International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow

Numerical study of nanofluid flow and heat transfer over a rotating disk using Buongiorno’s model
Junaid Ahmad M. Mustafa T. Hayat Mustafa Turkyilmazoglu A. Alsaedi
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To cite this document:
Junaid Ahmad M. Mustafa T. Hayat Mustafa Turkyilmazoglu A. Alsaedi , (2017)," Numerical study of nanofluid flow and heat
transfer over a rotating disk using Buongiorno’s model ", International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow,
Vol. 27 Iss 1 pp. -
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 1. Introduction
The classical Von Karman [1] flow is the three-dimensional motion of viscous fluid induced
by a rotating disk. Such problem has remarkable industrial applications such as in the design
of computer storage devices, in crystal growth process, dynamics of tornados and hurricanes,
in power generators, in rotor-stator systems andin viscometry. Initially the Von Karman flow
was discussed by some researchers by taking into account different physical aspects [2-5].
Attia [6] analyzed unsteady rotating flow caused by a porous rotating disk with uniform
suction or injection. He computed the numerical solutions by finite difference approach. Later
Attia [7] extended this work with the consideration of Hall current. In another paper Attia [8]
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investigated the steady rotating flow over a rotating disk embedded in porous space with heat
transfer. Bachok et al. [9] used Keller-box method to study the flow of three different types of
nanofluids over a rotating disk. Rashidi et al. [10] presented optimal homotopy solutions for
MHD viscous flow above rotating disk. Turkyilmazoglu [11] numerically studied the heat
transfer enhancement in nanofluids above rotating disk by considering five different
nanoparticles.

The study of nanofluid dynamics is perhaps the most widely addressed area during the past
few years primarily due to its relevance in numerous technical applications including solar
water heating, delivery of drugs and radiation in patients, cooling of microelectronics,

Nomenclature

( r , θ, z ) Cylindrical coordinate system DB Brownian diffusion coefficient

u , v, w velocity components along the DT thermophoretic diffusion coefficient
r -, θ-, z - directions respectively
T fluid temperature Nb Brownian motion parameter

Tw wall temperature Nt thermophoresis parameter

T∞ ambient fluid temperature ' 1st order derivative with respect to η
C nanoparticle volume fraction '' 2nd order derivative with respect to η
Cw nanoparticle volume fraction at Greek symbols
the wall

C∞ ambient nanoparticle volume τ ratio of effective heat capacity of the

fraction nanoparticle material to that of the
base fluid
p pressure ν kinematic viscosity
 S,V,Y,Z dependent variables α thermal diffusivity
h step size η similarity variable

F , G, H dimensionless r -, θ - and z- Ω angular velocity

components of velocity
Pr Prandtl number µ dynamic viscosity
Sc Schmidt number φ dimensionless nanoparticle
concentration
k thermal conductivity ρ density of the fluid
Cf skin friction coefficient τ r ,τ θ wall shear stresses along r − and θ −
direction
q′′ wall heat flux θ dimensionless temperature
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Nu local Nusselt number

improving heat transfer efficiency of refrigerators and chillers, cooling of machine

equipments, cooling of transformer oil, nuclear reactor cooling, optimal absorption of solar
energy and in improving transportation. There are two popular models in the literature for
convective transport in nanofluids namely the Tiwari and Das model [12] and the Buongiorno
model [13]. The mathematical model suggested by Tiwari and Das is important in predicting
the effect of nanoparticle volume fraction on the momentum and thermal boundary layers.
Recently it has been employed by the researchers for a variety of interesting nanofluid flow
problems [14-21]. On the other hand Buongiorno considered seven slip mechanisms namely
inertia, Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis, diffusiophoresis, Magnus effect, fluid drainage
and gravity settling (see Nield and Kuznetsov [22]). Several studies concerned with the
nanofluid flow through this model have been reported in the past few years [23-38].

