Soil Mechanics PDF

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (1)
Soil Mechanics for Second Year
Civil Engineering
Course Content:
Chapter (1): Physical Properties. Δϴ΋Ύϳΰϴϔϟ΍ ι΍ϮΨϟ΍
Chapter (2): Grain Size Distributions. ΕΎΒϴΒΤϠϟ ϰϤΠΤϟ΍ ϊϳίϮΘϟ΍
Chapter (3): Soil Consistency. ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϡ΍Ϯϗ
Chapter (4): Soil Classification. ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϒϴϨμΗ
Chapter (5): Soil Compaction. ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϚϣΩ
Chapter (6): Hydraulic Properties of the Soil.
ΔΑήΘϠϟ ΔϴϜϴϟϭέΪϴϬϟ΍ ι΍ϮΨϟ΍
Chapter (7): Stress Due to Applied Load.
ΔϴΟέΎΨϟ΍ ϝΎϤΣϷ΍ Ϧϣ ΞΗΎϨϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϹ΍
Chapter (8): Consolidation. ΪϠμΘϟ΍
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (2)
Chapter (1)
Physical Properties
ΔΑήΘϠϟ Δϴ΋Ύϳΰϴϔϟ΍ ι΍ϮΨϟ΍
-: Ϧϣ ΎϬϟ ϲόϴΒτϟ΍ ϊοϮϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϥϮϜΘΗ

- Particles ΕΎΒϴΒΣ
- water ˯Ύϣ
- Air ˯΍Ϯϫ
Solid Va Wa = 0
Vv
Void Vw Ww
Vt Wt
Water Air
Vs Ws
Natural state Prism

Vt = ΔΑήΘϠϟ ϰϠϜϟ΍ ϢΠΤϟ΍ Ws = ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍ ϥίϭ
Vv = ΕΎϏ΍ήϔϟ΍ ϢΠΣ Ww = ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϥίϭ
Vs = ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍ ϢΠΣ Wa = zero = ˯΍ϮϬϟ΍ ϥίϭ
Vw = ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ Wt = ϰϠϜϟ΍ ϥίϮϟ΍
Va = ˯΍ϮϬϟ΍ ϢΠΣ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (3)
Physical Properties
1) Void ratio: (e) ΕΎϏ΍ήϔϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ
Vv
Vv
e
Vs Vs
ΔΑήΘϠϟ ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍ ϢΠΣ ϰϟ· ΕΎϏ΍ήϔϟ΍ ϢΠΣ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ
e 0.5 0.8 o Sand

e 0.7 1.1 o Clay
2) Porosity: (n) ΔϴϣΎδϤϟ΍

Vv
Vv
n Vt
Vt
ΔΑήΘϠϟ ϰϠϜϟ΍ ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϰϟ· ΕΎϏ΍ήϔϟ΍ ϢΠΣ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ
n 0.0 1.0
3) Degree of saturation: (Sr) ϊΒθΘϟ΍ ΔΟέΩ
Vw Vv Vw
Sr
Vv
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϲϓ ΓΩϮΟϮϤϟ΍ ΕΎϏ΍ήϔϟ΍ ϢΠΣ ϰϟ· ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (4)
Sr = 0.0 Sr = 100 Sr = 0- 100
Dry ΔϓΎΟ Saturated ΔόΒθϣ Wet ΔϠϠΒϣ
4) Water content : ( Wc ) ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍
Ww Ww
Wc
Ws Ws
ΔΑήΘϠϟ ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍ ϥίϭ ϰϟ· ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϥίϭ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ
5) Unit weight (density): (J) ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍

W ϥίϮϟ΍
J
V ϢΠΤϟ΍
ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϰϟ· ϥίϮϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ
Jb Jd Js Jsat. Jsub.
˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϛ ϥ΃ φΣϻ
Jw = 1 t/m3 = 1 g/cm3 = 10 kN/m3
3 3
= 1000 kg/m = 62.4
Soil Mechanics (1)Ib/ft P
2011 (5)
a) Bulk density: (Jb) ΔϴϠϜϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍
Wt
J b
Vt
ΔΑήΘϠϟ ϰϠϜϟ΍ ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϰϟ· ϰϠϜϟ΍ ϥίϮϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ
˯ΎϤγϷ΍ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ΍ ΎϬϟ ϭ

Bulk = natural = total = wet = moist
b) Dry density: (Jd) ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍
Ws
J d
Vt
ΔΑήΘϠϟ ϰϠϜϟ΍ ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϰϟ· ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍ ϥίϭ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ
c) Density of solid part: (Js) ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϛ
Ws
J s
Vs
ΔΑήΘϠϟ ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍ ϢΠΣ ϰϟ· ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍ ϥίϭ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (6)
d) Saturated density: (Jsat.) ΔόΒθϤϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍
Wt
J sat
Vt
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϊΒθΗ ΔϟΎΣ ϲϓ ϰϠϜϟ΍ ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϰϟ· ϰϠϜϟ΍ ϥίϮϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ
e) Submerged density: (Jsub.) ΓέϮϤϐϤϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍
J sub. J sat. J w
( Ϯ˰ϔ˰τϟ΍ ΔΠϴΘϧ ) ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϛ ΎϬϨϣ Ρϭήτϣ ΔόΒθϤϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍ ϲϫ
6) Specific gravity: (Gs) ϲϋϮϨϟ΍ ϥίϮϟ΍

Js
Gs
Jw
˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϛ ϰϟ· ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϛ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ
( 2.6 - 2.8 ϦϴΑ ΎϬΘϤϴϗ Ρϭ΍ήΘΗϭ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (7)
7) Relative density: (Dr) ΔϴΒδϨϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍
emax eo Vmax Vo
Dr
emax emim Vmax Vmim
ςϘϓ sand ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϒϴϨμΘϟ ϡΪΨΘδΗ
emim. = dense state (ΎϬπόΑ Ϧϣ ΍ΪΟ ΔΒϳήϗ ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ϥϮϜΗ) ΔϔϴΜϜϟ΍ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍
= compacted state
emax. = loose state (ΎϬπόΑ Ϧϣ ΍ΪΟ ΓΪϴόΑ ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ϥϮϜΗ) ΔϜϜϔϤϟ΍ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍
eo = natural state (ΔόϴΒτϟ΍ ϲϓ ϲϫ ΎϤϛ ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ϥϮϜΗ) ΔϴόϴΒτϟ΍ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍
= in-situ state
= field state
Vmax = loose state ΔϜϜϔϤϟ΍ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍ ϰϓ ϢΠΤϟ΍
Vmim = dense state ΔϔϴΜϜϟ΍ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍ ϰϓ ϢΠΤϟ΍
Vo = natural state ΔϴόϴΒτϟ΍ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍ ϰϓ ϢΠΤϟ΍
Soil Dr (%)
Very loose 0 - 15
Loose 15 - 35
Medium 35 - 65
Dense 65 - 85
Very dense 85 - 100
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 (8)
φΣϻ
1 1

J mim J o
Dr
1 1

J mim J max
ΎϬΗΎΒΛ· ΏϮϠτϣ Ϧϴϧ΍ϮϘϟ΍ ξόΑ ϙΎϨϫ

n
(1) e
1 n
e
( 2) n
1 e
φϔΣ
φϔΣ
(3) sr * e Gs * Wc
Jb
( 4) J d
1 Wc
Gs sr * e
(5) J b ( ) *J w
1 e
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (9)
ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϭ ϥίϮϟ΍ ϦϴΑ Δϗϼόϟ΍
a
ήϴϐΘϳ ϻ ΖΑΎΛ ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍

Vw w Ww
Vs s Ws
Ws Gs * J w *Vs
φϔΣ φϔΣ
Ww J w *Vw
ΕΎ˰ΗΎ˰Β˰ΛϹ΍
Prove that
§ Gs sr * e ·
Jb ¨ ¸ *J w
© 1 e ¹
OR
Find the relation between
Jb, Gs, Sr, e, Jw
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (10)
ΕΎΒΛϹ΍ Ε΍ϮτΧ
( ϢϬϓάΣ ) ϢϬΑ ΃ΪΒϧ ϻ ( J or Gs ) Ϫϴϓ ϥϮϧΎϘϟ΍ ϥΎϛ ΍Ϋ· -˺
ϢϬϴϓ ΪΣ΍ϭ ϱ΄Α ΃ΪΒϧ ( Sr, e ) ϰϘΒΗ -˻
Vv
e
Vs
1= ϡΎϘϤϟ΍ νήϔϧ
Assume (Vs = 1)
VV = e
Prism ϲϓ νϮόϧ -˼
e
Sr*e Sr*e*Jw
1 Gs*Jw
Vw Vw
Sr
Vv e
Vw Sr * e
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 (11)
( Jb ) ϪΑ ΃ΪΒϧ ϻ ϱάϟ΍ ϲϓ νϮόϧ -˽
Wt
Jb
Vt
Sr * e * J w Gs * J w
Jb
1 e
( Sr * e Gs ) * J w
Jb
1 e
Prove that
Jb
Jd
1 Wc
OR
Jb, Jd, Wc
ΎϬΑ ΃ΪΒϧ (Wc ) ϰϘΒΗ -˻
Ww
Wc
Ws
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 (12)
Assume (Ws = 1)
Wc = Ww
Wc Wc
Jw
1
1
Gs
(Jd , Jb ) ϪΑ ΃ΪΒϧ ϻ ϱάϟ΍ ϲϓ νϮόϧ -˽

Wt 1 Wc
Jb (1)
Vt Vt
1
Jd
Vt (2)
J d 1
J b 1 Wc
J
J d
b
1 Wc
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 (13)
Prove that
Sr * e Gs *Wc
OR
Sr, e, Gs, Wc
ΎϬΑ ΃ΪΒϧ (Wc, Sr, e ) ϰϘΒΗ -˻
Vv
e
Vs
Assume (Vs = 1)
e = Vv
e
Sr e Sr e Jw
1 Gs Jw
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (14)
(Wc, Gs) ϪΑ ΃ΪΒϧ ϻ ϱάϟ΍ ϲϓ νϮόϧ -˽
Gs Ϫϴϓ ξϳϮόΘϟ΍ ϢΘϳ ϻ ΖΑΎΛ
Ww Sr * e * J w
Wc
Ws Gs * J w
Sr * e
Wc
Gs
Prove that
e
n
1 e
OR
e, n
ϢϬϨϣ ϱ΄Α ΃ΪΒϧ (n, e ) ϰϘΒΗ -˻
Vv
e
Vs
Assume (Vs = 1)
e = Vv
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (15)
(n) ϪΑ ΃ΪΒϧ ϻ ϱάϟ΍ ϲϓ νϮόϧ -˽

vv e
n
vt 1 e
Prove that
n
e
1 n
OR
e, n
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (16)
ϢϬϨϣ ϱ΄Α ΃ΪΒϧ (n, e ) ϰϘΒΗ -˻
Vv
n
Vt
Assume (Vt = 1)
n = Vv
n
1
1-n
(e) ϪΑ ΃ΪΒϧ ϻ ϱάϟ΍ ϲϓ νϮόϧ -˽

vv n
e
vs 1 n
Try: Prove that
Gs * J w (1 Wc)
Jb
(1 e)
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (17)
Prove that
(J s J d )J w
Wc( sat.)
(J s * J d )
OR
Wc, JsJdJw
ϢϬϨϣ ϱ΄Α ΃ΪΒϧ ( JsJdJw) ΔϟϻΪΑ ϪϠϛ ϥϮϧΎϘϟ΍ -˺
Ws
Js
Vs
Assume (Vs = 1)
Js = Ws
ϊΒθΘϟ΍ ΔϟΎΣ ϰϓ ϦϜϟ ϭ Prism ϲϓ νϮόϧ -˻
Js w §Js ·
1 ¨¨ 1 ¸¸J w
Js Jd ©Jd ¹
Jd
1 S Js
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (18)
Ws Js
Jd
Vt Vt
Js
Vt
Jd
(Wc) ϲϓ νϮόϧ -˼
§Js ·
¨¨ 1 ¸¸ J w
Wc
Ww ©Jd ¹
Ws Js
Wc
J s J d J w
Jd *J s
Prove that
Wc
Sr
Wc ( sat .)
OR
Sr, WcWc(sat)
( Wc ) ˰Α ΃ΪΒϧ -˺
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (19)
Ww
Wc
Ws
Assume (Ws = 1)
˱Wc = Ww
Ww
Wc( sat )
Ws
˱Wc = Ww (sat.)
(ϊΒθϣ ήΧϷ΍ϭ ˯΍Ϯϫ ϲϓ ΪΣ΍ϭ ) ϦϴΗήϣ Prism Ϣγήϧ -˻
a Wc( sat )
Wc VV = w Wc(sat)
Jw
w Wc
Jw
S S
Vw (Wc / J w )
Sr
Vv (Wc( sat ) / J w )
Wc
Sr
Wc ( sat )
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 (20)
( ήΟΎΤϤϟ΍ Δϟ΄δϣ ϲϓ ) φΣϻ
(1) (2)
Embankment
Pit ήΠΤϣ ϲΑ΍ήΗ Ϊγ
e1 e2
V1 V2
V1 1 e1 Jd2
V2 1 e2 J d1
Ϟ΋ΎδϤϟ΍ ω΍Ϯϧ΃
Ϧϴόϣ ϢΠΣ ϭ΃ ϥίϭ ΔϤϴϗ ΎϬΑ ΔϟΎδϣ Ϧϴόϣ ϢΠΣ ϭ΃ ϥίϭ ΔϤϴϗ ΎϬϴϓ ΪΟϮϳ ϻ ΔϟΎδϣ
prism ˰ϟ΍ Ϣγέ ϢΘϳ ΔϟΎδϣ ϯ΍ Δϳ΍ΪΑ ϲϓ prism ˰ϟ΍ Ϣγέ ϢΘϳ ΔϟΎδϣ ϯ΍ Δϳ΍ΪΑ ϲϓ
a a
w w
S S
Assume
ΕΎϴτόϤϟ΍ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ prism ˰ϟ΍ ˯΍ΰΟ΃ ϸϤϧ Vs = 1
ϡ΍ΪΨΘγ΍ ϊϣ
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
2011 1
Ϧϴϧ΍ϮϘϟ΍ κΨϠϣ
Vv Vv
1) e 2) n
Vs Vt
Vw Ww
3) Sr 4 ) Wc
Vv Ws
Wt Ws
5) J b 6) J d
Vt Vt
Ws Wt
7) J s 8 ) J sat
Vs Vt
9) J sub. J sat. J w Js
10 ) Gs
Jw
e max e o
11 ) Dr
e max e mim
ΎϬΗΎΒΛ· ΏϮϠτϣ Ϧϴϧ΍ϮϘϟ΍ ξόΑ ϙΎϨϫ
n e
12) e 13) n
1 n 1 e
14) sr * e Gs * Wc Jb
15) J d
Gs sr * e 1 Wc
16) J b ( ) *J w
1 e
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 2
ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϭ ϥίϮϟ΍ ϦϴΑ Δϗϼόϟ΍
Ws Gs * J w * Vs
Ww J w * Vw
( ήΟΎΤϤϟ΍ Δϟ΄δϣ ϲϓ ) φΣϻ
(1) (2)
Embankment
Pit ήΠΤϣ ϲΑ΍ήΗ Ϊγ
e1 e2
V1 V2
V1 1 e1 Jd2
V2 1 e2 J d1
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 3
Example (1)
The bulk density of soil sample is 1.97 gm/cm3 and
its water content 20 % taking the specific gravity
2.65, find the void ratio and degree of saturation.
Solution
Given
Jb = 1.97 gm/cm3 Jw 1 .0
Wc = 20 %
Gs = 2.65
1.61 0.53 w 0.53
1 S 2.65
Assume Vs = 1
Ws = Gs * 1 * Jw = 2.65
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 4
Ww
Wc
Ws
Ww
0.2 Ww 0.53
2.65
Ww J w * Vw Vw
1.0
Wt
Jb
Vt
2.65 0.53
1.97 Vt 1.61
Vt
Vv 1.61 1
e 0.61
Vs 1
Vw 0.53
Sr 0.86 86%
Vv 1.61 1
Example (2)
The bulk and dry densities of soil sample are 1.77
and 1.5 t/m3 respectively, if the degree of saturation
is 60 % what is the specific gravity and porosity.
Then calculate the quantity of water added for full
saturation without change of volume.
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 5
Solution
Given
Jb = 1.77 t/m3
Jd = 1.5 t/m3
Sr = 60 %
0.66Gs 0.18Gs w 0.18Gs
1 S Gs
Assume Vs = 1
Ws Gs * J w Gs
Ws
Jd
Vt
GS
1 .5 Vt 0 .66 Gs
Vt
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 6
Wt
Jb
Vt
Wt
1 . 77 Wt 1 . 18 Gs
0 . 66 Gs
Vw
Sr
Vv
0 . 18 Gs
0 .6 Gs 2 . 72
0 . 66 Gs 1
a
1.82 0.49 w 0.49
1 S 2.72
Vv 1.82 1
n 0.45 45%
Vt 1.82
0.82 w 0.82
Full saturated 1.82
1 S 2.72
Weight of water = 0.82 - 0.49 = 0.33 ton

