1
N3= 2 L3 (L3 - )
2
N3 = L3 (2L3 -1)
ww
Now, we define N4, N5 and N6 at the mid-points.
1 1
w.E
At node 4: (Coordinates L1 =
2
, L2 = , L3 =0)
asy
D
N4=0 at all other nodes,
En
N4 has to be in the form of N4 = C L1L2; where C is constant.
A
Substitute L4=
1
2
and L2 =
1
2
N4 = C x xgin
1 1
2 2
eer
SC
C=4
Substitute C value in the above equation
i ng
N4 = 4L1 L2
1 1 .ne
At node 5: (Coordinates L1 =0, L2 =
1 1 1 1
Substitute L2= and L3 = N5= C x x
2 2 2 2
C=4
Substitute C value in the above equation
N5 = 4L2 L3
1 1
At node 6: (Coordinates L1 = , L2 =0, L3 = )
2 2
Shape function N6 =1 at node 6
N6=0 at all other nodes,
89
1 1 1 1
Substitute L1= and L3 = N6= C x x
2 2 2 2
C=4
Substitute C value in the above equation
N6 = 4L1 L3
Shape functions are,
N1 = L1 (2L1 -1)
N2 = L2 (2L2 -1)
N3 = L3 (2L3 -1)
N4 = 4L1 L2
N5 = 4L2 L3
ww N6 = 4L1 L3
w.E
6. Derive the Shape function for the Constant Strain Triangular element (CST).
asy
We begin this section with the development of the shape function for a basic two dimensional
D
finite element, called constant stain triangular element (CST).
En
We consider the CST element because its derivation is the simplest among the available two
A
dimensional elements.
gin
eer
SC
i ng
.ne
t
Fig. Three noded CST elements.
Consider a typical CST element with nodes 1, 2 and 3 as shown in fig. let the nodal
displacements to be u1, u2, u3, v1, v2, v3.
u1
u
2
u3
Displacement u
v1
v2
v3
90
Since the CST element has gat two degrees of freedom at each node (u, v), the total degree of
freedom are 6. Hence it has 6 generalised coordinates.
Let, u a1 a2 x a3 y … (3.1)
v a 4 a5 x a 6 y … (3.2)
Where a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, and a6 are globalised coordinates
u1 a1 a2 x1 a3 y1
u 2 a1 a2 x2 a3 y 2
u3 a1 a2 x3 a3 y3
u1 1 x1 y1 a1
y 2 a 2
u 1 x
3
ww
u 2 1 x 2
y 3 a3
w.E
3
1
a1 1 x1 y1 u1
asy
a 2 1 x 2 y 2
u 2 … (3.3)
D
a 1 x y 3 u
3 3
3
En
A
1 x1
Let D = 1 x 2
y1
y 2 gin
eer
SC
1 x3 y 3
CT i ng
We know, D-1 =
D
.ne … (3.4)
x2 y2
t
C11 = ( x 2 y 3 x3 y 2 )
x3 y3
1 y2
C12 = ( y 3 y 2 ) y 2 y 3
1 y3
1 x2
C13 = ( x3 x 2 )
1 x3
x1 y1
C21 = ( x1 y3 x3 y1 ) x3 y1 x1 y3
x3 y3
91
1 y1
C22 = ( y3 y1 )
1 y3
1 x1
C23 = ( x3 x1 ) x1 x3
1 x3
x1 y1
C31 = x1 y 2 x2 y1
x2 y2
1 y1
C32 = ( y 2 y1 ) y1 y 2
1 y2
1 x1
C33 = ( x2 x1 )
1 x2
ww x 2 y 3 x3 y 2 y 2 y 3 x3 x 2
x3 y1 x1 y3 y3 y1 x1 x3
C=w.Ex1 y 2 x2 y1 y1 y 2 x2 x1
asy
x2 y3 x3 y 2 x3 y1 x1 y3 x1 y 2 x2 y1
D
En
y 2 y3
C = x3 x 2
y3 y1
x1 x3
y1 y 2
x2 x1
A
gin
T
…(3.5)
eer
SC
1 x1 y1
We know that, D= 1 x 2
1 x3
y2
y3 i ng
D = 1 ( x2 y3 x3 y 2 ) x1 y3 y 2 y1 x3 x2 .ne
Substitute CT and D value in equation (3.4)
t…(3.6)
1
a1 1 x1 y1 u1
a 2 1 x 2 y 2 u 2
a 1 x y 3 u
3 3 3
92
The area of the triangle can be expressed as a function of the x,y coordinate of the nodes 1,2 and 3.
1 x1 y1
1
1 x2 y 2
2
A= 1 x3 y 3
( x2 y3 x3 y 2 ) x1 y3 y 2 y1 x3 x2
1
A
2
2 A ( x2 y3 x3 y 2 ) x1 y3 y 2 y1 x3 x2
... (3.8)
ww
Substitute 2A value in equation (3.7),
w.E
a1
1
x2 y3 x3 y2
y 2 y3
x3 y1 x1 y3 x1 y2 x2 y1 u1
y3 y1 y1 y2 u2
asy
a 2 =
2A
x3 x2 x1 x3 x2 x1 u
D
a3 3 ...(3.9)
a1
En p1 p 2 p3 u1
A
a 2 =
a3
1
2A
q1
r1
q 2 q3 u 2
r 2 r 3 u3 gin
eer
SC
a1
Sub a 2 values from Eq (3.10)
a3
93
u!
1
p1 q1 x r1 y p2 q2 x r2 y p3 q3 x r3 y u2
2A u
3
u!
p1 q1 x r1 y p2 q2 x r2 y p3 q3 x r3 y
u2
u=
2A 2A 2A
u3
ww
The above equation is in the form of
w.E u = N1
u1
N 3 u 2
asy
N2
u
3 … (3.11)
u=
D
En N1
v1
N 3 v2
A
Similarly,
V = N2
v
3 gin … (3.12)
eer
SC
p1 q1 x r1 y
Where shape function , N1=
2A
p1 q1 x r1 y
i ng
N2=
2A .ne
N3=
p3 q3 x r3 y
2A
t
Assembling the equations (3.11) and (3.12) in matrix form
u1
v
1
u ( x, y ) N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 u
2
v ( x, y ) 0 N1 0 N2 N3 0 v2
Displacement matrix u = u3
… (313)
v3
94
ww Plane stress - A state of plane stress is said to exist when the elastic body is very thin and there is
no load applied in the coordinate direction parallel to the thickness.
w.E
Example: A ring press-fitted on a shaft in a plane stress problem. In plane stress problem σz,
τyz, τzx are zero.
asy
Plane strain – A state of plane strain is said to exist when the strain at the plane perpendicular
D
to the plane of application of load is constant.
En
4. What are the forces acting on shell elements? Give its applications
A
Bending moments
gi
The two forces in which the shell element is subjected to are:
nee
SC
Membrane forces
rin
Shell elements can be employed in the analysis of the following structures,
Example:
Sea shell, egg shell (the wonder of the nature);
g .ne
Containers, pipes, tanks;
Car bodies;
t
Roofs, buildings (the Superdome), etc.
5. Write the constitutive relations for axisymmetric problems.
95
ww
9. Differentiate material non linearity and geometric non linearity. (Nov/Dec 2012)
w.E
Material Non linearity
(i) The stress – strain relation for the
Geometric non linearity
(i) The Strain – Displacement relations
asy
material may not be linear. are not linear.
D
(ii) Basic non-linear relations are (ii) Need consideration of actual strain
En
time dependent complex constitutive displacement relations rather than linear
A
relations
gi strain displacement.
nee
10. Write the equilibrium equations for two dimensional elements. (Nov/Dec 2012)
In elasticity theory, the stresses in the structure must satisfythe following equilibrium
SC
equations,
rin
g .ne
wherefx and fy are body forces (such as gravity forces) per unit volume.
t
PART - B
1. For the axe symmetric element shown in fig .Determine the element stresses. Take E=
2.1 x 105 N/mm2 𝝂 = 0.25. The co-ordinates shown in fig are in mm. The nodal
displacements are u1=0.05 mm, u2=0.02 mm, u3=0.0 mm, 𝝎𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝒎, 𝝎𝟐 =
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝒎, 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎 𝒎𝒎.