In the present article we discuss the Von Karman flow of nanofluid through Buongiorno’s
model. We further incorporate the revised condition for nanoparticle volume fraction recently
proposed by Kuznetsov and Nield [39]. Numerical results for velocity, temperature and
nanoparticle volume fraction are derived through an implicit finite difference technique
known as Keller box method. Some interesting works dealing with approximate solutions
through finite difference approaches can be found in [40-44]. Expressions for shear stress at
the disk are evaluated and discussed. Moreover results for two- and three-dimensional models
are sketched at different locations.
 2. Problem formulation

Let us choose the cylindrical coordinate system (r ,θ, z ) . Consider a steady incompressible
flow of nanofluid over a circular disk located at z = 0 . The disk is rotating about the z − axis
with an angular velocity Ω . Due to the rotational symmetry the derivatives in the azimuthal
direction may be neglected. The disk has constant temperature Tw and mass flux of
nanoparticles from the disk is assumed to be zero. The ambient values of temperature and
nanoparticle volume fraction are denoted by T∞ and C∞ respectively. Using the
Buongiorno’s model [13], the equations governing the axisymmetric flow of nanofluid over a
rotating disk are
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∂u u ∂ w
+ + = 0, (1)
∂r r ∂z

∂u v 2 ∂u 1 ∂p  ∂ 2u 1 ∂u u ∂ 2u 
u − +w =− +ν  2 + − + , (2)
∂r r ∂z ρ ∂r  ∂r r ∂r r 2 ∂z 2 

∂v uv ∂v  ∂ 2v 1 ∂v v ∂ 2 v 
u + + w =ν  2 + − + , (3)
∂r r ∂z  ∂r r ∂r r 2 ∂z 2 

∂w ∂w 1 ∂p  ∂ 2 w 1 ∂w ∂ 2 w 
u +w =− +ν  2 + + , (4)
∂r ∂z ρ ∂z  ∂r r ∂r ∂z 2 

  ∂C ∂T ∂C ∂T  DT  ∂T   ∂T   
2 2
∂T ∂T  ∂ 2T 1 ∂T ∂ 2T 
u +w =α  2 + +  +τ D
 B +  +   +   , (5)
∂r ∂z  ∂r r ∂ r ∂z 2    ∂r ∂r ∂z ∂z  T∞  ∂r   ∂z  

∂C ∂C  ∂ 2C 1 ∂C ∂ 2C  DT  ∂ 2T 1 ∂T ∂ 2T 
u +w = DB  2 + + +  + + , (6)
∂r ∂z  ∂r r ∂r ∂z 2  T∞  ∂r 2 r ∂r ∂z 2 

with the following boundary conditions

∂C DT ∂T
u = 0, v = r Ω, w = 0, T = Tw , DB + =0 at z = 0,
∂z T∞ ∂z (7)
u = 0, v = 0, T = T∞ , C = C∞ as z → ∞.
 In Eqs. (1)-(6), u , v and w are the velocity components along the radial, azimuthal and axial
directions respectively, ρ is the density of nanofluid, ν is the kinematic viscosity of

nanofluid, α is thermal diffusivity of nanofluid, DB is the Brownian diffusion coefficient,

DT is the thermophoretic diffusion coefficient and τ is the ratio of effective heat capacity of
the nanoparticle material to the effective heat capacity of the base fluid.

Introducing the Von Karman transformations [1]

Ω
η =   z, u = rΩF (η ) , v = r ΩG (η ) , w = νΩ H (η ) ,
ν 
(8)
T − T∞ C − C∞
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p − p∞ = − ρνΩP (η ) , θ (η ) = , φ (η ) = ,
Tw − T∞ C∞

Eqs. (1) – (7) reduce to the following system of ordinary differential equations

H ′ + 2 F = 0, (9)

F ′′ − HF ′ − F 2 + G 2 = 0, (10)

G ′′ − HG ′ − 2 FG = 0, (11)

H ′′ − HH ′ + P′ = 0, (12)

