‫ﻱ‪ .

‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻴﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻤﻁﻠﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻤﻠﺤ ﹰﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻬﻤ ﹰﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺴـﻴﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜـﺔ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺨل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻘ ﹰﺎ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻨﻅﹸﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻬﺎ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓـﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅـﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﹸﻨﻅﹸﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﺘﺎﺤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻔـﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺯل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﻀـﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻸﺜﺎﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻨﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻭﻗﻁـﻊ ﺍﻷﺜـﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴـﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﻭﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ‪ -‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪:Introduction‬‬

‫ﺘﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺴﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ‬
‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻲ ‪ GNP‬ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻨـﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪ ..‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺘﹸﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﹰﺎ ﺒﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪:Research problem‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪:Limits‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﺘـﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁـﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘـﻭﺡ ‪open planning offices‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ‪ cubicles‬ﻭ ﹸﻨﻅﹸﻡ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ‪.office furniture systems‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪:Methodology‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ ‪ historical method‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻤﺭﺍﺤـل ﺘﻁـﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻲ ‪ descriptive method‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴـﻑ ﺒﻤـﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠـﻕ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒـﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠـﻲ ‪ analytical method‬ﺒﻭﻀـﻊ ﺍﻟﺤـﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠـﺩﺍﻭل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻲ ‪.Institutional office‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﹰ‬
‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ‪.Office furniture‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ‪.Future desk evolution‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺒﻌﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ‪.Office space planning‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺨﺎﻤﺴﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟ ﹸﻨﻅﹸﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ‪.Office systems‬‬

‫ﺴﺎﺩﺴﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ‪.Office organizations‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﺒﻌﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ‪.Calculations of office planning‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻤﻨﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ‪.Office buildings‬‬
‫ﺘﺎﺴﻌ ﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴـﻭﺭﻴﺔ ‪General view of Syrian‬‬
‫‪.office buildings‬‬
‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪Conclusions‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪Recommendations‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺼﻁﻼﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪Terminology‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ‪References‬‬
‫ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪:Research goals‬‬
‫ﻭﻀﻊ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﻀﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺘﺼﻠﺢ ﺃﺴﺎﺴ ﹰﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ‪data base‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻹﻟﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻼﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﻭﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻲ ‪Institutional office‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﹰ‬
‫ُﻴﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﻤﻨﺯﻟﺔ ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺩل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋﻤـل ﻭﻅﻴﻔـﻲ‬
‫ﻜﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ﻤﻜﺘـﺏ‬
‫ﻜﺼﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻴُﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘـﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﹰﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﺼﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻀﺩﹰﺍ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤل‬
‫ﻻ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻀﺨﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـل ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻴﻌﻤـل‬
‫ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺼﻭ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻭﻥ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻁﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ‪:Historical background‬‬

‫ﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪3000‬ﻋﺎﻡ ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ ﻟﻸﻨـﺸﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻱ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺕ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ‪ office‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺼل ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻴﻨﻲ" ﺃﻭﻓﻴـﺴﻴﻭﻡ" ‪ Officium‬ﺯﻫـﺎﺀ ‪ 400‬ﻡ‬
‫ﻼ ‪ bureau‬ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﻜﻡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﻜﺘﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺘﻨﻘ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺭﻭﻤﺎ ﺃﻭل ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﻜـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺒﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻅل ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ Byzantium‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ )ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻭﻴﻥ(‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻴﺸﻜل ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴـﺭ‪ .‬ﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺤﻔﻅ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺎﺕ ‪libraries‬‬
‫ﻟﺸﻴﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺘﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﻬـﺎ ﺘﺠـﺎﻭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﻤﺸﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻴﺱ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻵﻤﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﺯ‬
‫)ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﺴﻼﻑ ﺭﻓﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ( )‪.(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(1‬ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻱ ﺃﻭل ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘل ﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻱ ﻴﺴﺎﺭ)‪.(2‬‬

‫‪(1)- Francis Duffy: Planning Office Space, The Architectural Press Ltd, London., 1976, P 16.‬‬
‫‪(2) Elizabeth Pelegrin: The office, Genel Flammrion, Paris-New York, 1996. pp 10,11.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴ ﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ‪:Office furniture‬‬

‫ﻴُﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﻭﻨﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻀﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻭﻻﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻴُﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺜـل ﺍﻟﻘﻠـﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺼـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤُﻌﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻟﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩُﺭﺝ )ﺠﺎﺭﻭﺭ(‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﻭﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺩﺍ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺔ ‪ armoire desk‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺨﺯﺍﻨـﺔ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ‪ ،pedestal desk‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﻴُـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘل ‪ ،portable desk‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴُﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺃﺸﻜﺎﻟﻪ ﺨﻔﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻟﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻤﺴﻨﺩ ‪ lap‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻋﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺭ)‪.(1‬‬

‫)‪(2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﻤﺞ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﻯ ﻴﺩﻭﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬
‫)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﺒﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﻭﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻨﻘﺎل ‪ laptop‬ﻭﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻜﺱ‬

‫‪(1)-Joseph Aronson: The Encyclopedia of Furniture, Crown Publishers Inc, 3rd edition, New York., 1965, p 37.‬‬
‫‪(2) - Elizabeth Pelegrin: The office, Genel Flammrion, Paris-New York, 1996.p 223.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻸﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ‪Early desk models:‬‬

‫ﻋُﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻴﻀﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺴﻁﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻟـﻰ ﻗﻁـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺼُﻤﻤﺕ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ‪15‬ﻡ )‪ .(1‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺸـﻘﻭﻗﹰﺎ ﻭﺨﻁـﺎﻁﻴ ﹶ‬
‫ﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻤـﺸﺎﺠ ‪‬‬
‫ﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﻴﺯﺕ ﺒﺄﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻤﻴﺯﺕ ﺒﺄﺸﻜﺎل ﻨﺤﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺭﻴﺭ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨـﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﹸﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻭﺭ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ‪ 3‬ﻓﻭﺍﺼل ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺩﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﹼﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻷﻗﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺭ)‪.(2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(3‬ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻗﺭﻭﺴﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻱ ﺇﺭﻭﻴﻥ ﺁﻴﺸﻨﻐﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ‪19‬ﻡ )‪.(1A‬‬

‫‪(1) - Jean Bedel: Le grand guide des styles, Hachette, Paris, 1996, p 23.‬‬
‫‪(2) – Charles Boyce: Dictionary of Furniture, Roundtable Press, New York, 1985.p 43.‬‬

‫‪282‬‬
‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)‪ :(4‬ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﺱ ﺃﻭﻏﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻴﻁﺎﻟﻲ ﻜﺎﺭﺒﺎﻜﻴﻭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1502‬ﻡ ) ‪.(1B‬‬

‫)‪(1‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺏ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(5‬ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺼﻨﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻲ ﺝ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﺒﻭﺍﻩ ﻤﺯﺨﺭﻑ ﺒﺄﺸﻜﺎل ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺤﻔﺎﺓ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(1C‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺩﻑ ﻭﻗﺸﺭﺓ ﺨﺸﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻫﻭﺠﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﻟﻭﻴﺱ‪15‬‬

‫‪(1)–A, B, C, D Elizabeth Pelegrin: The office, Genel Flammrion, Paris-New York, 1996, pp 13, 14, 16.‬‬

‫‪283‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(6‬ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺩﻴﻨﺎل ﻤﺎﺯﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺭﺠل ﻭﻤﺯﺨﺭﻑ ﺒﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﺤﺒﻭﺏ‬
‫)‪(1D‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺎﺭﺍﻨﺙ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺠﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﻟﻭﻴﺱ ‪14‬‬
‫ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﻨﻴﻥ ‪ 17‬ﻡ‪18 ،‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻅﻬـﺭ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﻏﻭﻨﻭﻤﻲ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻴُﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﻤﻨﺯﻟﺔ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﻁﺎﻭﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ‪18‬ﻡ )‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ‪Industrial-era desk‬‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ‪19‬ﻡ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺜﺭﻴﺎﺀ ﺘﹸﺼﻨﻊ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻀل ﻨﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘـﺏ‬
‫ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭ ‪ roll top‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻨﺘﺞ ﻜﻤﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘـﺏ ﺍﻷﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺨﺯﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﻴﻑ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﻔﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻴُﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻭﻭﺘﻭﻥ ‪ Wooton‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻭﺃ ﻨﻤـﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺨـﺯﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ )‪.(2‬‬

