CHAPTER 1: DEFINING THE SELF: PERSONAL
is to anticipate living eternally in a realm of
AND DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE ON
SELF AND IDENTITY
NAME AND THE SELF
• THE NAME IS NOT THE PERSON ITSELF NO MATTER
HOW INTIMATELY BOUND IT IS WITH THE BEARER
• THE SELF IS SOMETHING THAT A PERSON
PERENNIALLY MOLDS, SHAPES, AND DEVELOPS.
SOCRATES AND PLATO
Socrates
• Concerned with the problem of the “Self”
• The first philosopher who ever engaged in a
systematic questioning about the self.
• Become his life-long mission, the true task
of the philosopher is to know oneself.
• Thought that this is the worst that can
happen to anyone: to live but die inside
• Stated that every man is composed if body
and soul. Which mean that every human is
dualistic, that is, he is composed of two
aspects of his personhood.
• For Socrates, this means all individuals have
an imperfect, impermanent aspects to him,
and the body, while maintaining that there
is also a soul that is perfect and
permanent.
Plato
• Claimed in his dialogs that Socrates
affirmed that the unexamined life is not
worth living.
• Supported the idea of Socrates that man is
a dual nature of body and soul.
• 3 Components of the Soul – According in
his “magnum opus” (“The Republic”)
• Rational Soul – reasons and
intellect
• Spirited Soul- emotion
• Appetitive Soul- desires (Eating,
drinking, sleeping, and having sex)
AGUSTINE & THOMAS AQUINAS
AGUSTINE
• View the person reflects the entire spirit of
the medieval world when it comes to man.
Following the ancient view of Plato and
infusing it with the newfound doctrine of
Christianity
• Agreed that man is of a “bifurcated” nature.
An aspect of men dwells in the world and is
imperfect and continuously yearns to be
with the Divine and the other is capable of
reaching immortality.
• Body is bound to die on earth and the soul
spiritual bliss in communion with God.
• The goal of every human person is to attain
this communion and bliss with the Divine by
living his life on earth in virtue.
THOMAS AQUINAS
• Said that, man is composed of two parts:
matter and form.
• Matter , or hyle in Greek, refers to
the “ common stuff that makes up
everything in the universe”. Man’s
body is part of the matter.
• Form, morphe in Greek refers to
the “essence of a substance or
thing”
• The soul is what animates the body; it is
what makes us humans
RENE DESCARTES
• Father of Modern Philosophy
• In his famous treatise, “The Mediations of First
Philosophy”, he claims that there is so much that we
should doubt.
• Descartes thought that the only thing that one
cannot doubt is the existence of the self, a thing that
think and therefore, that cannot be doubted.
• Cogito ergo sum “I think therefore I am”
• Self is a combination of two distinct entities, the
cogito, the thing that thinks, which is the mind, and
the extenza or the extension of the mind, which is
the body.
• In Descartes view, the body is nothing else but a
machine that is attached to the mind.
• “The human person has it but it is not what makes a
man a man. If at all, that is all the mind.
• Descartes says “ But what then am I? A thinking
thing. It has been said. But what is a thinking thing?
It is a thing that doubts, understands (conceives),
affirms, denies, wills, refuse; that imagines also, and
perceives” (Descartes 2008)
DAVID HUME
• Scottish philosopher/ Empiricist
• Empiricism – is the school of thought that espouses
the idea of knowledge can only be possible if it is
sensed and experienced
• Believes that one can know only what comes from
the senses and experiences, argues that the self is
nothing like what is predecessors through of it.
• To David Hume, the self is nothing else but a bundle
of impressions.
• Experience can be categorized into two:
• Impressions – are the basic objects of our
experience or sensation; form the core of
our thoughts
 • They are product of our direct
experience with the world
• Ex. When on touches an ice cubes, the cold
sensation is an impression
• Ideas – copies of impression
• Ex Feeling of being in love
• Self according to Hume, is simply “a bundle or
collection of different perceptions, which succeed
each other with an inconceivable rapidity, and are in
a perpetual flux and movement” (Hume and
Steinberg 1992)
SELF
 Is simply a combination of all experience with a
particular person
IMMANUEL KANT
• Kant thinks that the things that men perceive around
them are not just randomly infused into the human
person without an organizing principle that regulates
the relationship of all these relationship of all these
impressions.
• For him there is necessarily a mind that organizes
the impression that men get from the external world
• Ex. Time and Space, are ideas that once cannot find
in the world, but built in our minds.
• Without the self, one cannot organize the different
impressions that one gets in relation to his own
existence. Kant therefore suggest that it is an
actively engage intelligence in man that synthesizes
all the knowledge and experience.
• Self is not just what gives the personality, it is also
seat of knowledge acquisition for all human person.
GILBERT RYLE
• Solves the mind-body dichotomy that has been
running for a long time in the history of thought by
blatantly denying the concept of an internal, non-
physical self.
• For Ryle, what truly matters is the behavior that a
person manifest in his day-to-day life.
• Ryle suggest that the “self” is not an entity one can
