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BARBITURAT
KOMA
BDZ
ANESTESI
HIPNOSIS
SEDASI
PENINGKATAN DOSIS
eszopiclone. The elimination half-life of eszopiclone is approxi- subunits. In this isoform, the two binding sites for GABA are
mately 6 hours and is prolonged in the elderly and in the presence located between adjacent α1 and β2 subunits, and the binding
of inhibitors of CYP3A4 (eg, ketoconazole). Inducers of CYP3A4 pocket for benzodiazepines (the BZ site of the GABAA receptor)
(eg, rifampin) increase the hepatic metabolism of eszopiclone. is between an α1 and the γ2 subunit. However, GABAA receptors
MEKANISME KERJA
in different areas of the central nervous system consist of various
C. Excretion combinations of the essential subunits, and the benzodiazepines
The water-soluble metabolites of sedative-hypnotics, mostly formed bind to many of these, including receptor isoforms containing α2,
via the conjugation of phase I metabolites, are excreted mainly via the α3, and α5 subunits. Barbiturates also bind to multiple isoforms
kidney. In most cases, changes in renal function do not have a
marked effect on the elimination of parent drugs. Phenobarbital is
excreted unchanged in the urine to a certain extent (20–30% in
Cl–
sbg akibatnya kemampuan sel untuk drug-metabolizing enzyme activity with continuous use. heterogeneity. GABA appears to interact at two sites between α and β
subunits, triggering chloride channel opening with resulting mem-
brane hyperpolarization. Binding of benzodiazepines and the newer
Contoh : diazepam,
Contoh : fenobarbital, alprazolam, temazepam, Senyawa K/Na/NH4Br,
butobarbital, siklobarbital nitrazepam, flurazepam,
Kloral hidrat
flunitrazepam, triazolam,
Sudah jarang digunakan estazolam, midazolam
Berkhasiat hipnotis lemah
Tjay & Rahardja (2007), Obat-obat Penting First choice Hipnotika
Benzodiazepin untuk hipnotik
Umumnya disekresi pada fase 3 & 4 tidur SWS dan tidur REM
Tjay & Rahardja (2007), Obat-obat Penting
INSOMNIA
Dapat diakibatkan beberapa hal :
1.Gangguan fisik (abtuk, rasa nyeri, migrain
atau sesak nafas)
2.Penggunaan alkohol berlebih
3.Konsumsi kofein berlebih yang terdapat
dikopi, the, cokelat dan minuman cola
4.Obat yang menggangu fisiologi tidur
(analgetika, anoreksia, glukokortikoid,
agonis dopamin)
Tjay & Rahardja (2007), Obat-obat Penting
INSOMNIA
Gangguan ini dapat dibagi menjadi 3 :
1.Insomnia awal (kesulitan masuk tidur),
disebabkan a.l emosi, kecemasan,
ketegangan dan depresi
2.Insomnia menengah (terjaga ditengah
malam), tiimbul pada peristiwa medis seperti
sleepapnea dan nocturia
3.Insomnia terlambat (terbanyak diwaktu
subuh), disebabkan a.l malnutrisi dan depresi