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16-1 Given: r = 300/2 = 150 mm, a = R = 125 mm, b = 40 mm, f = 0.28, F = 2.2 kN, 1 = 0,
2 = 120, and a = 90. From which, sin a = sin90 = 1.
Eq. (16-2):
0.28 pa (0.040)(0.150) 120
Mf
1 0 sin (0.150 0.125 cos ) d
2.993 10 4 pa N · m
pa (0.040)(0.150)(0.125) 120 2
Eq. (16-3): MN sin d 9.478 104 pa N · m
1 0
A maximum pressure of 734.5 kPa occurs on the RH shoe for cw rotation. Ans.
(b) RH shoe:
Eq. (16-6):
0.28(734.5)103 (0.040)0.1502 (cos 0o cos120o )
TR 277.6 N · m Ans.
1
LH shoe:
381.9
TL 277.6 144.4 N · m Ans.
734.5
T total = 277.6 + 144.4 = 422 N · m Ans.
120o 2 / 3 rad
1 1
Eqs. (16-8): A sin 2 0.375, B sin 2 1.264
2 0o 2 4 0
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16-2 Given: r = 300/2 = 150 mm, a = R = 125 mm, b = 40 mm, f = 0.28, F = 2.2 kN, 1 = 15,
2 = 105, and a = 90. From which, sin a = sin90 = 1.
Eq. (16-2):
0.28 pa (0.040)(0.150) 105
15 sin (0.150 0.125 cos ) d 2.177 10 pa
4
Mf
1
Comparing this result with that of Prob. 16-1, a 2.6% reduction in torque is obtained by
using 25% less braking material.
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16-3 Given: 1 = 0°, 2 = 120°, a = 90°, sin a = 1, a = R = 3.5 in, b = 1.25 in, f = 0.30,
F = 225 lbf, r = 11/2 = 5.5 in, counter-clockwise rotation.
LH shoe:
Eq. (16-2), with 1 = 0:
f pabr 2 f pabr a
Mf sin r a cos d r (1 cos 2 ) sin 2 2
sin a 1 sin a 2
0.30 pa (1.25)5.5 3.5 2
5.5(1 cos120o ) sin 120
1 2
14.31 pa lbf · in
Eq. (16-3), with 1 = 0:
pabra 2 2 p bra 2 1
MN
sin a 1
sin d a
sin a 2
sin 2 2
4
pa (1.25)5.5(3.5) 120 1
sin 2(120)
1 2 180 4
30.41 pa lbf · in
2
30.41 pa 14.31 pa
F 225 1.690 pa
9.526
pa 225 / 1.690 133.1 psi
Eq. (16-6):
f pabr 2 (cos 1 cos 2 ) 0.30(133.1)1.25(5.52 )
TL [1 (0.5)]
sin a 1
2265 lbf · in 2.265 kip · in Ans.
RH shoe:
30.41 pa 14.31 pa
F 225 4.694 pa
9.526
pa 225 / 4.694 47.93 psi
47.93
TR 2265 816 lbf ·in 0.816 kip·in
133.1
16-4 (a) Given: 1 = 10°, 2 = 75°, a = 75°, p a = 106 Pa, f = 0.24, b = 0.075 m (shoe width),
a = 0.150 m, r = 0.200 m, d = 0.050 m, c = 0.165 m.
1 2
2
2 2
A r sin d a sin cos d r cos a sin
2
1 1 1
2 1
75
1
200 cos 10 150 sin 2 77.5 mm
75
2 10
75 /180 rad
2 1
B sin d sin 2
2
0.528
1
2 4 10 /180 rad
2
C 1
sin cos d 0.4514
MN M f 1230 289
F 5.70 kN Ans.
c 165
1230 289
MN 6
pa and M f 6 pa into Eq. (16 - 7),
10 10
(1230 / 106 ) pa (289 / 106 ) pa
5.70 , solving gives pa 619 103 Pa
165
Then
pabr
Rx C f B Fx
sin a
106 (0.075)0.200
[0.4514 0.24(0.528)](10 3 ) 5.70 0.658 kN
sin 75
pabr
Ry ( B f C ) Fy
sin a
106 (0.075)0.200
[0.528 0.24(0.4514)] 10 3 0 9.88 kN
sin 75
pabr
Rx (C f B) Fx
sin a
0.619 106 0.075(0.200)
[0.4514 0.24(0.528)] 10 3 5.70
sin 75
0.143 kN
p br
Ry a ( B f C ) Fy
sin a
0.619 106 0.075(0.200)
[0.528 0.24(0.4514)] 10 3 0
sin 75
4.03 kN
Eq. (16-2):
98.13
f pabr 2 0.25 pa (1.25)6
Mf sin r a cos d sin 6 10 cos d
sin a 1 1 8.13
3.728 pa lbf · in
Eq. (16-3):
98.13
pabra 2 2 p (1.25)6(10)
MN
sin a 1
sin d a
1
8.13
sin 2 d
69.405 pa lbf · in
Eq. (16-4): Using Fc = M N M f , we obtain
T a
sin a 1
348.7 lbf · in Ans.
