Types of Variables

Quantitative variables
Eg. Number of childern in family
Score in maths
Sales in $ for a product
Height/weight of student
per capita income

Continuous Descrete
Infinite number of values Limited # of values
E.g sales in $, per capita income e.g # of childeren in family,
Weight/height of student etc. number of cars in city
Qualitative Variables/ classification variable/ categorical variable
Defined or limited number of levels
e.g Gender, Size of Tshirt, Winning position, colors

Nominal Ordinal
Can not order Order
E.g Gender, color e.g size of t shirt - S<M<XL<XXL
Winning position: 1>2nd runner up > 3rd runner up
 Score data for a class
id Gender race ses schtyp prog read write math science socst
70 Male 4 1 1 1 57 52 41 47 57

121 Female 4 2 1 3 68 59 53 63 61
86 Male 4 3 1 1 44 33 54 58 31
141 Male 4 3 1 3 63 44 47 53 56
172 Male 4 2 1 2 47 52 57 53 61
113 Male 4 2 1 2 44 52 51 63 61
50 Male 3 2 1 1 50 59 42 53 61
11 Male 1 2 1 2 34 46 45 39 36
84 Male 4 2 1 1 63 57 54 58 51
48 Male 3 2 1 2 57 55 52 50 51
75 Male 4 2 1 3 60 46 51 53 61
60 Male 4 2 1 2 57 65 51 63 61
95 Male 4 3 1 2 73 60 71 61 71
104 Male 4 3 1 2 54 63 57 55 46
38 Male 3 1 1 2 45 57 50 31 56
115 Male 4 1 1 1 42 49 43 50 56
76 Male 4 3 1 2 47 52 51 50 56
195 Male 4 2 2 1 57 57 60 58 56
114 Male 4 3 1 2 68 65 62 55 61
85 Male 4 2 1 1 55 39 57 53 46
167 Male 4 2 1 1 63 49 35 66 41
143 Male 4 2 1 3 63 63 75 72 66
41 Male 3 2 1 2 50 40 45 55 56
20 Male 1 3 1 2 60 52 57 61 61
12 Male 1 2 1 3 37 44 45 39 46
53 Male 3 2 1 3 34 37 46 39 31
154 Male 4 3 1 2 65 65 66 61 66
178 Male 4 2 2 3 47 57 57 58 46
196 Male 4 3 2 2 44 38 49 39 46
29 Male 2 1 1 1 52 44 49 55 41
126 Male 4 2 1 1 42 31 57 47 51
103 Male 4 3 1 2 76 52 64 64 61
192 Male 4 3 2 2 65 67 63 66 71
150 Male 4 2 1 3 42 41 57 72 31
199 Male 4 3 2 2 52 59 50 61 61
144 Male 4 3 1 1 60 65 58 61 66
200 Male 4 2 2 2 68 54 75 66 66
80 Male 4 3 1 2 65 62 68 66 66
16 Male 1 1 1 3 47 31 44 36 36
153 Male 4 2 1 3 39 31 40 39 51
176 Male 4 2 2 2 47 47 41 42 51
177 Male 4 2 2 2 55 59 62 58 51
168 Male 4 2 1 2 52 54 57 55 51
40 Male 3 1 1 1 42 41 43 50 41
62 Male 4 3 1 1 65 65 48 63 66
169 Male 4 1 1 1 55 59 63 69 46
49 Male 3 3 1 3 50 40 39 49 47
136 Male 4 2 1 2 65 59 70 63 51
189 Male 4 2 2 2 47 59 63 53 46
7 Male 1 2 1 2 57 54 59 47 51
27 Male 2 2 1 2 53 61 61 57 56
128 Male 4 3 1 2 39 33 38 47 41
21 Male 1 2 1 1 44 44 61 50 46
183 Male 4 2 2 2 63 59 49 55 71
