I.

EMBRYOLOGY
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
• Zygote: fertilization- 2 weeks
o The two-cell stage is reached approximately 30 hours after fertilization;
o The four-cell stage, at approximately 40 hours;
o 12- to 16-cell stage, at approximately 3 days;
o Late morula stage, at approximately 4 days.
• Embryo: 3-8 weeks
• Fetus: 9 weeks to delive

Pre- organogenesis period Fertilization to formation of 0-14 days Anomalies produced by teratogens result in
Gastrulation/ embryonic bilaminar disc
Formation of primitive 3rd_8th death of theproduced
Anomalies embryo by teratogens

period/period of organogenesis streak & intra embryonic mesoderm week result in congenital anomalies.

• During meiosis, homologous chromosomes align themselves in pairs, a process called synapsis.
• The pairing is exact and point for point except for the XY combination.
• Reduction division (first meiosis or first meiotic division): the chromosome is reduced from diploid to
haploid.Homologous pairs then separate into two daughter cells.
• The major growth-promoting factor during development before and after birth is insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I),
which has mitogenic and anabolic effects.
• Fetal tissues express IGF-I and serum Levels are correlated with fetal growth.
• Mutations in the IGF-1 gene result in IUGR and this growth retardation is continued after birth.
• In contrast to the prenatal period, postnatal growth depends upon growth hormone (GH).

GASTRULATION
The process that establishes all 3 germ layers (trilaminar disc) occurs during the 3rd week of gestation.

DERIVATIVES OF ECTODERM:

Surface ectoderm Neural ectoderm

Lining Epithelia Glands Others All derivatives of
neural crest
• Skin Exocrine: • Hair Neural tube that
• Mucus membranes • Sweat glands • Nails gives rise to:
• Lower part of anal canal • Sebaceous glands • Enamel of • CNS
• Terminal part of male urethra • Parotid glands teeth • Retina
• Labia majora a outer labia • Mammary glands • Lens of eye • Pineal body
minora • Lacrimal gland • Posterior
• Anterior epithelium of Cornea, Endocrine pituitary
epithelium of Conjunctiva, lens • Anterior pituitary,
placode, Iris et ciliary body • Adrenal medulla
• Outer layer of tympanic
membrane a membranous
labyrinth.
DERIVATIVES OF ENDODERM:

EPITHELIUM of GLANDS
• Part of mouth, palate, tongue, tonsil, Respiratory tract ,pharynx and GIT Exocrine:
upto upper part of anal canal Liver, Pancreas
• Eustachian tube, middle & Inner ear, gall bladder, extrahepatic Et Glands in walls of GIT
pancreatic ducts Prostate(except glandular
• Bladder except trigone, Male & female urethra except in its posterior wall Zone)
• Greater part of Vagina, Vestibule and inner surface of labia minora
DERIVATIVES OF MESODERM:
• All Connective tissues - fascia, tendons, ligaments
• Dermis of skin & Dentine of teeth
• Adipose tissue, cartilage, Bone
All muscles except that of iris
• Heart, blood vessels, lymphatics
• Kidneys, Ureters, glandular zone of Prostate
• Ovary, Uterus, tubes, vagina (upper part)
• Adrenal Cortex
• Testes, epididymis, ductus deference, Seminal vesicles and ejaculatory duct
• Meninges & Microglia

NEURAL TUBE
• Ectoderm overlying the notochord thickens to form neural plate. Neural plate -3neural groove-* neural tube.
• 2 openings (anterior/ cranial & posterior/caudal).
• Cranio-caudally, the cavity of the developing brain develops 3 dilatations:
o Prosencephalon (telencephalon/diencephalon)
o Mesencephalon
o Rhombencephalon (metencephalon/myelencephalon)
• The position of the 3 dilatations are altered by 4 flexures:
o Cervical flexure:at junction of rhombencephalon Et spinal cord
o Mesencephalic/ cephalic flexure:in the region of midbrain
o Pontine flexure:at the middle of rhombencephalon
o Telencephalic flexure: occurs later b/w telencephalon Et diencephalon.
• Lamina terminal's: part of the wall of the neural tube that closes the cranial end of prosencephalon.