locate and analyse but simply that convenient name
that people use to refer to all the behavior that
people make.
MEARLEAU- PONTY
• A phenomenologist
• Asserts that the mind-body bifurcation that has been
going on for a long time is a futile endeavour and an
invalid problem.
• Mearleau - Ponty insisted says that the mind and
body are so intertwined that they cannot be
separated from one another.
• Dismissed the Cartersian Dualism
• For him, the Cartesian problem is nothing else but
plain misunderstanding. The living body, his
thoughts, emotions, and experience are all one.
SUMMARY:
Socrates - every man is composed of body & soul
Plato – added 3 components to the soul; rational soul,
spirited soul, appetitive soul
Agustine - body is bound to die on earth and the soul is to
anticipate living eternally in a realm with God
Thomas Aquinas - Man is composed of two parts: Matter or
hyle Form or morphe
Rene Descartes - “I think therefore I am” Two distinct
entities Cogito – mind Extenza – body
David Hume - Experience can be categorized into two:
Impression and Ideas
ImmanuelKant - There is a mind that organizes impressions
that men get from the external world.
Gilbert Ryle – denied the self
Merleau -Ponty - Dismissed the cartesian dualism
CHAPTER 2: THE SELF, SOCIETY, AND
CULTURE
• People put a halt on speculative debates on the
relationship between the body and soul, eventually
renamed the body and mind
• Thinkers just settled on the idea that there are two
components of the human person and whatever
relationship these two have is less important than
the fact that there is a “Self”.
• The debate shifter into another locus of discussion.
Given the new ways to knowing and the growth of
the social science, it became possible for new
approaches to examination of the self to come to the
fore. E.G. TARZAN
• Disappointedly, human persons will not develop as
human persons without intervention.
• Our selves are not special because of the soul
infused into us. We may be gifted with intellect and
the capacity to rationalize thing but at the end of the
day, our growth and development and
consequentially, our selves are truly products of our
interaction with external reality.
WHAT IS THE SELF?
• Self is defined by the following characteristics:
• “Separate, Self-contained, independent,
consistent, unitary, and private”
• Separate- self is distinct from other
selves, the self is always unique and has
its own identity.
ONE CANNOT BE ANOTHER PERSON
• Self contained and Independent – in itself it can exist;
its distinctness allows it to be self-contained with its
own thoughts, characteristics, and volition.
IT DOES NOT REQUIRE ANY OTHER SELF FOR IT TO
EXIST.
• Self is defined by the following characteristics:
 • “Separate, Self-contained, independent,
consistent, unitary, and private”
• Consistent – it has a personality that is enduring and
therefore can be expected to persist for quite some time.
It consistency allows it to be studied, described, and
measured.
• Unitary – is the center of all experiences and thoughts
that run through a certain person; it is like the chief
command post in an individual where al processes,
emotions, and thoughts coverage.
• Private – Each person sorts out information, feelings,
and emotions, and thought processes within the self.
• The self is isolated from the external world. It lives in its
own world. However, we also see that this potential
clash between the self and external reality is the reason
for the self to have a clear understanding of what it
might be, what it can be, and what it will be
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
• Social Constructivist Perspective
• Relationship between self and external
reality
• Argued for a merged view of ‘the person’
and their ‘social context’ where the
boundaries of one cannot easily be
separated from their boundaries of the
other.
• Social constructivist argued that the self should not
be seen as a static entity that stays constant through
and through. Rather, the self has to be seen as
something that is in unceasing flux, in a constant
struggle with external reality and is malleable in its
dealing with society.
• Having these perspectives considered should draw
one ito concluding that the self is truly multifacted
• We our selves play different roles, act in different
ways depending on our circumstances.
• This is not only normal but is also acceptable and
expected. The self is capable of morphing and
fitting itself into any circumstances it finds itself in.
The Self and Culture
• Marcel Mauss – French Anthropologist
• Said that every self has two faces:
• Moi – refers to a person’s sense of who he
is, his body, and his basic identity, his
biological givenness. Is a person’s basic
identity
• Personne Is composed of the social
concepts of what it means to be who he is
• Has much to do with what it means to
live particular institution, a particular
family, a particular religion, a particular
nationality, and how to behave given
expectations and influence from others
• This dynamic and capacity for different personne can
be illustrated better cross-culturally. An Overseas
Filipino Worker (OFW) adjusting to life in another
country.
• In the Philippines, Filipinos tend to consider their
territory as a part of who they are. This include
considering their immediate surrounding as a part of
them : “TAPAT KO, LINIS KO”
• In another country, however, the Filipinos recognizes
that he is in a foreign territory where nothing