Per unit volume of solid part
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 7
Example (3)
An earth embankment is to be compacted to a dry
density of 1.84 t/m3, the bulk density and water
content of a borrow pit are 1.77 t/m3 and 8 %
respectively, calculate the volume of excavation of
borrow pit which corresponds to 1 m3 of
embankment.
Solution
Given
ήΠΤϣ
Embankment Borrow pit
Jd = 1.84 t/m 3 Jb = 1.77 t/m3
V2 = 1 m3 Wc = 8 %
V1 = ???
Jb
Jd
1 Wc
1.77
Jd 1.64
1 0.08
V1 J d2
V2 J d1
V1 1 . 84
V 1 ( pit ) 1 . 12 m 3
1 1 . 64
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 8
Example (4)
The weight of a partially soil sample is 600 gm and
its volume is 365 cm3 after oven drying the weight
of the sample reduced to 543 gm. Taking the
specific gravity 2.67, find the water content, void
ratio and degree of saturation. If the sample is
saturated with water without change of volume,
find the saturated density.
Solution
Given
Wt = 600 gm
Vt = 365 cm3
W dry = Ws = 543
Gs = 2.67
a
57 w 57
365
600
203.4
S 543
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 9
Ws Gs * J w *Vs
543 2.67 *1*Vs Vs 203.4
Ww J w *Vw Vw 57
Ww 57
Wc 0.105 10.5%
Ws 543
Vv 365 203.4
e 0.795
Vs 203.4
Vw 57
Sr 0.353 35.3%
Vv 365 203.4
161.6 w
Full saturated 161.6
365 704.6
203.4 S 543
Wt 704 . 6
J sat . 1 . 93 t / m 3
Vt 365
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 10
Example (5) (mid term 2010)
A saturated 100 cm3 clay sample has a natural water
content of 15 % . If the specific gravity of the soil solids
is 2.7, what will be the volume of the sample when the
water content is 25 %.
Solution
Given:
Case (1) Case (2)
Vt = 100 cm3 Vt = ???
Wc = 15 % Wc = 25 %
Gs = 2.7 Jw = 1 g/cm3
Case (1)
Vs + Vw = 100 (1)
Ww
WC 0.15
Ws Vw w Vw
Ww 0.15 * Ws 100
Vw 0.15 * 2.7 * Vs Vs S 2.7Vs
Vw 0.405 * Vs (2)
From (1), (2) Vw = 28.83 , Vs = 71.17

Ww = 28.83 , Ws = 192.16
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 11
Case (2)
Ww Vw w Vw
WC 0.25
Ws ˮˮˮ
Ww 0.25 * Ws 71.17 S 192.16
Ww 0.25 *192.16
Ww 48.04
Vw 48.04
Vt 71.17 48.04 119.21
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 12
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Zagazig University Structural Eng. Department
˺
Faculty of Engineering Soil Mechanics (1)
Sheet (1)
Physical Properties
1) A sample of soil obtained from a test pit is one cubic centimeter in

volume and weight 140 gm, after oven drying the sample weight
125 gm. calculate the water content, moist unit weight, dry unit
weight.
2) A 150 cubic centimeter sample of wet soil scales 250 gm when

saturated and 162 gm when oven dried. Calculate the dry unit
weight, water content, void ratio, specific gravity.
3) Laboratory test on sample of saturated soil show that the void ratio
is 0.45 and the specific gravity is 2.65. Determine the wet unit
weight of the soil and its water content
4) The moisture content of an undisturbed sample of clay existing in a

volcanic region is 265 % at 100 % of saturation. The specific
gravity is 2.7. Find the saturated and submerged densities.
5) For a soil in natural state, given e = 0.70, Wc = 22 % and Gs =

2.69
a) Determine the moist unit weight, dry unit weight and degree
of saturation.
b) If the soil is made completely saturated by adding water, what
would its moisture content be at that time? Also find the
saturated unit weight.
6) Determine the wet density, dry density, void ratio, water content
and degree of saturation for a sample of moist soil which has a
mass of 18.18 Kg and occupies a total volume of 0.009 m3. When
dried in an oven, the dry mass is 16.13 Kg. the specific gravity is
2.70.
˻
7) An undisturbed cylindrical soil sample, with diameter 8.0 cm, and

height of 25.0 cm is taken from the borehole. The moist sample has
a mass of 2371.0 gm and after drying in an oven has a dry mass of
1948.0 gm. The specific gravity of the solid particles is 2.72.
Determine water content, bulk, dry, saturated and submerged unit
weight of soil, void ratio, porosity and degree of saturation.
8) A cylinder contains 500 cm3 of loose dry sand which weight 750
gm and under load of 20 t/m2, the original volume decreased by 3
% and then by vibration the volume decreased by 10 %, assume the
solid density of sand grains is 2.65 t/m3. compute the void ratio,
porosity, dry density corresponding to each of the following cases:
a) Loose sand (original state) b) Under static load
c) Loaded and vibrated
9) A clayey soil has natural moisture content of 15.18 %. The specific

gravity of soil is 2.72. Its saturation percentage is 70.81 %. The soil
is allowed to absorb water. After some time the saturation increase
to 90.8 %. Find out the water content of the soil in the latter case.
10) A saturated 100 cm3 clay sample has a natural water content of 15
% . If the specific gravity of the soil solids is 2.7, what will be the
volume of the sample when the water content is 25 %.
11) A sample of moist quartz sand was obtained by carefully pressing a

sharpened cylinder with a volume of 150 cm3 into the bottom of an
excavation. The sample was trimmed flush with the end of the
cylinder and the total weight was found to be 325 gm. In the
laboratory the dry weight of the sand alone was found to be 240 gm
and the weight of the empty cylinder 75 gm. Laboratory testes on
the dry sand indicated emax = 0.80 and emim = 0.48. (Assuming Gs =
2.66). Calculate: Wc, e, Sr. Jd, and Dr
2011
(1)
Solution
1) A sample of soil obtained from a test pit is one cubic
foot in volume and weight 140 gm, after oven drying
the sample weight 125 gm. calculate the water
content, moist unit weight, dry unit weight.
Given:
Vt = 1 ft3 , Wt = 140 gm
Wdry = Ws = 125 gm
Req.
Wc , Jd , Jb
1 ft3 w 15
140
S 125
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(2)
Ww 15
Wc 0 . 12 12 %
Ws 125
Wt 140
Jb 140 gm / ft 3
Wt 1
Ws 125
Jd 125 gm / ft 3
Vt 1
2) A 150 cubic centimeter sample of wet soil scales 250

gm when saturated and 162 gm when oven dried.
Calculate the dry unit weight, water content, void
ratio, specific gravity.
Given:
Vt = 150 cm3 , Wt = 250 gm
Wdry = Ws = 162 gm , saturation
Req.
Jd , Wc , e , Gs
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(3)
88 w 88
150 250
62 S 162
Ws 162
Jd 1 . 08 gm / cm 3
Vt 150
Ww 88
Wc 0 . 54 54 %
Ws 162
Vv 88
e 1 . 42
Vs 62
J s 162 / 62
Gs 2 . 61
Jw 1
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(4)
3) Laboratory test on sample of saturated soil show that
the void ratio is 0.45 and the specific gravity is 2.65.
Determine the wet unit weight of the soil and its water
content
Given:
e = 0.45 , Gs = 2.65 , saturation
Req.
Jb , Wc
0.45 w 0.45
1.45 3.1
1 S 2.65
Assume Vs = 1.0
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(5)
Vv Vv
e 0 . 45 Vv Vw 0 . 45
Vs 1
Wt 3 .1
Jb 2 . 14 gm / cm 3
Vt 1 . 45
Ww 0 . 45
Wc 0 . 17 17 %
Ws 2 . 65
4) The moisture content of an undisturbed sample of

clay existing in a volcanic region is 265 % at 100 %
of saturation. The specific gravity is 2.7. Find the
saturated and submerged densities.
Given:
Wc = 265 % , Gs = 2.7 , saturation
Req.
Jsat. , Jsub.
Assume Vs = 1.0
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(6)
w
7.15 7.15
8.15 9.85
1 S 2.7
Ww Ww
Wc 2 .65 Ww 7 .15
Ws 2 .7
Wt 9 .85
J sat . 1.21t / m 3
Vt 8 .15
J sub . J sat . J w 1.21 1 0.21t / m 3
5) For a soil in natural state, given e = 0.70, Wc = 22 %

and Gs =2.69. a) Determine the moist unit weight, dry
unit weight and degree of saturation. b) If the soil is
made completely saturated by adding water, what
would its moisture content be at that time? Also find
the saturated unit weight.
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(7)
Given:
e = 0.7 , wc = 22 %, Gs = 2.69
Req.
a)Jb JdSr
b) WcJsatsaturated state
a
0.7
0.59 w 0.59
8.15
9.85
1 S 2.69
Ww Ww
Wc 0.22 Ww 0 .59
Ws 2.69
Vv Vv
e 0 .7 Vv 0 .7
Vs 1 .0
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(8)
Wt 2.69 0 .59
Jb 1 .93
Vt 1 .7
Ws 2.69
Jd 1 .59
Vt 1 .7
Vw 0 .59
Sr 0 .85
Vv 0 .7
Saturated state
w
0.7 0.7
1.7
1 S 2.69
Ww 0 .7
Wc 0 . 26
Ws 2 . 69
Wt 2 . 69 0 . 7
J sat . 1 . 99 t / m 3
Vt 1 .7
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011
(9)
6) Determine the wet density, dry density, void ratio,
water content and degree of saturation for a sample of
moist soil which has a mass of 18.18 Kg and occupies
a total volume of 0.009 m3. When dried in an oven,
the dry mass is 16.13 Kg. the specific gravity is 2.70.
Sol.
a
3.1*10-3
2.05*10-3
w 2.05
0.009
18.18
5.9*10-3
S 16.13
Wt 18 .18
Jb 2020 kg / m 3
Vt 0 .009
Ϧϴϧ΍ϮϘϟ΍ ϰϓ ϖϴΒτΘϟ΍ ϢΘϳ ΍άϜϫ ϭ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(10)
7) An undisturbed cylindrical soil sample, with diameter
8.0 cm, and height of 25.0 cm is taken from the
borehole. The moist sample has a mass of 2371.0 gm
and after drying in an oven has a dry mass of 1948.0
gm. The specific gravity of the solid particles is 2.72.
Determine water content, bulk, dry, saturated and
submerged unit weight of soil, void ratio, porosity and
degree of saturation.
Sol.
S 8 cm
V (d ) 2 * h
4
8 cm
S
V (8 ) 2 * 25 1256 cm 3
4
a
540
423 w 423
1256
2371
716 S 1948
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(11)
ϊΒθΘϟ΍ ΔϟΎΣ ϰϓ
w
540 540
1256
716 S 1948
Ϧϴϧ΍ϮϘϟ΍ ϰϓ ϖϴΒτΘϟ΍ ϦϜϤϳ
Ϟ΋ΎδϤϟ΍ ϲϗΎΑ
H.W.
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011 1
Chapter (2)
Grain Size Distribution
ΕΎΒϴΒΤϠϟ ϰϤΠΤϟ΍ ϊϳίϮΘϟ΍
ϰϠϋ Ϟμϔϟ΍ ΔϘϳήσ ΪϤΘόΗ ϭ ϢΠΤϟ΍ ΐδΣ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΕΎϧϮϜϣ Ϟμϓ Ϯϫ
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ωϮϧ
Coarse soil ΔϨθΧ ΔΑήΗ Fine soil ΔϤϋΎϧ ΔΑήΗ
Sand , gravel Silt , clay

Ϧϣ ήΒϛ΍ ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ Ϧϣ ήϐλ΍ ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ
0.074 mm 0.074 mm
ΔϨθΨϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ Ϟμϔϟ ΔϤϋΎϨϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ Ϟμϔϟ
Sieve analysis Hydrometer analysis

= =
Dry analysis Wet analysis
= =
Mechanical analysis Sedimentation analysis
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 2
1) Sieve analysis ϞΧΎϨϤϟΎΑ ϞϴϠΤΘϟ΍
-:ίΎϬΠϟ΍
W1
ϞΨϨϤϟ΍ ΔΤΘϓ ϞϘϳ