1
θ ′′ − Hθ ′ + Nbθ ′φ ′ + Ntθ ′2 = 0, (13)
Pr

Nt
φ ′′ − ScH φ ′ + θ ′′ = 0, (14)
Nb

H ( 0 ) = 0, F ( 0 ) = 0, G ( 0 ) = 1, θ ( 0 ) = 1, Nbφ ′ ( 0 ) + Ntθ ′ ( 0 ) = 0,
(15)
F ( ∞ ) = 0, G ( ∞ ) = 0, θ ( ∞ ) = 0, φ ( ∞ ) = 0, P (∞ ) = 0,

in which Pr = ν / α is the Prandtl number, Nb = τ DBC∞ / ν is the Brownian motion

parameter, Nt = τ DT (Tw − T∞ ) / ν T∞ is the thermophoresis parameter and Sc = ν / DB is the

Schmidt number.

The skin friction coefficient is defined by:

 τ r 2 + τθ 2
Cf = , (16)
ρ ( rΩ )
2

where the radial stress τ r and the tangential stress τθ are given by

 ∂u ∂w   ∂v 
τ r = µ  +  , τθ = µ   , (17)
 ∂z ∂r  z =0  ∂z  z =0

in which µ is the dynamic viscosity. Now using Eq. (8) in Eqs. (16) and (17) we obtain
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r 2 Ω3 r 2 Ω3
τr = µ F ′ ( 0) , τθ = µ G′ ( 0 ) ,
ν ν
(18)
v
( )
1/2
F ′ ( 0 ) + G′ ( 0 )
2 2
Cf = .
r Ω
2

The local Nusselt number is defined through the Fourier law as

rq′′
Nu = , (19)
k (Tw − T∞ )

where q′′ is the heat flux from the disk. Eq. (19) in view of Eq. (8) can be put in the form

r 2Ω
Nu = − θ ′ ( 0) . (20)
ν

3. Numerical procedure

The coupled non-linear system given in (9)-(15) has been solved numerically through an
implicit finite difference scheme known as Keller-box method. A detailed description of the
method can be found in the book by Cebeci and Bradshaw [45]. This method will be
preferred in view of its simplicity, ease of programming, unconditional stability, second order
accuracy and ability to use extrapolation as step size approaches to zero. Unlike other
numerical approaches it can be easily applied for solving even non-linear partial differential
equations. Let’s introduce the new dependent variables S (η ),V (η ), Y (η ) and Z (η ) such that

F ′ = S , G′ = V , θ ′ = Y , φ ′ = Z , (20)
 Eqs. (10), (11), (13), (14) and (15) reduce to the following first-order system

S ′ − HS − F 2 + G 2 = 0, (21)

V ′ − HV − 2 FG = 0, (22)

Y ′ − Pr H Y + Pr NbY Z + Pr Nt Y 2 = 0, (23)

Nt
Z ′ + ScHZ + Y ′ = 0, (24)
Nb

H (0) = 0, F (0) = 0, G (0) = 1, θ (0) = 1, NbZ (0) + NtY (0) = 0,

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(25)
F (∞) → 0, G (∞) → 0, θ (∞) → 0, φ (∞) → 0,

Consider the interval [η j −1 ,η j ] , with the midpoint η j −1/2 , in which the points having uniform

step size h(= 0.01) are defined as below:

η0 = 0, η j = η j −1 + h, j = 1, 2, ... J , η J = η∞ .