132 Male 4 2 1 2 73 62 73 69 66
15 Male 1 3 1 3 39 39 44 26 42
67 Male 4 1 1 3 37 37 42 33 32
22 Male 1 2 1 3 42 39 39 56 46
185 Male 4 2 2 2 63 57 55 58 41
9 Male 1 2 1 3 48 49 52 44 51
181 Male 4 2 2 2 50 46 45 58 61
170 Male 4 3 1 2 47 62 61 69 66
134 Male 4 1 1 1 44 44 39 34 46
108 Male 4 2 1 1 34 33 41 36 36
197 Male 4 3 2 2 50 42 50 36 61
140 Male 4 2 1 3 44 41 40 50 26
171 Male 4 2 1 2 60 54 60 55 66
107 Male 4 1 1 3 47 39 47 42 26
81 Male 4 1 1 2 63 43 59 65 44
18 Male 1 2 1 3 50 33 49 44 36
155 Male 4 2 1 1 44 44 46 39 51
97 Male 4 3 1 2 60 54 58 58 61
68 Male 4 2 1 2 73 67 71 63 66
157 Male 4 2 1 1 68 59 58 74 66
56 Male 4 2 1 3 55 45 46 58 51
5 Male 1 1 1 2 47 40 43 45 31
159 Male 4 3 1 2 55 61 54 49 61
123 Male 4 3 1 1 68 59 56 63 66
164 Male 4 2 1 3 31 36 46 39 46
14 Male 1 3 1 2 47 41 54 42 56
127 Male 4 3 1 2 63 59 57 55 56
165 Male 4 1 1 3 36 49 54 61 36
174 Male 4 2 2 2 68 59 71 66 56
3 Male 1 1 1 2 63 65 48 63 56
58 Male 4 2 1 3 55 41 40 44 41
146 Male 4 3 1 2 55 62 64 63 66
102 Male 4 3 1 2 52 41 51 53 56
117 Male 4 3 1 3 34 49 39 42 56
133 Male 4 2 1 3 50 31 40 34 31
94 Male 4 3 1 2 55 49 61 61 56
24 Male 2 2 1 2 52 62 66 47 46
149 Male 4 1 1 1 63 49 49 66 46
82 Female 4 3 1 2 68 62 65 69 61
8 Female 1 1 1 2 39 44 52 44 48
129 Female 4 1 1 1 44 44 46 47 51
173 Female 4 1 1 1 50 62 61 63 51
57 Female 4 2 1 2 71 65 72 66 56
100 Female 4 3 1 2 63 65 71 69 71
1 Female 1 1 1 3 34 44 40 39 41
194 Female 4 3 2 2 63 63 69 61 61
88 Female 4 3 1 2 68 60 64 69 66
99 Female 4 3 1 1 47 59 56 66 61
47 Female 3 1 1 2 47 46 49 33 41
120 Female 4 3 1 2 63 52 54 50 51
166 Female 4 2 1 2 52 59 53 61 51
65 Female 4 2 1 2 55 54 66 42 56
101 Female 4 3 1 2 60 62 67 50 56
89 Female 4 1 1 3 35 35 40 51 33
54 Female 3 1 2 1 47 54 46 50 56
180 Female 4 3 2 2 71 65 69 58 71
162 Female 4 2 1 3 57 52 40 61 56
4 Female 1 1 1 2 44 50 41 39 51
131 Female 4 3 1 2 65 59 57 46 66
125 Female 4 1 1 2 68 65 58 59 56
34 Female 1 3 2 2 73 61 57 55 66
106 Female 4 2 1 3 36 44 37 42 41
130 Female 4 3 1 1 43 54 55 55 46
93 Female 4 3 1 2 73 67 62 58 66
163 Female 4 1 1 2 52 57 64 58 56
37 Female 3 1 1 3 41 47 40 39 51
35 Female 1 1 2 1 60 54 50 50 51
87 Female 4 2 1 1 50 52 46 50 56
73 Female 4 2 1 2 50 52 53 39 56
151 Female 4 2 1 3 47 46 52 48 46
44 Female 3 1 1 3 47 62 45 34 46
152 Female 4 3 1 2 55 57 56 58 61
105 Female 4 2 1 2 50 41 45 44 56
28 Female 2 2 1 1 39 53 54 50 41
91 Female 4 3 1 3 50 49 56 47 46