Z 3 (30,50)
(0,0) 1 2 (60,0) r
96
Given data:
r1 = 0 mm z1=0 mm u1=0.05 mm 𝜔1 = 0.03 𝑚𝑚
To find
i. Radial stress 𝜎𝑟
ii. Circumferential stress 𝜎𝜃
iii. Longitudinal stress 𝜎𝑧
iv. Shear stress 𝜏𝑟𝑧
ww
Formula used
{σ}
w.E 𝜎𝑟
= [D] [B] {u}
𝑢1
𝑤1
asy 𝜎𝜃
= [D] [B] 𝑤
𝑢2
D
𝜎𝑧 2
𝑢3
En 𝜏𝑟𝑧
𝑤3
A
Solution:
{σ} = [D] [B] {u}
gi nee
SC
1 − 0.25 0.25
1− 2𝜈
2
0.25 0
t
2.1 x 105 0.25 1 − 0.25 0.25 0
= 0.25 0.25 1 − 0.25 0
1 + 0.25 1 − 2 × 0.25 1 − 2 × 0.25
0 0 0
2
3 1 1 0 3 1 1 0
1 3 1 0 1 3 1 0
[D] = 336 × 103 × 0.25 = 84 × 103
1 1 3 0 1 1 3 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
[B] =Strain displacement relationship matrix or gradient matrix
𝛽1 0 𝛽2 0 𝛽3 0
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 𝛼2 𝛾 𝑧 𝛼3 𝛾 𝑧
1 + 𝛽₁ + 𝑟 0 + 𝛽2 + 2𝑟 0 + 𝛽3 + 3𝑟 0
[B] = 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
2𝐴 0 𝛾1 0 𝛾2 0 𝛾3
𝛾1 𝛽1 𝛾2 𝛽2 𝛾3 𝛽3
97
𝛼1 = 𝑟2 𝑧3 − 𝑟3 𝑧2 = 60 × 50 − 30 × 0 = 3000𝑚𝑚2
𝛼2 = 𝑟3 𝑧1 − 𝑟1 𝑧3 = 30 × 0 − 0 × 50 = 0
𝛼3 = 𝑟1 𝑧2 − 𝑟2 𝑧1 = 0 × 0 − 60 × 0 = 0
𝛽1 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧3 = 0 − 50 = −50 ; 𝛽2 = 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 = 50 − 0 = 50 ; 𝛽3 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 = 0 − 0 = 0
𝛾1 = 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 = 30 − 60 = −30 ; 𝛾2 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟3 = 0 − 30 = −30 ; 𝛾3 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 = 60 − 0 = 60
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟3 0 + 60 + 30
𝑟= = = 30 𝑚𝑚
3 3
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 0 + 0 + 50
𝑧= = = 16.67 𝑚𝑚
3 3
𝛼₁ 𝛾1 𝑧 3000 (−30 × 16.67)
+ 𝛽1 + = + −50 + = 33.33 𝑚𝑚
𝑟 𝑟 30 30
ww
𝛼2
𝑟
+ 𝛽2 +
𝛾2 𝑧
𝑟
= 0 + 50 +
(−30 × 16.67)
30
= 33.33 𝑚𝑚
𝛼3
𝑟
+ 𝛽3 +
w.E
𝛾3 𝑧
𝑟
= 0+0+
60 × 16.67
30
= 33.33 𝑚𝑚
asy
D
1 𝑟1 𝑧1 1 0 0
𝐴=2
1
En
1 𝑟2
1 𝑟3 𝑧3
1
𝑧2 = 1
2
1
60 0
30 50
A
1
gi
= 2 [1 3000 − 0 − 0 50 − 0 + 0 30 − 60 ]=1500 𝑚𝑚2
nee
SC
1
−50
33.33
0
0
50
33.33
0
0
0
33.33 0
0
rin
[B] = 2 × 1500 0 −30
−30 −50
0
−30
−30
50
0
60
60
0 g .ne
[D] [B] = 84 × 103
3
1
1
1
3
1
1 0
1 0
3 0
× 3.34 ×10-4 t
0 0 0 1
−50 0 50 0 0 0
33.33 0 33.33 0 33.33 0
0 −30 0 −30 0 60
−30 −50 −30 50 60 0
−116.67 −30 183.33 −30 33.33 60
49.99 −30 149.99 −30 99.99 60
= 28
−16.67 −90 83.33 −90 33.33 180
−30 −50 −30 50 60 0
0.05
𝜎𝑟 −116.67 −30 183.33 −30 33.33 60 0.03
𝜎𝜃 49.99 −30 149.99 −30 99.99 60 0.02
= 28
𝜎𝑧 −16.67 −90 83.33 −90 33.33 180 0.02
𝜏𝑟𝑧 −30 −50 −30 50 60 0 0
0
98
𝜎𝑟 −3.66 −102.65
𝜎𝜃 4 112
= 28 =
𝜎𝑧 −3.66 −102.65
𝜏𝑟𝑧 −2.6 −72.8
Results
Radial stress 𝜎𝑟 = −102.65 N/mm2
Circumferential stress 𝜎𝜃 = 112 N/mm2
Longitudinal stress 𝜎𝑧 = −102.65 N/mm2
Shear stress 𝜏𝑟𝑧 = −72.8 N/mm2
2. Calculate the element stiffness matrix and the thermal force vector for the
axisymmetric triangular element shown in figure. The element experiences a 15 0c
increase in temperature. The co-ordinates are in mm. Take α= 10 x 10-6/0c ; E= 2x 105
N/mm2 , 𝝂 = 0.25
Z 3 (9,10)
ww
w.E (6,7) 1 2 (8,7)
asy r
D
Given data:
r1 = 6 mm
En z1=7 mm
A
r2 = 8 mm
r3 = 9 mm gi z2=7 mm
z3=10 mm
E= 2 × 10 N/mm , 𝜈 = 0.25, α= 10 × 10-6/0c
5 2
nee
SC
To find
Thermal force vector {F}t rin
Formula used
[K]=[𝐵]T D B 2πr A
g .ne
{F}= 𝐵 T D 𝑒𝑡 2πr A
Solution:
t
[B] =Strain displacement relationship matrix or gradient matrix
𝛽1 0 𝛽2 0 𝛽3 0
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 𝛼2 𝛾2 𝑧 𝛼3 𝛾 𝑧
1 + 𝛽₁ + 0 + 𝛽2 + 0 + 𝛽3 + 3 0
[B] = 2𝐴 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
0 𝛾1 0 𝛾2 0 𝛾3
𝛾1 𝛽1 𝛾2 𝛽2 𝛾3 𝛽3
𝛼1 = 𝑟2 𝑧3 − 𝑟3 𝑧2 = 8 × 10 − 9 × 7 = 17𝑚𝑚2
𝛼2 = 𝑟3 𝑧1 − 𝑟1 𝑧3 = 9 × 7 − 6 × 10 = 3𝑚𝑚2
𝛼3 = 𝑟1 𝑧2 − 𝑟2 𝑧1 = 6 × 7 − 8 × 7 = 13𝑚𝑚2
𝛽1 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧3 = 7 − 10 = −3𝑚𝑚 ; 𝛽2 = 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 = 10 − 7 = 3 ; 𝛽3 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 = 7 − 7 = 0
𝛾1 = 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 = 9 − 8 = 1𝑚𝑚 ; 𝛾2 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟3 = 6 − 9 = −3 ; 𝛾3 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 = 8 − 6 = 2
99
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟3 6 + 8 + 9
𝑟= = = 7.67 𝑚𝑚
3 3
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 7 + 7 + 10