3 r d week Neural tube formation

th
4 week Fusion of neural folds
th
25 day Closure of anterior pore (posterior pore-27 t h day)
th
28 day Most cranial pair of cervical spinal ganglia develops
th
5 week Formation of brain vesicle, sympathetic ganglia, cerebral hemispheres
th
8 week Formation of cerebellum
th
10 week Formation of corpus callosum
th
12 week Formation of cerebellar cortex Et purkinje cells
th
15 week Formation of dentate nucleus
4t h month Myelination begins

VERTEBRAL COLUMN:
• Formed from sclerotome of somites.
• The mesenchymal cells running transversely across a segment condense to form perichordal disc.
• The perichordal disc becomes the intervertebral disc.
• The notochord regresses entirely in the region of the vertebral bodies, but persists and enlarges in the region
of the intervertebral disc, forming nucleus pulposus &annulus fibrosus.
NEURAL CREST
• During neural plate formation, some cells at the junction between the neural plate and the
rest of the ectoderm become specialized to form neural crest.
• Become free by losing the property of cell to cell adhesion and migrate to different parts of the body.

Structures derived from neural crest Disturbances in neural crest can lead to

• Connective tissue and bones of the face and skull • Hirchsprung's disease
• Spinal (dorsal root) ganglia • Cardiac - septal defects (Aortico - Pulmonary)
• Cranial nerve ganglia [5,7,8,9,10] • Cleft - lip a Cleft palate
• C cells of the thyroid gland/parafollicular cells • Fronto - nasal dysplasia
• Conotruncal septum in the heart • Neuro - fibromatosis
• Odontoblasts • Tumors of adrenal medulla
• Dermis in face and neck • Albinism
• Sympathetic chain and preaortic ganglia
• Parasympathetic ganglia of GIT
• Adrenal medulla, Schwann cell &Ghat cells
• Arachnoid and pia mater (leptomeninges)
• Melanocytes, APUD, paraganglia, para aortic
body
NON CLOSURE OF NEURAL TUBE
• Posterior rachischisis: whole length of neural tube is unclosed.
• Anencephaly: tube remains open in the brain region.
• Cranium bifidum: non closure of the cranium.
• Spina bifida: non closure of the vertebral canal (caudal end).
o Spina bifida occulta: defect in the vertebral arches, covered by skin and usually does not involve underlying
neural tissue, occurs in the turnbosacral region (L4 to S1)
o Spina bifida cystica: neural tissue and/or meninges protrude through a defect in the
vertebral arches and skin to form a cystlike sac.
• Enencephalocele: bulging of the neural tissue outside the cranial cavity d/t failure of fusion.
• Myelocele: bulging of the neural tissue in the spinal region.
• Meningocele: bulging of meninges.

TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
• The lens placodes invaginate and, during the fifth week form the lenses of the eyes.
• The otic placodes invaginates and form the otic vesicles, which will develop into structures needed for
hearing and maintenance of equilibrium.
• Tympanic membrane is formed by apposition of the tuba - tympanic recess & the 1 st ecto. cleft.
• These two structures form the inner endodermal and outer ectodermal epithelial linings.
• The intervening mesoderm forms the connective tissue.

DERIVATION OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE EYEBALL

Lens, conjunctiva Surface ectoderm
Retina Neuroectoderm (optic cup)
Vitreous, ciliary body, iris Mesoderm

Choroid Mesoderm (?infiltrated by neural crest cells)

Ciliary muscles Mesenchymal cells covering the developing cilairy body (?Neural crest)
Muscles of iris Neuroectoderm (From optic cup)
Sclera Mesoderm (?infiltrated by neural crest cells)
Cornea Surface epithelium- ectoderm; substantia propria Et inner epithelium- neural crest
Blood vessels Mesoderm
Optic nerve Neuroectoderm (coverings- pia, arachnoid & dura from mesoderm)
MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Skeletal system develops from paraxial and lateral plate (somatic layer) mesodermand from neural crest.
• Paraxial mesoderm forms a segmented series of tissue blocks on each side of the neural tube, known as
somitomeres in the head region and somites from the occipital region caudally.
• Preaxial bone of upper limb: radius; post axial bone: ulna
• Preaxial bone of lower limb: tibia; post axial bone: fibula
• Thumb and great toe are formed on the preaxial border.