technically belongs to him. He has to follow the rules
or else he will be apprehended.
• Language has something to do with culture
• It is a salient part of culture and ultimately, has a
tremendous effect in our crafting of the self.
• If a self is born into a particular culture or society,
the self will have to adjust according to its exposure
THE SELF AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL WORLD
• One is believed to be in active participation in the
shaping of the self
• Recent studies, however indicates that men and
women in their growth and development engage
actively in the shaping of the self
• The unending terrain of metamorphosis of the self is
mediated by language. “Language as both a publicly
shared and privately utilized symbol system is the
site where the individual and the social make and
remake each other.
MEAD AND VYGOTSKY
• For Mead and Vygotsky, the way that human person
develop is with the use of language acquisition and
interaction with others
• The way we process information is normally a form
of an internal dialogue in our head. Those who
deliberate about moral dilemmas undergo this
internal dialogue.
• Both Mead and Vygotsky treat the human mind as
something tat is made, constituted through language
as experienced in the external world and as
encountered in dialogs with others.
• A young child internalizes values, norms, practices,
and social beliefs and more through exposure to
these dialogs that will eventually become part of his
individual world.
• For Mead, this takes place as a child assumes the
“other” through language and role-play. A child
conceptualizes his notion of “self” through this.
• Vygotsky, for his part, a child internalizes real life
dialogs that he has had with others , with his family,
his primary caregivers, or his playmates.
SELF IN FAMILIES
• The impact of one’s family is still deemed as a given
in understanding the self.
• The kind of development that we will have will
certainly affect us as we go through life.
• Human persons are one of those being whose
importance of family cannot be denied.
• Human beings are born virtually helpless and the
dependency period of a human baby to its parents
for nurturing is relatively longer than most other
animals.
 • Family initiates a person to become that serves as
the basis for this person’s progress
• Babies – Imitating
• Language of its primary agents of rearing its
family, babies learn the language
GENDER AND THE SELF
• Gender is one of those loci of the self that is subject
to alteration, change, and development.
CHAPTER3: THE SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT
JOHARI WINDOW
Known to self
OPEN SELF
Known to others Information about you that both you and others know
HIDDEN SELF
Unknown to others Information about you that you know but others don’t
“I am who I am” (light and dark; yin yang)
Self
 Is the sense of personal identity and of who we are
as individuals (Jhangiani and Tarry 2014)
 William James
 One of the earliest psychologist to study the self
and conceptualized the self as having two aspects
 “I” – thinking, acting and feeling self
 “Me” – is the physical characteristics as
well as psychological capabilities that makes
who you are
 Carl Rogers
 Roger’s theory of personality also used the terms
 “I” as the one who acts and decides
 “Me” is what you think or feel about
yourself as an object
Other concepts similar to self
 Identity
 composed of personal characteristics, social
roles, and responsibilities, as well as
affiliations that define who one is
 Self – Concept
 Is what basically comes to your mind when
you are asked about who you are
 Self, Identity, and Self-concept are not fixed in one
time frame
 Example
 “I was a varisty player in 5th grade” – Past,
“A college student” – present and “a future
doctor” - future
 Think of a malleable metal, strong and hard but can
be bent and molded in other shapes.
• We have seen in the past years how people fought
hard for the right to express, validate, and assert
their gender expression.
• It is important to give one the leeway to find, to
express, and live his identity. This forms part of
selfhood that one cannot just dismiss
GENDER HAS TO BE PERSONALLY DISCOVERED AND
ASSERTED AND NOT DICTATED BY CULTURE AND THE
SOCIETY
Unknown to self
BLIND SELF
Information about you that you don’t know but others
do know
UNKNOWN SELF
Information about you that neither you nor others
know
 Water, it can take any shape of the container, but at
its core, it is still the same element
Self- Schema
 Our organized system or collection of knowledge
about who we are
 As you grow and adapt to the changes around you,
they also change
 Is our road map on how we understand things
 They actively shape and affect how you see, think,
and feel about things
 Three other self-schema
 Actual self
 Who you are at that moment
 Ideal self
 Who you like to be
 Ought self
 Who you think you should be
Phineas Gage – natusok ng tubo sa utak and his behaviour
and how his mind works were affected
SIGMUND FREUD Freud saw the self, its mental processes,
and one’s behavior as the result of the interaction between
the Id, the ego, and superego
 One cannot fully discount the huge and important
effects of the environment
 Social interaction always has a part to play in who
we think we are
Symbolic Interactionism
 G.H. Mead argued that the self is created and
developed through human interaction
 Three reasons why self and identity are social