W2
W3
W4
W5
W6
ί΍ΰϫ
-:ΔΑήΠΘϟ΍ Ε΍ϮτΧ
ΔϳϮΌϣ ΔΟέΩ ˺˺˹ ΪϨϋ ΔϋΎγ ˻˽ ΓΪϤϟ ϥήϔϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϒϴϔΠΗ ϢΘϳ -˺
ΎϬϧίϭ ΔϔϔΠϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϨϴϋ άΧ΍ ϢΘϳ -˻
ςϟΰϟ΍ ΔϟΎΣ ϲϓ ϢΠϛ (˺˹-˾)
Ϟϣήϟ΍ ΔϟΎΣ ϲϓ ϢΠϛ (˺-˹̄˾)
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 3
ϞΧΎϨϤϟ΍ ϰϠϋ΃ ΔϨϴόϟ΍ ϊοϭ -˼
ΔϘϴϗΩ ˺˾ ΓΪϤϟ ί΍ΰϬϟ΍ ϞϴϐθΗ -˽
ϞΨϨϣ Ϟϛ ϰϠϋ (ϊΟ΍ήϟ΍)ίϮΠΤϤϟ΍ ϥίϮϟ΍ ΪϳΪΤΗ ϢΘϳ -˾
ΕΎΑΎδΤϟ΍ ξόΑ ϞϤϋ ϭ ϝϭΪΟ ϦϳϮϜΘΑ ϡϮϘϧ -˿
( grading curve) ϲΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ΝέΪΘϟ΍ ϰϨΤϨϣ Ϣγέ ϢΘϳ -̀
A B C
Commutative
Sieve size Wt. retained Wt. passing
Wt. retained % passing
(mm) ίϮΠΤϤϟ΍ ϥίϮϟ΍ έΎϤϟ΍ ϥίϮϟ΍
ϲϤϛ΍ήΘϟ΍
50.8 W1 w1
38.1 W2 w1+w2
19.05 W3 W1+w2+w3
9.52 W4
4.76 W5
2.38 W6
2.0 W7
1.19
0.595
0.42
0.297
0.21
0.14
0.074
0.063
B = total weight –A
C = (B / Total weight)*100
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 4
(grading curve ) ϲΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ΝέΪΘϟ΍ ϰϨΤϨϣ Ϣγέ
:ϲϠϳ ΎϤϛ semi-log scale αΎϴϘϣ ϰϠϋ ϲΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ΝέΪΘϟ΍ ϰϨΤϨϣ Ϣγέ ϢΘϳ
( % passing ) ϲγ΃έ ήΧ΃ ϭ ( sieve size ) ϲϘϓ΃ έϮΤϣ Ϣγέ ϢΘϳ -˺
Ϣγ ˺ Ϟϛ ΔϳϭΎδΘϣ ΕΎϓΎδϣ ϰϟ· ϲγ΃ήϟ΍ έϮΤϤϟ΍ ϢϴδϘΗ -˻
S = Ϣγ ˾-˼ Ϟϛ ΔϳϭΎδΘϣ ΕΎϓΎδϣ ϰϟ· ϲϘϓϷ΍ έϮΤϤϟ΍ ϢϴδϘΗ -˼
100
90
80
S = 3-5 cm
70
% Passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Seive Size
ΔϴγΎϴϗ ϞΧΎϨϣ ϦϛΎϣ΃
:ϲϠϳ ΎϤϛ ϲϘϓϷ΍ έϮΤϤϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϞΧΎϨϤϟ΍ ϦϛΎϣ΃ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˽
ϞΨϨϤϟ΍ ΎϬϴϓ ϊϗ΍Ϯϟ΍ ΓήΘϔϟ΍ ΪϳΪΤΗ -
ήϴϐμϟ΍ ϞΨϨϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ x ΪόΑ ϰϠϋ ϞΨϨϤϟ΍ ϥΎϜϣ νήϔϧ -
X S >log( D ) log( small ) @ -
ϪόϴϗϮΗ ΏϮϠτϤϟ΍ ϞΨϨϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ήϴϐμϟ΍ ϞΨϨϤϟ΍
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 5
Ex: sieve (26.7) 100

10 ήϴϐμϟ΍
X 3 . 0 >log( 26 . 7 ) log( 10 ) @ 1 . 3 cm
1 ήϴϐμϟ΍
Sieve (4.75)
10
X 3 . 0 >log( 4 . 75 ) log( 1) @ 2 . 03 cm
0.01 ήϴϐμϟ΍
Sieve (0.074)
0.1
X 3 . 0 >log( 0 . 074 ) log( 0 . 01 ) @ 2 . 61 cm
100
90
80
70
% Passing
60
50
40
XD10
30
20
10
0
D60 D30 D10
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Seive Size
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 6
ϰϠϋ ϝϮμΤϟ΍ ϦϜϤϳ ϰϨΤϨϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ
D 10 ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ Ϧϣ % ˺˹ ϩΪϨϋ ήϤϳ ϱάϟ΍ ήτϘϟ΍

D 30 ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ Ϧϣ % ˼˹ ϩΪϨϋ ήϤϳ ϱάϟ΍ ήτϘϟ΍
D 60 ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ Ϧϣ % ˿˹ ϩΪϨϋ ήϤϳ ϱάϟ΍ ήτϘϟ΍
D10 ΔϤϴϗ ϰϠϋ ϞμΤϧ ϒϴϛ
X D10 3 .0>log( D10 ) log( 0 .01) @

ήϴϐμϟ΍ ΔϬΟ Ϧϣ Ϣγήϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΓήτδϤϟΎΑ αΎϘΗ
X D30 3 .0>log( D30 ) log( 0 .1) @

X D60 3 .0>log( D60 ) log(1) @

Uses of grading curve: ϲΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ΝέΪΘϟ΍ ϰϨΤϨϣ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγ΍

1) Uniform coefficient (Cu) ϡΎψΘϧϻ΍ ϞϣΎόϣ
D 60
Cu ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϒϴϨμΗ ϲϓ ϡΪΨΘδϳ
D10
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 7
(B.S.) ϱΰϴϠΠϧϹ΍ ϡΎψϨϟ΍ (ASTM) ϲϜϳήϣϷ΍ ϡΎψϨϟ΍
Uniform Non-uniform Well

Poor Well
5 15 6 (sand)
4 (gravel)
2) Curvature coefficient (Cc) ˯ΎϨΤϧϻ΍ ϞϣΎόϣ
( D 30 ) 2
Cc ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϒϴϨμΗ ϲϓ ϡΪΨΘδϳ
D 60 * D10
Poor Well Poor
1 3
3) Effective diameter (D10) ˯ΎϨΤϧϻ΍ ϞϣΎόϣ
ΪϳΪΤΗ ϲϓ ϡΪΨΘδϳϭ ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ Ϧϣ % ˺˹ ϩΪϨϋ ήϤϳ ϱάϟ΍ ήτϘϟ΍
Hazen's formula ϝϼΧ Ϧϣ ϚϟΫϭ ( K ) ΔϳΫΎϔϨϟ΍ ϞϣΎόϣ
K C * ( D10 ) 2
C = Constant (1-10) ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ωϮϧ ϰϠϋ ΪϤΘόϳ
C=1 for sand
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 8
% passing
2
4
1 3
Size
1) Uniform: ΎΒϳήϘΗ ΪΣ΍ϭ αΎϘϣ ΎϬΑ ΔϨϴόϟ΍

2) Non-uniform: Ϟϛ ΎϬΑ βϴϟϭ ΓΩΪόΘϣ ΕΎγΎϘϣ ΎϬΑ ΔϨϴόϟ΍
ΔϳϭΎδΘϣ ήϴϏ ΐδϨΑ ΕΎγΎϘϤϟ΍ Ϟϛ ΎϬΑ ϭ΃ ΕΎγΎϘϤϟ΍
3) Well graded: (΍ΪΟ Γήϴϐλ ΎϬΗΎϏ΍ήϓ) ΕΎγΎϘϤϟ΍ Ϟϛ ΎϬΑ ΔϨϴόϟ΍
4) Gap graded: ΔμϗΎϧ ΕΎγΎϘϤϟ΍ ξόΑ ΎϬΑ ΔϨϴόϟ΍
Note:
Uniform
Poorly graded Non-Uniform
Gap graded
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 9
1) Wet analysis (Hydrometer) ήΘϣϭέΪϴϬϟ΍
-:ίΎϬΠϟ΍
Reading
Bulb
˼
Hydrometer Ϣγ˺˹˹˹ έΎΒΨϣ
˯Ύϣ ϪΑ ˼ Ϣγ ˺˹˹˹ έΎΒΨϣ έΎπΣ· ϢΘϳ -˺
ϢΟ ˾˹ ΎϬϧίϭ ˻˹˹ Ϣϗέ ϞΨϨϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΓέΎϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϨϴϋ άΧ΍ ϢΘϳ -˻
ΙΪΤϳ ϥ΃ ϰϟ· ήϤΘδϤϟ΍ Νήϟ΍ ϊϣ έΎΒΨϤϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω ΔϨϴόϟ΍ ϊοϭ ϢΘϳ -˼
έΎΒΨϤϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω ΕΎΒϴΒΤϠϟ ϊϳίϮΗ
ΔϴϨϣί ΓήΘϓ Ϟϛ Ε΍˯΍ήϗ άΧ΍ ϭ έΎΒΨϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ήΘϣϭέΪϴϬϟ΍ ϊοϭ ϢΘϳ -˽
( 0.5,1,2,4,8,……..30 mim. , 1,2,4,8,…..24 hr )
ϲΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ΝέΪΘϟ΍ ϰϨΤϨϣ Ϣγέϭ ΕΎΑΎδΤϟ΍ ξόΑ ϞϤόΑ ϡϮϘϧ -˾
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 10
Stock's law
Ϟ΋Ύδϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω Δϳή΋΍Ϊϟ΍ ΔΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ρϮϘγ Δϋήγ
ΔΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ήτϗ ϊΑήϣ ϊϣ ϱΩήσ ΐγΎϨΘΗ
V v D2 D
V C * D2
Js Jw
C V
18 P
ΚϴΣ
ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ Δϋήγ = V -˺
ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ήτϗ = D -˻
ΔΒϠμϟ΍ ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϛ = Js -˼
Ϟ΋Ύδϟ΍ ΔΟϭΰϟ = P -˽
P ( poise )
gm . sec . / cm 2
981
Z Js Jw
V * D2 D
t 18 P
ΔΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ρϮϘγ ΔϓΎδϣ = Z
ΔΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ρϮϘγ Ϧϣί = t
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 11
( N ) έΎϤϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ ϰϠϋ ϞμΤϧ ϒϴϛ
At time zero ΔΑήΠΘϟ΍ Δϳ΍ΪΑ ϲϓ
Wt Ws Ww
Ji
Vt Vt Vw w Ww
Ws Ww
Ji
Vt Vt
Ws J w * Vw Vs S Ws
Ji
Vt Vt
Ws J w * (Vt Vs )
Ji Ws = Gs Jw Vs
Vt Vt
Ww =Jw Vw
Ws Vs
Ji J w (1 )
Vt Vt
Ws Ws
Ji J w (1 )
Vt Vt * Gs * J w
Ws Ws
Ji Jw
Vt Vt * Gs
Ws 1
J initial Jw (1 ) N 100 %
Vt Gs
Ws 1
J ( time ) Jw N * * (1 )
Vt Gs
Wt . of particles D
N
Ws
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 12
ϥ΃ ΚϴΣ
Ws = ΔϨϴόϟ΍ ϥίϭ
Vt = (˼Ϣγ˺˹˹˹) έΎΒΨϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ
% passing
Sieve analysis
Hydrometer analysis
Size
No. 200 = 0.074 mm
What the meaning of Cu = 1.0

D60
Cu D60 D10 ϲΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ΝέΪΘϟ΍ ϰϨΤϨϣ
D10
ϲΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ΝέΪΘϟ΍ ϰϨΤϨϣ ϥ΃ ϚϟΫ ϰϨόϳ
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϥϮϜΗ ϲϟΎΘϟΎΑϭ ΎϣΎϤΗ ϲγ΃έ ϥϮϜϳ
very uniform soil
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
˺
Sheet No. (2)

1- a) discuss the difference between the following:
i) Dry analysis and wet analysis.
ii) Well Graded and poorly graded.
b) Draw the grain size distribution curve for two soils A and B where
the total weight of the sample is 500 gm for each soil. Calculate, i)
uniformity coefficient of each soil and comment on the results,
ii) effective diameter of each sample.
Sieve opening, mm 4.78 2.41 1.20 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 pan
Wt. retained (A), gm ---- 72 91 75 182 15 55 10
Wt. retained (B), gm ---- ---- 4 8 201 52 227 8
2- A sieve analysis performed on two soils produced the following data.

Particle
18.8 9.4 4.75 2.0 0.42 0.25 0.15 0.075 0.05 0.005 0.002
size, mm
% finer
92 84 70 65 52 44 30 24 20 11 8
(A)
% finer
--- --- --- 100 98 95 90 82 72 41 21
(B)
Mix the two soils in such proportions that resulting mixture which will
contain 26 % of 0.005 mm clay. Draw the grading curve for the mixture
and classify it.
3- Proof the general equation used to determine the drain size

distribution for fine soil particles by means of Hydrometer.
4- A soil sample consisting of particles of size 0.50 mm to 0.08 mm is

put on the surface of still water of a tank 5 m deep. Determine the time
˻
required for the settlement of the coarsest and the finest particles of the
sample to the bottom of the tank. Take Gs = 2.68 andP = 0.01 poise.
5- During a sedimentation test for grain size analysis, the corrected

hydrometer reading in a 1000 ml uniform soil suspension at the
commencement of sedimentation is 1.028. after 30 minutes, the
corrected hydrometer reading is 1.012 and the corresponding effective
depth is 10.5 cm, determine:
i) The total mass of solid dispersed in 1000 ml of suspension.
ii) The particle size corresponding to the 30 minutes reading.
iii) The percentage finer than this size, take Gs = 2.67
and P = 0.01 poise.
6- Particles of 5 different sizes are mixed in the proportions shown

below and enough water is added to make 1000 ml of the suspension.
The temperature of the suspension is 20o C.
Particle size (mm) 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.001

Weight (gm) 7 20 18 4 5
If it is insured that the suspension is mixed so as have a uniform
distribution of particles. All particles have a specific gravity of 2.7,
assume Jw = 1 gm/cm3, t = 20o C, P 0.01 poise.
i) What is the largest particles size present at a depth of 6 cm after
minutes of start sedimentation?
ii)What is the specific gravity of the suspension at a depth of 6 cm
after 5 minutes of start of sedimentation.
iii)How long should be the sedimentation be allowed so that all the
particles have settled below 6 cm.
2011
(1)
Sheet No. (2)
1) a) discuss the difference between the following:
i) Dry analysis and wet analysis.
Dry analysis wet analysis
Soil Course soil Fine soil
Size > 0.075 mm <0.075 mm
Tools sieves Hydrometer
Example Sand, gravel Silt, clay
ii) Well graded and poorly graded.
Well graded Poorly graded