𝑧= = = 8 𝑚𝑚
3 3
𝛼₁ 𝛾1 𝑧 17 (1 × 8)
+ 𝛽1 + = + −3 + = 0.26 𝑚𝑚
𝑟 𝑟 7.67 7.67
𝛼2 𝛾2 𝑧 3 (−3 × 8)
+ 𝛽2 + = +3+ = 0.26 𝑚𝑚
𝑟 𝑟 7.67 7.67
𝛼3 𝛾3 𝑧 −14 2 × 8
+ 𝛽3 + = +0+ = 0.26 𝑚𝑚
𝑟 𝑟 7.67 7.67
1 𝑟1 𝑧1 1 6 7
1 1 1
𝐴 = 2 1 𝑟2 𝑧2 = 1
2
8 7 = 2 [1 80 × 63 − 6 10 − 7 + 7(9 − 8)=3 𝑚𝑚2
ww 1 𝑟3 𝑧3 1 9 10
−3 0.26 0 1
[B] =
w.E
1
−3
0.26
0
0
3
0.26 0
0 0
0.26
0
0
;
0 0
[B]T = 0.167 3 0.26
0 0
1 −3
0 −3
−3 3
2×3
asy 0
1
1
−3
0
−3
−3
3
0
2
2
0 0 0.26 0 2
D
0 0 2 0
En 1−𝜈 𝜈 𝜈 0
A
[D] =
𝐸
1+𝜈 1−2𝜈
gi 𝜈
𝜈
1−𝜈
𝜈
𝜈
1−𝜈
0
0
nee
SC
1− 2𝜈
0 0 0
1 − 0.25 0.25
2
0.25 rin 0
=
2 × 10 5
1+ 0.25 1−2× 0.25
0.25
0.25
1 − 0.25
0.25
0.25
1 − 0.25 g 0
0 .ne
1− 2× 0.25
3
0
1 1 0
0 0 2
t
1 3 1 0
= 320 × 105 × 0.25
1 1 3 0
0 0 0 1
−3 0.26 0 1
0 0 1 −3 3 1 1 0
1 3 1 0
[B]T[D] = 0.167 3 0.26 0 −3 × 8×104
0 0 −3 3 1 1 3 0
0 0.26 0 2 0 0 0 1
0 0 2 0
−8.7 −2.2 −2.7 1
1 1 3 −3
= 13.36×103 9.26 3.78 3.26 −3
−3 −3 −9 3
0.26 0.78 0.26 2
2 2 6 0
100
ww 𝛼∆𝑡 −6
10 × 10 × 15 150
−8.7 −2.2 −2.7 1
w.E 1 1
{F}= [B]T[D] 𝑒𝑡 2πr A = 13.36×103 9.26 3.78
3 −3 150
3.26 −3 × 10-6 150 × 2π × 7.67 × 3
asy −3 −3
0.26 0.78
−9
0.26 2
3 0
150
D
2 2 6 0
En −1493.46
A
gi = 1.927
−150
1506.54
−450 nee
SC
456.54
600 rin
𝐹1𝑢
𝐹1𝑤
−2878.25
−289.08
g .ne
Thermal force vector {F} =
𝐹2𝑢
𝐹2𝑤
𝐹3𝑢
=
2903.45
−867.25
879.86
t
𝐹3𝑤 1156.34
101
Y
σy σz
σx
σ
x
x
σz σy
ww
Hook’sZlaw
σ = Ee
w.E e=𝐸
𝜎
asy
D
The stress in the x direction produces a positive strain in x direction as shown in fig.
Enex =
𝜎𝑥
𝐸
A
gi nee
The positive stress in the y direction produces a negative strain in the x direction
SC
−𝜈𝜎 𝑦
ey = 𝐸
rin
The positive stress in the z direction produces a negative strain in the x direction
ez =
−𝜈𝜎 𝑧
𝐸
g.ne
ex =
𝜎𝑥
𝐸
−
𝜈𝜎 𝑥
𝜈𝜎 𝑦
𝐸
−
𝜎𝑦 𝜈𝜎 𝑧
𝜈𝜎 𝑧
𝐸
t
ey = − +𝐸−
𝐸 𝐸
𝜈𝜎 𝑥 𝜈𝜎 𝑦 𝜎𝑧
ez = − − +
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
Solving 3 equations
𝐸
𝜎𝑥 = e𝑥 1−𝑣 +𝑣 𝑒𝑦 +𝑉 𝑒2
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣
𝐸
𝜎𝐽 = v e𝑥 1−𝑣 − 𝑒𝑦 +𝑉 𝑒2
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣
𝐸
𝜎2 = v e𝑥+𝑣 𝑒𝑦 + 1−𝑣 𝑒2
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣
𝛾 – Shear Strain
G – Modular of rigidity
𝜏 𝑥𝑦 = G𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜏 𝑦𝑧 = G𝛾𝑦𝑧
𝜏 𝑧𝑥 = G𝛾𝑧𝑥
𝐸
G Modular of rigidity = 2 1+𝑣
𝐸 𝐸 1−2𝑣
𝜏 𝑥𝑦 = 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 ; 𝜏 𝑥𝑦 = 2 𝛾𝑦2
1+𝑣 1+𝑣 1−2𝑣 2
𝐸 1−2𝑣 𝐸 1−2𝑣
𝜏 𝑦𝑧 = 𝛾𝑥𝑧 ;𝜏 𝑦𝑧 = 𝛾𝑦𝑧
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣 2 1+𝑣 1−2𝑣 2
𝐸 1−2𝑣
𝜏 𝑧𝑥 = 𝛾𝑧𝑥
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣 2
ww
𝜎𝑥
1−v
v
v
1− v
v
v
0
0
0
0
0
0 𝑒𝑥
𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑧 w.E 𝐸
v
0 0
v 1− v
0
1−2𝑣
0 0
0
0
0
𝑒𝑦
𝑒𝑧
𝜎𝑥𝑦 =
asy
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣 2
1−2𝑣
𝛾𝑥𝑦
D
𝜎𝑦𝑧 0 0 0 0 0 𝛾𝑦𝑧
2
𝜎𝑧𝑥
En 0 0 0 0 0
1−2𝑣
2
𝛾𝑧𝑥
A
𝜎 gi = 𝐷 𝑒
nee
SC
1−2𝑣
0
0
0
0 t
0 0 0 0 0
2
1−2𝑣
0 0 0 0 0 2
103
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝑒𝑥 = -v ; 𝑒𝑦 = -v +
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝑒𝑥 = -v
𝐸 𝐸
2 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
v𝑒𝑦 = −𝑣 𝐸 +𝑣 𝐸
𝜎𝑥 𝑣2𝜎 𝑥
𝑒𝑥 + v𝑒𝑦 = -
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑥
𝑒𝑥 + v𝑒𝑦 = - 1 − 𝑣2
𝐸
𝐸
𝜎𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑒𝑦
1−𝑣 2
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
v 𝑒𝑥 = v -V 2
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝑒𝑦 = -v +
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦
v 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 = -V 2
ww v 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 =
𝜎𝑦
𝐸
1 − 𝑣2
+𝐸
w.E 𝜎𝑦 =
𝐸
𝐸
𝑣𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦
asy 1−𝑣 2
D
En Share Stress 𝜏 𝑥𝑧 = G 𝛾𝑥𝑧
A
gi Where G Modular of rigidity =
nee
𝐸
2 1+𝑣
SC
× 𝛾𝑥𝑦
1+𝑣 1−𝑣
× 2
𝛾𝑥𝑦
t
Above equation matrix form
𝜎𝑥 1 𝑣 0 𝑒𝑥
𝐸 𝑣 1 0
𝜎𝑦 = 𝑒𝑦
1−𝑣 1−𝑣
𝜏𝑥𝑦 0 0 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
Two dimensional stress strain relationship matrix for phase stress location.
1 𝑣 0
𝐸 𝑣 1 0
𝐷 = 1−𝑣
1−𝑣
0 0
2
104
𝜎𝑥 1−𝑣 𝑣 0 𝑒𝑥
ww
𝜎𝑦 =
𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝐸
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣
𝑣
0
1−𝑣
0
1−2𝑣
0 𝑒𝑦
𝛾𝑥𝑦
w.E
Stress Strain relationship matrix for phase strain condition.