products
  1. We do not create ourselves out of
nothing. Society helped in creating the
foundation of who we are and even if we
make our choices, we still operate in our
social and historical context in one way or
the other
 2. Whether we like to admit it or not, we
actually need others to affirm and reinforce
who we think we are. We also need them as
reference points about our identity.
 3. What we think is important to us may
also have been influenced by what is
important in our social or historical context.
(Education and Money)
 Social Interaction and group affiliation, therefore, are
vital factors creating our self-concept especially in
the aspect of providing us with our social identity or
our perception of who we are based on our
membership to certain groups
SELF-AWARENESS
 Two type of self that we can be aware of
 1. the private self or your internal
standards and private thoughts and feelings
 2. the public self of your public image
commonly geared towards having a good
presentation of yourself to others
 Self awareness may be positive or negative
depending on the circumstances and our next course
of action
 Can keep you from doing something dangerous
 In other instances, self-awareness can be too much
that we are concerned about being observed and
criticized by others, also known as self-consciousness
 At other times, especially with the large crowd, we
may experience deindividuation or “the loss of
individual self- awareness and individual
accountability in groups”
 A lot of people will attune themselves with the
emotions of their group and because the large crowd
also provides some kind of anonymity, we lessen our
self-control and act in ways that we will not do when
we are alone. A common example is a mass
demonstration into a riot
 Our group identity and self-awareness also has a
great impact on our self-esteem
 One of the ways in which our social relationship
affects our self-esteem is through social comparison.
According to the social comparison theory, we learn
about themselves, the appropriateness of our
behaviors, as well as our social status by comparing
aspects of ourselves with other people
Downward Social Comparison
 Is the more common type of comparing ourselves
with others
 We create positive self-concept by comparing
ourselves with those who are worst off than us
 By having the advantage, we can raise our self-
esteem
Upward Social Comparison
 Comparing ourselves with those who are better than
us
 Can be a form of motivation for some
 A lot of those who do this actually felt lower self-
esteem as they highlight more of their weaknesses
or inequities
Social Evaluation Maintenance Theory
 States that we can feel threatened when someone
out-performs us, especially when that person is close
to us (friends or family).
 We usually react in three ways
We distance ourselves
Reconsider the importance of the aspect or
skill in which you were outperformed
Strengthen or resolve to improve that
certain aspect of ourselves
 In attempt to increase or maintain self-esteem, some
people become Narcissistic. Narcissism is a “trait
characterized by overly high self-esteem, self-
admiration, and self-centeredness”
 Often look charismatic because how they take care
of their image.
 Taking care of that image includes their
interpersonal relationships thus they will try to look
for better partners, better acquaintances, as well as
people who will appreciate them a lot
SELF ESTEEM
 POSITIVE (High Self-Esteem)
 Outgoing
 Adventurous
 Adaptable in a lot of situations
 Initiates activities and build relationships
with people
 NEGATIVE (High Self-Esteem)
 Bullies
 Experiment on abusive behaviors with
drugs, alcohol, and sex
CHAPTER 4: THE SELF IN WESTERN AND
EASTERN THOUGHTS
Confucianism
 Seen as a code of ethical conduct, of how one should
properly act according to their relationship with other
people.
 Focus on having a harmonious life
 The identity and self-concept of the individual are
interwoven with the identity and status of his/her
community or culture, sharing its pride as well as its
failures
 Chun-tzu, a man of virtue or noble character, is still
embedded in his social relationships
  Subdued self- wherein personal needs are
repressed (subdued) for the good of many, making
Confucianism society also hierarchal for the purpose
of maintaining order and balance in society
TAOISM
 Is living in the way of the Tao or the universe
 Rejects having one definition of what Tao is
 Rejects the hierarchy and strictness brought by
Confucianism and would prefer a simple lifestyle and
its teaching thus aim to describe how to attain that
life
 The self is not just an extension of the family or the
community; it is part of the universe, one of the
forms and manifestations of the Tao
 The ideal self is selflessness but this is not forgetting
the self, it is living a balanced life with society and
nature, being open and accepting to change,
forgetting about prejudice and egocentric ideas and
thinking about equality as well as complementarity
among humans as well as other beings
BUDDHISM
 The self is seen as an illusion, born out of ignorance,
of trying to hold and control things, or human-
centered needs; thus the self is also source of all
these suffering. It is, therefore, our quest to forget
about the self, forget the self, break the attachment
you have with the world, and to renounce the self
which is the cause of all suffering and in doing so,
attain the state of Nirvana