‫‪(1) - Bonnie Nardi, Deborah K Barreau: Finding and Reminding Revisited: Appropriate metaphors for File Organization at‬‬
‫‪the Desktop, 1997. Vol. 29. No. 1. p 5.‬‬
‫‪(2)-Bonnie Nardi, Deborah K Barreau.: ibid: p 6.‬‬

‫‪284‬‬
‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(7‬ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ‪ 20‬ﻡ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺘﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ )‪.(1 A‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(8‬ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻜﻭﺩﺍﻙ ﺇﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭ ‪1880 roll top‬ﻡ )‪.(1B‬‬

‫‪(1) A,B. Elizabeth Pelegrin: The office, Genel Flammrion, Paris-New York, 1996.p 29.‬‬

‫‪285‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ‪:Filing‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ‪19‬ﻡ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ L‬ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺸﻬﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺃﺭﺠل ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﻼﺤﻘﺔ ﻟﻶﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺘﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻠﺼﺕ ﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻭﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺒـﺎﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻓﻴﻠﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺸـﺎﻉ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻨﺘﺠﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺌﻘﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻗﺸﺭﺓ ﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ )‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ‪:The computer influence on desk forms‬‬
‫ﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻹﺭﻏﻭﻨﻭﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤُﺨﺘﺭﻉ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌـﺸﺭﻴﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴـﻭﺏ‪ .‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻅﻬـﺭ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻤﺠﺔ ‪ ،CD‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺎﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﻁﺒﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ )‪.(2‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠـﺩﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ‪ cubicle‬ﺒﻤﻨﺯﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻘـﺒ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻜﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻻﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺍﻟﻔـﺭﺍﻍ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜ ﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ‪Future desk evolution‬‬
‫ﻅﻬﺭ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤُﺴﺘﺨِﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬
‫‪ GUI‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ‪ graphical user interface‬ﺃﻭ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﻼﺕ ‪ recycle bin‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘـﺏ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺹ ﺒﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﻭﻴﻨـﺩﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﺴﻭﻓﺕ ‪ ،Microsoft Windows desktop‬ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻜـﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪ GUI‬ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻻﺴـﺘﻐﻼل ﺠـﺩﺭﺍﻥ‬

‫‪(1)- Ibid.p 37.‬‬

‫‪(2)- Vincent E. Giuiliano: The Mechanization of Office Work, Scientific American, Vol. 247 No, 1982. pp. 148-164.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻋﻠﻲ ‪GUI desktop‬‬
‫)‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‪Evolution & changing of desk:‬‬
‫ﺒﺭﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺸﺭﻜﺔ "ﻜﻨﻭل" ‪ Knoll Associates‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1946‬ﻡ ﻟﺘـﺼﻤﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﻭﺘﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻭﻫﺎﻭﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺌل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﺼـﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺴﻜﻴﺩﻤﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻴﻨﻐﺯ‪ ،‬ﻤﻴﺭﻴل ‪ Skidmore& Owings & Merrill‬ﻓـﻲ ﻨﻴﻭﻴـﻭﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺭﺍﺌﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺸﻬﺩﺕ ﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﺨـل‬
‫ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻨﻀﺞ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﺩﻴﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺭ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﺨﻤﺱ ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺘﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹸﻨﻅﹸﻡ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹸﻨﻅﹸﻡ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺘـﺼﻤﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻭﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻋﻤل‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﺇﻨـﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻤﻬﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻟﻺﻨﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻋﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1900‬ﻡ‪1950 -‬ﻡ ﺠﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﻠﺢ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﻤﺘﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﹸﻨﻅﹸﻡ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻭﺃﻟـﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻷﺭﻀـﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺸﻬﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ ‪1950‬ﻡ‪1970 -‬ﻡ ﺘﻨﺎﻤﻲ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﺴﻌﻬﺎ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )ﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭﻻﺕ( ﻟﻸﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻔـﺭﺍﻍ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﻴﺘـﻴﺢ ﻷﻜﺒـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺠﻤﻌﻭﺍ ﻤﻌﹰﺎ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼـﺼﺔ ﻟﻬـﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ )‪.(2‬‬

‫‪(1)- Thomas W. Malone: How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of Office Information Systems,‬‬
‫‪Vol. 1. No. 1983. pp 99-112.‬‬
‫‪(2)- Justin Henderson, Vernon Mays: Office Design Sourcebook, Solutions for Dynamic Workspace, USA, 2003. pp 6-9.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻤﻴﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ‪1970‬ﻡ‪1990 -‬ﻡ ﺒﻁﻔﺭﺓ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻨﻘﻠﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻤﺒﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﻤﻤﻴﺯ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘـﻡ ﺘﺒﻨـﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁـﻭﺭﺓ ‪technology‬‬
‫‪ intelligent buildings‬ﻋﺒﺭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻤﻴﺯﺕ‬
‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺒﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﹸﻨﻅﹸﻡ ﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻟﺔ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺜل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻤﻴﻊ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﺫ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1990‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻫﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺴـﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﻏﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ ﻭﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﻀـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ )‪.(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(9‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻫﺎﻭﻭﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺤﺭﻓﻲ ‪D ،P‬‬
‫)‪.(1‬‬

‫‪(1) - Ibid: pp 6-9.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭﻟﻲ ‪:Modular office‬‬

‫ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭﻟﻲ ‪ modular design‬ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤـﻭﻉ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺃﺠـﺯﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻫـﺎ ﺒـﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻜـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠـﺔ ﻴﺘﻤﻴـﺯ ﺒﺨـﺼﺎﺌﺹ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭﻻﺕ )ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ( ﻤﺘﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﻭﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﺄﻟﹼﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻔـﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻤﻜﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭﻟﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺭﺴﻲ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ‪.(1).‬‬
‫ﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ‪:anthropometry‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ِ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﻀﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﻭﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‪.‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(10‬ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ )‪.(2‬‬

‫‪(1)- Ibid: p 136.‬‬

‫‪(2)-Bousmaha Baiche: Neufert, Architect’s Data, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, UK, 2004.p 15.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺒﻲ ‪:Golden Section, Golden Mean, Golden Ratio‬‬

‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻨﺸﺄ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗـﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﺱ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﹰﺎ )‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭﻟﻭﺭ‪:Modulor‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭﻟﻭﺭ)ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ( ﻫﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻨِـﺴ‪‬ﺏ ﺍﺴـﺘﻨﺒﻁ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻴـﺴﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻭﻜﻭﺭﺒﻭﺯﻴﻴﻪ )‪1887‬ﻡ‪1965 -‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻏﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻠﺘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭﻟﻭﺭ)‪.(2‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ‪:Human Factors‬‬
‫ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﺘـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ‪ human engineering‬ﻭﻴُﻌـﺩ‪ ‬ﺍﺼـﻁﻼﺡ ﺇﺭﻏﻭﻨـﻭﻤﻴﻜﺱ‬
‫ﻻ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﺭﻏﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ﻭﺒـﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫‪ ergonomics‬ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺩﺍﻭ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﻡ ﻜﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ )‪ .(3‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻹﺭﻏﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪physical ergonomics‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻹﺭﻏﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻜﻴﺔ ‪cognitive ergonomics‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻹﺭﻏﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪.(4) organizational ergonomics‬‬

‫‪(1) -B. Baldwin: The Date, Identity, and Career of Vitruvius. In: Latomus 49 (1990),p 425-434‬‬
‫‪(2) - Vincent E. Giuiliano: The Mechanization of Office Work, Scientific American, pp. 148-164.‬‬
‫‪(3)- Judy Graf. Klein: The Office Book, New York: Facts on File Inc., 1982.p32.‬‬
‫‪(4) - Thomas W. Malone: How do people organize their desks? Implications for the design of Office Information Systems,‬‬
‫‪1983. pp 107-110.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺒﻌ ﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‬