2
asy 1−𝑣 𝑣 0
D
𝐸 𝑣 1−𝑣 0
𝐷 = 1+𝑣 1−2𝑣
En 0 0
1−2𝑣
2
A
gi
4. A long hollow cylinder of inside diameter 100 mm and outside diameter 140 mm is
subjected to an internal pressure of 4 N/mm2 as shown in figure.(i) By using two nee
SC
elements on the 15 mm length shown in figure. (ii) Calculate the displacements at the
inner radiusTake E=2×105 N/mm2. V=0.3. F1 4 rin
Z 1 g
Element .ne
t
Axis of the hallow Cylinder
15 mm
Element
Cylinder
2
2 3
F2
50 mm
100 mm 70 mm
140 mm
105
Given data:
Inner diameter, de= 100mm
Inner radius re= 50 mm
Outer diameter De=140 mm
Outer radius Re=70mm
Internal pressure P=4N/mm2
Length le=15mm
To Find
W1 W4
ww u1, w1, u2, w2, u3, w3, u4, w4
Formula used
U1
Element
U4
𝐹 =𝐾w.E 𝑈
Axis of the hallow cylinder
(r1 Z1)
1
(r3 Z3 )
Solution
asy
D
For element (1)
En 15 mm
A
Co ordinates
gi
(Nodal displacements u1, w1, u2, w2, u4, w4)
nee
SC
W2 U2
At node 1 Z
rin 2 (r2 Z2 )
r1=50mm
z1=15mm 50mm
g .ne
At node 2 70 mm
r
t
r1=50mm
z1=0mm
At node 3
r1=70mm
z1=15mm
𝑟1 +𝑟2 +𝑟3 50+50+70
We know that, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 = =
3 3
r = 56.6667mm
𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3 15+0+15
𝑧= = ; z= 10 mm
3 3
1
Area of the triangle element = × 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2
106
1
= 2 × 20 × 15 ; A = 150 mm
We know that,
Stiffness matrix for axisymmetric triangular element (1),
𝐾 1 =2 𝜋 rA 𝐵 T
𝐷 B
1−𝜈 𝜈 𝜈 0
𝐸 𝜈 1−𝜈 𝜈 0
Stress strain relationship matrix 𝐷 = 𝜈 𝜈 1−𝜈 0
1+𝜈 1−2𝜈
1− 2𝜈
0 0 0 2
ww 2×10 5
0.7 0.3 0.3 0
0.3 0.7 0.3 0
w.E = 0.5 𝜈
0
𝜈 0.7 0
0 0 0.2
𝛽1 0 𝛽2 0 𝛽3 0
1
B = 2𝐴
𝛼₁
𝑟
𝛾₁𝑧
+ 𝛽₁ + 𝑟 0
𝛼2
𝑟
𝛾 𝑧
+ 𝛽2 + 2𝑟 0
𝛼3
𝑟
𝛾 𝑧
+ 𝛽3 + 3𝑟
rin0
0
𝛾1
𝛾1
𝛽1
0
𝛾2
𝛾2
𝛽2
0
𝛾3 g
𝛾3
𝛽3
.ne
𝛼1 = 𝑟2 𝑧3 − 𝑟3 𝑧2
𝛼1 = 50 × 15 − 70 × 0
𝛼2 = 𝑟3 𝑧1 − 𝑟1 𝑧3
𝛼2 = 70 × 15 − 50 × 15
𝛼3 = 𝑟1 𝑧2 − 𝑟2 𝑧1
t
𝛼3 = 50 × 0 − 50 × 15
𝛼2 𝛾2 𝑧 300 (−20×10)
+ 𝛽2 + = +0+ = 1.7647 mm
𝑟 𝑟 56.6667 56.6667
𝛼3 𝛾3 𝑧 −750
+ 𝛽3 + = 56.6667 + 15 + 0 =1.7647mm
𝑟 𝑟
107
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 𝛼 2 𝛾2 𝑧 𝛼3 𝛾3 𝑧
Substitute𝛽1, 𝛽2 , 𝛽3, + 𝛽₁ + , 𝑟 + 𝛽2 + , + 𝛽3 + , 𝛾1 , 𝛾2, 𝛾3 and A values in
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
equations no 5, we get,
−15 0 0 0 15 0
1 1.7647 0 1.7647 0 1.7647 0
B = 2×150
0 20 0 −20 0 0
20 −15 −20 0 0 15
−15 0 0 0 15 0
1.7647 0 1.7647 0 1.7647 0
B =3.333 × 10−3
0 20 0 −20 0 0
20 −15 −20 0 0 15
−15 1.7647 0 20
0 0 20 −15
0 1.7647 0 −20
B T=3.333 × 10−3 0 0 −20 0
ww 15 1.7647
0 0
0
0
0
15
En −15
1.7647
0
0
0
1.7647
0
0
15
1.7647
0
0
A
3.33310−3
gi0
20
20
−15
nee
0
−20
−20
0
0
0
0
15
SC
108
𝑇
Substitute D B B value in equ no 4
𝐾 1 = 2 𝜋 ×56.6667×150×4.2733
223.798 −139.4118 −85.7611 79.4118 −155.32 60
−139.412 325 70.588 −280 100.588 −45
× −85.7612 70.588 82.18 −10.588 10.1211 −60
79.412 −280 −10.588 280 −100.588 0
−155.3202 100.5882 10.1210 −100.588 175.5621 0
60 −45 −60 0 0 45
223.798 −139.4118 −85.7611 79.4118 −155.32 60
−139.412 325 70.588 −280 100.588 −45
𝐾 1 =228224.6× −85.7612 70.588 82.18 −10.588 10.1211 −60
79.412 −280 −10.588 280 −100.588 0
−155.3202 100.5882 10.1210 −100.588 175.5621 0
60 −45 −60 0 0 45
u1 w1 u2 w2 u4 w4
ww 51.076 −31.817
−31.817 74.173
−19.573
16.110
18.124 −35.448 13.693
−63.903 22.597 −10.270
18.124
−35.448
w.E
𝐾 1= −19.573 16.110
−63.903
22.597
18.755
−2.416
2.310
−2.416 2.310
63.903 −22.597
−22.597 40.068
−13.693
0
0
13.693
asy
10.270 −13.693 0 0 10.270
D
En
A
Co ordinates
gi
For element (2) (Nodal displacements, u2, w2, u3, w3, u4, w4)
nee
Z
W4
SC
(r3,z3)
At node 2
rin U4
r1=50mm
z1=0mm
g .ne
4
At node 3
r1=70mm 15 mm
t
z1=0mm
At node 4 Element
r1=70mm W2
2
z1=15mm W3 U3
U2 3
𝑟1 +𝑟2 +𝑟3
We know that, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 = 2
(r,z1) (r2,z2)
3
50+70+70
= 3
50mm
r = 63.3333mm,
𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3 0+0+15
𝑧= = ;z= 5 mm 70 mm
3 3
109
1
Area of the triangle element = 2 × 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