1) Uniform
ΐδϨΑ ΕΎγΎϘϤϟ΍ Ϟϛ ΎϬΑ ΔϨϴόϟ΍
ΎΒϳήϘΗ ΪΣ΍ϭ αΎϘϣ ΎϬΑ ΔϨϴόϟ΍
ΔϳϭΎδΘϣ
2) Non-uniform
Ϟϛ ΎϬΑ βϴϟϭ ΓΩΪόΘϣ ΕΎγΎϘϣ ΎϬΑ ΔϨϴόϟ΍
ΕΎγΎϘϤϟ΍
Well
3) Gap graded
Cc ΔμϗΎϧ ΕΎγΎϘϤϟ΍ ξόΑ ΎϬΑ ΔϨϴόϟ΍
1 3
Poor Poor
Cc
1 3
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(2)
b) Draw the grain size distribution curve for two soils
A and B where the total weight of the sample is 500
gm for each soil. Calculate, i) uniformity coefficient of
each soil and comment on the results, ii) effective
diameter of each sample.
Sieve opening, mm 4.78 2.41 1.20 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 pan
Wt. retained (A),gm ---- 72 91 75 182 15 55 10
Wt. retained (B),gm ---- ---- 4 8 201 52 227 8
Sol.
For Soil (A)
sieve Wt. retained commulative Passing %
open of (A) Wt. Ret. Wt. passing
4.78 ------- ------ ------ 100
2.41 72 72 428 85.6
1.2 91 163 337 67.4
0.6 75 238 262 52.4
0.3 182 420 80 16
0.15 15 435 65 13
0.075 55 490 10 2
pan 10 500 0 0
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(3)
For Soil (B)
Wt. retained of Commulative Passing %
sieve open (B) Wt. Ret. Wt. passing
4.78 ------- ------ ------ 100
2.41 ------ ------ ----- 100
1.2 4 4 496 99.2
0.6 8 12 488 97.6
0.3 201 213 287 57.4
0.15 52 265 235 47
0.075 227 492 8 1.6
pan 8 500 0 0
100
90
80 Soil A Soil B
70
60
% Passing
50
40
30
20
10
0
10 1 0.1 0.01
sieve open
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(4)
For Soil (A)
D60 = 0.85
D10 = 0.15
D60 0.85
Cu 5.67
D10 0.15
(B.S.) ϱΰϴϠΠϧϹ΍ ϡΎψϨϟ΍ (ASTM) ϲϜϳήϣϷ΍ ϡΎψϨϟ΍
Uniform Non-uniform Well

Poor Well
5 5.67 15 5.67 6 (sand)
Soil is Non-uniform Soil is Poor
For Soil (B)

D60 = 0.31
D10 = 0.085
D60 0.31
Cu 3.65
D10 0.085
Soil is uniform OR Soil is Poor
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(5)
2)A sieve analysis performed on two soils produced the
following data.
Particle
26.7 18.8 9.4 4.75 2.0 0.42 0.25 0.15 0.075 0.05 0.005 0.002
size, mm
% finer
100 92 84 70 65 52 44 30 24 20 11 8
(A)
% finer
--- --- --- --- 100 98 95 90 82 72 41 21
(B)
Mix the two soils in such proportions that resulting mixture
which will contain 26 % of 0.005 mm clay. Draw the
grading curve for the mixture and classify it.
A˶
+ B˶
= Mix˶
X + 1-X = 1
0.11 0.41 0.26
X * 0.11 + (1-X) * 0.41 = 1* 0.26

X = 0.5 , (1-X) = 0.5
ϥϮϜϳ ϦϜϟ ϭ mix ˰ϟ΍ ϝϭΪΟ ϦϳϮϜΗ ϢΘϳ
Mix. = 0.5 * A + 0.5 * B
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(6)
size, mm 26.7 18.8 9.4 4.75 2.0 0.42 0.25 0.15 0.075 0.05 0.005 0.002
% (A) 100 92 84 70 65 52 44 30 24 20 11 8
% (B) --- --- --- --- 100 98 95 90 82 72 41 21
Mix. 100 96 92 85 82.5 75 69.5 60 53 46 26 14.5
100
90
80 Mix. A
70 B
60
% Passing
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
sieve open
3)Proof the general equation used to determine the drain size

distribution for fine soil particles by means of Hydrometer.
Ρήθϟ΍ Γήϛάϣ ϲϓ ΕΎΒΛϹ΍
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(7)
4) A soil sample consisting of particles of size 0.50 mm
to 0.08 mm is put on the surface of still water of a tank
5 m deep. Determine the time required for the settlement
of the coarsest and the finest particles of the sample to
the bottom of the tank. Take Gs = 2.68 andP = 0.01 poise.
Sol.
:φΣϻ
ϲϫ Ϧϴϧ΍Ϯϗ ΙϼΜΑ ΎϬϠΣ ϢΘϳ Ϟ΋ΎδϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ωϮϨϟ΍ ΍άϫ
1) VC * D2
J s J w
C
18P
Z
V
t
Ws § 1 ·
2) J i (t 0)
J w ¨1 ¸
Vt © Gs ¹
N *Ws § 1 ·
3) J t Jw ¨1 ¸
Vt © Gs ¹
ΐϴγήΘϟ΍ Δϳ΍ΪΑ commencement of sedimentation ϝΎϗ ΍Ϋ΍
t = 0.0 JL
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(8)
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(9)
5)During a sedimentation test for grain size analysis, the
corrected hydrometer reading in a 1000 ml uniform
soil suspension at the commencement of sedimentation
is 1.028. after 30 minutes, the corrected hydrometer
reading is 1.012 and the corresponding effective depth
is 10.5 cm, determine:
i) The total mass of solid dispersed in 1000 ml of
suspension.
ii)The particle size corresponding to the 30 minutes
reading.
iii) The percentage finer than this size,
take Gs = 2.67 and P = 0.01 poise.
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(10)
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(11)
6) Particles of 5 different sizes are mixed in the
proportions shown below and enough water is added to
make 1000 ml of the suspension. The temperature of the
suspension is 20o C.
Particle size (mm) 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.001
Weight (gm) 7 20 18 4 5
If it is insured that the suspension is mixed so as have a
uniform distribution of particles. All particles have a
specific gravity of 2.7, assume Jw = 1 gm/cm3, t = 20o C,
P ҏ0.01 poise.
i) What is the largest particles size present at a depth of 6
cm after 5 minutes of start sedimentation?
ii) What is the specific gravity of the suspension at a
depth of 6 cm after 5 minutes of start of sedimentation.
iii) How long should be the sedimentation be allowed so
that all the particles have settled below 6 cm.
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(12)
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(13)
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(14)
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (3) Consistency of fine soil
2011 1
Chapter (3)
Consistency of fine soil
ΔϤϋΎϨϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϡ΍Ϯϗ
ϞϜθΘϟ΍ ϰϠϋ (ΔϴϴϤτϟ΍ ϭ ΔϴϨϴτϟ΍) ΔϤϋΎϨϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΓέΪϗ Ϧϋ ΓέΎΒϋ Ϯϫ
(ςϟΰϟ΍ϭ Ϟϣήϟ΍) ΔϨθΨϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϠϟ ϡΪΨΘδΗ ϻϭ
Atterberg limits (consistency limits): ϡ΍ϮϘϟ΍ ΩϭΪΣ

ϩΎϴϤϟ΍ ϒϴϔΠΗ
w
a a w w
w
S S S S S
ϩΎϴϣ ΔϓΎο·
Volume
Semi- Plastic Liquid

Solid solid state state
State state Wc
S.L. P.L. L.L.
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 2
1) Liquid limit: (L.L.) ΔϟϮϴδϟ΍ ΪΣ
ϰϟ· ΔϠ΋Ύδϟ΍ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϝϮΤΘΗ ϩΪϨϋ ϱάϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍ Ϯϫ
Ϟ΋΍Ϯδϟ΍ ϙϮϠγ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϚϠδΗ ϩΪϨϋ ϱάϟ΍ϭ βϜόϟ΍ ϭ΃ ΔϧΪϠϟ΍ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍
(Γήϴϐλ κϗ ΔϣϭΎϘϣ ΎϬϟ) ΔΟΰϠϟ΍
Casagrande's method: Ϊϧ΍ήΟ΍ίΎϛ ΔϘϳήσ
Ϊϧ΍ήΟ΍ίΎϛ ίΎϬΟ
Ϊϧ΍ήΟ΍ίΎϛ ίΎϬΟ
Grooving tools ϖθϟ΍ Γ΍Ω΃
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 3
:ΔϘϳήτϟ΍ Ε΍ϮτΧ
˽˹ Ϣϗέ ϞΨϨϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΓέΎϣ ΔϤϋΎϧ ΔΑήΗ Ϧϣ ΔϨϴϋ έΎπΣ· ϢΘϳ (˺
βϧΎΠΘϣ ςϴϠΧ ϦϳϮϜΘϟ ΪϴΠϟ΍ ΐϴϠϘΘϟ΍ ϊϣ ΔΑήΘϠϟ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϴϤϛ ΔϓΎο· (˻
ΔϘΗϮΒϟ΍ ϲϓ Ϫόοϭϭ ςϴϠΨϟ΍ Ϧϣ ˯ΰΟ άΧ΍ (˼
ϲϟϮσ ϖη ϞϤϋ ϢΘϳ ϖθϟ΍ Γ΍Ω΃ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ (˽
ϖθϟ΍ Ϧϣ Ϣϣ ˺˼ ϖϠϐϟ Δϣίϼϟ΍ ΕΎΑήπϟ΍ ΩΪϋ ΪϳΪΤΗ ϭ ίΎϬΠϟ΍ ϞϴϐθΗ (˾
ϯήΧ΃ ϩΎϴϣ ΔϴϤϛ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγ΍ ϊϣ ΔϘΑΎδϟ΍ Ε΍ϮτΨϟ΍ βϔϧ έ΍ήϜΗ ϢΘϳ (˿
Wc
N
ΕΎΑήπϟ΍ ΩΪϋ ϭ ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍ ϦϴΑ Δϗϼόϟ΍ Ϣγέ (̀

liquid limit ϰϠϋ ϝϮμΤϠϟ
Wc
L.L.
Flow line
Log. (N)
N = 25
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 4
Liquid limit: (L.L.) ΔϟϮϴδϟ΍ ΪΣ
ϰѧϟ· ΔϠ΋Ύѧδϟ΍ ΔѧϟΎΤϟ΍ Ϧѧϣ ΔѧΑήΘϟ΍ ϝϮΤΘΗ ϩΪϨϋ ϱάϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍ Ϯϫ
Ϟ΋΍Ϯѧѧδϟ΍ ϙϮϠѧѧγ ΔѧѧΑήΘϟ΍ ϚϠѧѧδΗ ϩΪѧѧϨϋ ϱάѧѧϟ΍ϭ βѧѧϜόϟ΍ ϭ΃ ΔѧѧϧΪϠϟ΍ ΔѧѧϟΎΤϟ΍
ϖѧѧη ϖѧѧϠϏ ϦѧѧϜϤϳ ϩΪѧѧϨϋ ϱάѧѧϟ΍ ϭ (Γήϴϐѧѧλ κѧѧϗ ΔѧѧϣϭΎϘϣ ΎѧѧϬϟ ) ΔѧѧΟΰϠϟ΍
Ϊϧ΍ήΟ΍ίΎϛ ΔϘϳήσ ϝϼΧ Ϧϣ ϚϟΫϭ ΔΑήο ˻˾ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ Ϣϣ ˺˼ ϪϟϮσ
2) Plastic limit: (P.L.) ΔϧϭΪϠϟ΍ ΪΣ

ϰϟ· ΔϧΪϠϟ΍ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϝϮΤΘΗ ϩΪϨϋ ϱάϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍ Ϯϫ
ΔΒϠμϟ΍ ΔΒη ΔϟΎΤϟ΍
:ΔϘϳήτϟ΍ Ε΍ϮτΧ
˽˹ Ϣϗέ ϞΨϨϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΓέΎϣ ΔϤϋΎϧ ΔΑήΗ Ϧϣ ΔϨϴϋ έΎπΣ· ϢΘϳ (˺
βϧΎΠΘϣ ςϴϠΧ ϦϳϮϜΘϟ ΪϴΠϟ΍ ΐϴϠϘΘϟ΍ ϊϣ ΔΑήΘϠϟ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϴϤϛ ΔϓΎο· (˻
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 5
ϕΰϤΘϳ ϥ΃ ϥϭΪΑ ςϴΧ ϦϳϮϜΗ ΔϟϭΎΤϣϭ ςϴϠΨϟ΍ Ϧϣ ˯ΰΟ άΧ΍ (˼
ϕΰϤΘϟ΍ Δϳ΍ΪΑ ΪϨϋ ςϴΨϟ΍ ήτϗ ΪϳΪΤΗ (˽
ϯήΧ΃ ϩΎϴϣ ΔϴϤϛ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγ΍ ϊϣ ΔϘΑΎδϟ΍ Ε΍ϮτΨϟ΍ βϔϧ έ΍ήϜΗ ϢΘϳ (˾
Wc
d
ςϴΨϟ΍ ήτϗ ϭ ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍ ϦϴΑ Δϗϼόϟ΍ Ϣγέ (˿
Wc Plastic limit ϰϠϋ ϝϮμΤϠϟ
P.L.
d
d = 3 mm
Plastic limit: (P.L.) ΔϧϭΪϠϟ΍ ΪΣ

ΔѧϟΎΤϟ΍ ϰѧϟ· ΔѧϧΪϠϟ΍ ΔѧϟΎΤϟ΍ Ϧѧϣ ΔѧΑήΘϟ΍ ϝϮѧΤΘΗ ϩΪѧϨϋ ϱάѧϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎѧϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍ Ϯϫ
ϕΰϤΗ ΙϭΪΣ ϥϭΩ Ϣϣ ˼ ϩήτϗ ςϴΧ ϦϳϮϜΗ ϦϜϤϳ ϩΪϨϋ ϱάϟ΍ϭ ΔΒϠμϟ΍ ΔΒη
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 6
3) Shrinkage limit: (S.L.) εΎϤϜϧϻ΍ ΪΣ
ϰѧϟ· ΔΒϠѧμϟ΍ ΔΒѧη ΔѧϟΎΤϟ΍ Ϧѧϣ ΔѧΑήΘϟ΍ ϝϮѧΤΘΗ ϩΪѧϨϋ ϱάѧϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎѧϤϟ΍ ϯϮѧΘΤϤϟ΍ Ϯϫ
ϱϭΎѧѧδϣ εΎѧѧϤϜϧϻ΍ ΔѧѧϟΎΣ ϲѧѧϓ ˯ΎѧѧϤϟ΍ ϢѧѧΠΣ ϥϮѧѧϜϳ ϩΪѧѧϨϋ ϱάѧѧϟ΍ϭ ΔΒϠѧѧμϟ΍ ΔѧѧϟΎΤϟ΍
.ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍ ϲϓ ˯΍ϮϬϟ΍ ϢΠΤϟ
a w
S S Va( dry ) Vw( S .L.)

dry S.L.
Classify of the soil:

(L.L. & P.L. & S.L.)ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϒϴϨμΗ
1) Plasticity index ( IP ) ΔϧϭΪϠϟ΍ ήηΆϣ

ΔϧϭΪϠΑ ϪϟϼΧ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϑήμΘΗ ϱάϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍ Ϯϫ
Ip L.L. P.L.
Ip plasticity soil
0 Non-plastic Sand
<7 Low plastic Silt
7-17 Med. Plastic Silty - clay
>17 High plastic clay
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 7
2) Consistency index ( Ic ) ϡ΍ϮϘϟ΍ ήηΆϣ
(Relative plasticity)
ϲόϴΒτϟ΍ ΔΑϮσήϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϣ ϭ ΔϟϮϴδϟ΍ ΪΣ ϦϴΑ ϕήϔϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ Ϯϫ
ΔϧϭΪϠϟ΍ ήηΆϣ ϰϟ·
L.L. Wc L.L. Wc
Ic
Ip L. L P . L.
Ic Soil type
0 Very soft
0-0.25 Soft
0.26-0.5 Med. Stiff
0.51-0.75 Stiff
0.76-1.0 Very stiff
>1.0 Extremely stiff
3) Liquidity index ( IL ) ΔϟϮϴδϟ΍ ήηΆϣ