‫‪Office space planning‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺴﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘـﻭﺍﻓﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻜل ﻓﺭﺩ ﺤﺠﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﺠـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ‪ open plan‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨـﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻴﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ cubicle‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤل ﻤـﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨـﺼﻭﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺯل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻨﻲ)‪.(2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(11‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻜﺒﻲ )ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺘﺎ ﺃﻭﻓﻴﺸﻴﻭ( ‪ Pianeta Ufficio‬ﺼﻤﻤﻪ ﻤﺎﺭﻴﻭ ﺒﻴﻠﻠﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1975‬ﻡ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺎﺭﻜﺎﺘﺭﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺃﻭل ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺃﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻁﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺘﻪ )‪.(3‬‬
‫)‪(3‬‬

‫‪(1) - Karin Tetlow: The New Office, PBC International, Inc.USA, 1996.p 87.‬‬
‫‪(2)-Otto Riewoldt, Jennifer Hudson: New Office Design, Laurence King Publishing, USA, 1994.p 56.‬‬
‫‪(3)-Elizabeth Pelegrin: The office, Genel Flammrion, Paris-New York, 1996.p 84.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(12‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺼﻴﺭ)ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻴﺭﺍﺕ( ﺃﻭ ﺼﻨﺎﺩﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﺤﺫﻴﺔ ‪ shoe boxes‬ﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻭﻓﻕ‬

‫)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭل ﺸﺒﻜﻲ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ‪:Typology of office space‬‬
‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺠﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ‪ office automation‬ﺍﻷﻤﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺸﻭﺀ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻨﺫ ﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺤـﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ ﺍﺴـﺘﻘﺭ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻨﻤﺭﻙ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪1976‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﻓﻭﺍﺼل ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻭﺘﻭﻟﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ )‪.(2‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ‪:Office lighting‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪:Daylight‬‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺘﺤﺎﺸـﻲ ﺍﻟـﺴﻁﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟـﻭﻫﺞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴـﺴﻲ ﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ‪ % 90‬ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﻜﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻷ ‪‬‬

‫‪(1)- Ibid: p89.‬‬

‫‪(2) Marilyn Zelinsky: The inspired workspace, Design for Creativity Productivity: Rockport Publisher, USA, 2004 pp103-‬‬
‫‪127.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻅﻼﺕ ﻟﺤﺠﺏ ﻀـﻭﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻴﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻨـﻭﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ل ﺤﺠﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻜـﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺎل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒـﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺯ )‪.(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(13‬ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ)‪.(2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(14‬ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺠﻨﺎﺡ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻏﻨﺴﻠﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭﻑ ﻫﺎﻭﺍﻱ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺸﺎﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺠﻲ)‪.(3‬‬

‫‪(1)-Bousmaha: Neufert, Architect’s Data, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, UK, 2004. p 346.‬‬
‫‪(2) Elizabeth Pelegrin- Genel: L'art de viver au bvreve Hannarion, Paris- 1995.p127.‬‬
‫‪(3) Justin Then derson, Veruon Mags: office Oesign sovrcehook, solutions for Oynamic Works pace, U.S.A, 2003. p215.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(15‬ﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻤﻨﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﻏﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﺍﻻﻟﻤﺒﻭﺭﻟﻠﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺤﻤﺯﺓ ﻭﻴﻴﻨﻎ ﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺼﺎﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻹﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻤﺠﻬﺯﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺩ ﹰﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺩﻤﺞ ﻜﻴﻥ ﻴﻴﻨﻎ ﻜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺍﺒﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ ﺘﻠﻁﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺒﻬﺎﻡ ‪:Thumb Rule‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻨﺹ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪D = 1. 5 H w‬‬
‫ﻼ ‪= Hw‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ D‬ﻫﻲ = ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ Hw‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ )ﻤـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪ 3.00‬ﻡ‪ 4.50 = D ،‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﹸﻠﺙ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﹰﺍ ﺼـﻨﺎﻋﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻠﺠﺄ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺩﻭﻥ ﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺇﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻨﻬﺎﺭﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﺘـﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻤـﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﻤﻘﹰﺎ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬

‫‪(1) Francis Duffy, Kenneth Powell: the New office, conran octopus, UK, 1999. P70.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻫﺎﻟﻴﺯ ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺠﻬﺯﺓ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺒﻌـﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪7‬ﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﹸﻨﻅﹸـﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻘل ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻭﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻩ )ﻤﻭﺸﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻋـﻭﺍﻜﺱ( ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ‪:Office artificial lighting‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻﺒ ‪‬ﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺒـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨِﺩﻡ ) ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺴـﻁﺢ‬
‫ﻥ ﺍﻹﻀـﺎﺀﺓ ﻤـﺎﺒﻴﻥ ‪500 -300‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ‪..‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪ (.‬ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ‪ .%25 -20‬ﻭَﺃ ‪‬‬
‫ﻥ ﺘﻜﻭ ‪‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﻜﺱ ‪ ،LX‬ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﹰﺍ ) ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴـﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜـﺎل ﺒﺈﻀـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻘﻭﻑ ﺸﺭﺍﺌﺢ( ﻓﻭﻕ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ‪.(2) VDU‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(16‬ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻓﻭﻜﺱ ﻭﻓﺎﻭل ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ)‪.(3‬‬

‫‪(1)-Bousmaha Baiche: Neufert, Architect’s Data, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, UK, 2004. p 346.‬‬
‫‪(2) - Ibid: p 346.‬‬
‫‪(3) Justin Henderson, Vernon Mays: office Design sovrce book, solutions for Dynamic work space USA, 2003.P11y, P208.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(17‬ﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻴﻜﺎﻏﻭ ﺇﻟﻴﻨﻭﻱ)‪.(1‬‬

‫ﻑ )ﺍﻟـﺴﻘﻭﻑ ‪%70‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺼﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،%50‬ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ‪ 20‬ـ ‪.(%50‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﺍﺓ ﺨﻁ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﻟﻠﺸﺎﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺴﺘﺎﺌﺭ ﺇﻋﺘﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻲ ‪.VDU‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﻴﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺎﻤﺴ ﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟ ﹸﻨﻅﹸﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ‪Office systems‬‬
‫ﺘﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺸﻐﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﺸﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺴـﺒﻕ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬

‫‪(1) Justin Henderson, Vernon Mays: office Design source book, solutions for Dynamic works Pace, USA,2003. P119,P208.‬‬
‫‪(2) - Jeremy Myerson, Philip Ross: The Creative Office, Laurence King Publishing, USA, 1999.p 247.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺩﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺃﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘـﺏ‪ .‬ﺃﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ‪ 3‬ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻓﻴﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻸﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓـﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﻜـﺯ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻤﻴﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺤﻭل ﻗﻠﺏ ﺩﺍﺌـﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺭﻜـﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﻋﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﻼﻟ ‪‬ﻡ ﻭ ﺃﻗﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ‪...‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ )‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻋﺯل ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻀـﺎﺀﺓ ﻨﻬﺎﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻤﺠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺴﻜﻨﺩﻨﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺭﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﺒﻌﻤﻕ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ‪ 18-16‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﻜﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﻁـﻁ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭ ﻤﻔﺘـﻭﺡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻜﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 3‬ﺼﻔﻭﻑ )‪.(2‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ‪ 5‬ﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒـﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل‪ ،‬ﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭل ﺸﺒﻜﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ‪ 1.25‬ﻡ ﻤﻊ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻓﺎﺨﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل‪ ،‬ﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭل ﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪1.50‬ﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺫﻭ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺒﻌﻤﻕ ﻤﻥ ‪ 20‬ـ ‪ 30‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺤﺘـﻰ‬
‫‪1000‬ﻡ‪.2‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻤﻥ ‪15‬ـ‪ 20‬ﻤﻭﻅﻔﹰﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺘﻌﺩﻯ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪7.50‬ﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻭﺤﺩ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ‪100‬ﻡ‪ 2‬ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﻌﻤﻕ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ‪ 6‬ـ ‪ 8‬ﻡ )‪.(3‬‬