SOMITOMERES:
• The first pair arises in the occipital region of the embryo at approximately the 20th day of development.
• New somites then appear in craniocaudal sequence at a rate of approximately three pairs per day until, at
the end of the fifth week, 42 to 44 pairs are present.
• There are 4 occipital, 8 cervical,12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 8 - 10 coccygeal pairs.
• The first occipital and the last five to seven coccygeal somites later disappear.

Mesodermal Origin Muscles Innervation

Somitomeres 1,2 Superior, medial, ventral recti Oculomotor (III)
Somitomeres 3 Superior oblique Trochlear (IV)
Somitomeres 4 Jaw closing Trigeminal (V)
Somitomeres 5 Lateral rectus Abducens (VI
Somitomeres 6 Jaw opening other 2nd arch Facial (VII
Somitomeres 7 Stylopharyngeus Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Somites 1,2 Intrinsic laryngeals Vagus (X)
Somites 2-5 Tongue Hypoglossal (XII)

• Somites 2-5 constitute the occipital group (somite 1 degenerates for the most part).
• Mesenchymat cells migrate to become fibroblasts, chondroblasts, or osteoblasts (bone-forming cells).
• Skeletal muscles develop from paraxial mesoderm.
• Most smooth muscles and cardiac muscle fibers are derived from splanchnic mesoderm.
• Smooth muscles of the pupil, mammary gland and sweat glands differentiate from ectoderm

HEAD AND NECK DEVELOPMENT

• Critical time for craniofacial development is wk 3-4 (same as gastrulation)
• Neural crest cells form bones of face a anterior skull
• Mesoderm forms posterior bones & base of skull
• Lateral Plate Mesoderm forms laryngeal cartilage

Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face:

Prominence Structures Formed
Frontonasal Unpaired Forehead, bridge of nose, medial and lateral nasal prominences
Maxillary Paired Cheeks, lateral portion of upper lip
Medial nasal Paired Philtrum of upper lip, crest and tip of nose
Lateral nasal Paired Alae of nose
Mandibular Paired Lower lip

• Brachycephaly [clover leaf skull] - Premature closure of all cranial sutures.

• Trigonocephaly [egg shaped skull] - Premature closure of frontal suture.
• Oxycephaly [tower shaped skull] - Premature closure of coronal suture.
• Plagiocephaly - one sided premature closure of coronal suture.
• Scaphocephaly [boat shaped skull] - Premature closure of sagittal suture.
• Craniosynostosis: Premature closure of 1 or more sutures.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• The heart is the first organ of the body to start functioning.

• The major septa of the heart are formed between the 27th and 37th days of development.
• Common arterial trunk
Truncus arteriosus
6 pairs of aortic arches appear (1 st , 2 nd and 5 th
arches disappear).
Third arch Fourth arch Sixth arch
Right side Left side Right and Left Pulmonary arteries
Carotid Arteries Brachiocephalic a Aortic Arch & Left and ductus arteriosus
[Common & Internal] Right Subclavian.A Subclavian.A
First artery to appear in embryo: Right & left primitive aorta
Development of coronary sinus: The sinus venosus can be divided into three parts
• Right horn- incorporated into right atrium;
• Left horn Et Body- Give rise to coronary sinus
• Right half of primitive atrium: muscular part of right atrium
EMBRYOLOGIC HEART DERIVATIVES:
Embryonic Structure Adult Structure
Truncus Arteriosus Aorta ,Pulmonary trunk
Aortic sac, Left 4 th Aortic Arch, left dorsal aorta Arch of Aorta
Left dorsal Aorta and fused dorsal Aorta Descending Aorta
Primitive ventricle Trabeculated part of Rt. & Lt. ventricle
Primitive atrium Trabeculated part of Rt. & Lt. atrium
Sinus venosus Smooth part of Rt. atrium(sinus venerum),coronary sinus, oblique V of Lt.
atrium
• Septum Primum: fossa ovalis
• Septum Secundum: annulus ovalis
• Septum Spurium: derived from fusion of right & left venous valves.
• The heart tube bends & forms the cardiac loop by day 28.
Embryonic Structure Adult Structure
Remnant of first aortic arch Maxillary. A, may form Ext Carotid.A
Remnant of 2nd aortic arch Hyoid Et stapedial arteries
Right Horn of Aortic sac Brachiocephalic.A
Right 4th Arch artery & 7th Cervical
Intersegmental.A, right dorsal aorta Right Subclavian.A
Left 7th Cervical IntersegmentaLA Left Subclavian
Proximal Part of 3rd Arch Artery Common Carotid. A
Distal Part of 3rd Arch Artery and
Internal carotid artery
Cervical part of dorsal aorta
rd
Bud from 3 Arch Artery External Carotid artery
th
Part of 6 arch(pulmonary arch) artery Pulmonary Artery
Part of left 6th arch artery between lung
Ductus arteriosus
bud and aorta