ϰϟ· ΔϧϭΪϠϟ΍ ΪΣ ϭ ϲόϴΒτϟ΍ ΔΑϮσήϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϣ ϦϴΑ ϕήϔϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ Ϯϫ
ΔϧϭΪϠϟ΍ ήηΆϣ
Wc P.L. Wc P.L.
IL
Ip L. L P . L.
IL 1 Ic
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 8
4) Flow index ( If ) ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ήηΆϣ
( flow line ) ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ςΧ Ϟϴϣ Ϧϋ ΓέΎΒϋ Ϯϫ
Wc
L.L.
Flow line
Log. (N)
N = 25
Wc1 Wc 2
If
log( N 2 ) log( N1 )
5) Toughness index ( It ) ΔϧΎΘϤϟ΍ ήηΆϣ

ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ήηΆϣ ϰϟ· ΔϧϭΪϠϟ΍ ήηΆϣ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ Ϯϫ
Ip
It
If
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 9
6) Activity of clay ( Ac ) Ϧϴτϟ΍ ρΎθϧ
ΔϴϨϴτϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϠϟ ϰϤΠΤϟ΍ ήϴϐΘϟ΍ ϯΪϣ ΪϳΪΤΘϟ ήηΆϣ Ϯϫ
Swelling soil ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϰϓ ΓΩΎϳί
Collapse soil ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϰϓ κϘϧ
Ip
Ac
% fines 0 . 002 mm
mm 0.002 Ϧϣ ϞϗϷ΍ ϢϋΎϨϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ

% passing
% fines
Size
0.002
Ac activity
< 0.75 In-active
0.75-1.4 Med. active
>1.4 active
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 10
7) Unconfined compression strength ( qu )
(ςϘϓ ϦϴτϠϟ ) ρΎΤϣ ήϴϐϟ΍ ςϐπϟ΍ ΔϣϭΎϘϣ
(L/D = 2) Ϧϴτϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϨϴϋ έΎπΣ· ϢΘϳ
P
'L
P
V
A
' L
V H
L
qu
H
qu Clay type
0 - 0.25 Very soft clay
0.25 - 0.5 Soft clay
0.5 - 1 Med. clay
1-2 Stiff clay
2-4 Very stiff clay
>4 Hard clay
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 11
8) Sensitivity of clay ( ˳St ) Ϧϴτϟ΍ ΔϴγΎδΣ
Ϧϣ undisturbed ϪϫϮθϣ ήϴϏ ΔϨϴόϟ ρΎΤϣ ήϴϐϟ΍ ςϐπϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟ· ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ
ϞϴϜθΗ ΓΩΎϋ· ΎϬϟ ΙΪΣ Ϧϴτϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϨϴόϟ ρΎΤϣ ήϴϐϟ΍ ςϐπϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟ· ϰϟ· Ϧϴτϟ΍
remolded
qu (undisturbe d )
St
qu ( remolded )
St sensitivity
<1 Insensitive
1–2 Low sensitive
2–4 Med. sensitive
4–8 sensitive
8 – 16 Very sensitive
> 16 Extra sensitive
Quick clay ϰϤδϳ (St > 16) Ϫϟ ϱάϟ΍ Ϧϴτϟ΍
9) Degree of shrinkage ( ˳D.O.S. ) εΎϤϜϧϻ΍ ΔΟέΩ

ΔΑήΘϠϟ ϲϠλϷ΍ ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϰϟ· ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϲϓ ήϴϐΘϟ΍ έ΍ΪϘϣ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ Ϯϫ
Vo Vdry 'V
D.O.S
Vo Vo
ϲϠλϷ΍ ϢΠΤϟ΍ = Vo
ϑΎΠϟ΍ ϢΠΤϟ΍ = Vdry
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
˺
Sheet No. (3)

Soil Consistency
1- A) Define: liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, plasticity index.
B) the liquid an plastic limits of a soil are 87 % and 35 %
respectively, natural water content is 43%. Find the liquidity index
and draw the relation between the water content and liquidity index
for this soil for water content ranging between the plastic and the
liquid limits.
2- The following index properties were determined for two soils A & B
Property Soil (A) Soil (B)

L.L 0.62 0.34
P.L 0.26 0.19
Wc 38 % 25 %
Gs 2.72 2.67
Sr 1.0 1.0
From the above table, determine which of these soils:

1) contains more clay particles
2) Has a greater wet density
3) Has a greater dry density
4) Has a greater void ratio
3- The liquid limit, water content and the plastic limit of clay soil were
determined in the laboratory as follows. Find consistency index &
liquidity index for each soil:
˻
Soil L.L % Wc % P.L %

A 15 12 10
B 78 34 28
C 55 40 35
D 41 35 31
4- For the given data determine the liquid limit of a given sample of silt:
Moist wt. of sample 7.49 6.41 8.606 7.72

Dry wt. of sample 6.15 5.235 7.006 6.27
Number of blows 40 34 24 20
Determine also the flow and toughness indexes of this soil.
5- Sample of clay soil has a liquid limit of 62 % and its plasticity index
is 32 %
a) what is the degree of stiffness of this soil if the natural water
content is 34 %
b) calculate the shrinkage limit if the void ratio of the sample at its
shrinkage limit is 70 % , Gs = 2.70
6- Sample of clay weight 34.8 gm at its liquid limit. After drying the
clay, its weight is 19.4 gm and its volume is 10 cm3. if the Gs = 2.7 of
clay determine its L.L and S.L.
Chapter (3) Soil Consistency
2011
(1)
Sheet No. (3)
Soil Consistency
1- A) Define: liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit,
plasticity index.
Liquid limit: (L.L.) ΔϟϮϴδϟ΍ ΪΣ
ΔϧΪϠϟ΍ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍ ϰϟ· ΔϠ΋Ύδϟ΍ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϝϮΤΘΗ ϩΪϨϋ ϱάϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍ Ϯϫ
κѧϗ ΔѧϣϭΎϘϣ ΎѧϬϟ ) ΔѧΟΰϠϟ΍ Ϟ΋΍Ϯѧδϟ΍ ϙϮϠѧγ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϚϠδΗ ϩΪϨϋ ϱάϟ΍ϭ βϜόϟ΍ ϭ΃
ϚѧϟΫϭ ΔΑήѧο ˻˾ ϡ΍ΪΨΘѧγΎΑ Ϣϣ ˺˼ ϪϟϮσ ϖη ϖϠϏ ϦϜϤϳ ϩΪϨϋ ϱάϟ΍ ϭ (Γήϴϐλ
Ϊϧ΍ήΟ΍ίΎϛ ΔϘϳήσ ϝϼΧ Ϧϣ
Plastic limit: (P.L.) ΔϧϭΪϠϟ΍ ΪΣ
ΔΒѧη ΔѧϟΎΤϟ΍ ϰѧϟ· ΔѧϧΪϠϟ΍ ΔѧϟΎΤϟ΍ Ϧѧϣ ΔѧΑήΘϟ΍ ϝϮΤΘΗ ϩΪϨϋ ϱάϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍ Ϯϫ
ϕΰϤΗ ΙϭΪΣ ϥϭΩ Ϣϣ ˼ ϩήτϗ ςϴΧ ϦϳϮϜΗ ϦϜϤϳ ϩΪϨϋ ϱάϟ΍ϭ ΔΒϠμϟ΍
Shrinkage limit: (S.L.) εΎϤϜϧϻ΍ ΪΣ
ΔѧϟΎΤϟ΍ ϰѧϟ· ΔΒϠѧμϟ΍ ΔΒη ΔϟΎΤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϝϮΤΘΗ ϩΪϨϋ ϱάϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍ Ϯϫ
˯΍ϮѧϬϟ΍ ϢѧΠΤϟ ϱϭΎѧδϣ εΎѧϤϜϧϻ΍ ΔѧϟΎΣ ϲѧϓ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ ϥϮϜϳ ϩΪϨϋ ϱάϟ΍ϭ ΔΒϠμϟ΍
.ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍ ϲϓ
a w
S S
Va( dry ) Vw( S .L.)
dry S.L.
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011
(2)
Plasticity index ( IP ) ΔϧϭΪϠϟ΍ ήηΆϣ
ϲѧѧϓ ϡΪΨΘѧѧδϳ ϱάѧѧϟ΍ ϭ ΔѧѧϧϭΪϠΑ ϪѧѧϟϼΧ ΔѧѧΑήΘϟ΍ ϑήѧѧμΘΗ ϱάѧѧϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎѧѧϤϟ΍ ϯϮѧѧΘΤϤϟ΍ Ϯѧѧϫ
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϒϴϨμΗ
Ip L.L. P.L.
B) the liquid an plastic limits of a soil are 87 % and 35 %
respectively, natural water content is 43%. Find the
liquidity index and draw the relation between the water
content and liquidity index for this soil for water
content ranging between the plastic and the liquid
limits.
given
L.L = 87 %
P.L = 35 %
Wc = 43 %
Req.
1) IL
2) Draw relation (Wc, IL) Wc = 35 87
Wc P.L. 43 35
IL 0 .15
Ip 87 35
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(3)
IL
1.0
0.15
Wc˱
43 87
2- The following index properties were determined for two

soils A & B
Property Soil (A) Soil (B)
L.L 0.62 0.34
P.L 0.26 0.19
Wc 38 % 25 %
Gs 2.72 2.67
Sr 1.0 1.0
From the above table, determine which of these soils:

1)Which soil contains more clay particles
2) Has a greater wet density
3) Has a greater dry density
4) Has a greater void ratio
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(4)
1) Which soil contains more clay particles
ήΜϛ΃ clay ϰϠϋ ϱϮΘΤΗ ήΒϛ΍ IP ΎϬϟ ϲΘϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍
For soil (A)
Ip L.L. P .L.
Ip 0 .62 0 .26 0 .36
For soil (B)
Ip 0 .34 0 .19 0 .15
Soil (A) has more clay
1.03 w 1.03 0.67 w 0.67
1 S 2.72 1 S 2.67
Soil (A) Soil (B)
ήΒϛ΍ Ϧϣ ΩΪΤϧ ϭ ΔΑήΗ ϞϜϟ JbJde ΏΎδΣ ϢΘϳ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(5)
3- The liquid limit, water content and the plastic limit of
clay soil were determined in the laboratory as follows.
Find consistency index & liquidity index for each soil:
Soil L.L % Wc % P.L %
A 15 12 10
B 78 34 28
C 55 40 35
D 41 35 31
For soil (A)

L.L Wc . 15 12
Ic 0 .6
Ip 15 10
IL 1 Ic 0 .4
For soil (B)
L.L Wc . 78 34
Ic 0 .88
Ip 78 28
IL 1 Ic 0 .12
For soil (C)
L.L Wc . 55 40
Ic 0 .75
Ip 55 35
IL 1 Ic 0 .25
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(6)
4- For the given data determine the liquid limit of a given
sample of silt:
Moist wt. of sample 7.49 6.41 8.606 7.72
Dry wt. of sample 6.15 5.235 7.006 6.27
Determine also the flow and toughness indexes of this
soil.
Sol.
Ww Wt( moist ) Wt( dry )
Wc
Ws Wt( dry )
Wc, % 21.8 22.5 22.8 23.2

24.0
23.5
23.0
To scale
22.5
22.0
21.5
21.0
100 10
25
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011
(7)
L.L = 22.8 %
Wc1 Wc 2
If
Log ( N 1 ) Log ( N 2 )
0.228 0.218
If 0.045
Log ( 40 ) Log ( 24 )
Ip
IT
If
5- Sample of clay soil has a liquid limit of 62 % and its
plasticity index is 32 %
a) what is the degree of stiffness of this soil if the
natural water content is 34 %
b) calculate the shrinkage limit if the void ratio of the
sample at its shrinkage limit is 70 % , Gs = 2.70
a)
LL Wc 62 34
Ic 0.875
LL Pl 32
b) e = 70 %
Gs = 2.7
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(8)
Vv
e 0.7 w
Vs 0.7
assume
Vs 1 1 S 2.7
Vv 0 .7
Ww 0 .7
SL 0 . 26
Ws 2 .7
φΣϻ
e
φϔΣ SL φϔΣ
Gs
6- Sample of clay weight 34.8 gm at its liquid limit. After

drying the clay, its weight is 19.4 gm and its volume is 10
cm3. if the Gs = 2.7 of clay determine its L.L and S.L.
Given L.L Wt = 34.8 gm
S.L Ws = 19.4 gm Gs = 2.7
Vt = 10 cm3
Req. L.L, P.L
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(9)
L.L S.L
15.4 w 15.4
2.8 w 2.8
34.8
10
7.18 S 19.4 S 19.4
7.18
Ww Ww
SL SL
Ws Ws
15 .4 2 .8
S .L 79 .4 S .L 14 .5
19 .4 19 .4
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (1)
Chapter (4)
Soil Classification
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϒϴϨμΗ
βѧѧϔϧ ΎѧѧϬϟ ϲѧѧΘϟ΍ ΔѧѧϋϮϤΠϤϟ΍ ϊѧѧϣ ΔѧѧΑήΗ Ϟѧѧϛ ϊѧѧοϭ Ϯѧѧϫ ΔѧѧΑήΘϟ΍ ϒϴϨѧѧμΗ
ϦϴѧϤΘϬϤϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ϰϟϭϷ΍ ΐσΎΨΘϟ΍ Δϐϟ ϲϬϓ ϲγΪϨϬϟ΍ ϙϮϠδϟ΍ ϭ ι΍ϮΨϟ΍
.ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΎϜϴϧΎϜϴϣ ϢϠόΑ
:ϲϫ ϒϴϨμΘϠϟ ϕήσ ΓΪϋ ΪΟϮϳϭ
1- Particle size classification (M.I.T. classification)

2- Textural classification
3- Unified soil classification system (U.S.C.S)
4- American Association of Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO)
1) Particle size classification (M.I.T. classification)

ΎϬϧϮϛ ΚϴΣ Ϧϣ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ωϮϧ ΪϳΪΤΘϟ ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ ϰϠϋ ϒϴϨμΘϟ΍ ΍άϫ ΪϤΘόϳ
-:ϲϠϳ ΎϤϛ ΝέΪΘϣ αΎϴϘϣ ϝϼΧ Ϧϣ ϚϟΫϭ Ϧϴσ -ϲϤσ – Ϟϣέ – ςϟί
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (2)
ΐδϧ ΪϳΪΤΗ ϦϜϤϳ ϱήΧ΃ϭ ΔΑήΗ ϦϴΑ Ϟμϔϳ ϱάϟ΍ Ϣϗήϟ΍ ΔϓήόϤΑ
% of gravel ςϟΰϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ
% of sand Ϟϣήϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ
% of silt ϲϤτϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ
% of clay Ϧϴτϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ
100
P3
P2
P1
0.0
2 mm 0.06 mm 0.002 mm
% of gravel = 100 - P3
% of sand = P3 - P2
% of silt = P2 – P1
% of clay = P1
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (3)
2) Textural classification:-
ΐδϧ ϦϴΑ ςΑήϳ ΚϠΜϣ ϞϜη ϰϠϋ ϊοϭ ϪϧϷ ΚϠΜϤϟ΍ ϒϴϨμΘΑ ϡΎψϨϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϰϤδϳ
.ϲϠϳ ΎϤϛ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΕΎϧϮϜϣ Ϧϣ ϥϮϜϣ Ϟϛ ΩϮΟϭ ΔΒδϧ ϰϠϋ ΍ΪϤΘόϣ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΕΎϧϮϜϣ
Ex:
% of sand = 20 %
% of clay = 60 % The soil is Clay
% of silt = 20 %
Ex:
% of gravel = 7 %
% of sand = 25 %
ςϟΰϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ ΩΎόΒΘγ΍ ΪόΑ ΔϟΪόϣ ΐδϧ ΏΎδΣ Ϧϣ ΪΑϻ
% of clay = 25 %
% of silt = 43 %
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (4)
25
% sand * 100 26 . 9 %
93
43
% silt * 100 46 . 2 % The soil is
93 Sand-silt-clay
25
% clay 26 . 9 %
93
ϲϟΎΘϟ΍ ϝϭΪΠϟ΍ ϡΪΨΘδϧ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ Ϣγ΍ ϲϓ ςϟΰϟ΍ ήϴΛ΄Η ϞΧΪϧ ϰΘΣ ϭ
The soil is
Sand-silt-clay
% (˺˾-˾) ςϟΰϟ΍ ξόΑ ΎϬΑ
3) Unified soil classification system (U.S.C.S)