1
= 2 × 20 × 15
A = 150 mm
We know that,
Stiffness matrix for axisymmetric triangular element (2),
𝐾 2 =2 𝜋 rA 𝐵 T
𝐷 B
1−𝜈 𝜈 𝜈 0
𝐸 𝜈 1−𝜈 𝜈 0
Stress strain relationship matrix 𝐷 = 𝜈 𝜈 1−𝜈 0
1+𝜈 1−2𝜈
1− 2𝜈
0 0 0 2
ww
Stress strain relationship matrix 𝐷 =
2𝑋10 5
1+0.3 1−(2×0.3)
0.3
𝜈
1 − 0.3
𝜈
0.3
1 − 0.3
0
0
0 0 0 0.2
0.7 0.3 0.3 0 rin
=384.6153×103
0.3 0.7 0.3 0
𝜈 𝜈 0.7 0
g .ne
0
We know that, strain-Displacement matrix
0 0 0.2
t
𝛽1 0 𝛽2 0 𝛽3 0
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 𝛼2 𝛾 𝑧 𝛼3 𝛾 𝑧
1 + 𝛽₁ + 𝑟 0 + 𝛽2 + 2𝑟 0 + 𝛽3 + 3𝑟 0
B= 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
2𝐴 0 𝛾1 0 𝛾2 0 𝛾3
𝛾1 𝛽1 𝛾2 𝛽2 𝛾3 𝛽3
𝛼1 = 𝑟2 𝑧3 − 𝑟3 𝑧2 𝛼2 = 𝑟3 𝑧1 − 𝑟1 𝑧3 𝛼3 = 𝑟1 𝑧2 − 𝑟2 𝑧1
𝛼1 = 70 × 15 − 70 × 0 𝛼2 = 70 × 0 − 50 × 15 𝛼3 = 50 × 0 − 70 × 0
110
𝛽1 = 0 − 15 𝛽2 = 15 − 0 𝛽3 = 0 − 0
𝛾1 = 70 − 70 𝛾2 = 50 − 70 𝛾3 = 70 − 50
𝛽1 = −15𝑚𝑚 𝛽2 = 15𝑚𝑚 𝛽3 = 0
𝛾1 = 0 𝛾2 = −20𝑚𝑚 𝛾3 = −20𝑚𝑚
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 1050
+ 𝛽₁ + = + (−15) + 0 =1.579 mm
𝑟 𝑟 63.333
𝛼2 𝛾2 𝑧 −750 (−20×5)
+ 𝛽2 + = + 15 + = 1.579 mm
𝑟 𝑟 63.333 63.333
𝛼3 𝛾3 𝑧 (20×5)
+ 𝛽3 + = 0 + 0 + 63.333 =1.579mm
𝑟 𝑟
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 𝛼 2 𝛾2 𝑧 𝛼3 𝛾3 𝑧
Substitute 𝛽1, 𝛽2 , 𝛽3, + 𝛽₁ + , + 𝛽2 + , + 𝛽3 + , 𝛾1 , 𝛾2, 𝛾3 and A values in
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
equations no 10, we get,
−15 0 15 0 0 0
1 1.579 0 1.579 0 1.579 0
B = 2×150
0 0 0 −20 0 20
ww 0 −15 −20 15 20 0
w.E −15 0 15 0 0 0
B =3.333 × 10−3
asy
1.579 0 1.579 0 1.579 0
D
0 0 0 −20 0 20
0
En −15 −20 15 20 0
A
D B = 384.6153×103
gi nee
SC
−10.0263
3 −3.3947
0 10.9737
0 5.6053
−6 0.4737 6
−6 1.1053 6
t
D B = 1.282×10
−4.0263 0 4.9737 −14 0.4737 14
0 −3 −4 3 4 0
We know that
−15 0 15 0 0 0
1.579 0 1.579 0 1.579 0
B =3.333 × 10−3
0 0 0 −20 0 20
0 −15 −20 15 20 0
−15 1.579 0 0
0 0 0 −15
15 1.579 0 −20
B T =3.333 × 10−3 0 0 −20 15
0 1.579 0 20
0 0 20 0
111
asy
D
145.034 0 −155.755 80.526 −5.360 −80.526
En 0
−155.755
45
60
60
253.456
−45 −60 0
−159.474 −71.149 99.474
A
gi
𝐾 2 =2 𝜋 ×63.333×150×4.2733×
80.526
−5.360
−80.526
−45
−60
0
−159.474
nee
−71.149
99.474
325 50.256
50.526 81.745
−280 9.474
−280
9.474
280
SC
rin
𝐾 2 =255.074X103
145.034
0
0 −155.755
45 60
−155.755 60 253.456
80.526
−45 g
−5.360 −80.526
−60
.ne
0
−159.474 −71.149 99.474
80.526
−5.360
−80.526
−45
−60
0
−159.474
−71.149
99.474
325 50.256
50.526 81.745
−280 9.474
−280
9.474
280
t
36.994 0 −39.729 20.540 −1.367 −20.540
0 11.478 15.304 −11.478 −15.304 0
𝐾 2 =106 −39.729 15.304 64.650 −40.678 −18.148 25.373
20.540 −11.478 −40.678 82.899 12.877 −71.421
−1.367 −15.304 −18.148 12.877 20.851 2.417
−20.540 0 25.373 −71.421 2.417 71.421
112
0 ww 0
(-39.729) 15.304
20.540+0 - -
(-40.678)
82.899+0
(-18.148)
12.887+0 -71.421+0
-35.448
+0
w.E
22.597+0 2.310-
1.367
11.478+0
-22.597
-15.304
40.678+0
0
-18.148
0+12.887 40.068+20
.851
0+2.417
13.693+ asy
-10.270+0 -13.693 0+0 0+25.373 0-71.421 0+2.417 10.270
D
0
En
-20.540 +71.421
A
gi
Global stiffness matrix, [ K ] =
nee
SC
18.124
16.110
-63.903
55.749
-2.416
-2.416
75.381
-39.729
15.304
g
20.540
-11.478
0.943
.ne
-38.261
-34.233
0
0
0
0
0
(-39.729)
20.540
15.304
-11.478
64.650
-40.678
-40.678
82.899
-18.148
12.887
t 25.373
-71.421
-35.448 22.597 0.943 -38.261 18.148 12.887 60.919 2.417
13.693 -10.270 -34.233 0 25.373 71.421 2.417 81.691
We know that
𝐹 =𝐾 𝑈
51.076 −31.817 −19.573 18.124 0 0 −35.448 13.693 𝑢1
𝐹1𝑢 −31.817 74.173 16.110 −63.903 0 0 22.957 −10.270 𝑤1
𝐹2𝑢 −19.5573 16.110 55.759 −2.416 −39.729 20.540 0.943 −34.233 𝑢2
𝐹3𝑢 6 18.124 −63.903 −2.416 75.381 15.304 −11.478 −38.261 0 𝑤2
=10 𝑢3
𝐹4𝑢 0 0 −39.729 15.304 64.650 −40.678 −18.148 25.373
𝐹5𝑢 0 0 20.540 −11.478 −40.678 82.899 12.887 −71.421 𝑤3
𝐹6𝑢 −35.448 22.957 0.943 −38.261 −18.148 12.887 60.919 2.417 𝑢4
13.693 −10.270 −34.233 0 25.373 −71.421 2.417 81.691 𝑤4
113
The remaining forces are zero F1w, F2w, F3u, F3w, F4w, are zero.