WESTERN
Focus on oneself and personal needs
More acquisition of material things
More acquisition of material things
Obsessed with being successful
Wealth and poverty is the result of enterprise and hard
work
Celebrates the youth and being young
Subscribes the idea of evolution
EASTERN
Focus on others and the feeling of others
Tilted towards less assets (thus the mantra less is
more)
Tilted towards less assets (thus the mantra less is
more)
More inclined towards long life; long life is equated
with wealth
Poverty is the result of fortune and luck.
Values the wisdom of years and seniority
Subscribe the concept of reincarnation

CHAPTER 5: PHYSICAL SELF
 Human beings are attracted to many things about
each other – one of which is physical beauty ... After
they have had enough experiences together, that
first layer of beauty becomes far less important than
the other, less visible layers of attraction.
 Our body image, which includes our perception of
ourselves and our own body and the manner in
which we feel about our body, is influenced by a
variety of factors.
AESTHETICS
 The branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of
art, taste, and the creation and appreciation of
beauty.
 Cultural Traditions Can Help or Hurt
 The culture in which we are surrounded by has a
significant impact on how we feel about ourselves
and the manner in which we think about our body.
“We all know that self-esteem comes from what you think
of you, not what other people think of you” - GLORIA
GAYNOR-
 Not all countries feel the same way about the
concept of beauty. In fact, cultures around the world
have different ideas of what is beautiful.
 Some cultures in Africa, for example, do not
celebrate thinness the way Americans do. (Famously,
the country of Mauritania has come to be known as
one that idolizes overweight women.) This is most
often seen as a sign of wealth and fertility.
 In Brazil, women want to appear fit and toned, and
things like waxing, sculpting massages, and
manicures are everyday treatments, not only
reserved for the spa.
 In both Asia and Africa, skin lightening has risen in
popularity. Korea, Thailand, and Japan have all been
known to champion skincare products that smooth
and brighten, as milky, unblemished skin is the
ultimate beauty goal.
Skin tone is a proxy for socioeconomic status.
 In western countries a tan means that you have
disposable income to take vacations into sunny
climates or have free time away from a desk job to
lay on the beach and get a tan. A tan symbolizes
wealth.