Using central differences, Eq. (9) and Eqs. (21)-(25) can be expressed as

H j − H j −1 = − h ( F j + Fj −1 ) , (26)

F j − F j −1 =
h
2
( S j + S j −1 ) , (27)

G j − G j −1 =
h
2
(V j + V j −1 ) , (28)

θ j − θ j −1 =
h
2
(Y j + Y j −1 ) , (29)

φ j − φ j −1 =
h
2
( Z j + Z j −1 ) , (30)

h
( H j + H j −1 )( S j + S j −1 ) − ( F j + Fj −1 ) + ( G j + G j −1 ) = 0,
h h
2 2
S j − S j −1 − (31)
4 4 4

V j − V j −1 −
h
4
( H j + H j −1 )(V j + V j −1 ) − ( Fj + F j −1 )( G j + G j −1 ) = 0,
h
2
(32)
 Y j − Y j −1 − Pr
h
4
( H j + H j −1 )(Y j + Y j −1 ) + Pr Nb (Y j + Y j −1 )( Z j + Z j −1 )
h
4
(33)
h
( Y j + Y j −1 ) = 0,
2
+ PrNt
4

Z j − Z j −1 + Sc
h
4
( H j + H j −1 )( Z j + Z j −1 ) + (Y j − Y j −1 ) = 0,
Nt
Nb
(34)

Nt
H 0 = 0, F0 = 0, G0 = 1, θ 0 = 1, Z 0 = − Y0 ,
Nb (35)
FJ = 0, GJ = 0, θ J = 0, φJ = 0.
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Eqs. (26)-(35) can be linearized through Newton’s method. The linearized system, which has
a block-tridiagonal structure, can be easily solved by the block-elimination procedure. After
obtaining the solution for H , Eq. (12) may be integrated to determine the pressure
distribution.

4. Numerical results and discussion

Before analyzing the solutions, it is very important to validate the present numerical
approach. For this reason, we compared the numerical results with already available studies
for the case of pure fluid (see Table 1). An excellent agreement is demonstrated in almost all
the considered cases. It is also noticed that shear stress at the disk along the radial direction is
less than that in the tangential direction.

Fig. 1 presents the radial, azimuthal and axial velocity distributions. Parabolic profile of
F (η ) reveals a radially outward flow. As expected the azimuthal velocity component G(η )
appears to be maximum at the disk and descends to zero as distance from the disk is
increased. The vertical component of velocity H (η ) is negative which reveals a downward
flow in the vertical direction as a result of rotating disk.

Fig. 2 includes the temperature profiles for different values of Prandtl number Pr . We
observe that thermal boundary layer becomes thinner and temperature gradient becomes
steeper when Pr is increased from Pr = 5 to Pr = 13 . In Fig. 3, the effect of thermophoresis
on temperature θ is presented. We observe that temperature rises within the boundary layer
when thermophoretic effect intensifies. We also found that the variation in θ with Nt is
significant only when larger values of Schmidt number Sc ≥ 20 are accounted.
 Fig. 4 elucidates the influence of Schmidt number on nanoparticle volume fraction φ . It is
apparent that the Schmidt number is analog of Prandtl number for mass transfer. Larger
Schmidt number indicates weaker Brownian diffusion and hence it allows mild migration of
nanoparticles from the hot disk towards the cold ambient fluid. Due to this reason,
penetration depths of both θ and φ are decreasing functions of Sc .

Figs. 5 and 6 depict the behaviors of Brownian motion and thermophoretic diffusion on the
nanoparticle volume fraction. It can be seen that φ reduces sharply only when Brownian
motion parameter Nb is increased from 0.1 to 0.7 (see Fig. 5). In fact deviation in φ with
Nb is negligible beyond Nb = 1 . On the other hand stronger thermophoretic diffusion
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enhance nanoparticle volume fraction as can be observed from Fig. 6.

Fig. 7 presents the local Nusselt number Nu as a function of Nt for different values of Pr .
Interestingly heat transfer rate is directly and linearly proportional to Nt for any given
Prandtl number. Fig. 8 gives the sketch of three-dimensional streamlines when rate of angular
velocity Ω is 1 rad / s . It is clear that rotational effects are prominent up to z = 0.002m . Figs.
9-11 include the two-dimensional streamlines at different locations. The streamlines are
found in very good agreement with those of Rashidi et al. [10].