Displacements
ww
9424.77
0
9424.77
−31.817 74.173
−19.5573 16.110
16.110
55.759
18.124 −63.903 −2.416
−63.903 0 0
−2.416 −39.729 20.540
75.381 15.304 −11.478
22.957 −10.270
0.943
−38.261
−34.233
0
×
0
𝑢2
0
0
0
0
=106
w.E
0
0
−35.448
0
0
22.957
−39.729 15.304 64.650 −40.678
20.540 −11.478 −40.678 82.899
0.943 −38.261 −18.148 12.887
−18.148 25.373
12.887 −71.421
60.919 2.417
0
0
0
asy
13.693 −10.270 −34.233 0 25.373 −71.421 2.417 81.691 0
D
Delete second row, second column, fourth row, fourth column, fifth row, fifth column,
En
sixth row, sixth column, seventh row, seventh column, and eighth row and eight column of the
A
gi
above matrix. Hence the Equation reduces to
=106 X
𝑢2
9424.77 −19.5573 55.759
RESULTS
DISPLACEMENTS
u1 =2.88×10-4mm w1=0
u2 =2.70×10-4mm w2=0
u3 =0 w3=0
u4 =0 w4=0
114
U = N1u1+N2u2+N3u3 --------------------------- 1
𝜕𝑢
Radial strain er = 𝜕𝑟
Eqn 1 d.w.r to “r “
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑁
er = = 𝑢1 + 𝜕𝑟2 𝑢2 + 𝜕𝑟3 𝑢3 ------------------- 3
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
ww Circumferential strain e Ɵ = 𝑟
𝑁1 𝑁 𝑁3
w.E eƟ= 𝑟
𝑢1 + 𝑟2 𝑢2 + 𝑟
𝑢3 --------- 4
asy
Longitudinal strain ez =
𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑧
D
En ez =
𝜕𝑁1
𝜕𝑧
𝑤1 +
𝜕𝑁2
𝜕𝑧
𝑤2 +
𝜕𝑁3
𝜕𝑧
𝑤3 ---------- 5
A
gi
Shear strain ϒ rz = 𝜕𝑧 +
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑟
nee
SC
rin
ϒ rz =
𝜕𝑁1
𝜕𝑧
𝑢1 +
𝜕𝑁2
𝜕𝑧
𝑢2 +
𝜕𝑁3
𝜕𝑧
𝑢3 +
𝜕𝑁1
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑁2
g
𝜕𝑁
.ne
𝑤1 + 𝜕𝑟 𝑤2 + 𝜕𝑟3 𝑤3 ------ 6
Shape function
1
𝑁1 = 𝛼1 + 𝛽1 𝑟 + 𝛾1 𝑧 ;
2𝐴
1
𝑁2 = 𝛼2 + 𝛽2 𝑟 + 𝛾2 𝑧 ;
2𝐴
1
𝑁3 = 𝛼3 + 𝛽3 𝑟 + 𝛾3 𝑧 ;
2𝐴
115
𝜕𝑁1 𝛽1
=
𝜕𝑟 2𝐴
𝑁1 1 ∝1 𝛾1 𝑧
= + 𝛽1 +
𝑟 2𝐴 𝑟 𝑟
𝜕𝑁1 𝛾1
=
𝜕𝑧 2𝐴
𝜕𝑁2 𝛽2
=
𝜕𝑟 2𝐴
𝑁2 1 ∝2 𝛾2 𝑧
= + 𝛽2 +
𝑟 2𝐴 𝑟 𝑟
𝜕𝑁2 𝛾2
=
𝜕𝑧 2𝐴
ww
𝜕𝑁3
𝜕𝑟
=
𝛽3
2𝐴
𝑁3
𝑟
=
1 ∝3
2𝐴 𝑟
+ 𝛽3 + w.E
𝛾3 𝑧
𝑟
asy
D
𝜕𝑁3 𝛾3
𝜕𝑧
=
2𝐴
En
A
gi nee
SC
𝛽1 0 𝛽2 rin
0 𝑏3 0
𝑢1
𝑒𝑟
𝑒𝜃
𝑒𝑧
=
1
2𝐴
𝛼₁
𝑟
+ 𝛽₁ +
𝛾₁𝑧
𝑟
0
𝛼2
𝑟
+ 𝛽2 +
𝛾2 𝑧
𝑟
0 g
𝛼3
𝑟
+ 𝛽3 +
.ne
𝛾3 𝑧
𝑟
0
𝑤1
𝑢2
𝑤2
𝛾𝑟𝑧 0
𝛾1
𝛾1
𝛽1
0
𝛾2
𝛾2
𝛽2
0
𝛾3 t
𝛾3
𝛽3
𝑢3
𝑤3
{e} = [B]{u}
𝛽1 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧3 𝛽2 = 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 𝛽3 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
𝛾1 = 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 𝛾2 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟3 𝛾3 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
𝛼1 = 𝑟2 𝑧3 − 𝑟3 𝑧2 𝛼2 = 𝑟3 𝑧1 − 𝑟1 𝑧3 𝛼3 = 𝑟1 𝑧2 − 𝑟2 𝑧1
𝛽1 0 𝛽2 0 𝑏3 0
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 𝛼2 𝛾 𝑧 𝛼3 𝛾 𝑧
1 + 𝛽₁ + 𝑟 0 + 𝛽2 + 2𝑟 0 + 𝛽3 + 3𝑟 0
[B] = 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
2𝐴 0 𝛾1 0 𝛾2 0 𝛾3
𝛾1 𝛽1 𝛾2 𝛽2 𝛾3 𝛽3
116
w.E
2. What do you mean by iso parametric element?(April/May 2011)
asy
If the shape functions defining the boundary and displacements are the same, the element is called
D
as isoparametric element and all the eight nodes are used in defining the geometry and displacement.
E ngi
A
n eer
SC
e t
4. What do you mean by sub parametric element?
The fig shows subparametric element in which less number of nodes are used to define geometry
compared to the number of nodes used for defining the displacements. Such elements can be used
advantageously in case of geometry being simple but stress gradient high.
117
The principal concept of isoparametric finite element formulation is to express the element
coordinates and element displacements in the form of interpolations using the natural coordinate system of
the element. These isoparametric elements of simple shapes expressed in natural coordinate system,
known as master elements, are the transformed shapes of some arbitrary curves sided actual elements
expressed in Cartesian coordinate system.
ww It‟s the transformation between two different co-ordinate system. This transformation is
used to evaluate the integral expression involving „x‟ interms of expressions involving ε.
w.E XB
f ( x)dx
1
f ( )d
asy D xA 1
E
element dε in natural co-ordinate system ε by
ngi
A
dx = dx/ dε . dε
n
dx = J . dε
eer
SC
𝐽11 𝐽12
Jacobian matrix of transformation J =dx/ dε =
In discretized element
langrangian elements
elements. elements.
The idea of Gauss Quadrature is to select “n” Gauss points and “n” weight functions such that the
integral provides an exact answer for the polynomial f(x) as far as possible, Suppose if it is necessary to
evaluate the following integral using end point approximation then
1
I= f ( x)dx
1
118
f ( x)dx w f ( x ) w
1
1 1 2 f ( x2 ) ......... wn f ( xn )
9. What are the differences between implicit and explicit direct integration methods?
(i) Implicit methods attempt to satisfy the differential equation at time „t‟ after the solution at time “t-
∆t”is found
(ii) These methods require the solution of a set of linear equations at each time step.
ww
(iv) Implicit methods can be conditionally or unconditionally stable.
(i)
w.E
Explicit direct integration methods:
These methods do not involve the solution of a set of linear equations at each step.
(ii) asy D
Basically these methods use the differential equations at time „t‟ to predict a solution at time
“t+∆t”
E ngi
A
(iii) Normally smaller time steps may be used
(iv)
n
All explicit methods are conditionally stable with respect to size of time step.
eer
SC
(v) Explicit methods initially proposed for parabolic PDES and for stiff ODES with widely separated
time constants.
(i) Preprocessing
e t
(ii) Analysis
(i) ANSYS
(ii) NASTRAN
(iii) COSMOS
119
PART-B
ww
w.E
asy D
Take E = 2 10 N/mm ; v = 0.25 ; u = 0, 0, 0, 0.003, 0.004, 0.006, 0.004, 0, 0
T
ε=0;=0
E
5 2
ngi
A
Assume the plane Stress condition.
Given Data
n eer
SC
𝑥1 = 0; 𝑦1 = 0
𝑥2 = 2; 𝑦2 = 0
in g.n
𝑥3 = 2;
𝑥4 = 0;
𝑦3 = 1
𝑦4 = 1
To find:
1. Jacobian matrix, J
2. Strain – Displacement matrix [B]
3. Element Stress σ.
120
Formulae used
𝐽11 𝐽12
J =
𝐽21 𝐽22
J22 −J12 0 0
1 1
𝐵 = 0 0 −J21 J11
𝐉 4
−J21 J11 J22 −J12
−(1 − ) 0 (1 − ) 0 (1 + ) 0 −(1 + ) 0
−(1 − 𝜀) 0 −(1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 − 𝜀) 0
0 −(1 − ) 0 (1 − ) 0 (1 + ) 0 −(1 + )
0 −(1 − 𝜀) 0 −(1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 − 𝜀)
ww 𝐽11 𝐽12
w.E J =
𝐽21 𝐽22
asy
Where ,
1
D
J11 = 4 −(1 − )𝑥1 + (1 − )𝑥2 +(1 + )𝑥3 −(1 + )𝑥4
J12 =
1 E ngi
−(1 − )𝑦1 + (1 − )𝑦2 +(1 + )𝑦3 −(1 + )𝑦4
(1)
A
(2)
4
1
J21 = 4 −(1 − 𝜀)𝑥1 − (1 + 𝜀)𝑥2 +(1 + 𝜀)𝑥3 +(1 − 𝜀)𝑥4
n eer
(3)
SC
1
J22 = 4 −(1 − 𝜀)𝑦1 − (1 + 𝜀)𝑦2 +(1 + 𝜀)𝑦3 +(1 − 𝜀)𝑦4 (4)
in g.n
Substitute 𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3, 𝑥4, 𝑦1, 𝑦2, 𝑦3, 𝑦14, ε and values in equation (1), (2),(3) and (4)
1
(1) J11 = 4 0 + 2 + 2 − 0 e t
𝐉𝟏𝟏 = 1
1
(2) J12 = 4 0 + 0 + 1 − 1
J12 = 0
1
(3) J21 = 4 0 − 2 + 2 − 0
J21 = 0
1
(4) J22 = 4 −0 − 0 + 1 + 1
J22 = 0.5
121
𝐽11 𝐽12
J =
𝐽21 𝐽22
1 0
Jacobian matrix J = (5)
0 0.5
J = 10.5- 0
J = 0.5
J22 −J12 0 0
1 1
𝐵 = 0 0 −J21 J11
𝐉 4
−J21 J11 J22 −J12
−(1 − ) 0 (1 − ) 0 (1 + ) 0 −(1 + ) 0
ww −(1 − 𝜀)
0
0
−(1 − )
−(1 + 𝜀)
0
0
(1 − )
(1 + 𝜀) 0
0 (1 + )
(1 − 𝜀)
0
0
−(1 + )
asy 0.5 0 0 0
D−1 0 1 0 10−1 0
𝐵 = 0.5
1
E 0 0 0
0 1 0.5 1
1 −1 0 −1 0 10 1 0
1 4
ngi
0 −1 0 1 01 0 −1
A
0 −1 0 −101 0 1
n eer
SC
−1 0 1 0 10−1 0
𝐵 = 0.25 0 −2 0 −202 0 2
−2−1−2 1 21 2 −1
We know that,
Element stress, σ = 𝐃 𝑩 𝒖
122
𝐸 1𝑣 0
Stress- strain relationship matrix, D = 𝑣 1 0
1−𝑣 2 0 0 1−𝑣
2
2 10 5 1 0.25 0
= 0.25 1 0
1− (0.25)2 0 0 1−0.25
2
1 0.25 0
= 213.33 103 0.25 1 0
0 0 0.375
41 0
= 213.33103 0.25 1 4 0
0 0 1.5
ww 41 0
= 53.333103 1 4 0
0 0 1.5
w.E
Substitute 𝐷 , 𝐵 and 𝑢
asy D 0
0
0.003
E 41 0
−1 0 1 0 10−1 0
σ = 53.333103 1 4 0 0.25 0 −2 0 −202 0 2
ngi 0.004
A
0.006
0 0 1.5 −2−1−2 1 21 2 −1
0.004
n eer
0
SC
0
0
0in
0.003 g.n
−4 2 4 −24 2 −4 2
= 53.333103 0.25 −1 −8 1 −81 8 −1 8
−3−1.5−31.531.5 3 −1.5
0.004
0.006
0.004
e t
0
0
0.036
𝜎 = 13.333103 0.009
0.021
123
480
𝜎 = 120 N/m2
280
Result :
J = 0.5
480
𝜎 = 120 N/m2
280
2. For the isoparametric quadrilateral element shown in Fig. the Cartesian co-ordinate of
point P are (6,4). The loads 10KN and 12KN are acting in x and y direction on the point P.
Evaluate the nodal equivalent forces.
ww
w.E
asy D
E ngi
A
n eer
SC
Givendata :
in g.n
Cartesian co- ordinates of point P, e t
X = 6; y=4
𝑥1 = 2; 𝑦1 = 1
𝑥2 = 8; 𝑦2 = 4
𝑥3 = 6; 𝑦3 = 6
𝑥4 = 3; 𝑦4 = 5
124
1
N2 = 4 (1+ ε) (1- )
1
N3 = 4 (1+ ε) (1+)
1
N4 = 4 (1-ε) (1+)
Fx
Element force vector, F e = N T
Fy
ww
solution:
asy 1
N1 = 4 (1-ε)(1-)(1)
D
E 1
N2 = 4 (1+ ε) (1- )
ngi (2)
A
n
1
N3 = (1+ ε) (1+) (3)
4
eer
SC
1
N4 = 4 (1-ε) (1+)
g.n
𝑥 = N1 𝑥1 +N2 𝑥2 + N3 𝑥3 + N4 𝑥4
𝑦 = N1 𝑦1 +N2 𝑦2 + N3 𝑦3 + N4 𝑦4
e (5)
(6) t
Substitute 𝑥,𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 , 𝑁1 , 𝑁2 , 𝑁3 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁4 values in equation.
1
6 = 4 [(1-ε) (1-) 2 +(1+ε) (1- )8 + (1+ ε) (1+)6 +(1 - ε) (1+)3]
24= [(1--ε+ε)2+(1-+ε-ε)8+(1++ε+ε)6+(1+-ε-ε)3]
24 = 19-+9ε-3ε
5 = -+9ε - 3ε
9ε - - 3ε = 5 (7)
125
1
4 = 4 [(1-ε) (1-) 1 +(1+ε) (1- )4 + (1+ ε) (1+)6 +(1 - ε) (1+)5]
16 = [1--ε+ε+4-4+4ε-4ε+6+6+6ε+6ε+5+5-5ε-5ε]
16= [16+6+4ε-2ε]
4ε + 6 - 2ε = 0 (8)
ww 6ε – 20 = 10
-20 = 10 - 6ε
w.E 20 = 6ε -10
asy D =
6𝜀−10
20
ε=
10.2± (−10.2)2 −4 0.9 (4.5)
2(0.9)
e t
10.2−9.372
= 1.8
ε = 0.46
N1 = 0.18387
1
(2) N2 = (1 + 0.46) (1+ 0.362)
4
126
N2 = 0.49713
1
(3) N3 = (1 + 0.46) (1 - 0.362)
4
N3 = 0.23287
1
(4) N4 = (1 - 0.46) (1 - 0.362)
4
N3 = 0.08613
We know that,
Fx
Element force vector, F e = N T
Fy (12)
ww
w.E F1𝑥
F2𝑥
F3𝑥
=
𝑁1
𝑁2
𝑁3
F𝑥
asy F4x
D 𝑁4
E F1𝑥
F2𝑥
=
0.18387
0.49713
10
ngi
A
F3𝑥 0.23287
F4x 0.08613
n eer
SC
F1𝑥 1.8387
F2𝑥 4.9713
F3𝑥
F4x
=
2.3287
0.8613
KN
in g.n
e t
Similarly,
F1𝑦 𝑁1
F2𝑦 𝑁2
= F𝑦
F3𝑦 𝑁3
F4y 𝑁4
127
F1𝑦 0.18387
F2𝑦 0.49713
= 12
F3𝑦 0.23287
F4y 0.08613
F1𝑦 2.20644
F2𝑦 5.96556
= KN
F3𝑦 2.79444
F4y 1.03356
Result:
F1𝑥 1.8387
F2𝑥 4.9713
ww F3𝑥
F4x
=
2.3287
0.8613
KN
w.E
Nodal forces for y directions,
asy F1𝑦
F2𝑦 D 2.20644
5.96556
KN
E F3𝑦
F4y
=
2.79444
1.03356
ngi
A
4.
n
Derive the shape function for the Eight Noded Rectangular Element
eer
SC
in
serendipity family of elements. It consists of eight nodes, which are located on the boundary.
g.n
We know that, shape function N1 = 1 at node 1 and 0 at all other nodes.
e t
128
Where C is constant
N1 = C (1+1)(1+1)(-1)
1 = -4C
1
C =-4
ww
Substitute C value in equation
w.E 1
N1= -4 (1+ ε) (1 +) (1+ε+) (2)
asy
At node 2 :(Coordinates ε =1,= -1)
D
E
Shape Function N2 = 1 at node 2
ngi
A
N2 = 0 at all other nodes
n
N2has to be in the form of N2 =C(1 +ε)(1-)(1-ε+)
eer
(3)
SC
C =-4
1
e t
Substitute C value in equation (3)
1
N2= -4 (1+ ε) (1 - ) (1- ε +) (4)
129
1 = -4C
1
C =-4
ww
N4 has to be in the form of N4 =C(1- ε)(1 + )(1+ε - ) (7)
w.E
Substitute ε = -1 and = 1 in equation (7)
1
N4= - 4 (1- ε) (1 + ) (1+ ε -)
N5 = C (1-0)(1+1)
1 = 2C
1
C=2
130
ww 1 = 2C
C=2
1
w.E
Substitute C value in equation (11)
asy N6 =
1
2D (1+ ε)(1 - 2) (12)
E ngi
A
At node 7 :(Coordinates ε = 1,= 1)
Shape Function N7 = 1 at node 7
n eer
SC
131
ww N2 = -
1
4
(1+ ε) (1 - ) (1- ε + )
w.E 1
N3= − 4 (1+ ε) (1 + ) (1- ε - )
asy N4 = -
1
4
1
D (1- ε) (1 + ) (1+ ε -)
E N5 = 2
(1- ε2)(1 - )
ngi
A
1
N6 = (1+ ε)(1 - 2)
2
1
(1 – ε2)(1 + ) n eer
SC
N7 = 2
5.