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0.325 27.88
T 348.7 461.3 lbf ·in Ans.
0.25 27.4
0.30(150)(2)(10) 136o
Eq. (16-2): Mf
sin 90 6 sin (10 12.37 cos ) d 12 800 lbf · in
150(2)(10)(12.37) 136 2
Eq. (16-3): MN
sin 90 6 sin d 53 300 lbf · in
LH shoe:
c L = 12 + 12 + 4 = 28 in
53 300 12 800
FL 1446 lbf
28
RH shoe:
pa pa
M N 53 300 355.3 pa , M f 12 800 85.3 pa
150 150
355.3 85.3
Thus, 1491 pa pa 77.2 psi
22.8
16-8
2
M f 2 ( fdN )(a cos r ) where dN pbr d
0
2
2 fpbr (a cos r ) d 0
0
From which
2 2
a cos d r d
0 0
r 2 r (60)( / 180)
a 1.209r Ans.
sin 2 sin 60
(b)
= tan1(3/14.85) = 11.4°
M R 0 3F x 6.375P F x 2.125P
F x 0 F x R x R x F x 2.125P
F y F x tan11.4o 0.428P
Fy P F y R y
R y P 0.428P 1.428P
The brake shoe levers carry identical bending moments but the left lever carries a
tension while the right carries compression (column loading). The right lever is
designed and used as a left lever, producing interchangeable levers (identical levers).
But do not infer from these identical loadings.
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From Table 16-3 for a rigid, molded non-asbestos lining use a conservative estimate of
p a = 100 psi, f = 0.33.
Equation (16-16) gives the horizontal brake hinge pin reaction which corresponds to Sx in
Prob. 16-9. Thus,
p br
N S x a 2 2 sin 2 2
2
100(6)6.75
2
2 / 4 sin 2 45
5206 lbf
Applying Eq. (16-18) for two shoes, where from Prob. 16-9, a = 7.426 in
T 2a f N 2(7.426)0.33(5206)
25 520 lbf · in 25.52 kip · in Ans.
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16-11 Given: D = 350 mm, b = 100 mm, p a = 620 kPa, f = 0.30, = 270.
2 P1 2(1800)
Eq. (16-22): pa 92.3 psi Ans.
bD 3.25(12)
f 0.28(270o )( / 180o ) 1.319
P2 P1 exp( f ) 1800 exp(1.319) 481 lbf
T ( P1 P2 )( D / 2) (1800 481)(12 / 2)
7910 lbf · in 7.91 kip · in Ans.
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16-13
Eq. (16-22):
pabD 70(3)(16)
P1 1680 lbf
2 2
f 0.20(3 / 2) 0.942
D 16
T ( P1 P2 ) (1680 655)
2 2
8200 lbf · in Ans.
Tn 8200(200)
H 26.0 hp Ans.
63 025 63 025
3P 3(1680)
P 1 504 lbf Ans.
10 10
T TP1 TP2
13 440 5240
8200 lbf · in
The radial load on the bearing pair is 1803 lbf. If the bearing is straddle mounted with
the drum at center span, the bearing radial load is 1803/2 = 901 lbf.
2P2 2(655)
p
270 27.3 psi Ans.
3(16) 3(16)
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16-15 Given: = 270°, b = 2.125 in, f = 0.20, T =150 lbf · ft, D = 8.25 in, c 2 = 2.25 in (see
figure). Notice that the pivoting rocker is not located on the vertical centerline of the
drum.
(a) To have the band tighten for ccw rotation, it is necessary to have c 1 < c 2 . When
friction is fully developed,
P 1 /P 2 ≤ exp( f )
To help visualize what is going on let’s add a force W parallel to P 1 , at a lever arm of
c 3 . Now sum moments about the rocker pivot.
M 0 c3W c1P1 c2 P2
From which
c2 P2 c1P1
W
c3
The device is self locking for ccw rotation if W is no longer needed, that is, W ≤ 0.