DEVELOPMENT OF VENOUS SYSTEM:

Internal jugular vein Anterior cardinal veins (ext. jugular veins are secondary channels)
Superior Vena Cava From right anterior cardinal vein & right common cardinal vein
Inferior vena cava Segment From
Hepatic Right hepatic vein
Prerenal Right subcardinal vein
Renal Right subcardinal & supracardinal anastomosis
Post renal Right supracardinal vein
Lower end Right posterior cardinal vein
Left renal vein Mesonephric vein, left subcardinal veins & inter-subcardinal
anastomosis
Testicular/ovarian veins Remnants of subcardinal veins below inter-subcardinal anastomosis
After anastomosing, the left anterior cardinal vein & Left common cardinal veins regresses.
 Remnant of Structure
Ductus arteriosus Ligamentum arteriosum
Ductus venosus Ligamentum venosum
Left umbilical vein Ligamentum teres hepatis (Round ligament)
Right umbilical vein Disappears
Vitello intestinal duct Meckel's diverticulum
Urachus Median umbilical ligament
Vitelline arteries Celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries
Proximal part of umbilical A Internal iliac & Superior vesical Artery
Distal part of umbilical A Medial umbilical ligament
Left common cardinal vein/ Cuvier's left duct Oblique vein of left atrium

• The proximal parts of the Vitelline and umbilical Veins broken up into small channels to form the sinusoids of
the liver. These sinusoids drain into the sinus Venosus.
• Each horn of the sinus venosus receives one vitelline vein, one umbilical vein and one common cardinal vein.
• Reduction of left sinus horn
blood from the left side of liver is rechanneled toward the right

enlargement of the right vitelline vein (right hepatocardiac channel).
• Right hepatocardiac channel forms the hepatocardiac portion of the inferior vena cava.
• The proximal part of the left vitelline vein disappears
• The left umbilical vein gets connected to the sinus Venosus by Ductus Venosus.
• Ductus venosus connects left branch of portal vein to left hepatic vein.
• The ductus arteriosus carries most of the blood from right Ventricle to the dorsal aorta.
• It is obliterated after birth and seen as ligamentum arteriosum.
• Left umbilical vein and ductus venosus are obliterated and form the ligamentum teres hepatis and
ligamentum venosum, respectively