45 Female 3 1 1 3 34 35 41 29 26
116 Female 4 2 1 2 57 59 54 50 56
33 Female 2 1 1 2 57 65 72 54 56
 66 Female 4 2 1 3 68 62 56 50 51
72 Female 4 2 1 3 42 54 47 47 46
77 Female 4 1 1 2 61 59 49 44 66
61 Female 4 3 1 2 76 63 60 67 66
190 Female 4 2 2 2 47 59 54 58 46
42 Female 3 2 1 3 46 52 55 44 56
2 Female 1 2 1 3 39 41 33 42 41
55 Female 3 2 2 2 52 49 49 44 61
19 Female 1 1 1 1 28 46 43 44 51
90 Female 4 3 1 2 42 54 50 50 52
142 Female 4 2 1 3 47 42 52 39 51
17 Female 1 2 1 2 47 57 48 44 41
122 Female 4 2 1 2 52 59 58 53 66
191 Female 4 3 2 2 47 52 43 48 61
83 Female 4 2 1 3 50 62 41 55 31
182 Female 4 2 2 2 44 52 43 44 51
6 Female 1 1 1 2 47 41 46 40 41
46 Female 3 1 1 2 45 55 44 34 41
43 Female 3 1 1 2 47 37 43 42 46
96 Female 4 3 1 2 65 54 61 58 56
138 Female 4 2 1 3 43 57 40 50 51
10 Female 1 2 1 1 47 54 49 53 61
71 Female 4 2 1 1 57 62 56 58 66
139 Female 4 2 1 2 68 59 61 55 71
110 Female 4 2 1 3 52 55 50 54 61
148 Female 4 2 1 3 42 57 51 47 61
109 Female 4 2 1 1 42 39 42 42 41
39 Female 3 3 1 2 66 67 67 61 66
147 Female 4 1 1 2 47 62 53 53 61
74 Female 4 2 1 2 57 50 50 51 58
198 Female 4 3 2 2 47 61 51 63 31
161 Female 4 1 1 2 57 62 72 61 61
112 Female 4 2 1 2 52 59 48 55 61
69 Female 4 1 1 3 44 44 40 40 31
156 Female 4 2 1 2 50 59 53 61 61
111 Female 4 1 1 1 39 54 39 47 36
186 Female 4 2 2 2 57 62 63 55 41
98 Female 4 1 1 3 57 60 51 53 37
119 Female 4 1 1 1 42 57 45 50 43
13 Female 1 2 1 3 47 46 39 47 61
51 Female 3 3 1 1 42 36 42 31 39
26 Female 2 3 1 2 60 59 62 61 51
36 Female 3 1 1 1 44 49 44 35 51
135 Female 4 1 1 2 63 60 65 54 66
59 Female 4 2 1 2 65 67 63 55 71
 78 Female 4 2 1 2 39 54 54 53 41
64 Female 4 3 1 3 50 52 45 58 36
63 Female 4 1 1 1 52 65 60 56 51
79 Female 4 2 1 2 60 62 49 50 51
193 Female 4 2 2 2 44 49 48 39 51
92 Female 4 3 1 1 52 67 57 63 61
160 Female 4 2 1 2 55 65 55 50 61
32 Female 2 3 1 3 50 67 66 66 56
23 Female 2 1 1 2 65 65 64 58 71
158 Female 4 2 1 1 52 54 55 53 51
25 Female 2 2 1 1 47 44 42 42 36
188 Female 4 3 2 2 63 62 56 55 61
52 Female 3 1 1 2 50 46 53 53 66
124 Female 4 1 1 3 42 54 41 42 41
175 Female 4 3 2 1 36 57 42 50 41
184 Female 4 2 2 3 50 52 53 55 56
30 Female 2 3 1 2 41 59 42 34 51
179 Female 4 2 2 2 47 65 60 50 56
31 Female 2 2 2 1 55 59 52 42 56
145 Female 4 2 1 3 42 46 38 36 46
187 Female 4 2 2 1 57 41 57 55 52
118 Female 4 2 1 1 55 62 58 58 61
137 Female 4 3 1 2 63 65 65 53 61
 Average
Variable Variable
types
Qualitative
variable Middle Value
Gender