N8 =
1
2
(1 – ε)(1 - ) 2
in g.n
Derive the shape function for 4 noded rectangular parent element by using natural co-
ordinate system and co-ordinate transformation
η e t
4 (-1,1) 3 (1,1) η (+1)
ε
ε (+1)
ε (-1)
1(-1,-1) η (-1)
2 (1,-1)
Consider a four noded rectangular element as shown in FIG. The parent element is defined in ε
and η co-ordinates i.e., natural co-ordinates ε is varying from -1 to 1 and η is also varying -1 to 1.
132
We know that,
Shape function value is unity at its own node and its value is zero at other nodes.
N1 = 0 at nodes 2, 3 and 4
Where, C is constant.
ww N1 = C (1+1)(1+1)
N1= 4C
w.E C=4
1
asy D
Substitute C value in equation (1)
E 1
N1 = 4(1 - ε) (1 -η)
ngi (2)
A
n eer
SC
N2 = 0 at nodes 1, 3 and 4
in g.n
N1has to be in the form of N2 = C (1 + ε) (1 -η) (3) e t
Where, C is constant.
N2 = C (1+1) (1+1)
N2 = 4C
1
C=4
133
At node 3: (co-ordinate ε = 1, η = 1)
N3 = 0 at nodes 1, 2 and 4
Where, C is constant.
N3 = C (1+1)(1+1)
N3 = 4C
ww
1
C=4
w.E
Substitute C value in equation (1)
1
N3 = 4(1 +ε) (1 + η) (6)
asy D
E
At node 4: (co-ordinate ε = -1, η = 1)
ngi
A
Shape function N4 = 1 at node 4.
n eer
SC
N4 = 0 at nodes 1, 2 and 3
Where, C is constant.
in (7)
g.n
Substitute ε = -1 and η = 1 in equation (1) e t
N4 = C (1+1) (1+1)
N4 = 4C
1
C=4
𝑢
Consider a point p with co-ordinate (ε ,η). If the displacement function u = represents the
𝑣
displacements components of a point located at (ε ,η) then,
134
𝑢1
𝑣1
𝑢2
𝑢 𝑁1 0 𝑁2 0 𝑁3 0 𝑁4 0 𝑣2
u= = 𝑢3 (9)
𝑣 0 𝑁1 0 𝑁2 0 𝑁3 0 𝑁4
𝑣3
𝑢4
ww 𝑣4
w.E
In the isoparametric formulation i,e., for global system, the co-ordinates of the nodal points are
𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , and 𝑥4 , 𝑦4 . In order to get mapping the co-ordinate of point p is
asy
defined as D
E ngi
A
𝑥 = N1 𝑥1 +N2 𝑥2 +N3 𝑥3 +N4 𝑥4
n eer
SC
in g.n
e t
135
𝑥1
𝑦1
𝑥2
𝑥 𝑁1 0 𝑁2 0 𝑁3 0 𝑁4 0 𝑦2
u= 𝑦 = 0 𝑁1 0 𝑁2 0 𝑁3 0 𝑁4 𝑥3 (10)
𝑦3
ww 𝑥4
𝑦4
w.E
6. asy D
For the isoparametric four noded quadrilateral element shown in fig. Determine the
E
Cartesian co-ordinates of point P which has local co-ordinatesε= 0.5 , η =0.5
ngi
A
n eer
SC
in g.n
e t
Given data
ε= 0.5
η =0.5
136
𝑥1 = 1; 𝑦1 = 1
𝑥2 = 5; 𝑦2 = 1
𝑥3 = 6; 𝑦3 = 6
𝑥4 = 1; 𝑦4 = 4
To find : Cartesian co-ordinates of the point P(x,y)
Formulae used:
w.E
asy
Solution
D
Shape function for quadrilateral elements are,
E 1
ngi
N1 = 4(1 - ε) (1 -η)
A
1
4
n
N2 = (1 + ε) (1 -η)
eer
SC
1
N3 = 4(1 +ε) (1 + η)
1
N4 = 4(1 - ε) (1 +η)
1
N3 = 4(1 +0.5) (1 + 0.5) =0.5625
1
N4 = 4(1 – 0.5) (1 +0.5) = 0.1875
We know that,
= 0.0625×1+0.1875×5+0.5625×6+0.1875×1
137
𝑥 = 4.5625
Similarly,
= 0.0625×1+0.1875×1+0.5625×6+0.1875×4
y = 4.375
𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 𝟏
7. Evaluate the integral I =
−𝟏
𝒆 + 𝒙 + dx using Gaussian integration with one,
𝒙+𝟕
,two , three integration points and compare with exact solution
Given:
ww 1
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 +
1
w.E
To Find:
I=
−1 𝑥+7
dx
asy D
Evaluate the integral by using Gaussian.
E
Formulae used:
ngi
A
I=
1
−1
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + n 1
eer
dx
SC
𝑥+7
f 𝑥1 ,w1 f 𝑥1 ,
w1 f 𝑥1 + w2 f 𝑥2 + w3 f 𝑥3
in g.n
Solution
1
f 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 +
𝑥+7
1
f 𝑥1 = 𝑒0 + 0 +
0+7
f 𝑥1 = 1.1428
w1 f 𝑥1 = 2 ⨯1.1428
= 2.29
138
1
𝑥1 = =0.5773;
3
1
𝑥2 = − 3= -0.5773;
w1 = w2 = 1
1
f 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 +
𝑥+7
1
f 𝑥1 = 𝑒 0.5773 + 0.57732 +
0.5773 +7
ww
f 𝑥1 = 1.7812 + 0.33327 + 0.13197
w.E f 𝑥1 = 2.246
asy
w1 f 𝑥1 = 1 ⨯2.246
D
E ngi
A
= 2.246
f 𝑥2 = 𝑒 −0.5773 + (−0.5773)2 + n 1
eer
SC
−0.5773 +7
= 0.5614 + 0.3332+0.15569
f 𝑥2 = 1.050
in g.n
w2 f 𝑥2 = 1 ⨯1.050 e t
= 1.050
w1 f 𝑥1 + w2 f 𝑥2 = 2.246 + 1.050
= 3.29
3
𝑥1 = =0.7745;
5
𝑥2 = 0:
139
3
𝑥1 = − = - 0.7745;
5
5
w1 = 9 = 0.5555;
8
w2 = 9 = 0.8888
5
w2 = 9 = 0.5555
1
f 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥+7
1
f 𝑥1 = 𝑒 0.7745 + 0.77452 + 0.7745 +7
w.E
w1 f 𝑥1 = 0.55555⨯2.898
asy = 1.610 D
f 𝑥2 = 1+
E 1
7
ngi
A
f 𝑥2 = 1.050
n eer
SC
w2 f 𝑥2 = 0.888⨯1.143
= 1.0159
1
1 𝑥3 1
= 𝑒𝑥 −1 + + ln(𝑥 + 7) −1
3 −1
1 −1
= 𝑒 +1 − 𝑒 −1 + − + ln(1 + 7) − ln(−1 + 7)
3 3
2
= 2.7183 − 0.3678 + 3 + ln(8) − ln(6)
140
ww
w.E
asy D
E ngi
A
n eer
SC
in g.n
e t
141
ww
w.E
asy D
E ngi
A
n eer
SC
in g.n
e t
142
ww
w.E
asy D
E ngi
A
n eer
SC
in g.n
e t
143
ww
w.E
asy D
E ngi
A
n eer
SC
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