LUNG DEVELOPMENT
• The mesoderm covering the outside of the lungdevelops into visceral pleura, the somatic mesodermlining
the body wall from the inside forming the parietalpleura.
• By the end of six months approximately 17 generationsof subdivisions have formed.
• Additional 6 divisions form during postnatal life.
• Lung development can be divided into 5 stages:
o Embryonic 26 days to 6 weeks, until the formationof bronchopulmonary segments
o Pseudoglandular - 6 to 16 weeks, until the formationof terminal bronchioles
o Canalicular - 16 to 28 weeks, respiratory bronchiolesand respiratory vasculature begins to appear
o Saccular - 28 to 36 weeks, terminal sacs form
o Alveolar - 36 weeks to term, mature alveoli form
• Primitive alveoli type two alveolar cells develop in the rmonth.
• Only one sixth of the adult number of alveoli arepresent at birth, the remaining are formed in childhood.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Artery of Foregut Artery of Mid gut Artery of Hindgut
Coeliac trunk Sup. Mesenteric. A Inf. Mesenteric. A
Derivatives of Foregut Derivatives of Mid gut Derivatives of Hincigut
Part of floor of the mouth, including tongue, Duodenum: part Left 1/3rd of transverse colon
Pharynx distal to major Descending ft Sigmoid colon,
Thyroid & various derivatives of pharyngeal pouches papilla Rectum
Oesophagus, Stomach, Duodenum: Whole of the Jejunum, Ileum Upper part of anal canal
first part and upper half of the descending part Caecum, Appendix Parts of the urogenital system
(upto the major duodenal papilla)/ Ampulla of Ascending colon derived from the primitive
Vater Right two-thirds of urogenital sinus
Liver and extra-hepatic biliary system, Pancreas, transverse colon
Respiratory system
 • At 8th week, the primary intestinal loop rotates around an axis formed by the superior mesenteric artery.
• This rotation is counterclockwise, and it amounts to approximately 270° when it is complete.
• Diaphragm is formed from: Septum transversum, Pleuro - Peritoneal membranes, Ventral and dorsal
mesenteries of Oesophagus, Mesoderm of body wall, including the mesoderm around the dorsal
aorta.

Derivatives of:
Dorsal mesogastrium Ventral mesogastrium
Greater Omentum, Gastrosplenic ligament, Lesser Omentum, Falciform ligament, Coronary ligament,
Gastrophrenic ligament & LienoRenal ligament Right and left Triangular ligament

PANCREAS:
• Uncinate process and inferior part of the head of the pancreas- from ventral bud.
• Remaining part-from dorsal bud.
• The main pancreatic duct (of Wirsung): from distal part of the dorsal pancreatic duct and the entire ventral
pancreatic duct.
• The proximal part of the dorsal pancreatic duct either is obliterated or persists as a small channel, the
accessory pancreatic duct (of Santorini).

MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM
• Represents the persistent proximal part of the vitelline duct.
• It is present in 2% of population, situated in the anti-mesenteric border, usually 2 inches long & 2 feet from
the ileo-caecal valve.
• It has all the 3 coats of the intestinal wall ft has its own blood supply.
• Derived from midgut.

UROGENITAL SYSTEM
• Urogenital system arises from intermediate mesoderm.
• Mesonephric duct/ Wolffian duct is the main genital duct of males.
• Para - Mesonephric duct/ Mullerian duct is the main genital duct of females.
• Germ cells appear in the genital ridges at 6th week.
• Primordial germ cells first appear among endoderm cells in the wall of the yolk sac close to the
allantois.

MESONEPHRIC / WOLFFIAN DUCT

IN MALES IN FEMALES
Structures formed Remnants Structures formed Remnants
• Posterior wall of Prostatic Urethra • Superior • Posterior wall • Paroophoron
• Ureteric buds forming ureter, • aberrant • of female • (Equivalent to
• Pelves, Calyces and Collecting • tubule • urethra • paradidymis in males)
• duct • Inferior • Ureteric bud • Epoophoron/
• Trigone of bladder • aberrant • forming ureter, • Gartner's duct
• Appendix of epididymis • tubule • Pelves, Calyces • (Equivalent to ductus
• Ductus deferens • Paradidymis • and collecting • deferens in mates)
• Epididymis • tubules
• Ejaculatory ducts • Trigone of the
• Prostate[partly from endoderm] • bladder
• Seminal Vesicles

PARAMESONEPHRIC / MULLERIAN DUCT

Structures (In Females) Remnants (In males)