Continuous
variable Score of read, write, Value with maximum
math, science replication

Average of deviation
Read Variable : Measures of of each observation
Central Tendancy Dispersion from mean of data.

Mean Median Mode STD For eg the first

52.23 50 47 10.25 observation of read
Read Scores
has value of 57 and
mean of read score
is 52.23. So the
difference 57-52.23
Obs Read Asc Order = ~5. In STD all
deviations are taken
1 28 from each data point
2 31 w.r.t mean and the
average of such
3 34 deviations is called
STD
4 34

5 34

6 34

7 34

8 34
Percentiles/ Value Value of Obs number
9 35 Quartiles
10 36 Q1(25%) 44 =200*0.25=50th
11 36 Q2/Median (50%) 50 =200*0.5=100th
12 36 Q3 (75%) 60 =200*0.75=150th
13 37

14 37

15 39

16 39

17 39

18 39

19 39

20 39

21 39

22 39

23 41

24 41

25 42

26 42

27 42

28 42

29 42

30 42
31 42

32 42

33 42

34 42

35 42

36 42

37 42

38 43

39 43

40 44

41 44

42 44

43 44

44 44

45 44

46 44

47 44

48 44

49 44 Q1 (25% quartile)
50 44

51 44

52 44

53 45

54 45

55 46

56 47

57 47

58 47

59 47

60 47

61 47

62 47

63 47

64 47

65 47

66 47

67 47

68 47

69 47

70 47

71 47

72 47

73 47

74 47

75 47
76 47

77 47

78 47

79 47

80 47

81 47

82 47

83 48

84 50

85 50

86 50

87 50

88 50

89 50

90 50

91 50

92 50

93 50

94 50

95 50

96 50

97 50

98 50
Median or Q2 (50%
99 50 quartile)
100 50

101 50

102 52

103 52

104 52

105 52

106 52

107 52

108 52

109 52

110 52

111 52

112 52

113 52

114 52

115 52

116 53

117 54

118 55

119 55

120 55
121 55

122 55

123 55

124 55

125 55

126 55

127 55

128 55

129 55

130 55

131 57

132 57

133 57

134 57

135 57

136 57

137 57

138 57

139 57

140 57

141 57

142 57

143 57

144 57

145 60

146 60

147 60

148 60 Q3 (75% quartile)

149 60

150 60

151 60

152 60

153 60

154 61

155 63

156 63

157 63

158 63

159 63

160 63

161 63

162 63

163 63

164 63

165 63
166 63

167 63

168 63

169 63

170 63

171 65

172 65

173 65

174 65

175 65

176 65

177 65

178 65

179 65

180 66

181 68

182 68

183 68

184 68

185 68

186 68

187 68

188 68

189 68

190 68

191 68

192 71

193 71

194 73

195 73

196 73

197 73

198 73

199 76

200 76
 Score data for a class
id Gender race ses schtyp prog read write
70 Male 4 1 1 1 57 52

Variable Variable
types
Qualitative
variable
Gender
Average of deviation of each
Continuous Average observation from mean of data.
variable Score of read, write,
math, science
For eg the first observation of read
Middle Value has value of 57 and mean of read
score is 52.23. So the difference 57-
Read Variable : Measures of 52.23 = ~5. In STD all deviations
Central Tendancy Dispersion are taken from each data point w.r.t
mean and the average of such
Mean Median Mode STD deviations is called STD
Read Scores 52.23 50 47 10.25

Obs Read Asc Order Value with maximum replication

1 28

2 31

3 34

4 34

5 34

6 34

7 34

8 34
Percentiles/ Value Value of Obs number
9 35 Quartiles
10 36 Q1(25%) 44 =200*0.25=50th
11 36 Q2/Median (50%) 50 =200*0.5=100th
12 36 Q3 (75%) 60 =200*0.75=150th
13 37

48 44

49 44 Q1 (25% quartile)
50 44

51 44

99 50
Median or Q2 (50%
100 50 quartile)
101 50

102 52

148 60
Q3 (75% quartile)
149 60

150 60

151 60
 math science socst
41 47 57

n of each
mean of data.

ervation of read
d mean of read
he difference 57-
D all deviations
h data point w.r.t
age of such
d STD
C13: Average
D13: Middle Value
E13: Value with maximum replication
F13: Average of deviation of each observation from mean of data.

For eg the first observation of read has value of 57 and mean of read score is 52.23. So the difference
57-52.23 = ~5. In STD all deviations are taken from each data point w.r.t mean and the average of such
deviations is called STD
 Normal distribution or a bell curve
Confidence Interval, which
represents the range of
data distribution. Used in Mean =
hypothesis testing, if a Median =
value lies in this range the Mode
value belongs to this
distribution

- H0 and H1
hypothesis
- Critical region
- Significance
level (5%)
- Type I & II err
- one tail and 2
tail test

Z statistic -1.96 +1.96

Confidence Interval
Confidence Interval 30.4 69.6
p- value 2.5% 2.5%
Mean 50 Standard Error = Std Dev/ √n
Std Dev 10