5. Concluding remarks
Flow of nanofluid over a rotating disk is investigated by taking into account the combined
effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Simulations are performed by assuming
passive control of nanoparticle from the disk. The major points of this work are summarized
below:

• The radial velocity distribution is parabolic in nature and its positive value reveals a
radially outward flow.
• The axial velocity is negative indicating a vertically downward flow due to the
rotation of the disk.
• Local Nusselt number is negligibly affected with the variation in the Brownian motion
parameter Nb .
• Local Nusselt number is directly as well as linearly proportional to the thermophoresis
parameter Nt .
• The results are found in an excellent agreement with available studies in special cases.
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837–855.

Figure captions

Fig. 1: Velocity distributions in radial, azimuthal and axial directions.

Fig. 2: Influence of P r on θ .
Fig. 3: Influence of Nt on θ .
Fig. 4: Influence of Sc on φ .
Fig. 5: Influence of N b on φ .
Fig. 6: Influence of Nt on φ .

Fig.7: Influences of Nt and Pr on −θ ′(0).

Fig. 8: 3D streamlines for Ω = 1 rad / s and ν = 8.94 × 10 −6 m 2 / s.

Fig. 9: 2D streamlines for Ω = 1 rad / s , ν = 8.94 × 10 −6 m 2 / s at z = 0.001 m .

Fig. 10: 2D streamlines for Ω = 1 rad / s , ν = 8.94 × 10 −6 m 2 / s at y = 0 m .

Fig. 11: 2D streamlines for Ω = 1 rad / s , ν = 8.94 × 10 −6 m 2 / s at y = 0.001 m .

 Sc = 5, Nb = Nt = 0.5.
1 1
H(η)
0.8 0.9
F(η)
0.6 G(η) 0.8

0.4 0.7

0.2 0.6

0 0.5

θ
−0.2 0.4 Pr = 5, 7, 10, 13

−0.4 0.3

−0.6 0.2

−0.8 0.1

−1 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
η η

Fig. 1 Fig. 2
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Pr = 7, Sc = 30, Nb = 0.5. Pr = 7, Nb = Nt = 0.5.

1 0.2

0.9 0.1

0.8 0

0.7 −0.1 Sc = 1, 5, 10, 15

0.6 −0.2

0.5 −0.3
θ

Nt = 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7

0.4 −0.4

0.3 −0.5

0.2 −0.6

0.1 −0.7

0 −0.8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
η η

Fig. 3 Fig. 4
Pr = 7, Sc = 5, Nt = 0.5. Pr = 7, Sc = 5, Nb = 0.5.
1 0.4

0.5
0.2
0
0
−0.5
Nb = 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7
−1 −0.2 Nt = 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7
φ

−1.5 −0.4

−2
−0.6
−2.5
−0.8
−3

−3.5 −1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
η η

Fig.5 Fig.6
 Sc = 10, Nb = 0.5.
1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

−θ’(0)
1.1

0.9

0.8
Pr = 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 17
0.7
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Nt

Fig.7
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0.01

0.008

0.006
Z

0.004

0.002

0
0.01
0.005
Y 0
-0.005 0.005
0
-0.01 -0.005
-0.01 X

Fig. 8
 0.001

0.0005

0
Y

-0.0005
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-0.001
-0.001 -0.0005 0 0.0005 0.001
X

Fig. 9

0.008

0.006
Z

0.004

0.002

0
-0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01
X

Fig. 10
 0.01

0.008

0.006
Z

0.004
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0.002

0
-0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01
X

Fig. 11

Table 1: Comparison of numerical results with those of the previously published articles.

Kelson and Turkyilmazoglu

Bachok et al. [9] Present
Desseaux [46] [11]
F ′ ( 0) 0.510233 0.5101 0.51023262 0.510232
−G ′ ( 0 ) 0.615922 0.6158 0.61592201 0.615923
−H (∞) 0.884474 ------ 0.88447411 0.884620
−θ ′ ( 0 ) ----- 0.9337 0.93387794 0.933877