‫‪(1)-Bousmaha: Neufert: Architect’s Data, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, UK, 2004.p 338.‬‬
‫‪(2)-Ibid: p 338.‬‬
‫‪(3)- Ibid: p 338.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(18‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻘﺩﻤﻪ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻤﺜل ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ Vista2Exec‬ﺃﻭ ‪ Vista2K2Team‬ﺃﻭ ‪ Vista2K4Cluster‬ﺃﻭ ‪.(*) Vista2KBPen‬‬

‫ﺴﺎﺩﺴ ﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ‪Office organizations‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺒـﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺘﺨﻁـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺘﻠـﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻴﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪(*) http: //WWW. Invincible Eurniture. Com/ index. htm-‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﺤ ﹰﺎ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﻭﺌﻬﺎ )‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﻱ ‪Club‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻜﺭ ‪Den‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪Cell‬‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ‪Hive‬‬

‫ﻋﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤل ﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ـﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴــﺫﻩ ﺃﻓــﺭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻴﻘـ‬ ‫ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻘــﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴــﺫﻩ ﺃﻓــﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻌﻬﺩ ﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻫﻭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﻤـﺴﺘﻘﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻫﻭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﻤـﺴﺘﻘﻠﻭﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ‬
‫ـﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤـ‬
‫ـﻰ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـ‬
‫ﺘﻌﻁـ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـل‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـ‬
‫ـﻥ ﻤﻬـ‬
‫ﻤـ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻤل ﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻔﺼل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺒـــﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤـــﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ـﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻤﺭﺤﻠـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤ‪‬ﺭﻜﺏ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺼــﻁﻼﺤﻴﹰﺎ ﻤــﻥ ‪،9-5‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﻤﺭﻫـﻕ ﻭﻤﺘﻨـﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺼﻁﻼﺤﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ‪ 9-5‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻩ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻋﻤل ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﻴﻤﺘﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـل‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﺸﻐﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻋﻤـﺎل ﺭﻭﻴﺘﻴﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠـﹰﺎ ﻋـﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴــﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺃﻗل ﻭﺇﺸﻐﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺸــﻐﺎل‪ ،‬ﻟﻴــﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﺭﺼـﺔ ﻤـﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺸﻐﺎل ﺍﻟﻔـﺭﺍﻍ ﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻜﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻤﺠـﺎل ﺃﻗـل‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ ﺍﻤﺘـﺩﺍﺩﹰﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺭﺹ ﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺎﻨﻘﻁـﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤـــﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻤـــﺎﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻜل‪24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺸﻐﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ـﺔ ﺃﻡ‬
‫ـﺔ) ﻤﻘﻔﻠــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴــ‬
‫ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻭﻤﺭﻜـﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﺘـﺏ ﺨﻠﻭﻴـﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘـ‬ ‫ـﻥ ‪4-6‬‬
‫ـﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻤــ‬
‫ﻤﻔﺘــ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻭﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﻭﺤﻔـﻅ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻭﺍﺼل ﺃﻗل‪،‬‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻁ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ـﻁ‬
‫ـﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻤﺘﻭﺴــ‬
‫ﻤــ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺤﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻟﻠﻤـﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﻓﻭﺍﺼـل ﻭﺤـﻭﺍﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﻔﺭﻭﻀﺔ‬
‫ﻤــﻊ ﺇﺩﺨــﺎل ﻓﺭﺍﻏــﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻋﻤل‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺴـﺏ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺍﺴـــﺏ ﺸﺨـــﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺴـﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻁﺭﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺤﻭﺍﺴــﺏ ﺸﺨــﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴـ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴـ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ‪IT‬‬
‫ـﺏ‬
‫ـﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﻭﺍﺴــ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺘــ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ)‪.(2‬‬

‫‪(1)- Francis Duffy, Kenneth Powell: the New Office, Conran Octopus, UK, 1999.p 66.‬‬
‫‪(2) Ibid: P62, P63.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(19‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﻓﻲ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ‪ IBM‬ﻓﻲ ﻨﻴﻭﻴﻭﺭﻙ )‪.(1A‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(20‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ )‪.(1 B‬‬

‫) ‪.(1C‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(21‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﻭﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ‪ –ITN‬ﻟﻨﺩﻥ‬

‫‪(1) A,B,C: Francis Duffy, Kenneth Powell: the New office, Conran Octopus, ok, 1999. P4, P65.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫) ‪(1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(22‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺴﺎﺒﻌ ﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‬
‫‪Calculations of office planning‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ‪:Office furniture space‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻤﻼﺀﻤﺔ ﺃﺜﺎﺙ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ ﻭﻤﺘﺎﻨﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﻭﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ‪ IT‬ﻭﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﻏﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒل‬
‫‪ .cable system‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻭﻻﺕ ) ﻴﻔﻀل ‪ 1‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل(‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﺘﻭﻀﻌﺕ‬
‫ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺨﺯﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻔـﻅ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﻟﺘﻀﻔﻲ ﺇﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﻤﻕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺠﻠﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻓﻌ‪‬ﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎ ﹰ‬

‫‪(1) Francis Duffy, Ibid, P65.‬‬

‫‪(2) Bousmaha Baiche: Neufert, Architect’s Data, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, UK, 2004. p348.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(23‬ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺃﻓﻴﻨﻴﻭ ﺒﻨﻴﻭﻴﻭﺭﻙ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1952‬م ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ)‪.(1A‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(24‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺤﻭل ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺠﻭﻨﺴﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻜﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺍﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﻭﻴﺴﻜﻭﻨﺴﻴﻥ ‪ 1936‬ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﺭﺍﻨﻙ ﻟﻭﻴﺩ ﺭﺍﻴﺕ)‪.(1B‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ‪ VDU‬ﻭﻟﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘـﺎﻴﻴﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪72‬ﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺒﻠـﻎ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ‪140‬ﺴﻡ×‪70‬ﺴﻡ ×‪74‬ﺴﻡ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺒﺄﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫‪156‬ﺴﻡ× ‪78‬ﺴﻡ×‪78‬ﺴﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫‪(1) A,B. Elizabeth Pelegrin: The office, Gaud Hannanion, Paris- New York, 1996- P42, P99.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺴﻨﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺇﺭﻏﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ )‪.(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(25‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﺎﻥ ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﻠﺔ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 0.5‬ﻡ ‪ 2‬ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻀﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﺠﻼﺕ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻋﺩ ﻤﻨﺠﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﻨﺩ ﻟﻠﻅﻬﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌـ ‪‬ﺩ‬
‫ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻨﻲ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺭﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻅﻬﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺫ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻟﻴﻔـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻻ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟـﻨﻅﻡ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻤل ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺘﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻭﺼـﻭ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻤﺠﺔ ‪ .built in systems‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴـﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺸـﻔﺔ ﻭﻓﻬـﺎﺭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﺌﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺼﻨﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺒﻌـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻭﻨﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺸﺨﺹ ﻴﻘﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ 62‬ﺴﻡ‬

‫‪(1)-Bousmaha Baiche: Neufert, Architect’s Data, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, UK, 2004.p 349.‬‬
‫‪(2) Ibid: P349.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ 90‬ﺴﻡ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻭﻨﺘﺭ ﺒﺎﺘﺴﺎﻉ ‪30‬ﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﻴﺠـﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫‪100‬ﺴﻡ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ )‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ‪:Design of workstation‬‬
‫ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻜﺭﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﻀل ﻟﻠﺭﺅﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(26‬ﻭﻀﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﻭﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﻸﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺫﺍﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﻴﻥ ﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ‪ ،ْ 90‬ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻀﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺭﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺒﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤُﺴﺘﺨﺩِﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﺭﻏﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ‪ 1‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ ‪ 60‬ﺴﻡ‪78 -‬‬
‫ﺴﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻜﺭﺴﻲ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ ‪ 42‬ﺴﻡ ‪ 54 -‬ﺴﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ‪ 3 ،2‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ‪ 72‬ﺴﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪(1)-Ibid: p 351.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻜﺭﺴﻲ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ ‪ 42‬ﺴﻡ‪50 -‬ﺴﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﺩﻡ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ ‪15 -0‬ﺴﻡ )‪.(1‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(27‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﻏﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﻭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ )‪.(1A‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(28‬ﺇﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻭﻀﻊ ﻟﻔﺴﺤﺔ ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺠل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ )‪.(1B‬‬