Γήϴϐλ ϝΎϤΣϷ ΔοήόϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϒϴϨμΘϟ ϡΪΨΘδϳ -
ΔѧΑήΘϟ΍ ωϮѧϨϟ ΓΰѧϴϤϤϟ΍ ίϮѧϣήϟ΍ ξόΑ ϰϠϋ ΍ΪϤΘόϣ ϒϴϨμΘϟ΍ ϢΘϳ -
:ϲϠϳ ΎϤϛ ϲϫ ϭ
-G Gravel -O Organic soil
-S Sand - Pt Peat
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 (5)
-M Silt -W Well graded
-C Clay -P Poor graded
-H High plasticity
-L Low plasticity
-I Medium plasticity
:ϲϠϳ ΎϤϴϓ ϩέΎμΘΧ΍ ϦϜϤϳ ϝϭΪΟ ϝϼΧ Ϧϣ ϒϴϨμΘϟ΍ ϢΘϳ -
% passing # 200 = 0.074 mm
% passing # 200 > 50 % % passing # 200 < 50 %
Fine soil (clay or silt) Coarse soil (gravel or sand)
Plasticity chart (A-line) % passing # 4.0 = 4.75 mm

Cassagrand chart
% passing # 4.0 > 50 % % passing # 4.0 < 50 %
Sand Gravel
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (6)
ϕήΤϟΎΑ ϭ΃ ΔΤ΋΍ήϟΎΑ ϭ΃ ήμΒϟΎΑ ΎϬμΤϓ ϢΘϳ ϪϧΎϓ ( peat ) ϢΤϔϠϟ ΔΒδϨϟΎΑ
Plasticity chart (A-line)

(Cassagrand chart)
Clay
IP
Silt
35 % 50 % L.L
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (7)
4- (AASHTO) ϮΘη΃
AASHTO
Coarse Soil Fine Soil
A-1 A-3 A-2 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7
A-1-a A-1-b A-7-5 A-7-6
A-2-4 A-2-5 A-2-6 A-2-7
A-1-a
ΔѧπϔΨϨϣ ΔϤϋΎϨϟ΍ Ω΍ϮϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔτϴδΑ ΔΒδϧ ϲϠϋ ϱϮΘΤΗ ΝέΪΘϟ΍ ΓΪϴΟ ςϟί Ϧϋ ΓέΎΒϋ
ΔϧϭΪϠϟ΍
A-1- b
ΓΪϴΟ ΔΑήΗ ήΒΘόΗ ϦθΧ Ϟϣέ Ϧϋ ΓέΎΒϋ
A- 3
ϲϫϭ clay ϭ΃ silt ϲϠϋ ϱϮΘΤϳ ϻ ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ΏέΎϘΘϣ ϢϋΎϧ Ϟϣέ Ϧϋ ΓέΎΒϋ
ΔϧϭΪϠϟ΍ ΔϤϳΪϋ ΔΑήΗ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (8)
A- 2
ΔΒѧδϧ ΎѧϬϟ ϲѧΘϟ΍ϭ ΔѧϤϋΎϧ Ω΍Ϯѧϣ ϱϮѧΘΤΗ ΔϨѧθΧ Ω΍Ϯѧϣ Ϧѧϣ ω΍Ϯϧ΃ ΓΪϋ Ϧϋ ΓέΎΒϋ
ϪϧϭΪϟ
A- 4
˻˹˹ Ϣϗέ ϞΨϨϣ Ϧϣ ήΜϛ΃ ϭ΃ % ̀˾ ϪϨϣ ήϤϳ silt Ϧϋ ΓέΎΒϋ
A- 5
ΔΌϴγ Ω΍Ϯϣ ϭ ΔϴσΎτϣ Ω΍Ϯϣ ϲϠϋ ϱϮΘΤϳ silt Ϧϋ ΓέΎΒϋ
A-6
˻˹˹ Ϣѧϗέ ϞѧΨϨϣ Ϧѧϣ ήѧΜϛ΃ ϭ΃ % ̀˾ ϪѧϨϣ ήѧϤϳ plastic clay Ϧѧϋ ΓέΎѧΒϋ
ϩΎϴϤϟ΍ κΘϤΗ ΎϣΪϨϋ ΎϬΗϮϗ ΪϘϔΗϭ ΓήϴΒϛ ϪϴϤΠΣ Ε΍ήϴϴϐΗ ΎϬϟ ΙΪΤϳϭ
A-7
ΔѧϴσΎτϣ Δѧϧήϣ ι΍ϮѧΧ ΎѧϬϟϭ ϲϟΎѧϋ liquid limit ΎѧϬϟ clay Ϧѧϋ ΓέΎѧΒϋ
ΓήϴΒϛ ϪϴϤΠΣ Ε΍ήϴϴϐΗϭ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (9)
ϒϴϨμΘϟ΍ ϢΘϳ ϒϴϛ
# 40
A-3 A-2
A-4
A-5
50% A-6
A-7
A-1-b
30%
A-1-a
10 15 25 35 # 200
A-2 ϦϴΑ ϖϳήϔΘϟ΍
IP
A-2-6 A-2-7
10
A-2-4
A A-2-5
40 L.L
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (10)
A-4, A-5, A-6, A-7 ϦϴΑ ϖϳήϔΘϟ΍
IP
A-7-6
A-6 A-7-5
10
A-4 A-5
40 L.L
PI < L.L – 30 A-7-5

PI > L.L – 30 A-7-6
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
2011 (1)
Ex: for the following table
Soil # 200 # 4.0 Cu Cc LL Pl

A 30 70 7 2.5 40 25
B 70 100 -- -- 60 30
Classify the following soil according to U.S.C.S

Soil (A)
- % passing # 200 = 30 % < 50 % Course soil
- % passing # 4 = 70 % > 50 % Sand soil
- Cc = 2.5
- Cu = 7
- Ip = L.L – P.L = 40 – 25 = 15
The soil is ( Sw-Sc )
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (2)
Soil (B)
- % passing # 200 = 70 % > 50 % Fine soil
A-line ϡ΍ΪΨΘγ΍ ϢΘϳ

- Ip = L.L – P.L = 60 – 30 = 30
IP
35 % 50 %
The soil is (CH)
Ex: (mid term 2007)
Soil # 4.0 # 200 D10 mm D30 mm D60 mm LL Pl
A 98 16 0.045 0.13 0.32 48 20
B 44 3 0.16 1.2 4.85 --- ---
C 90 8 0.1 0.32 0.9 36 26
D 100 63 --- --- --- 26 26
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (3)
Classify the following soil according to U.S.C.S
Solution
Soil (A)
- % passing # 200 = 16 % < 50 % Course soil
- % passing # 4 = 98 % > 50 % Sand soil
D60 0.32
Cu 7.11
D10 0.045
(D30 ) 2 (0.13) 2
Cc 1.17
D60 * D10 0.32* 0.045
- Ip = L.L – P.L = 48 – 20 = 28
The soil is ( Sw-Sc )
Try of Soil (B), Soil (C), Soil (D)
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (4)
Ex:
Soil # 40 # 200 LL Pl
A 35 17 ----- -----
B 60 20 60 10
C 90 8 ----- ------
D ------ 63 49 26
Classify the following soil according to AASHTO

Soil (A)
- % passing # 200 = 17 %
- % passing # 40 = 35 %
Then the soil is (A-1-b)
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (5)
Soil (B)
- % passing # 200 = 20 %
- % passing # 40 = 60 %
Then the soil is (A-2)
PI = 60 – 10 = 50
L.L = 60
Then the soil is (A-2-7)
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (6)
Soil (D)
- % passing # 200 = 63 %
Then the soil is (A-4) or (A-5) or (A-6) or (A-7)
PI = 49 - 26 = 23
L.L = 49
Then the soil is (A-7)

L.L – 30 = 49 – 30 = 19
P.I > L.L – 30
Then the soil is (A-7-6)
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (7)
Mid term 2008
Sieve analysis was carried out on a soil sample. The percentage
finer than 0.425 mm was used to determine L.L and P.L of the
fines. The results are: L.L = 43 %, P.L = 23 %
Dim.(mm) 4.76 2.0 1.4 0.6 0.425 0.25 0.15 0.075

% finer 75 60 45 30 25 20 15 10
Classify this soil according to unified system
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (8)
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (1)
Chapter (5)
Soil Compaction
Δ˰˰Αή˰Θϟ΍ Ϛ˰˰ϣΩ
ϲΟέΎΧ ϞϤΣ
Ws
Jd n
Vt p
ϖϳήσ Ϧϋ ΔΑήΘϠϟ ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍ ΓΩΎϳί ΎϬϨϣ νήϐϟ΍ ΔϴϠϤϋ Ϧϋ ΓέΎΒϋ Ϯϫ
ϲΟέΎΧ ϞϤΣ ήϴΛ΄Η ΖΤΗ ϚϟΫ ϭ ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ΕΎϏ΍ήϔϟ΍ κϘϧ
Compaction in Lab. ϞϤόϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϚϣΪϟ΍

1) Standard proctor test (S.P.T.) ϲγΎϴϘϟ΍ έϮΘϛϭήΑ έΎΒΘΧ΍
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (2)
.˻˹ Ϣϗέ ϞΨϨϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϩέΎϣ ΔϓΎΟ ΔΑήΗ έΎπΣ· ϢΘϳ -˺
.βϧΎΠΘϣ ςϴϠΧ ϦϳϮϜΗ ϭ ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϠϟ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϴϤϛ ΔϓΎο· ϢΘϳ -˻
4–6% coarse soil
8 – 10 % fine soil
ΔϘΒσ Ϟϛ ϚϣΩ ϊϣ ΕΎϘΒσ ΙϼΛ ϰϠϋ ΐϟΎϘϟ΍ ϲϓ ςϴϠΨϟ΍ ϊοϭ ϢΘϳ -˼
ωΎϔΗέ΍ Ϧϣ ςϘδΗϭ ϢΠϛ ˻̄˾ ΎϬϧίϭ Δϗήτϣ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ ΔΑήο ˻˾
Ϣγ ˼˹̄˾
W1 ύέΎϓ ΐϟΎϘϟ΍ ϥίϭ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˽
W2 ΔΑήΘϟ΍ + ΐϟΎϘϟ΍ ϥίϭ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˾
ΔΑήΘϠϟ ΔϴϠϜϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍ ΏΎδΣ -˿
W2 W1
Jb
Vt 1000
ΔΑϮσήϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϣ ΪϳΪΤΗ ϭ ΐϟΎϘϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω Ϧϣ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ Ϧϣ ˯ΰΟ άΧ΍ -̀
W3 ϥήϔϟ΍ ϰϓ ΎϬόοϭ ϞΒϗ ΔϨϴόϟ΍ ϥίϭ
W4 ϥήϔϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΎϬΟ΍ήΧ· ΪόΑ ΔϨϴόϟ΍ ϥίϭ
W3 W4
Wc
W4
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (3)
ΔΑήΘϠϟ ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍ ΏΎδΣ -́
Jb
Jd
(1 Wc )
ϯήΧ΃ ϩΎϴϣ ΔΒδϧ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγ΍ ϊϣ ΔϘΑΎδϟ΍ Ε΍ϮτΨϟ΍ βϔϧ έ΍ήϜΗ -̂
Jd
Wc
Wc, Jd ϦϴΑ Δϗϼόϟ΍ Ϣγέ ϢΘϳ -˺˹

Jd
Jd max.
Wc
O.M.C.
O.M.C. = Optimum moisture content ϞΜϣϵ΍ ΔΑϮσήϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϣ

Jd max. = maximum dry density ΔϓΎΟ ΔϓΎΜϛ ϲμϗ΍
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (4)
2) Modified proctor test (M.P.T.) ϝΪόϤϟ΍ έϮΘϛϭήΑ έΎΒΘΧ΍
ϑϼΘΧ΍ ϊϣ standard ˰ϟ΍ βϔϧ Ϯϫ
S.P.T. M.P.T.
Wt. of hammer 2.5 kg 4.5 kg
Drop height 30.5 cm 45 cm
Layers 3 - layers 5 - layers
No. of blows 25 blows 25 blows
ΔϔϴϔΨϟ΍ ϝΎϤΣϷ΍ ΔϠϴϘΜϟ΍ ϝΎϤΣϷ΍
Uses
ΔϳΩΎόϟ΍ ϕήτϟ΍ ϭ Ε΍έΎτϤϟ΍ ϕήσ ϭ
Factors affecting compaction: ϚϣΪϟ΍ ϲϓ ήΛ΄Η ϲΘϟ΍ Ϟϣ΍Ϯόϟ΍
1- Water content ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍

2- Compaction effort ϚϣΪϟ΍ ΪϬΟ
3- Soil type ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ωϮϧ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (5)
1- Water content ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍
Jd
Dry side Wet side
Jd max.
Stage ( I ) Stage ( II )
Wc
O.M.C.
Stage ( I ) Stage ( II )
ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍ Ω΍ΩΰΗ ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍ ΓΩΎϳΰΑ ΔΑϮσήϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϣ Ϧϋ ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍ ΓΩΎϳΰΑ
ΪϋΎδΗ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϥϻ ΔϤϴϗ ϲμϗ΃ ϲϟ· ϞμΗ ϰΘΣ ϢΠΣ Ϟϐθϳ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϥϻ ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍ ϞϘΗ ϞΜϣϵ΍
ΪϋΎδΗ ΎϤϣ ΎϬπόΑ ϕϮϓ ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ϕϻΰϧ΍ ϲϠϋ ΓΩΎϳί ϰϠϋ ΪϋΎδΗ ΎϤϣ ΕΎϏ΍ήϔϟ΍ Ϧϣ ήϴΒϛ
ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍ ΓΩΎϳί ϲϟΎΘϟΎΑϭ ϢΠΤϟ΍ κϘϧ ϰϠϋ ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍ ϞϘΗ ϲϟΎΘϟΎΑϭ ϢΠΤϟ΍
2- Compaction effort: (E) ϚϣΪϟ΍ ΪϬΟ