Problem Statement: Is Sample Mean representative of Population

Sample Mean score Hypothesized Z Statistic =(52.23-51)/

of Read Subject population Mean (10/SQRT(200))
52.23 51 Z Stat cut 1.739483
off
 Key Highlights of normal distribution
- Data is plotted on X axis and Y axis represents frequency
- Data distribution: 68% of data lies in +1 Stdev and -1 Stdev w.r.t mean and so on….
- Mean = Median = Mode
ean = - While testing Hypothesis data beyond -2 stdev and +2 stdev is considered to be not of the distribution and H 0 is rejected.
dian =
Mode
Read Score
57 Steps in creating bell curve with an example
68 1. Take out mean and Stdev from a distribution
44 2. Calculate Mean - 1 Stdev, Mean -2 Stdev, Mean -3 Stdev
63 3. Similarlyy Calculate Mean + 1 Stdev, Mean +2 Stdev, Mean +3 Stdev
47 4. Plot frequency against point 2 and 3 from data
44 Go to data tab -> Data
50 Normal distribution Standards Value Frequency analysis -> Histogram and
select data range and bin
34 ` Mean - 3 Stdev 21.47118952 0 range to populate
63 Mean - 2 Stdev 31.72412635 2 frequenc`y
57 Mean - 1 Stdev 41.97706317 22
60 Mean 52.23 91 Rejection area. H0 is
57 Mean + 1 Stdev 62.48293683 39 rejected for values at
73 Mean + 2 Stdev 72.73587365 39 this level i.e between
-2 to -3 Stdev. Here
54 Mean + 3 Stdev 82.98881048 7 Frequency = 0
45
42
47
~ Normally distributed data
57 100
90
68 80
55 70
60
63 50
63 40 Frequency
50 30
20
60 10
37 0
34
65
47
44
52
42
76
65
42
52
60
68
65
47
39
47
55
52
42
65
55
50
65
47
57
53
39
44
63
73
39
37
42
63
48
50
47
44
34
50
44
60
47
63
50
44
60
73
68
55
47
55
68
31
47
63
36
68
63
55
55
52
34
50
55
52
63
68
39
44
50
71
63
34
63
68
47
47
63
52
55
60
35
47
71
57
44
65
68
73
36
43
73
52
41
60
50
50
47
47
55
50
39
50
34
57
57
68
42
61
76
47
46
39
52
28
42
47
47
52
47
50
44
47
45
47
65
43
47
57
68
52
42
42
66
47
57
47
57
52
44
50
39
57
57
42
47
42
60
44
63
65
39
50
52
60
44
52
55
50
65
52
47
63
50
42
36
50
41
47
55
42
57
55
63
and H 0 is rejected.

to data tab -> Data

lysis -> Histogram and
ct data range and bin
ge to populate
uenc`y

Rejection area. H0 is
rejected for values at
this level i.e between
-2 to -3 Stdev. Here
Frequency = 0

Frequency
N15: Rejection area. H0 is rejected for values at this level i.e between
-2 to -3 Stdev. Here Frequency = 0
P14: Go to data tab -> Data analysis -> Histogram and select data range and bin range to populate
frequenc`y
id Gender race ses schtyp prog read write math science

121 Female 4 2 1 3 68 59 53 63
82 Female 4 3 1 2 68 62 65 69
8 Female 1 1 1 2 39 44 52 44
129 Female 4 1 1 1 44 44 46 47
173 Female 4 1 1 1 50 62 61 63
57 Female 4 2 1 2 71 65 72 66
100 Female 4 3 1 2 63 65 71 69
1 Female 1 1 1 3 34 44 40 39
194 Female 4 3 2 2 63 63 69 61
88 Female 4 3 1 2 68 60 64 69
99 Female 4 3 1 1 47 59 56 66
 Covariance and
corrected Sum of
Cov = squares calculation
socst (x-x{mean})*
(Y-Y{mean}) between Maths (x) and
Science(y)

61 3.95825 65.163
61 211.88825 1845.183
48 5.06325 -10.707
51 32.22825 -43.407
51 93.15825 -121.017
56 273.87325 998.593
71 314.78825 5839.823
41 162.48825 -1848.567
61 149.64825 1264.023
66 194.73825 2676.843
61 47.47325 441.003
Correctes SS 11642.35

Covariance 58.50
L1: Covariance and corrected Sum of squares calculation between Maths (x) and Science(y)