‫‪(1) - A, B.Bousmaha Baiche: Neufert, Architect’s Data, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, UK, 2004.p 351..‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ‪:desk top surface‬‬

‫ﻴﻀﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻺﻨﺘـﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻭﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘـﺏ ﻤـﺼﻤﻡ ﻋﻤﻭﻤـﹰﺎ ﻟﻴﺤﻤـل ﺤﺎﺴـﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﺸﺎﺸـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻜﻤﻼﺘﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻜﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺨﻼل ﺃﻗﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻭﺝ ﻀـﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻤﻴﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻤﺩﻤﺞ ﻤﻊ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻜﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪ .i Desk‬ﻭﻴﺘﻤﻴـﺯ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻁﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﺒﻔـﺼل ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﺘﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭﻻﺕ( ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻻﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ )‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ‪:floor area‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺤﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺩﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‪ ) :‬ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ ﻗﻴﺎﺴـﻲ×ﻋـﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺒـﺸﺭ(‪+‬‬
‫ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ ﺍﻵﻨﻴﺔ ‪ +‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ) ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (%15‬ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ) ﻜﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺎﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻠﺯﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺘﹸﻌﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴـﺔ‬
‫ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ‪ +‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬ـــــ‬
‫‪ 10‬ﻡ‪.2‬‬ ‫* ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ‪ 8‬ﻡ‬
‫‪ 2‬ــــ‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫* ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ‪ 12‬ﻡ‬
‫ﻡ ‪.2‬‬

‫‪(1) - Ibid: p 349.‬‬

‫‪306‬‬
‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻓﺭﻋﻲ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ‪ 8.00‬ﻡ‪.2‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺤﺭﻜﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺩ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ‪ 1.5‬ﻡ‪ 2‬ﻟﻠﻤُﺴﺘﺨﺩِﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ‪ 1‬ﻡ‪.2‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺤﺠﻡ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ) ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ‪ 12‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﻗﻭﻓـﹰﺎ(‬
‫)‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﻑ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫* ﺤﺘﻰ ‪ 50‬ﻡ‪ 2. 5 ← 2‬ﻡ‬
‫* ﻓﻭﻕ ‪ 50‬ﻡ‪ 2.75 ← 2‬ﻡ‬
‫* ﻓﻭﻕ ‪100‬ﻡ‪ 3.00 ← 2‬ﻡ‬
‫* ﻓﻭﻕ ‪ 250‬ﻡ‪ 2‬ﺤﺘﻰ ‪ 2000‬ﻡ‪ 3.25 ← 2‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﻴﺸﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒـﻲ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫‪ 4.50‬ﻡ– ‪6.00‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺼل ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﻗﺭﺍﺒﺔ ‪4. 50‬ﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ )ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻀﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ( )‪.(2‬‬

‫‪(1)-Bousmaha Baiche: Neufert, Architect’s Data, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, UK, 2004.p 351.‬‬
‫‪(2) – A. Ibid: p346.‬‬

‫‪307‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(29‬ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﻲ ﻤﺩﻤﺞ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ )‪.(1 A‬‬
‫ﺘﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤُﻨـﺴﻘﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺼﻔﻭﻑ ﺒﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻗﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻏﻠﻴﻥ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻤـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓـﺫﺓ ﻫـﻲ ‪1.25‬ﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻭﺍﺼـل ﻭﻫـﻲ ‪2.50 :‬ﻡ ‪3.75،‬ﻡ ‪ 5،‬ﻡ‪...،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﺨﻴﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴـﻕ ﺃﻗـﺼﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭل ﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ‪ 1. 875‬ﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻭﺯﻴـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﺎﺌﺩ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻸﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ‪ 625‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﺃﻭ ‪1.25‬ﻡ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜل ﻋﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺘﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻋﻤـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﻬـﺔ‬
‫)‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ :5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ‪:Grid modules‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪:1.20 m grid module‬‬

‫‪(1)-Bousmaha Baiche : Neufert, Architect’s Data, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, UK, 2004.p 347.‬‬

‫‪308‬‬
‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪ (1.20 m×3) 18 m‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪ 0.10 m‬ﻟﻠﻔﺎﺼل ﻭﻴﺘﻁـﺎﺒﻕ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ‪ 3.50 m‬ﺒﺎﺘﺴﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻸﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻥ )‪1.00 ×2‬‬
‫‪ m‬ﻓﺴﺤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﻕ ‪.80 m ×2‬ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ = ‪.(3.60 m‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭل ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ ، 2.30 m‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻌﻀﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻘﻌﺩ ﺠﻠﻭﺱ ﻟﺯﺍﺌﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻘﹰﺎ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﺩﻴﻭ ‪VDU‬ﻭﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ‪.(1) 4.70 m‬‬
‫ﺏ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪:1.30 m grid module‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ‪ 3.80 m‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻐﻠﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ‪ 18m2‬ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺨﺯﺍﻨﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ‪،‬ﻭﺤﺎﺴﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻌﻤﻕ ‪ ، .90 m‬ﻭﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻜﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﻤﻜﺘﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﺜل ﺫﻟـﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘـﺏ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﻴُﺠﻬﺯ ﺒﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻓﺭﻋﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪1.40 m grid module:‬‬
‫ﺘﻀﻔﻲ ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﺘﺴﺎﻉ ‪ 4.10 m‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪ 1.40 m ×3‬ﻭﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪ .10 m‬ﻟﻔﺎﺼل‬
‫ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺜﻴﺙ ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺒﻌﻤﻕ ‪ ، 4.40 m‬ﺘﻀﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪) 18 m‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪ ، (4.40 m ×4.10 m‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺤﺘﻰ ‪ 4.75 m‬ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ‪.(2) (4.75 m ×4.10 m‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ‪ ) 19.5 m2‬ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬

‫‪(1)-Ibid: p 347.‬‬
‫‪(2)-Ibid: p 347‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(30‬ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ )‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻑ ‪:Archive space‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻟﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬
‫ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺫﻭﺍﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﻌـﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺸﻔﺭﺓ ) ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻴﺎﺕ‪..‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـﻭﺭﻕ ﻴﺘﺯﺍﻴـﺩ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻭﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬
‫ُﻤﻌ‪‬ﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻌ‪‬ﺎل ﻭﻜﻔﺅ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‪.‬ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺸﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨـﺯﺍﺌﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻋﹰﺎ ) ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻱ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل )‪ ×(L‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ )‪ )(W‬ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ( = ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻸﺜﺎﺙ‬
‫‪ +‬ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل)‪ × (L1/2‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ )‪ = 0.5+(W‬ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺸﻰ‬
‫)‪(1‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ = ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻸﺜﺎﺙ‪ +‬ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺸﻰ ‪.‬‬

‫‪(1)- Ibid: p 350.‬‬

‫‪310‬‬
‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﹸﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺨﺯﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﺭﻀـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﻭﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺸﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺭﻓﻭﻑ ﺃﺭﺸﻔﺔ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﻠﻭﻜﺱ )‪ (velox system‬ﺃﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺃﻓﻘـﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 5.2‬ﻡ‪ ، 2‬ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺸﻰ ‪ 4.60‬ﻡ‪ 2‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫) ‪.( 90:100‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻁﺢ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴـﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺴـﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻘﻠل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ‬
‫ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ،%40‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ ‪% 87‬‬
‫ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺩﻭﻗﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻓﻀل ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻌ‪‬ﺎل ﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺼﻌﺩ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺭﻓﻭﻓﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﺯ ﻭﻁﺎﻭﻟـﺔ ﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺭﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺠل )‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻔﺔ ﻭﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‪ ..‬ﻭﺘﻀﻔﻲ ﹸﻨﻅﹸﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜـﺔ ﺘـﻭﻓﻴﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺴﻭﺴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ )‪ (%120 -%100‬ﺒﺈﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﹸﻜﻴـﻑ ﺃﻨﻅﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﻟﺘﻼﺌﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻟﺘـﺴﺠﻴﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺸـﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺎﺕ ﻭﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻷﺭﻀـﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﻘل ﺭﻓﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﻭﺘﺤﺭﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺁﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪(1)-Ibid: p 350.‬‬
‫‪(2)-Bousmaha Baiche : Neufert, Architect’s Data, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, UK, 2004.p 350.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