It follows from the equation above
P1 c
2
P2 c1
2.566 2.25 / c1
2.25
c1 0.877 in
2.566
When P 1 /P 2 is less than 2.566, friction is not fully developed. Suppose P 1 /P 2 = 2.25,
We don’t want to be at the point of slip, and we need the band to tighten.
c2
c1 c2
P1 / P2
P1 c 2.25
2 2.25
P2 c1 1
ln( P1 / P2 ) ln 2.25
f 0.172
3 / 2
D P D
T ( P1 P2 ) P2 1 1
2 P2 2
Solve for P 2
2T 2(150)(12)
P2 349 lbf
[( P1 / P2 ) 1]D (2.25 1)(8.25)
P1 2.25P2 2.25(349) 785 lbf
2P 2(785)
p 1 89.6 psi Ans.
bD 2.125(8.25)
4F 4(4000)
pa 0.159 N/mm 2 159 kPa Ans.
( D d ) (250 175 )
2 2 2 2
Eq. (16-27):
(0.30)159 103 2503 1753 10 3
3
T f pa ( D3 d 3 )
12 12
128 N · m Ans.
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(0.24)(120d )
(b) T (6.52 d 2 )(6)
8
d, in T, lbf · in
2 5191
3 6769
4 7125 Ans.
5 5853
6 2545
(c) The torque-diameter curve exhibits a stationary point maximum in the range of
diameter d. The clutch has nearly optimal proportions.
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f pa N 2
dT
dd
8
D 3d 2 0
D
d* Ans.
3
d 2T f pa N 3 f pa N
2
6 d d
dd 8 4
6.5
(b) d* 3.75 in Ans.
3
Eq. (16-24):
(0.24)(120) 6.5 / 3 2
6.5 6.5 / 3 (6) 7173 lbf · in
2
T*
8
16-19 Given: d = 11 in, l = 2.25 in, T = 1800 lbf · in, D = 12 in, f = 0.28.
0.5
tan 1 12.53
2.25
Eq. (16-44):
pa d (14.04)11
F (D d ) (12 11) 243 lbf Ans.
2 2
Uniform pressure
Eq. (16-48):
f pa
T
12 sin
D3 d 3
(0.28) pa
1800
12sin12.53
123 113 134.1 pa
1800
pa 13.42 psi Ans.
134.1
Eq. (16-47):
pa (13.42)
F
4
122 112 242 lbf Ans.
(D 2 d 2 )
4
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Thus,
T (1 / 2)( 2 1) f pa ri ro2 ri 2
f FD f ( 2 1) pa ri (ro ri )( D)
r ri D / 2 d / 2 1 d
o 1 O.K . Ans.
2D 2D 4 D
Uniform pressure
1
Eq. (16-38): T ( 2 1) f pa ro3 ri3
3
16-21
2 n / 60 2 500 / 60 52.4 rad/s
H 2(103 )
T 38.2 N· m
52.4
Key:
T 38.2
F 3.18 kN
r 12
Average shear stress in key is
3.18(103 )
13.2 MPa Ans.
6(40)
Average bearing stress is
F 3.18(103 )
b 26.5 MPa Ans.
Ab 3(40)
Let one jaw carry the entire load.
1 26 45
rav 17.75 mm
2 2 2
T 38.2
F 2.15 kN
rav 17.75
2.15 103
b 22.6 MPa Ans.
10(22.5 13)
2.15(103 )
0.869 MPa Ans.
10 0.25 (17.75) 2
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Eq. (16-52):
133.7
(167.6 0) 2 1.877 106 lbf in
I1 I 2
1 2
2
E
2 I1 I 2 2
Eq. (16-54):
H 201
T 41.9F Ans.
C pW 0.12(40)
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16-23
n1 n2 260 240
n 250 rev/min
2 2
Eq. (16-62): C s = ( 2 1 ) / = (n 2 n 1 ) / n = (260 240) / 250 = 0.08 Ans.
8I 8(123.1)
I
8
do di2
m 2
m
d di
2 2
1.52 1.42
233.9 kg
o
Table A-5, cast iron unit weight = 70.6 kN/m3 = 70.6(103) / 9.81 = 7197 kg / m3.
Since 15% of the crank shaft stroke accounts for 7.5% of a crank shaft revolution, the
energy fluctuation is
Since C s = 0.10
E E 8.70(103 )
Eq. (16-64): I 2 21 27.25 N · m · s 2
Cs 0.10(56.5) 2
md 2
I mr 2
4
4I 4(27.25)
m 2 75.7 kg Ans.
d 1.22
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16-25 Use Ex. 16-6 and Table 16-6 data for one cylinder of a 3-cylinder engine.
