Professional Documents
Culture Documents
l
R
§ type
of
intermolecular
force:
Van
der
Waals
(non
polar)
§ (+)
Ninhydrin
test:
presence
of
an
α–NH2
group
(all
AA
except
proline
and
hydroxyproline)
§ type
of
intermolecular
force:
pi-‐pi
complex
(aromatic)
§ (+)
Ninhydrin
test:
presence
of
an
α–NH2
group
(all
AA
except
proline
and
hydroxyproline)
CONFIRMATORY
TESTS:
§ (+)
FeCl3
test:
presence
of
phenol
(only
tyrosine)
§ (+)
Hopkin’s
Cole
test:
presence
of
indole
ring
(only
tryptophan)
§ (+)
Xanthoproteic
test:
presence
of
benzene
ring
(only
phe-‐tyr-‐trp)
§ type
of
intermolecular
force:
salt
bridge
(negative
and
positive
ions)
§ (+)
Ninhydrin
test:
presence
of
an
α–NH2
group
(all
AA
except
proline
and
hydroxyproline)
§ CONFIRMATORY
TEST:
(+)
Sakaguchi
test
–
presence
of
guanido
group
(only
arginine)
§ type
of
intermolecular
force:
disulfide
bond
(thiol
group)
§ (+)
Ninhydrin
test:
presence
of
an
α–NH2
group
(all
AA
except
proline
and
hydroxyproline)
§ CONFIRMATORY
TEST:
(+)
Lead
acetate
test
-‐
presence
of
thiol
group
(only
cysteine)
Zwitterion
form
H
l
NH3
-‐-‐
C
-‐
COO
-‐
+
l
R
§ dipolar
form
of
an
amino
acid
at
its
isoelectric
point
(pH
at
which
a
protein
molecule
or
an
amino
acid
precipitates)
§ at
the
isoelectric
point
there
is
a
net
equal
charge;
unlike
charges
attract
and
the
protein
molecule/
amino
acid
becomes
INSOLUBLE
§ before
&
beyond
the
isoelectric
point
,
there
is
repulsion
of
like
charges
and
the
protein
molecule/
amino
acid
becomes
SOLUBLE
Buffer
action
H
l
NH3
-‐-‐
C
-‐
COO
-‐
+
l
H+
R
§ in
the
presence
of
an
acid
(at
low
pH),
the
carboxylate
ion
absorbs
the
H+
and
forms
-‐COOH
in
the
reaction:
-‐COO-‐
+
H+
→
-‐COOH
§ +1
charge
results
from
–NH3+
and
the
amino
acid
DISSOLVES
H
l
NH3+
-‐-‐
C
-‐
COO
-‐
l
R
+ -‐
H
+
OH
→
H2O
§ in
the
presence
of
a
base
(at
high
pH),
the
ammonium
ion
absorbs
the
OH-‐
and
forms
–NH2
in
the
reaction:
-‐NH3+
+
OH-‐
→
-‐NH2
+
H2O
§ -‐1
charge
results
from
–COO-‐
and
the
amino
acid
DISSOLVES
Protein
Structures
Primary
structure:
Peptide
bond
§ peptide
bond
is
formed
between
carboxyl
group
(-‐COOH)
of
the
first
AA
and
amino
group
(-‐NH2)
of
the
second
AA
by
eliminating
H2O
§ peptide
bond
is
an
amide
bond
that
can
undergo
hydrolysis
O
II
NH2
–
CH
–
C
–
NH
–
CH
–
COOH
I
I
R1
R2
§ two
AA
–
dipeptide;
NEGATIVE
in
the
Biuret
test
three
AA
and
above
–
tripeptide
and
other
polypeptides
give
(+)
Biuret
test
Secondary
structure:
H
–
bond
(α
–
helix)
H
–
Bond
(β
–
pleated
sheet)
Tertiary
Structure
§ involves
the
intermolecular
forces
among
the
amino
acid
side
chains
aliphatic
AA
–
Van
der
Waals
acidic
&
basic
AA
–
salt
bridge
aromatic
AA
–
pi-‐pi
complex
-‐SH
group
AA
–
disulfide
bond
-‐OH
group
AA
–
H-‐bond
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
HW
1)
Given
the
zwitterion
form,
draw
the
predominant
structure
at:
a)
low
pH
b)
high
pH
aspartic
acid
NH3+
-‐
CH
–
COO-‐
l
CH2-‐COOH
2)
Given
the
zwitterion
form,
draw
the
predominant
structure
at:
a)
low
pH
b)
high
pH
lysine
NH3+
-‐
CH
-‐
COO-‐
l
(CH2)4-‐NH2
3)
a)
Given
the
following
AA,
draw
its
primary
structure.
b)
Encircle
the
N-‐terminal,
C-‐terminal
and
peptide/
amide
bond.
NH3+ CH-COO-
CH3 CH2
CH CH - NH3+
CH3 COO-
OH
4)
a)
Draw
the
structure
of
the
dipeptide
based
on
the
following
amino
acids.
b)
Describe
the
side
chains
(polar,
non
polar,
acidic
or
basic)
NH3+ CH-COO-
SH - CH2 CH - NH3+
CH2
COO-
For
nos.
5
&
7,
refer
to
the
given
illustration.
Below
are
two
tripeptide
strands
linked
together
by
bonds
A,
B
and
C.
A
B
C
5)
For
bond
A:
a)
Identify
bond
A
if
it
is
an
amide,
H-‐bond
or
an
intermolecular
force
b)
Is
this
bond
a
1O,
2
O
or
3
O
protein
structure?
6)
For
bond
B:
a)
Identify
bond
B
if
it
is
an
amide,
H-‐bond
or
an
intermolecular
force
b)
Is
this
bond
a
1O,
2
O
or
3
O
protein
structure?
7)
a)
Identify
the
force
of
attraction
between
the
side
chains
of
the
two
amino
acids:
NH2
–
CH
–
COOH
and
NH2
–
CH
–
COOH
l
l
CH2
–
COOH
CH2
–
CO-‐
NH2
b)
This
force
of
attraction
illustrates
a
1O,
2
O
or
3
O
protein
structure?
8)
a)
Identify
the
force
of
attraction
between
the
side
chains
of
the
two
amino
acids:
NH2
–
CH
–
COOH
and
NH2
–
CH
–
COOH
l
l
CH2
–
SH
(CH2)2-‐S-‐CH3
b)
This
force
of
attraction
illustrates
a
1O,
2
O
or
3
O
protein
structure?