.(1) ‫ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬:(31) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

(1) .(2) ‫ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻤ ﹰﺎ ﺭﺃﺴﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻟﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺅﻗﺘ ﹰﺎ‬JG ‫ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‬:(32) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬
(2)

(1)- Francis Duffy, Kenneth Powell: the New Office, Conran Octopus, UK, 1999.p 213.
(2)-Sandra Edwards : Office Systems, Design for the contemporary workspaces: PBC.Intl.Inc.New York, 1986.p 50.

312
‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(33‬ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻓﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺸﻔﺔ ﻟﻸﻀﺎﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺸﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻐﻨﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻓﻴﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻤﻨ ﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ‪Office Buildings‬‬
‫ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻭﺘﺯﻭﺩ ﺒﻤﻨﺎﻀﺩ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺨﺼﺹ ﻟـﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻜل ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ‬
‫ﺇﻓﺭﺍﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺤﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘـﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﻤﻁﺎﺒﺦ ﻭﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻐﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒـﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤﻭﻴـل ﻓـﺭﻉ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺯﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻤـﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻅـﺎﺭ ﻟﻠـﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫)ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺃﺴﻔل ﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻜﻭﺍﺒـل ﻤـﺸﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﺨﺼـﺼﺔ‬
‫)‪(3‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪(1) Bovsmahs Baiche: P350.‬‬

‫‪(2) Vincent E Giuiliano: The Mechanization of Office Work, Scientific American. Vol. 247 No. 3. September 1982. pp. 148-‬‬
‫‪164.‬‬
‫‪(3) -Francis Duffy: Planning Office Space, The Architectural Press Ltd, London, 1976.p 128.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(34‬ﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻻﺭﻜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻭﻓﺎﻟﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺼﻤﻤﻪ ﻟﻭﻴﺩﺭﺍﻴﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1904‬ﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻥ‪6 -4‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻤﺞ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻵﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﻭﻓ ﹰﺎ)‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴٍﺔ ‪:Stipulations‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺸﺘﻤل ﺃﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺒـﻕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺠـﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺴﻼﻟﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﺼﺎﻋﺩ‪..‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺩﻫﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻨﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ‬
‫ﻁﻭل ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(35‬ﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻤﺼﺭﻑ ﻫﻭﻨﻎ ﻜﻭﻨﻎ ﻭﺸﻨﻐﻬﺎﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻭﺴﺘﺭ ﻭﺸﺭﻜﺎﻩ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل)‪.(2‬‬

‫‪(1) Francis Duffy: Planning office space, The Architectural Press Ltd, London, 1976. P128.‬‬
‫‪(2) Francis Duffy: the New office, Gonran Octopus UK, 1999. P72, P73.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(36‬ﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺘﻴﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﺭﻴل )‪.(1A‬‬
‫)‪(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(37‬ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺘﺭﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺁﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺘﻨﻔﺫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺭﺍﻟﻑ ﺇﺭﺴﻜﻴﻥ)‪.(1B‬‬

‫‪(1) - A, B.Francis Duffy: Planning Office Space, The Architectural Press Ltd, London, 1976.p 79, p 92.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﺼﻑ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﻫﻠﻴـﺯ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﺼﻑ ﻤﺯﺩﻭﺝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘـﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻤـﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺁﻭ ﺃﺒﻭﺍﺏ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻥ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺒﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﺃﺠﻨﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺍﻭ‪‬ﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ‪ ،T‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ‪.U‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﻔﻀل ﻭﻀﻊ ﺩﻫﺎﻟﻴﺯ ‪ -‬ﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﺃﺭﺸﻴﻑ ﺴـﺠﻼﺕ‪-‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﺍﻟﻴﺘﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﻏﺭﻑ ﺨﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻁﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺩﻫﺎﻟﻴ ‪‬ﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻔل ﻭﺘﺸﻜل ﻤـﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻁﺎﻓﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴُﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺘﺎﺴﻌ ﹰﺎ ‪ :‬ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪General view of Syrian office buildings‬‬
‫ﻴﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﹰﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻗﻭﺭﻥ ﺒﻤﺜﻴﻠـﻪ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻋﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻘـﺩﻡ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ِ ،‬ﺇ ﹾﺫ ﺇ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﺄﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪..‬ﻭﻤﺜـل ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ ﺘﻠـﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻘﻴﺔ ‪ multistory buildings‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘـﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻘﻴـ ﹰﺎ ‪extended‬‬
‫‪ buildings‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻗﺩ‬