Cs 0.30
n 2400 rev/min or 251 rad/s
3(3368)
Tm 804 lbf · in Ans.
4
E2 E1 3(3531) 10 590 in · lbf
E E 10 590
I 2 21 0.560 in · lbf · s 2 Ans.
Cs 0.30(251 )2
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T2 T
(T2 )1 F21rP rP 2 Ans.
rG n
IG n4 I P
From (2) ( I 2 )1 n2I P Ans.
n2 n2
IL
(b) I e I M I P n 2 I P Ans.
n2
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I P m2 I
I e I M I P n2I P 2
2 I P 2L 2 Ans.
n n mn
IP R2I P I
(b) For R = constant = nm, I e I M I P n I P 2 4 L2
2
Ans.
n n R
n6 n2 200 = 0
From which
n* 2.430 Ans.
10
m* 4.115 Ans.
2.430
IP R2I P I
Ie I M I P n2I P 2
4
L2
n n R
1 100(1) 100
10 1 n 2 (1) 2 2
n n4 10
1 100
12 n 2 2 4
n n
t2 10 s, t1 0.5 s
t2 - t1 10 0.5
19
t1 0.5
The load torque, as seen by the motor shaft (Rule 1, Prob. 16-26), is
1300(12)
TL 1560 lbf · in
10
63 025(3)
Tr 168.07 lbf · in
1125
One root is 168.07 which is for infinite time. The root for 10 s is desired. Use a
successive substitution method
T2 New T 2
0.00 19.30
19.30 24.40
24.40 26.00
26.00 26.50
26.50 26.67
Continue until convergence to
T 2 = 26.771 lbf ⋅ in
Eq. (16-69):
a t2 t1 21.41(10 0.5)
I 110.72 lbf · in · s 2
ln T2 / Tr ln(26.771 / 168.07)
T b
a
T b 26.771 2690.4
max 2 124.41 rad/s Ans.
a 21.41
min 117.81 rad/s Ans.
124.41 117.81
121.11 rad/s
2
max min 124.41 117.81
Cs 0.0545 Ans.
(max min ) / 2 (124.41 117.81) / 2
1 1
E1 I r2 (110.72)(117.81) 2 768 352 in · lbf
2 2
1 1
E2 I 22 (110.72)(124.41) 2 856 854 in · lbf
2 2
E E2 E1 856 854 768 352 88 502 in · lbf
Eq. (16-64):
E Cs I 2 0.0545(110.72)(121.11) 2
88 508 in · lbf, close enough Ans.
63 025H
T
n
TL (60 / 2 ) 1560(121.11)(60 / 2 )
H 28.6 hp
63 025 63 025
The gear train has to be sized for 28.6 hp under shock conditions since the flywheel is on
the motor shaft. From Table A-18,
m 2
I
8
d o di2
W 2
8g
d o di2
8gI 8(386)(110.72)
W 2
d o di2
d o2 di2
di 30 (4 / 2) 28 in
d o 30 (4 / 2) 32 in
8(386)(110.72)
W 189.1 lbf
322 282
l l
V
4
d 2
o di2
4
(322 282 ) 188.5l
where l is the rim width as shown in Table A-18. The specific weight of cast iron is
= 0.260 lbf / in3, therefore the volume of cast iron is
W 189.1
V 727.3 in 3
0.260
188.5 l 727.3
727.3
l 3.86 in wide
188.5
16-30 Prob. 16-29 solution has I for the motor shaft flywheel as
A flywheel located on the crank shaft needs an inertia of 102 I (Prob. 16-26, rule 2)
A 100-fold inertia increase. On the other hand, the gear train has to transmit 3 hp under
shock conditions.
Stating the problem is most of the solution. Satisfy yourself that on the crankshaft:
Scaling will affect d o and d i , but the gear ratio changed I. Scale up the flywheel in the
Prob. 16-29 solution by a factor of 2.5. Thickness becomes 4(2.5) = 10 in.
d 30(2.5) 75 in
do 75 (10 / 2) 80 in
di 75 (10 / 2) 70 in
Proportions can be varied. The weight has increased 3026/189.1 or about 16-fold while
the moment of inertia I increased 100-fold. The gear train transmits a steady 3 hp. But the
motor armature has its inertia magnified 100-fold, and during the punch there are
deceleration stresses in the train. With no motor armature information, we cannot
comment.
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