COMMUNICATION

PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES,
AND ETHICS
CHAPTER 1
ENGLISH 3A
 COMMUNICATION
was derived from the Latin words
Con – which means “with”
Munus – “a business”
Communis – “common”
Communico – “to confer” or “to relate with one another”

- the imparting or exchanging of information or news

- means of sending or receiving information
- A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a
common system of symbols, signs, or behaviour (Merriam-Webster)
- is also the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result
in understanding (Cambridge Dictionary)
 COMMUNICATION
According to Sanchez (2017), effective
communication is the most critical component of
total quality management. The way in which
individuals perceive and talk to each other at work
about different issues is a major determinant of the
business success. It has been proven that poor
communication reduces quality, weakens
productivity, and eventually leads to anger and a lack
of trust among individuals within the organization.
 ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Communication is integrated in all parts of our lives.

Communication is valued in the real world. At any given moment, we

explore how communication is integrated into all episodes of our lives. Our
lives consist of four domains:

a. Academics. Communication skills are tied to academic success.

b. Professional. Desired communication skills vary from one career to another.
c. Personal. Having vocabulary to name the communication phenomena in our lives
increases our ability to alter consciously our communication.
d. Civic. There is a connection between communication and a person’s civic engagement.
 ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION
2. Communication meets needs.

Communication is far more than the transmission of information. The exchange

of messages and information is important for many reasons, but it is not enough to
meet the various needs we have as human beings.

a. Physical needs. The need to communicate keep out bodies and minds functioning.
b. Instrumental needs. Communicating for instrumental needs helps us get things done
in our day-to-day lives and achieve short- and long-term goals.
c. Relational needs. Communicating for relational needs helps us maintain social bonds
and interpersonal relationships.
d. Identity needs. Communication allows us to present ourselves in a distinct manner.
 ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION
3. Communication is guided by culture and context.
O’Neil (2006) defines culture as the full range of learned human behavior patterns.
It includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
4. Communication is learned.
We are born with the capacity to learn a language and the ability to
communicate. However, our manner of communication varies from one person to
another based on culture and context.
5. Communication has ethical communications.
Communication ethics deals with the process of negotiating and reflecting on our
actions and communication regarding what we believe to be right and wrong.
 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
1. Verbal Communication
FACTORS THAT AFFECT VERBAL
COMMUNICATIONS:
It is a form of transmitting
messages using word symbols in 1. Tone of voice
representing ideas and objects 2. Use of descriptive words
which comes in two forms: oral 3. Emphasis on certain phrases
and written. It includes a face-to-
4. Volume of voice
face interaction with another
person, speaking to someone on
the phone, participating in
meetings, delivering speeches in
programs, and giving lectures or
presentations in conferences.
 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
2. Non-verbal Communication

It is a form of communication
which refers to the sending of
messages to another person using
methods or means other than
Non-verbal communication includes-but is not limited to:
spoken language. It involves those
touch glance eye contact (gaze)
non-verbal stimuli In a
communication setting that are volume vocal nuance proximity
generated by both the source and gestures facial expression pause (silence)
her or his use of environment and intonation dress posture
that have potential message value smell context formality
for the source or receiver (Samovar
et al. as cited by Tidwell, 2016).
 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
2. Non-verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication is one of the key aspects of communication
especially in a high-context culture where the manner of saying a word is more
important than the word itself. Tidwell (2016) presents its multiple functions:
1. Used to repeat the verbal message
2. Often used to accent a verbal message
3. Often complements the verbal message but also may contradict
4. Regulate interactions. Non-verbal cues convey when the other
person should speak or not to speak.
5. May substitute for the verbal message, especially if it is blocked
by noise or interruption.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS
1. Sender – is a person, group, or organization who initiates communication.
2. Message – is an element transmitted in communication.
3. Channel – is a pathway or medium through which the message travels to reach
its destination.
4. Receiver – is a person who receives, analyzes, understands, and interprets the
message.
5. Feedback – is the receiver’s response that provides information to the sender.
6. Adjustment – is done if the message is distorted or is not clearly understood by
the receiver.
7. Noise – is a form of a distortion, barrier, or obstacle that occurs in any of the
phases of the oral communication process.
 THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Communication is a process of mutual interaction of people through sensory
stimuli. It is a two-way process which occurs in an orderly and systematic sequence
that involves giving and receiving ideas, feelings, and attitudes between two or more
persons and results in a response.