‫‪(1)-Bousmaha Baiche: Neufert, Architect’s Data, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, UK, 2004.p 339.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎﻟﻪ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻤﺩﺓ ﻭﺠﻴﺯﺓ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺘﺤـﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪ cell‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻅـﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻭﺠـﻭﺩ ﺘﺭﺍﺘـﺏ‬
‫ﻫﺭﻤﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ‬
‫ﺸﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻤﻬﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺈﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﺘﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺜﺎﺙ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻋﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺍﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻲ ‪hierarchical order‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔـﺭﺵ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺴـﺏ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﻨﻤﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤﺴﻨﺕ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺘﻬـﺎ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺒﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴـﺔ ‪Office Buildings interiors‬‬
‫‪:characteristics‬‬
‫ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘـﺏ ﺩﻭﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻜل ﻤﻭﻅﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻠـﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻻ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺼل ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻥ ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺄﻟﻭﻓـﺔ‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻻ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺒﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷ ‪‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﻭﻨﺘﻭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠـﻪ‬
‫ﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﻤﻐﻠـﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺸـﻜل ‪ U‬ﺃﻭ ‪L‬‬
‫ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺎﻁـﺏ ﻤـﻊ ﺯﻤﻼﺌﻬـﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻨﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﻤﺘﺼل ﻟﻠﻌﻤل ﻭﺇﻫﺩﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻭﻗﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪.‬‬
‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺨﻴﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨﻨﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻷ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﺨﺼﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﺨﻨﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﺒﺭﺩﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴـﺫ ﻓـﻲ ﻜﺜﻴـﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﻭﺘﺼﺎﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺨﻀﻭﻉ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -10‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺊ ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻔﺔ ﻭﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻷﻀﺎﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻫـﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻥ ﺃﻏﻠـﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴـﻕ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -11‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘـﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺸـﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻜـﺎﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻓﻴﻠﻡ ‪ microfilm‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜـﺭﻭﻓﻴﺵ‬
‫‪ microfiche‬ﻭﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﻀﻭﺌﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫‪ -12‬ﺭﺩﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺯﺍﻴـﺩ ﺍﻟـﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﻭﺍﻟـﺼﺨﺏ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺘﻠـﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -13‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺫﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻁﻔﺎﺀ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -14‬ﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋـﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -15‬ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -16‬ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻬﻼﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺘـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -17‬ﺘﻌﻁل ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻋﺩ )ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ( ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺯﺩﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﻜﺩﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺒﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻋﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -18‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﻼ ﺘﺭﺒﻁﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺼﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺴﻭﻯ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻔﺘﻘﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﺠـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺯﺩﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -19‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -20‬ﺘﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺯ ﻭﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺒﻌـﻀﻬﺎ ﺘـﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ ﺍﻟﻁـﺎﺒﻊ‬
‫)ﺘﺭﺍﺜﻲ ﻜﺎﻟﻘﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸـﺎﺭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻴﻭ ﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ ﻤﺜل ﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ( ﻭﺒﻌـﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺴﻴﺭﻴﺎﺘل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜـﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﺌﻲ ‪ eclectic style‬ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻓﺩﺓ ‪ exotic elements‬ﻜﺎﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻴﻌﺔ "ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺘﻙ" ‪ Hi-Tech‬ﻤﺜل‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﻜﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﺤﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -21‬ﺘﺤﻅﻰ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺼﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(38‬ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻴﺘﺴﻊ ﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ‪ ،L‬ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻭﺴﻁﺤﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻋﺎﻜﺱ ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻀﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻡ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﺨﺸﺒﻲ ﻤﺨﺼﺹ‬
‫ﻜﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ(‪.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(39‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﺭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺼﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺨﺯﺍﻨﺔ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﻁﻭﺡ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻜﺴﺔ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﺫﻭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺤﺭﻑ‬
‫‪) .L‬ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ()‪.(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(40‬ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺨﺭﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻁﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻭﺍﺼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﻓﻭﺍﺼل ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺍﺨل‪ ، .‬ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ)‪.(2‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻭﻥ )ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻓﺼﻠﻴﺔ(‪ -‬ﻉ‪ -4‬ﺩﻤﺸﻕ‪ -‬ﺘﻤﻭﺯ‪2004 -‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.58‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻭﻥ )ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻓﺼﻠﻴﺔ(‪ -‬ﻉ‪ -3‬ﺩﻤﺸﻕ‪ -‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪2204 -‬ﻡ‪ -‬ﺹ ‪.46‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ :(41‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﺤ ﹰﺎ ﺍﺘﺼﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻌ ﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻓﻭﺍﺼل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻹﻀﻔﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻓﺭﺍﻍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺜﻡ ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ )‪.(2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ‪:Conclusions‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻜل ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﹼﻨﻪ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻗﺩﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻸﻤـﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻨـﺴﺎﻥ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﻴﺊ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺴـﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻨﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ( ﻭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﺌﺘﻪ )ﺍﻟﻜل(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻜل‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪:Recommendations‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ‪:Exteriors‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘـﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺴﻘﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻗﺩﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﺎﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻭﺀ ‪ diffusers‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻅـﻼﺕ ‪canopies‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟـﺴﺘﺎﺌﺭ ‪blinds‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪-4‬ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺸﺘﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﻭﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺼﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺴﺠﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟـﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻻﺯل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠـﺏ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻌﺎل‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪:Interiors‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻤﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺨـﺩﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻤـﺼﺎﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﺘـﺼﺎﻻﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‪..‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺜﺎﺙ ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﺃﺭﺸﻔﺔ ﻤﺅﻗﺘﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻭﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻅـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺭﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻭﻀﻊ ﺨﻁﻁ ﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﺨﻁـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤـﻭﺍﺩﺙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺇﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ ﻭﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻤﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﻀﻭﺤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻗﻁﻌﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁـﺎﺕ ﻭﺘـﺩﺍﺒﻴﺭ ﻁـﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺩﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻔﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -10‬ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -11‬ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻗﺩﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -12‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔـﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺜﺭﻭﺒﻭﻤﺘﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻀﺒﻁ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻭﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻁـﺎﻭﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻑ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -13‬ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻋﺩ ﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺎ ٍ‬
‫‪ -14‬ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -15‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﻕ ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺩﻴﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -16‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﺼﻭل ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻭﻗﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -17‬ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨـل‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻹﻀـﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -18‬ﻭﻀﻊ ﻀﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻭﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻭﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﻡ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪2007 -‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻮاردة ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬

‫‪Terminology‬‬
‫‪A4‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس ورق‬ ‫‪diagram‬‬ ‫رﺳﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ أو ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪dictating‬‬ ‫إﻣﻼء‬
‫‪alphanumeric keyboard‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ أﺑﺠﺪﻳﺔ رﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪disability access considerations‬‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﻮﻗﻴﻦ‬
‫‪anthropometric‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ – أﻧﺜﺮوﺑﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Divan‬‬ ‫دﻳﻮان – ﻣﻜﺘﺐ أو ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ‬
‫‪archival shelves‬‬ ‫رﻓﻮف أرﺷﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪duplicating‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺦ‬
‫‪archives‬‬ ‫ﺳﺠﻼت‬ ‫‪elevator‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻌﺪ‬
‫‪armoire desk‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺧﺰاﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪engineering psychology‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫‪assembly‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع‪ -‬ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫‪ergonomic desk‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ إرﻏﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪atrium‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎء داﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﻮح – أﺗﺮﻳﻮم‬ ‫‪ergonomics‬‬ ‫إرﻏﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﺎت – إرﻏﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﺲ‬
‫‪attic‬‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﻠﻮي‬ ‫‪filing‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ‬
‫‪audio-visual equipment‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺳﻤﻌﻲ ﺑﺼﺮي‬ ‫‪filing system‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ واﻷﺿﺎﺑﻴﺮ)اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪات(‬
‫‪back rest‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﻟﻠﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫‪flat filing system‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬
‫‪basement‬‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫‪floor plates‬‬ ‫أﻟﻮاح اﻷرﺿﻴﺎت‬
‫‪beam spacing‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻜﻤﺮات – اﻟﻌﻀﺎﺋﺪ‬ ‫‪foot rest‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﻟﻠﻘﺪم‬
‫‪bearing wall construction‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﺑﺠﺪران ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ -‬اﺳﺘﻨﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪foundation‬‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫‪bench‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺼﺔ – ﻧﻀﺪ‬ ‫‪full-height‬‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع آﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪biomechanics‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪full time‬‬ ‫آﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫‪blotter‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸّﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪graphical user interface‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻏﺮاﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫‪board room‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺮة اﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻹدارة‬ ‫‪grid module‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس ﺷﺒﻜﻲ‬
‫‪box files system‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﺻﻨﺪوﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪GUI desktop‬‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻏﺮاﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫‪buildings modules‬‬ ‫وﺣﺪات ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺑﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪golden section‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺬهﺒﻲ‬
‫‪built- in systems‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﺸﻴﺪة – ﻣﺪﻣﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺎوﻟﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻮب ﺗﺪور ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮرهﺎ ‪gyratory computer table‬‬
‫‪bureau‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ‪ -‬ﻧﻀﺪ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻲ‬ ‫‪hand-eye coordination‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻴﺪ واﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫‪bureaucracy‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮوﻗﺮاﻃﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺗﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪hanging files‬‬ ‫وﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪cabinet‬‬ ‫ﺧﺰاﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪hive organization‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺤﻞ )ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻲ(‬
‫‪cable handling‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم آﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ إﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺑﻲ ‪(HCI) human-computer interaction‬‬
‫‪carbon paper‬‬ ‫ورق آﺮﺑﻮن‬ ‫‪Human Factors‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪card indexes‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺎرس اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫‪Human factors engineering‬‬ ‫هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪castor‬‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Industrial-era‬‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫‪cell organization‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻲ(‬ ‫‪innovative prototype‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج اﺑﺘﻜﺎري أوﻟﻲ‬
‫‪integrated architecture‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎرة ﻣﺪﻣﺠﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻮﺣﺪة‬
‫‪cellular telephone‬‬ ‫هﺎﺗﻒ ﺧﻠﻴﻮي‬ ‫‪isolated‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ – ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫‪circulation‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮآﺔ دوران‬ ‫)‪IT(information technology‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫‪clearance‬‬ ‫ﻓﺴﺤﺔ‪ -‬ﺧﻠﻮص‬ ‫‪Kinesiology‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ‬
‫‪closed plan‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻣﻘﻔﻞ‬ ‫‪laptop‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳﻮب ﻧﻘﺎّل‬
‫‪club organization‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﻨﺎدي ) ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻲ(‬ ‫‪ledge‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬة‬
‫‪combined office design‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪Le Modulor‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮدﻳﻮﻟﻮر‬
‫‪computer desk‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺣﺎﺳﻮب‬ ‫‪library‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬
‫‪contoured back‬‬ ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﻈﻬﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫‪lighting strips‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪copier‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺳﺨﺔ‬ ‫‪lumbar curve‬‬ ‫اﻧﺤﻨﺎء َﻗﻄَﻨﻲ‪ -‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬
‫‪core‬‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‬ ‫‪LX‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮآﺲ‪ -‬وﺣﺪة إﺿﺎءة ﺗﻌﺎدل ‪ 1‬ﻟﻴﻮﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫‪corridor‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺮ‪ -‬دهﻠﻴﺰ‬ ‫‪macro ergonomics‬‬ ‫إرﻏﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﺎت ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫‪counter‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻀﺪة ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ – آﺎوﻧﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪mainframes‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳﻮب ﻣﺮآﺰي رﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫‪credenza‬‬ ‫ﺧﺰاﻧﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪mechanical mean‬‬ ‫وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪cubicle‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻴﺮة ذات ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﺟﺪارﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪microfilm‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻓﻴﻠﻢ‬
‫‪dead end corridor‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺮ أو دهﻠﻴﺰ ﻣﻘﻔﻞ‬ ‫‪millwork‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺤﻦ‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ورﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫‪De architectura‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة‪ -‬آﺘﺎب روﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪modular architecture‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎرة ﻣﻮدﻳﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪delivery bay‬‬ ‫ﻓﺴﺤﺔ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪modular ceiling grid systems‬‬ ‫ُﻧﻈُﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت أﺳﻘﻒ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫‪De Morbis Artificum‬‬ ‫أﻣﺮاض اﻟﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫‪modular desk‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻮدﻳﻮﻟﻲ – ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪den organization‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺒﺄ أو اﻟﻮآﺮ)ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻲ(‬
‫‪desk‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ‬
‫‪service cores‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮاآﺰ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫‪skeletal frame‬‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء هﻴﻜﻠﻲ‬
‫‪module‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ – ﻣﻮدﻳﻮل‬ ‫‪slope‬‬ ‫اﻧﺤﺪار‬
‫‪monitor‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب‬ ‫‪sorting‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮز‪ -‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬
‫‪motor control‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺣﺮآﻲ‬ ‫‪space-saving units‬‬ ‫وﺣﺪات ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻔﺮاغ‬
‫‪mouse pad‬‬ ‫وﺳﺎدة ﻓﺄرة اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب‬ ‫‪specular louvred ceiling‬‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻒ ذو ﻓﺘﺤﺎت ﻋﺎآﺴﺔ‬
‫‪multi-student‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺣﺎﺳﻮب ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻟﻸﻏﺮاض اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Stairwell‬‬ ‫ﺑﺌﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﻢ‪ -‬ﺑﻴﺖ اﻟﺪرج‬
‫‪computer desks‬‬ ‫‪staircases‬‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻟﻢ‬
‫‪multistory structures‬‬ ‫أﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻄﻮاﺑﻖ‬ ‫‪stairways‬‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻟﻢ‬
‫‪musculoskeletal‬‬ ‫هﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﻀﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪stand alone‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫‪office‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫‪storage area‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‪ -‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪office automation‬‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫‪switch-board‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ‬