Uterus, Uterine tubes, Part of Vagina Appendix of testes, Prostatic Utricle
 FATE OF THE STRUCTURES DERIVED FROM UNDIFFERENTIATED GENITAL SYSTEM
Gonadal/ genital Testis Ovary
ridge Cortex: seminiferous tubules Cortex: Ovarian follicles
Medulla: Rete testes Medulla: rete ovarii
Gubernacular cord Gubernaculum testis, spermatic cord Proximal :Ovarian ligament
Distal: Round ligament of uterus
Primitive sex cells Sperm Egg
Mullerian tubercle Seminal colliculus Hymen
Genital tubercle Phallus (penis), Glans penis, Urethra in Clitoris
glans
Genital swellings Scrotum Labia majora
Urethral/genital Floor of urethral plate (ventral penis) Labia minora
folds
Mesonephros Appendix of epididymis Appendices vesiculosae
(Wolffian body) Efferent ductules Epoophoron tubules
Lobules of epididymis Paroophoron tubules
Paradidymis
Aberrant ductules
Mesonephric duct Duct of epididymis Duct of Epoophoron (Gartner's duct)
(Wolffian duct) Vas deferens Part of bladder and urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Part of bladder and prostatic urethra
Paramesonephnc (or Appendix of testis Uterine tube
Mullerian) duct Prostatic utricle Uterus
Vagina
Allantoic duct Urachus Urachus
Cloaca:
Dorsal part Rectum and upper part of anal canal Rectum and upper part of anal canal
Ventral part Most of bladder, Part of prostatic urethra Most of bladder and the Urethra
Urogenital sinus Prostatic urethra distal to utricle Greater vestibular glands
rd
Bulbo-urethral glands, Vestibule, lower 1 /3 of vagina
Rest of urethra to glans

• Appendix of testes - Hydatid of Morgagni

• Appendix of epididymis - Pedunculated hydatid of Morgagni
• Paradidymis - Organ of Giraldes
• Epoophoron/Organ of Rosenmuller: proximal tubules of mesonephric duct.
• Para Oophoron: distal tubules of mesonephric duct.
• The bulbs of the vestibule in females correspond to bulb of the penis and the corpus spongiosum in men,
• Dysontogenic cysts of the vagina are generally thick-walled, soft cysts resulting from embryonic
remnants. Gartner's duct cysts are the most common of these. They arise from the remnant of the
Wolffian duct (mesonephros).
• Degeneration of the mesonephric ducts is progressive from 10 to 16 weeks in the female fetus,
although vestigial remnants may be noted in the adult (Gartner's duct cyst, paroophoron, epoophoron).
• The female may retain some remnants of the cranial and caudal excretory tubules in the mesovarium,
where they form the epoophoron and paroophoron, respectively.
• Vagina has a dual origin:
- Upper portion is derived from the uterine canal.
- Lower portion is derived from the urogenital sinus. (sinovaginal bulb/vaginal plate)

Kidneyhas a dual origin:

Excretory tubules (All parts of nephron) Arises from metanephros
Collecting part (Pelves, calyces, ureter) Arises from Ureteric bud (Mesonephros)
DEVELOPMENT OF BLADDER AND URETHRA
• Cloaca is divided by the urorectal septum into the posterior anorectal canal and the anterior primitive
urogrnital sinus.
• Cranial & largest part of the urogenital sinus
the vesicourethral canal forms most of the bladder.
• The mesonephric ducts open into the urogenital sinus early in development.
• The ureters develop as branches of the mesonephric ducts. -
• The remainder of the vesicourethral canal forms urethra.
• Trigone is formed by the absorption of mesonephric ducts Ft it is mesodermal in origin.
• The fetal bladder can be identified by USG at 9-11 weeks and the absence of a bladder image is considered
abnormal at 13 weeks or later.

IN MALES:
• Above the opening of prostatic utricle,
o Anterior wall of prostatic urethra- from Vesicourethral canal formed by endoderm.
o Posterior wall- absorbed portions of mesonephric duct (mesoderm)
• Definitive urogenital sinus forms the lower part of prostatic urethra Et membranous urethra.
• Urethral plate forms the most of the penile urethra.