SELF ESTEEM Beauty in terms of art refers to an interaction between line,

INFLATED SELF- HIGH SELF- LOW SELF- color, texture, sound, shape, motion, and size that is pleasing
ESTEEM ESTEEM ESTEEM to the senses.

This is a positive This person do CHAPTER 5.1: SEXUAL SELF

This people holds self-esteem, not value
high regards of which make the themselves and Understanding Basic of Sexual Behavior
themselves. Better person be do not trust their
than the other to satisfied of possibilities. • Human Sexual behavior is complex and complicated,
the point of themselves. thus, it is not all different from other species.
underestimating
them . • Men sexual behavior can occur any time, by being
arouse to certain stimuli. At puberty, the testes
begin to secrete androgens (male sex hormones)
 which produces secondary sex characteristics like
growth of bodily hair and change in tone of voice.
• Female sexual behavior starts at puberty where the
two ovaries begin to produce estrogens and
progesterone (female sex hormones)
• Uterus – (womb) it is a hallow pear-shaped elastic
muscular structure where fertilized ovum (zygote)
develops into a baby
• Vagina – it is a tube leading to outside of the body
through an opening called vulva

Male Reproductive System
• Testis- is the most important part of male
reproductive organ. It is the source of Spermatozoa
(male germ cell)
• Scrotum it is a sac of skin where the two testes are
enveloped
• Prostate glands – it is a gland that carries out both
urine and seminal fluid. It is connected by sperm
ducts from sperm duct joining into a single tube
called urethra
• Penis – it is where the ejaculation occur by sending
sperm cell from testis and secrete out
• Sperm – it is a male gametes, one that is necessary
for the egg to develop and become a baby.
Female Reproductive System
• Ovary – It is a pair of small, oval organs which
produces ova (ovum; female germ cells). Thousands
of ova will mature and will be taken up to the
fallopian tube through the uterus by the time of
puberty.
During sexual intercourse, the semen from male is discharge
in the vagina. The sperm will begin moving up to the uterus
reaching the fallopian tube.
During the travel most of the sperm will die while climbing up
the fallopian tube, only one sperm will enter the ovum and
can remain alive for only 12 hours.
In this time, if it meets ovum which will lead to fertilization.
The zygote (fertilized egg) will form in an embryo from which
will enter gestation period. It is around 9 months in time for
the woman o give birth
EROGENOUS ZONE
• These are the parts that particularly sensitive to
touch, pressure and vibration which contributes
to sexual arousal.
• Identifying erogenous zone (hot spot) give different
reaction and effect to a person. For one, these could
bring sexual satisfaction, also, improves sexual
health and stimulating different spots may produce
different reaction to the body.
• Female and male erogenous zone are reproductive
organs (vagina, penis, scrotum and clitoris), mouth
(lips), neck, breast (nipples) and ears

• Fallopian Tube – are pair of thin tubes that leads

from ovaries to the uterus

PHASE OF SEXUAL RESPONSE

Excitement Phase Plateau Phase
 increase in pulse and
blood pressure
 a sudden rise in blood
supply to the surface
of the body resulting in
increased skin
temperature, flushing,
and swelling of all
distensible body parts
(particularly noticeable
in the male
reproductive structure
and female breast),
 more rapid breathing,
the secretion of genital
fluids, vaginal
expansion, and a
general increase in
muscle tension.
 increase to a near
maximal physiological
level that leads to the
next stage.
Orgasm Phase/ Sexual Resolution Phase
 It is generally a brief Climax
duration. If  intense pleasure, a
stimulation is rapid increase in pulse
continued, orgasm rate and blood
usually occurs. pressure
(labas-pasok-repeat)  spasms of the pelvic
muscles causing
contractions of the
female reproductive
organ and ejaculation
by the male.
 characterized by
involuntary
vocalizations.
 Sexual climax may last
for a few seconds
(normally not over
ten), after which the
individual enters the
next phase
 last stage
 return to a normal or
subnormal physiologic
state.
 Males and females are
similar in their
response sequence.
 Whereas males return
to normal even if
stimulation continues,
but contained
stimulation can
produce additional
orgasms in female.
Females are physically
capable of repeated
orgasms without the
intervening “rest
period” required by
males.