‫‪office block‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ‪ -‬ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ‬ ‫‪systems approach‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟ ُﻨﻈُﻢ‬
‫‪officer‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻇﻒ‬ ‫‪telecommunications‬‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫‪office systems‬‬ ‫ُﻧﻈُﻢ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪telesales‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎت ﻋﺒﺮ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪Officium‬‬ ‫أوﻓﻴﺴﻴﻮم‪ -‬ﻣﻜﺘﺐ روﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪telework‬‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب‬
‫‪open-plan cubicle‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻴﺮة ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ذات ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻣﻔﺘﻮح‬ ‫‪terminals‬‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰة ﺣﺎﺳﻮب ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫‪open-plan office‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ذو ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻣﻔﺘﻮح‬ ‫‪thumb rule‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻹﺑﻬﺎم‬
‫‪overhead skylight‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻮر ﻋﻠﻮي‬ ‫‪transactions‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬
‫‪panel board systems‬‬ ‫ُﻧﻈُﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪tread‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺋﻤﺔ َدرَج‬
‫‪paternoster elevator‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻌﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﺤﺠﺮات‬ ‫‪turnaround clearance‬‬ ‫وﺿﻮح اﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻓﺎت‬
‫‪typewriter‬‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺔ آﺎﺗﺒﺔ‬
‫‪path‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎر‪ -‬ﻣﻤﺮ‬
‫‪pedestal desk‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ذو ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫‪typology‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬
‫‪periodicals‬‬ ‫دورﻳﺎت‬ ‫‪uncoded information‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻔﺮة‬
‫‪photocopying‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮي‬ ‫‪upholstered seat‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺪ ُﻣﻨّﺠﺪ‬
‫‪pigeonhole‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﺟﺪاري – ﺧﻮرﻧﻖ‬ ‫‪( UCD ) user –centered design‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻲ‬
‫‪plumbing‬‬ ‫أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫دورة ﺣﻴﺎة هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ‪usability engineering life cycle‬‬
‫‪plywood‬‬ ‫ﺧﺸﺐ رﻗﺎﺋﻘﻲ )أﺑﻼآﺎج(‬ ‫‪user-system fit‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫‪portable desk‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﺘﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫‪VCR‬‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ آﺎﺳﻴﺖ واﻟﻤﺴﺠﻼت‬
‫‪powder-tray‬‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻦ ‪ -‬وﻋﺎء اﻟﻤﺴﺤﻮق‬ ‫)‪VDU (visual display unit‬‬ ‫وﺣﺪة ﻋﺮض ﻣﺮﺋﻲ‬
‫‪printer‬‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪velox system‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﻴﻠﻮآﺲ ﻟﻸرﺷﻔﺔ‬
‫‪project team‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ ‫‪Vitruvian Man‬‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺮوﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ramp‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺪر‬ ‫‪wheelchair‬‬ ‫آﺮﺳﻲ اﻟﻤﻌ ّﻮق‬
‫‪real estate‬‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺎرات‬ ‫‪window grid module‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﻮاﻓﺬ ﺷﺒﻜﻲ‬
‫‪recess‬‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻮة ﺟﺪارﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪wireless technology‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪reflector‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎآﺲ‬ ‫‪Wooton desk‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ووﺗﻮن‬
‫‪refreshment room‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺮة وﺟﺒﺎت ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪work process‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫‪registry‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪workstation‬‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﺣﺎﺳﻮب ﻃﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫‪reinforced concrete‬‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ )ﺑﻴﺘﻮن( ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫‪Renaissance‬‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ‬
‫‪riser‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ َدرَج‬
‫‪roll up‬‬ ‫ﻟﻒ اﻟﻮرق‬
‫‪scanner‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﺤﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Scientific Management‬‬ ‫إدارة ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪scrolls‬‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺎﺋﻒ ورﻗﻴﺔ آﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪section leader‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫‪self- contained‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﻔﻲ ذاﺗﻴًﺎ‬
‫‪senior‬‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮ هﻴﺌﺔ ذو ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ رﻓﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫‪server‬‬ ‫ﻣﺰود ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

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‫ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬.‫ﻱ‬ 2007 -‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬-‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ‬-‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

16-Pélegrin-Genel, Elisabeth. L'art de vivre au bureau. Paris:

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Internet sites:
* http://www.invinciblefurniture.com/index.htm
: Periodicals ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬
-‫ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‬- ‫ ﺩﻤـﺸﻕ‬-3 ‫ ﻉ‬-(‫ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨـﻭﻥ )ﻤﺠﻠـﺔ ﻓـﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬-20
.46‫ﺹ‬.‫ﻡ‬2004
-‫ ﺘﻤـﻭﺯ‬-‫ ﺩﻤـﺸﻕ‬-4‫ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻭﻥ)ﻤﺠﻠـﺔ ﻓـﺼﻠﻴﺔ( – ﻉ‬-21
.58 ‫ﺹ‬.‫ﻡ‬2004

.2006/5/21 ‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ‬

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