PHARYNGEAL APPARATUS
• Pharyngeal arches are rod-like thickenings of mesoderm present in the wall of the foregut.
• In the interval between any two arches, the endoderm is pushed outwards to form endodermal or
pharyngeal pouches.
• Opposite each pouch, the surface ectoderm dips inwards an ectodermal cleft. So,
o Arch
Mesoderm
o Pouch
Endoderm
o Cleft
Ectoderm

Fate of Phar n eal Arches (Mesoderm):

ARCH NERVE SKELETAL COMPONENT MUSCLES OF THE ARCH
First Arch Mandibular Malleus, Incus Mylohyoid, Muscles of Mastication
(Mandibular arch Nerve Sphenomandibular hig. Anterior belly of digastric.
/ Meckel's Anterior lig. of malleus Tensor Palati, Tensor tympani
Cartilage)
Second Arch Facial Nerve
Stapes Stapedius, Stylohyoid
(Hyoid arch/
Styloid Process Posterior belly of digastric.
Richter's
Stylohyoid ligament Muscles of Facial expression.
cartilage)
Smaller Cornu of hyoid Auricularis, Buccinator
Superior part of body of Frontalis, Platysma
hyoid. Orbicularis oris Et Ocuti
Third Arch Glosso Greater Cornu of hyoid Stylopharyngeus
Pharyngeal Lower Part of body of
Fourth Arch Nerve
Superior hyoid
Cartilage of larynx Constrictors of Pharynx
Laryngeal Cricothyroid
N(Vagus) Levator Palatine
Sixth Arch Recurrent Intrinsic muscles of larynx
Laryngeal N
(Vagus)
Fifth Arch DISAPPEARS

• Mandibular nerve supplies the muscles derived from 152 arch.

• Maxillary and mandibutardivisions supply sensory nerves to skin of face.
Fate of Endodermal Pouches:
POUCH FATE
Ventral Part- Obliterated by formation of tongue
nd
Dorsal Part- Together with dorsal part of 2 Pouch forms tubotympanic
Ist Pouch recess
Proximal Part- Eustachian tube
Distal Part- Middle ear cavity & tympanic antrum
Ilnd Pouch Ventral Part Tonsil
Dorsal Part Formation of tubotympanic recess
IIIrd Pouch [THIRD] Thymus &Inferior Parathyroid glands
IVth Pouch Thyroid (from thyro-glossal duct) & Superior Parathyroid glands
Vth Pouch Para - follicular (C-Cells) of thyroid from ultimo – bronchial body

Fate of Pharyngeal(Branchial) Cleft

PHARYNGEAL CLEFT FATE
1st External auditory meatus & ear drum
Ilnd, IIIrd, IVth Cervical sinus–) disappears, may persist as brachial cyst

• Thus, pharyngeal clefts give rise to only one structure, the external auditory meatus.

DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE
• Starts at- approximately 4 weeks of embryo.

ANTERIOR TWO-THIRD (body of the tongue):

• Develops from first pharyngeal arch: two lateral lingual swellingsand one medial swelling, the tuberculum
impar.
• Lateral lingual swellings increase in size & merges with tuberculum impar, forming body of the tongue.
• Sensory innervation to this area is by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.
POSTERIOR ONE THIRD (root of the tongue):
• A second median swelling, the copula of His or hypobranchial eminence is formed by mesoderm of the
second, third, and part of the fourth arch.
• This gives rise to root of the tongue. Sensory innervation -glossopharyngeal nerve.

TONGUE MUSCLES:
• Derived from myoblasts originating in occipital somites and are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve.
EPIGLOTTIS:
• The epiglottis and the extreme posterior part of the tongue develop from the fourth arch as a third median
swelling and are innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve.
DEVELOPMENT OF SKIN
• Epidermis & its appendages, pilo sebaceous unit, nail & sweat glands: Surface ectoderm
• Melanocyte Et Merkel cells: Neural crest
• Langerhan's cells: Bone marrow
• Dermis in limbs & trunks: Somatopleuric mesenchyme
• Dermis in face, Head Et neck: Neural crest

OTHER IMPORTANT
• The 23 pairs of chromosomes encode approximately 30,000 genes.
• Minimum number of genes required to make up a Living organism- 470 (parasite)
• Minimum number of genes required to make up a free living cell- 1700
• 40% of the total genes are expressed in the CNS.
• Remaining 60% are expressed by both CNS & other tissues.
• Mutations in HOXD13 3 combination of syndactyly and polydactyly (synpolydactyly).