SEXUAL PROBLEMS Physiological problems

 Sexual problems may be classified as physiological,  are at least among three categories. Only a small
psychological, and social in origin. Any given number of people suffer from diseases that are
problems may involved all three categories. abnormal development of the genitalia or that part of
the neurophysiology controlling sexual response
 1. Vaginal Infection a. Nonhuman objects

 Burning, itching, and an unpleasant odor are just b. Suffering from humiliation of
some of the common symptoms of vaginal infection oneself or one’s partner

 Caused by the fungus candida c. Children or nonconsenting person

2. Paraphilic Disorders
 People with paraphillias have recurrent, intense
sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or
behaviors that generally involve

Psychological Problems

 Problems in brain; connected in our mind

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE 3. Human papillomavirus infection

• Are infections transmitted from an infected person to 4. Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
an uninfected person through sexual contact.
5. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
• STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or (AIDS)
parasites
6. Chalmydia
• Examples
7. Syphilis
1. Gonorrhea

2. Genital herpes

NATURAL METHOD ARTIFICIAL METHOD

 natural family planning methods do not involve any  involves any chemical or foreign body introduction
chemical or foreign body introduction into the into the human body
human body. People who are very conscious of their
religious beliefs are more inclined to use the natural way
of birth control and other follow such natural method
because they are more cost-efficient.
 1. ABSTINENCE
 Refraining from sexual intercourse and is the most
effective natural birth control method with ideally 0% fail
rate.
 However, most people find it difficult to comply with
abstinence, so only few use this method
2. CALENDAR METHOD
 This method is also called rhythm method. It entails
withholding from coitus during the days that women is
fertile.
 The woman needs to record her menstrual cycle to six
months in order to calculate the woman’s safe days to
prevent conception.
3. BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE
• Indicates the woman’s temperature at rest. Before the
day of ovulation and during ovulation.
• The woman must record her temperature every morning
before any activity. A slight decrease in the basal body
temperature followed by a gradual increase in the basal
body temperature can be a sign of woman has ovulated.
4. CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD
• The change in cervical mucus during ovulation is the basis
for this method.
5. SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD
 Basically a combination of the BBT method and
cervical mucus method
6. OVULATION DETECTION
• The ovulation detection method uses an over-the-counter
kit that requires urine sample of the woman. The kit can
predict ovulation through surge of luteinizing hormone
(LH) that happens 12 to 24 hours before ovulation.
7. COITUS INTERRUPTS
• Is one of the oldest method that prevents conception. A
couple still goes on with coitus, but the man withdraws
the moment he ejaculates to emit the spermatozoa
outside of the female reproductive organ. A disadvantage
of this method is the pre-ejaculation fluid that contain a
few spermatozoa that may cause fertilization.
******GOODLUCK AND GODBLESS*****
1. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
• Also known as pills, contains synthetic estrogen and
progesterone.
2.TRANSDERMAL PATCH
• It is a patch applied in the following areas; upper outer
arm, upper torso, abdomen and buttocks for three weeks
3.VAGINAL RING
• Releases a combination of estrogen and progesterone and
surrounds the cervix. It remains in there for 3 weeks.
Removed on the fourth week as menstrual period flows.
The woman becomes fertile as soon as the ring is
removed.
4.SUBDERMAL IMPLANTS
• It is a two rod-like implants under the skin of the woman
during her menstruation or on the 7th day of her
menstruation to make sure that she will not get pregnant
5.HORMONAL INJECTION
 Prevents ovulation and cause change in the cervical
mucus. It has an almost 100% effectiveness. And
one of the most popular choice for birth control.
6.INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD)
• It is a t-shaped object insisted in uterus thru vagina to
prevent fertilization. It is done only by a physician right
after the woman’s menstruation to be sure that she’s not
pregnant.
7.CHEMICAL BARRIERS
• These are used to cause death of the sperm before it can
enter the cervix of the woman. These spermicides,
vaginal gels and creams, and glycerine films .
8.DIAPHRAGM
 Inhibits the entrance of into the vagina . It should not
be left in place for more than 24 hours to avoid
irritation. It has a failure rate of 16%
9. CONDOMS
• Male condoms- is a synthetic rubber sheath that is
placed in the erect penis before penetration to avoid the
sperm to enter the vagina during ejaculation
• Female condom- is also a synthetic rubber placed
against the vaginal opening to prevent the sperm to enter
during ejaculation
10. Surgical Method
 Vasectomy- is a procedure done to male through
small incision made on each side of the scrotum to
block passage of sperms.
 Tubal Ligation – is a procedure done to female
through cutting, cauterizing, or blocking the fallopian
tube to inhibit the passage of both sperm and the
ova.