ADJUSTMENT
N
O
I
S
SENDER MESSAGE CHANNEL E RECEIVER

FEEDBACK
 FIVE STEPS TO THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS IN THE WORKPLACE

1. Creation. Creating the message is the first step of the process. It is forming the
communicative intent where the sender generates an idea.
2. Transmission. After a message is created, it must be transmitted. This
transmission may be as simple as meeting with the intended recipient of the
message and orally sharing the message, or calling the individual to communicate
orally over the phone.
3. Reception. After transmitting the message, the communication duties change
hands and fall upon the receiver of the message.
4. Translation. Once receiving the message, the recipient must translate the
message into terms that s/he can easily understand.
5. Response. Communication is a two-way street and response is often necessary.
 ISSUES IN COMMUNICATION
1. Content refers to the information and
experiences that are provided to the receiver of the
communication process. It is what the receiver
derives value form.
2. Process refers to the way the message is
presented or delivered – the non-verbal elements
in speech such as the tone of voice, the look in the
sender’s eyes, body language, hand gestures, and
state of emotions such as anger, fear, uncertainty
and confidence that can be detected.
3. Context refers to the situation or environment in which your message is delivered.
 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
1. Principle of clarity. The information or message should be coded or worded
clearly. The receiver understands what the sender intends to say or mean.
2. Principle of attention. The receiver’s attention should be drawn to the message
to make communication effective. People are different in several aspects like in
their behavior, attention, emotion, preference, culture, belief, and principle, so the
respond differently to the message.
3. Principle of feedback. The feedback is very important in effective
communication. There should be a feedback information from the
receiver to know where s/he understood the message
in the same sense in which the sender has meant it.
 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
4. Principle of informality. In business and professional contexts, formal communication is
generally used for transmitting messages and other information. However, informal
communication may prove effective in situations when formal communication may not
achieve its desired results.
5. Principle of consistency. This principle states that communication should always be
consistent with policies, plans, programs, and objectives of the organization and not in
conflict with them.
6. Principle of timeliness. Timeliness and speed of transmission significantly contribute to
the communication process. This principle states that communication should be done in
real time so that it helps in implementing plans.
7. Principle of adequacy. The communicated information should be adequate and
complete in all respect. Inadequate information may delay action and create confusion.
 COMMUNICATION ETHICS
Communication ethics deals with the behavior of an individual or a group which is
governed by their morals and in turn affects communication. It is integrated into
academic, professional, personal, and civic contexts.
The National Communication Association or NCA’s “Credo for Ethical
Communication” was approved by the NCA Legislative Council in
November 1999, and it reminds us that communication ethics is
relevant across contexts and applies to every channel of communication.
The council stipulates that “ethical communication is fundamental to
responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of
relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures,
channels, and media. Moreover, ethical communication enhances
human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness,
responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others.
 COMMUNICATION ETHICS
1. Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of
communication.
2. Endorse freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to
achieve the informed and responsible decision making fundamental to a civil society.
3. Strive to understand and respect other communicators before evaluating and
responding to their messages.
4. Promote access to communication resources and opportunities
as necessary to fulfill human potential and contribute to the
well-being of families, communities, and society.
5. Promote communication climates of caring and mutual
understanding that respect the unique needs and characteristics
of individual communicators.
 COMMUNICATION ETHICS
6. Condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through
distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of
intolerance and hatred.
7. Commit to the courageous expression of personal convictions in pursuit of
fairness and justice.
8. Advocate sharing information, opinions, and feelings
when facing significant choices while also respecting
privacy and confidentiality.
9. Accept responsibility for the short- and long-term
consequences for our own communication and expect the
same of others.
 COMMUNICATION ETHICS
Meanwhile, the Ethics Resource Center (Free Word Press, 2017) has a simple
three-part guide for ethical business communication.

Show sensitivity
Be to cultural
differences
Honest

Be
Respectful
COMMUNICATION ETHICS IN
THE ACADEMIC CONTEXT
1. Writing should be done carefully.
2. Uphold research ethical standards.
3. When dealing with the faculty and staff,
students should show their respect toward
them by showing politeness, humility, honesty,
and sincerity.
4. Transactions or communication plans
should follow a protocol for their acceptance or
approval.
5. Never tell a lie or misrepresent facts to your
teachers, classmates, or to any people.
Prepared by:
BSA 1A
Henson, Jessica
Franco, Camille Joy
Ruiz, Bea Fritz
Zabala, Colyn Angela
Zapanta, Roanne Abegail

Submitted to:
Prof. Florence G. Sapasap