Jd
M.P.T.
S.P.T.
Wc
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (6)
E n J d max n O.M .C p
ϞΜϣϷ΍ ΔΑϮσήϟ΍ ϱϮΘΤϣ ϞϘϳ ϭ ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍ ΪϳΰΗ ϚϣΪϟ΍ ΔϗΎσ ΓΩΎϳΰΑ
W *H * N *n
E
V
W= ΔϗήτϤϟ΍ ϥίϭ
H = ρϮϘδϟ΍ ωΎϔΗέ΍
N= ΕΎϘΒτϟ΍ ΩΪϋ
n = ΕΎΑήπϟ΍ ΩΪϋ
2 . 5 * 30 . 5 * 3 * 25
E SPT 5 .7
1000
4 . 5 * 45 * 5 * 25
E MPT 25 . 3
1000
E MPT 25 . 3
4 .4
E SPT 5 .7
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (7)
3- Soil type ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ωϮϧ
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Size n J d max n O .M .C p
ΔΑϮσήϟ΍ ϱϮΘΤϣ ϞϘϳ ϭ ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍ ΪϳΰΗ ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ ΓΩΎϳΰΑ
ϞΜϣϵ΍
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
2011 (1)
Compaction in field ϊϗϮϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϚϣΪϟ΍
ϝΎѧϤϋ΄Α ΔѧτΒΗήϤϟ΍ ϊϳέΎѧθϤϟ΍ ϲѧϓ Δϴѧδϴ΋ήϟ΍ ΕΎѧΒϠτΘϤϟ΍ ΪѧΣ΍ ΔѧΑήΘϟ΍ ϚѧϣΩ ϞΜϤϳ
.Ε΂ѧѧθϨϤϟ΍ ΕΎѧѧγΎγ΃ ϭ ΔѧѧϴΑ΍ήΘϟ΍ ΩϭΪѧѧδϟ΍ ϭ ϕήѧѧτϟ΍ ΎѧѧϬϤϫ΃ Ϧѧѧϣ ϲѧѧΘϟ΍ϭ ΔѧѧΑήΘϟ΍
ήϴΛ΄ѧѧΗ ΖѧѧΤΗ ΔѧѧΑήΘϠϟ ΔѧѧϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔѧѧϓΎΜϜϟ΍ ΓΩΎѧѧϳί ΔѧѧϴϠϤϋ ΎѧѧϬϧ΄Α ϚϣΪѧѧϟ΍ ΔѧѧϴϠϤϋ ϑήѧѧόΗϭ
...ϑΪϬΑ ϚϟΫϭ ϝΎϤΣϷ΍
.ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϞϤΤΗ ΓέΪϗ ΓΩΎϳί -
.ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ρϮΒϫ ϞϴϠϘΗ ϲϟΎΘϟΎΑ ϭ ΕΎϏ΍ήϔϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ ϞϴϠϘΗ -
.ΔϴηΎϤϜϧϻ΍ ϭ ΔϴηΎϔΘϧϹ΍ ΔΑήΘϠϟ ΔϴϤΠΤϟ΍ Ε΍ήϴϐΘϟ΍ ϞϴϠϘΗ -
.ϩΎϴϤϠϟ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΔϳΫΎϔϧ ϞϴϠϘΗ -
.ΔΑήΘϠϟ ϥΎϣϵ΍ ϞϣΎόϣ ΓΩΎϳί -
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ωϮϧ ϰϠϋ ΪϤΘόΗ ΔϔϠΘΨϣ Ε΍Ϊόϣ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ ϊϗϮϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϚϣΩ ϢΘϳ
:ϲϟΎΘϟ΍ Ε΍ΪόϤϟ΍ Γάϫ Ϧϣϭ
1- Smooth wheel rollers:
Δϴτϟΰϟ΍ ϭ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϚϣΪϟ ϡΪΨΘδϳ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (2)
2- Pneumatic-type rollers:
ΔϜγΎϤΘϣ ήϴϐϟ΍ϭ ΔϜγΎϤΘϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϠϟ ϡΪΨΘδϳ

3- Sheep-foot rollers
Ϧϴτϟ΍ϭ ϲϤτϟ΍ ϞΜϣ ΔϜγΎϤΘϤϟ΍ ϭ ΔΟΰϠϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϠϟ ϡΪΨΘδϳ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (3)
4- Compaction by rammers
ϡ ˼-˻ ϰϟ· ϞμΗ ϕΎϤϋϷ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϚϣΪϟ ϡΪΨΘδϳ
5- Dynamic compaction
Δϴτϟΰϟ΍ ϭ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϭ ϡΩήϟ΍ ΔΑήΗ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (4)
6- Vibrating plates
(ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϠϟ) Γήϴϐμϟ΍ ΕΎΣΎδϤϠϟ ϡΪΨΘδϳ

7- Vibrofloating
ϭ ΔϜϜϔϤϟ΍ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϚϣΪϟ ϡΪΨΘδϳ

ΓήϴΒϛ ϕΎϤϋϷ Δϴτϟΰϟ΍
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (5)
Relative Compaction (R.c) ϲΒδϨϟ΍ ϚϣΪϟ΍
ϻ ϡ΃ ϝϮΒϘϣ ϊϗϮϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϚϣΪϟ΍ ϲϠϋ ϢϜΤϠϟ ϡΪΨΘδϳ
J d field
Rc
J d max
Rc > 95 % ϥ΍ ϲϠϋ ΕΎϔλ΍ϮϤϟ΍ κϨΗϭ
Refused Accepted Refused

Jd max
Jd max
Range of Wc
Wc1 O.M.C Wc2
Range of Wc = (O.M.C – Wc1) (O.M.C + Wc2)
ϰϠϋ ΕΎϔλ΍ϮϤϟ΍ κϨΗ ϭ

Range of Wc = (O.M.C ± 2%)
ϚϣΪϟ΍ ΓΩΎϋ·ϭ ϩΎϴϣ ΔϓΎο· ϢΘϳ Wc1 ϞΒϗ ϊϘϳ ϭ νϮϓήϣ ϚϣΪϟ΍ ϥΎϛ Ϯϟ -
ϚϣΪϟ΍ ΓΩΎϋ·ϭ ϒΠΘϟ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϙήΗ ϢΘϳ Wc2 ΪόΑ ϊϘϳ ϭ νϮϓήϣ ϚϣΪϟ΍ ϥΎϛ Ϯϟ -
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (6)
Sand cone test: ϲϠϣήϟ΍ ρϭήΨϤϟ΍ έΎΒΘΧ΍
(Sand replacement test)
(Compacted control test)
-: ΔΑήΠΘϟ΍ Ε΍ϮτΧ
W1 ήϔΤϟ΍ ΞΗΎϧ ϊϴϤΠΗ ϊϣ ϊϗϮϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΓήϔΣ ϞϤϋ ϢΘϳ -˺
Wc ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍ ΪϳΪΤΗ ϭ ϥήϔϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϒϴϔΠΗ ϢΘϳ -˻
ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ ϞϣήϟΎΑ ΓήϔΤϟ΍ ˯Ϟϣ ϢΘϳ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍ ϡϮϠόϣ Ϟϣέ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ -˼
ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍ ρϭήΨϣ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (7)
ϢΠΣ ΏΎδΣ ϢΘϳ ΓήϔΤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΩϮΟϮϤϟ΍ Ϟϣήϟ΍ ϥίϭ ΔϴϣϮϠόϤΑ -˽
W sand ΓήϔΤϟ΍
V hole
J sand
ΔΑήΘϠϟ ΔϴϠϜϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˾
W1
Jb
V hole
ΔΑήΘϠϟ ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˿

Jb
J d field
(1 Wc )
J d field
Rc
J d max
Air void ratio (na) ˯΍ϮϬϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ
Va
Va
na Vt
Vt
ΔΑήΘϠϟ ϰϠϜϟ΍ ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϰϟ· ˯΍ϮϬϟ΍ ϢΠΣ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 (8)
Relation (na, n, Sr)
Vv n(1-Sr)
n n
Vt 1
n*Sr
Vw Vw 1-n
Sr
Vv n
Vw n * Sr
Va
na n (1 Sr )
Vt
Relation (na, Gs, Wc, Jd, Jw)
Vt Vs Vw Va Va
Vt ϰϠϋ ΔϤδϘϟΎΑ
Vt Vw
Vs Vw Va
1
Vt Vt Vt Vs
Vs Vw
(1 na )
Vt Vt
Note
Ws Ww Ws
(1 na) *
Gs*J w *Vt J w *Vt Ws Ws
Jd
Jd J d *Wc Vt
(1 na) Ww J w * Vw
Gs*J w Jw
Ws Gs * J w * Vs
(1 na ) * Gs * J w Ww
Jd Wc
(1 Gs * Wc ) Ws
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 (9)
Zero air voids: (ZAV) na = 0
Saturation line
Gs * J w
Jd
(1 Gs * Wc )
-: ˰Α ΰϴϤΘϳϭ ςϘϓ ϱήψϧ ϰϨΤϨϣ ϮϬϓ ϞϤόϤϟ΍ ϰϓ ΪΟϮϳ ϻ ϰϨΤϨϤϟ΍ ΍άϫ
.ϚϣΪϟ΍ ϰϨΤϨϣ βϤϳ ϻ -˺
.˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϰϓ ΐ΋΍Ϋ ˯΍Ϯϫ ΩϮΟϮϟ ϚϟΫ ϭ ΔόϴΒτϟ΍ ϰϓ ΪΟϮϳ ϻ -˻
ϚϣΪϟ΍ ϰϨΤϨϣ ΔΤλ ϰϠϋ ϢϜΤϠϟ ϡΪΨΘδϳ -˼
5%
10 % ZAV
For 5 % of air voids

Jd (5 %) = 0.95 *Jd (zav)
For 10 % of air voids
Jd (10 %) = 0.9 *Jd (zav)
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
2011
Sol.
Wc, % 10.1 11.8 14.2 16.3 17.6 18.9
Jd, t/m3 1.65 1.71 1.79 1.8 1.76 1.72
Jd, t/m3(na = 0) 2.1 2.04 1.94 1.86 1.82 1.78
Jd, t/m3(na = 5%) 2.0 1.93 1.84 1.77 1.73 1.69
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Sol.
Given:-
Jd t/m3 g/cm3
Wc = 12.5 %
10 cm
Gs = 2.66
Req. 5.0
1) Sr
S
2) na V ( 5 ) 2 * 10 196 . 3
4
3) Ww, Wdry
196.3 42.95 w 42.95
386.55
129.2 S 343.6
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Ws Ws
Jd 1.75 Ws 343 .6
Vt 196 .3
Ww Ww
Wc 0.125 Ww 42.95
Ws 343 .6
Vw 42.95
Sr 0.616
Vv 69.7
Va 24.15
na 0.123
Vt 196 .3
Ww 42.95
Ws Wdry 343 .6
Rc = 95 %
Req.
Range of water content
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
1.9
1.85
1.8
1.75
1.7
1.65
1.6
5 10 Wc1 15 Wc2 20 25
Range of water content = ( 11.5 – 17.4 )
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Final (2008)
In a highway construction 95 % compaction is required for the
soil at a moisture content = optimum – 2 % to + 2 %. The soil
has the following compaction curve:-
Wc % 14 16 18 20 22 24
Jd (gm/cm3) 1.89 2.139 2.17 2.21 2.119 2.069
If a sample 900 cm3 volume is taken from the compacted layer.
Its weight is 1.8 kg and lost 0.3 kg after drying. Gs = 2.7.
i) Is that sample meet the specification? why?
ii) What is the degree of saturation of this sample?
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Final (2007)
1.95
The adjacent figure shows the results
dry unit weight, g/cc

from a laboratory standard Proctor test. 1.9
Find the maximum dry density and the
optimum moisture content. If the 1.85
contractor is asked to attain a relative
compaction of 95 % what is the 1.8
minimum dry density that is allowed and
1.75
the corresponding range of moisture
4 9 14 19
content water content, %
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Mid term (2008)

As a part of compaction control druing the construction of an
embankement, a series of density tests were conducted by using
sand replacement method (sand cone)and the following data
were reported for one of the tests:-
Weight of the soil excavated from hole = 1080 gm
Weight of the soil excavated from hole after dry = 930 gm
Weight of the sand filling the hole and cone = 1790 gm
Volume of the cone = 750 cm3
Bulk denisty of sand used in the test = 1.42 gm/cm3
The compaction test was carried out on the same soil in the
laboratory (volume of the mould = 950 cm3). The following
results were obtained:
Observation No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight of wet soil, gm 1700 1890 2030 1990 1960 1920
Water content, % 7.7 11.5 14.6 17.5 19.5 21.2
The specific gravity of soil grains = 2.7
i) Calculate the dry denisty, void ratio, degree of saturation and
air content of the soil in both site and laboratory
ii) Determine the relative compaction. Comment on the results.
iii) If the soil gets fully saturated calculate the changes in its water
content and bulk density (assume, total volume remains same)
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Mid-Term Exam Mid-Term Exam
2011 ˺ 2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 1 of soil
Chapter (6)
Hydraulic properties of soil
ΎϬϟϼΧ Ϧϣ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ έϭήϣ ˯ΎϨΛ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϙϮϠγ Δγ΍έΩ Ϯϫ
ϰϫ ˯΍ΰΟ΍ ΙϼΛ Δγ΍έΩ ϢΘϳ ϭ
Geo-static stress Permeability Flow net

νέϵ΍ ϥίϭ Ϧϣ ΞΗΎϨϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϵ΍ ΔϳΫΎϔϨϟ΍ ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ΔϜΒη
1) Geo-static stress νέϵ΍ ϥίϭ Ϧϣ ΞΗΎϨϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϵ΍

a) Effective stress: ( V ) ϝΎόϔϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϻ΍
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΕΎΒϴΒΣ ϥίϭ Ϧϣ ΞΗΎϨϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϻ΍ Ϯϫ
V ¦ J *h
˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΖΤΗ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϕϮϓ

Jsub. J
ϩΎτόϤϟ΍
Jsub. = Jsat.Jw JbJdJsat.
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 2 of soil
-:ϝΎόϔϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϹ΍ ΔϴϤϫ΃

ΔϴϤΠΤϟ΍ Ε΍ήϴϐΘϟ΍ Ϧϋ ΔϟϮΌδϤϟ΍ -˺
( W ) κϘϟ΍ ΔϣϭΎϘϣ Ϧϋ ΔϟϮΌδϤϟ΍ -˻
b) Pore water pressure: (neutral stress) ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ςϐο
˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϥίϭ Ϧϣ ΞΗΎϨϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϹ΍ Ϯϫ
U ¦J w * hw
Jw ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϛ
hw = ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΢τγ ϦϴΑ ϭ ΎϫΪϨϋ ΏΎδΤϟ΍ ΏϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔτϘϨϟ΍ ϦϴΑ Δϴγ΃ήϟ΍ ΔϓΎδϤϟ΍
c) Total stress: (V ) ϰϠϜϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϻ΍

˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϥίϭϭ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΕΎΒϴΒΣ ϥίϭ Ϧϣ ΞΗΎϨϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϻ΍ Ϯϫ
V ¦J *h
˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΖΤΗ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϕϮϓ
Jsat. J
ϩΎτόϤϟ΍
JbJdJsat.
V V U
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 3 of soil
Ϟ΋ΎδϤϟ΍ ϞΤϟ ΎϬψϔΣ ΏϮϠτϣ ϝϭϵ΍ Ϟμϔϟ΍ Ϧϣ Ϧϴϧ΍ϮϘϟ΍ ξόΑ
sr * e Gs *Wc
§ Gs sr * e ·
Jb ¨ ¸ *J w
© 1 e ¹
Ex:-
Find the stress at point h1 Jb

A, B B
h2 Jsat.
A
At point (A):-
V ¦J * h J b * h1 J sat. * h2
U J w * hw J w * h2
V J b * h1 J sub. * h2
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 4 of soil
At point (B):-
V ¦J *h J b * h1
U J w * hw Zero
V J b * h1
Δϳήόθϟ΍ ΔϴλΎΨϟΎΑ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ωΎϔΗέ΍ ΔϟΎΣ ϰϓ

1
h1 Jb
2
hc 3 Jsat.
4
h2 Jsat.
5
At point (1):-
V zero
U zero
V zero
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 5 of soil
At point (2):-
V J b * h1
U zero
V J b * h1
At point (3):-
V J b * h1
U J w * hc
V V U J b * h1 J w * hc
At point (4):-
V J b * h1 J sat . * h c
U zero
V J b * h1 J sat . * h c
At point (5):-
V J b * h1 J sat. * hc J sat. * h2
U J w * h2
V J b * h1 J sat. * hc J sub. * h2
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 6 of soil
Surcharge ωίϮϤϟ΍ ϞϤΤϟ΍ ήϴΛ΄Η
h1 Jb
h2 Jsat.
At point (A):-
V q J b * h1 J sat . * h2
U J w * h2
V q J b * h1 J sub. * h2
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 7 of soil
νέϻ΍ ΢τγ ϰϠϋ΍ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΖϧΎϛ ΍Ϋ΍
h1 Jw
h2 Jsat.
At point (A):-
V J sat . * h2 J w * h1
U J w * ( h1 h2 )
V J sub . * h2
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 8 of soil
Effect of flow ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ήϴΛ΄Η

a) Down-ward flow ϞϔγϷ ϥΎϳήδϟ΍
(ϰσ΍Ϯϟ΍ Ϧϋ ϰϟΎόϟ΍ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΏϮδϨϣ ϕήϓ ) H

h1
Soil
h2 Jsat
A A
At point (A-A):-
V J sat. * h2 J w * h1 ήϴϐΘϳ ϻ ΖΑΎΛ
U J w * (h1 h2 ) J w * H Jw + έ΍ΪϘϤΑ ϞϘϳ

ΔϤϳΪϘϟ΍ ΔϤϴϘϟ΍
V J sub. * h2 J w * H Jw + έ΍ΪϘϤΑ Ϊϳΰϳ
ϝΎόϔϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϻ΍ Ω΍Ωΰϳ Ϟϔγϻ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΔϛήΣ ϥ΍ φΣϼϧ

Jw + έ΍ΪϘϤΑ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 9 of soil
b) Up-ward flow ϰϠϋϷ ϥΎϳήδϟ΍
h1
Soil
h2 Jsat
A A
At point (A-A):-
V J sat. * h2 J w * h1 ήϴϐΘϳ ϻ ΖΑΎΛ
U J w * (h1 h2 ) J w * H Jw + έ΍ΪϘϤΑ Ϊϳΰϳ
V J sub. * h2 J w * H Jw + έ΍ΪϘϤΑ ϞϘϳ
ϝΎόϔϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϻ΍ ϞϠϘϳ ϰϠϋϻ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΔϛήΣ ϥ΍ φΣϼϧ
Jw + έ΍ΪϘϤΑ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 10 of soil
Hydraulic gradient ( i ) ϰϜϴϟϭέΪϴϬϟ΍ ϞϴϤϟ΍
H T
h1
h2
i tan T
H .......... .......... ....
ϰσ΍Ϯϟ΍ Ϧϋ ϰϟΎόϟ΍ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΏϮδϨϣ ϕήϓ
i ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω ˯ΎϤϟ΍ έΎδϣ ϝϮσ
L
ϥϮϜϳ ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ Ϛηϭ ϰϠϋ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϥϮϜΗ ΎϣΪϨϋ ϭ
V J sub. * h2 J w * H zero
J sub. * h2 J w * H
H J sub.
icr
h2 J w
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 11 of soil
i cr Critical Hydraulic gradient
J sub. Gs 1
icr ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ι΍ϮΧ Ϧϣ ΔϴλΎΧ
Jw 1 e
Piping = boiling = heaving = quick sand

ϥ΍έϮϔϟ΍ ΓήϫΎχ
ϭ (shear stress ) κѧϘϟ΍ Ε΍ΩΎϬΟ΍ Ϟϛ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΎϬϴϓ ΪϘϔΗ ΓήϫΎχ ϲϫ
˯ΎѧѧϨΛ΍ ϚѧѧϟΫϭ ( V ) ΔѧѧϛήΤϟ΍ Ϛѧѧηϭ ϰѧѧϠϋ ΔѧѧΑήΘϟ΍ ϥϮѧѧϜΗ ΎѧѧϬϴϓ ϰѧѧΘϟ΍
ΔѧΑήΘϟ΍ ϰѧϓ ΎѧΒϟΎϏ ΙΪΤΗ ΓήϫΎχ ϲϬϓ .ϰϠϋ΃ ϰϟ· Ϟϔγ΍ Ϧϣ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ έϭήϣ
.ΔϴϨϴτϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϰϓ ΓέΩΎϧϭ ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍
Scour ήΤϧ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 12 of soil
:ΏΎδΣ ϢΘϳ ϥ΍έϮϔϟ΍ ΓήϫΎχ ΙϭΪΣ ϰϠϋ ϢϜΤϠϟ

H
i
L
J sub. Gs 1
icr
Jw 1 e
i icr No piping ϥ΍έϮϓ ΙΪΤϳ ϻ
i icr critical ϥ΍έϮϔϟ΍ Ϛηϭ ϰϠϋ
i ! icr piping ϥ΍έϮϓ ΙΪΤϳ
How to prevent (overcome) piping ϥ΍έϮϔϟ΍ ϊϨϣ

ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω ˯ΎϤϟ΍ έΎδϣ ϝϮσ ΓΩΎϳί -˺
Sheet pile wall

ΔϴϧΪόϣ ή΋ΎΘγ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 13 of soil
΄θϨϤϟ΍ ϒϠΧ ϥ΍ίϭ΍ ϊοϭ -˻
Weights
filters ΕΎΤηήϣ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγ΍ -˼
Filters
Design of filter:
-: ˰Α ΢ηήϤϟ΍ ΔΑήΗ ΰϴϤΘΗ
ΝέΪΘϟ΍ ΓΪϴΟ ΔΑήΗ -˺
% ˾ Ϧϋ Ϊϳΰϳ ϻ ˻˹˹ Ϣϗέ ϞΨϨϤϟ΍ ϰϠϋ έΎϤϟ΍ -˻
4 D85 ( soil ) ! D15 ( filter ) ! 4 D15 ( soil ) -˼
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 14 of soil
85 %
Filter Soil
B A
15 %
4D85 D85 4D15 D15
(D15) 15% έΎϣ ΔΒδϧ ΪϨϋ ήτϘϟ΍ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˺

(A) ΔτϘϧ ϰϠϋ ϝϮμΤϠϟ ϲγ΃έ ϊϠτϧ ΎϬϨϣ ϭ (4D15) ϥΎϜϣ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˻
(D85) 85% έΎϣ ΔΒδϧ ΪϨϋ ήτϘϟ΍ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˼
(B) ΔτϘϧ ϰϠϋ ϝϮμΤϠϟ ϲγ΃έ ϊϠτϧ ΎϬϨϣ ϭ (4D85) ϥΎϜϣ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˽
filter ΔϘτϨϣ ϥϮϜΗ ϲΘϟ΍ ϭ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϰϨΤϨϤϟ ϥΎϳί΍Ϯϣ ϥΎϴϨΤϨϣ Ϣγήϧ A, B Ϧϣ -˾
filter ˰ϟ΍ ΔϘτϨϣ ϲϓ ϊϘϳ ΔΑήΗ ϰϨΤϨϣ ϱ΃

filter ϥϮϜΗ ϥ΃ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϩάϫ ΢ϠμΗ ΍Ϋ·
Soil Mechanics (1)
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
2011 1 of soil
Chapter (6)

2) Permeability of soil ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΔϳΫΎϔϧ

ΎϬϟϼΧ Ϧϣ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ έϭήϤΑ ΡΎϤδϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΓέΪϗ ϰϫ
K ΔϳΫΎϔϨϟ΍ ϞϣΎόϤΑ ΎϬϨϋ ήΒόϳ ϭ
K = Coefficient of permeability
Darcy Law ϰγέ΍Ω ϥϮϧΎϗ
i
h1
h2
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 2 of soil
V vi
ϊϣ ϱΩήσ ΐγΎϨΘΗ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϰϓ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϥΎϳήγ Δϋήγ
ϲϜϴϟϭέΪϴϬϟ΍ ϞϴϤϟ΍
V const . * i
V K *i
-: ΚϴΣ
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϥΎϳήγ Δϋήγ = V
ΔϳΫΎϔϨϟ΍ ϞϣΎόϣ = K
ϰϜϴϟϭέΪϴϬϟ΍ ϞϴϤϟ΍ = i
H ..........
ϰσ΍Ϯϟ΍ ..........
Ϧϋ ϰϟΎόϟ΍ ....ϕήϓ
˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΏϮδϨϣ
i
L ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω ˯ΎϤϟ΍ έΎδϣ ϝϮσ
H
A
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 3 of soil
Q A *V K *i * A
V
Q
t
ϑήμΘϟ΍ ϝΪόϣ = Q
ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ϩΎΠΗ΍ ϰϠϋ ΔϳΩϮϤόϟ΍ ΔΣΎδϤϟ΍ = A
Ϧϣΰϟ΍ = t
Ϧϴόϣ Ϧϣί ϝϼΧ ϩΎϴϤϟ΍ ΔϴϤϛ = V
Discharge velocity ϑήμΘϟ΍ Δϋήγ

ΔΑϮδΤϤϟ΍ Δϋήδϟ΍ ϰϫ ϭ ϪϠϛ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ωΎτϗ ϝϼΧ ϩΎϴϤϟ΍ Δϋήγ ϰϫ
Ϧϣ ϰγέ΍Ω ϥϮϧΎϗ
V K *i
Q A *V K *i * A
ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ ΔΣΎδϣ ΎϬϴϓ ΎϤΑ ΎϬϠϛ ΔΣΎδϤϟ΍ ϰϫ = A
Seepage velocity ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ Δϋήγ

ςϘϓ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΕΎϏ΍ήϓ ϝϼΧ ϩΎϴϤϟ΍ Δϋήγ ϰϫ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 4 of soil
Q AV * V S A *V
A *V V
VS
AV n
K *i
VS K P *i
n
KP = coefficient of percolation ΢ϴηήΘϟ΍ ϞϣΎόϣ
Av = area of voids ΕΎϏ΍ήϔϟ΍ ΔΣΎδϣ
ΔϳΫΎϔϨϟ΍ ϞϣΎόϣ ΏΎδΣ
ΔϳΫΎϔϨϟ΍ ϞϣΎόϣ ΏΎδΤϟ ϕήσ ΙϼΛ ϙΎϨϫ
1- Lab. tests
2- Field test
3- Empirical equations
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 5 of soil
1- Lab. tests:
a) Constant Head Test ΖΑΎΜϟ΍ ςϐπϟ΍ ΔϘϳήσ
coarse soil (Sand, Gravel) ΔϨθΨϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϠϟ ϡΪΨΘδϳ
Soil
( t ) ϩέ΍ΪϘϣ Ϧϴόϣ Ϧϣί ϰϓ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϴϤϛ ϊϴϤΠΗ ϢΘϳ

V h
Q K * *A
t L
V *L
K
h*t* A
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 6 of soil
b) Falling Head Test ήϴϐΘϤϟ΍ ςϐπϟ΍ ΔϘϳήσ

fine soil (silt, clay) ΔϤϋΎϨϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϠϟ ϡΪΨΘδϳ
a
h1
h2
Soil
A L
a * L § h1 ·
K Ln ¨¨ ¸¸
t*A © h2 ¹ -:ΚϴΣ
Δϴγ΃ήϟ΍ ΔΑϮΒϧϻ΍ ϊτϘϣ ΔΣΎδϣ = a
(ΔϨϴόϟ΍ ωΎϔΗέ΍) ϥΎϳήδϟ΍έΎδϣ ϝϮσ = L
(ΔϳΎϬϨϟ΍ ϭ Δϳ΍ΪΒϟ΍ Ϧϣί ϕήϓ) ΔΑήΠΘϟ΍ Ϧϣί = t
(ήϴΒϜϟ΍) ΔΑήΠΘϟ΍ Δϳ΍ΪΑ ϲϓ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ωΎϔΗέ΍ = h1
(ήϴϐμϟ΍) ΔΑήΠΘϟ΍ ΔϳΎϬϧ ϲϓ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ωΎϔΗ έ΍ = h2
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 7 of soil
2- Field tests: (in-situ test) (pumping test)

a) Unconfined Test (ήΤϟ΍ ϥΎϳήδϟ΍) ϡϮϜΤϣ ήϴϐϟ΍ ϥΎϳήδϟ΍
Q § r2 ·
K 2 2
Ln ¨¨ ¸¸
S ( h2 h1 ) © r1 ¹
b) Confined test (ήΤϟ΍ ήϴϐϟ΍ ϥΎϳήδϟ΍) ϡϮϜΤϣ ϥΎϳήδϟ΍
Q § r2 ·
K Ln ¨¨ ¸¸
2SD ( h2 h1 ) © r1 ¹
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 8 of soil
ΪΣ΍ϭ ΔψΣϼϣ ήΌΑ ΩϮΟϭ ΔϟΎΣ ϰϓ
ΪΣ΍ϭ ΔψΣϼϣ ήΌΑ ΩϮΟϭ ΔϟΎΣ ϰϓ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 9 of soil
3- Empirical equations:
a) Hazen formula
K C * ( D10 ) 2
C = Constant (1-10) ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ωϮϧ ϰϠϋ ΪϤΘόϳ

C=1 for sand
Permeability of stratified soil ΕΎϘΒτϟ΍ ΓΩΪόΘϣ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΔϳΫΎϔϧ

a) Horizontal flow ϰϘϓϵ΍ ϥΎϳήδϟ΍
i cons tant 1m
h
q1 K1 H1
q
q2 K2 H2 H
q3 K3 H3
L
q q1 q2 q3
Keq. * i * H K1* i * H1 K 2 * i * H 2 K 3* i * H 3
Keq. * H K1* H1 K 2 * H 2 K3* H 3
Keq. K X
¦K1* H1 K 2 * H 2 ....... ¦ K * H
¦H1 H 2 ......... ¦H
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 10 of soil
b) Vertical flow ϲγ΃ήϟ΍ ϥΎϳήδϟ΍
V, q = constant
K1 H1
K2 H2 H
H3
K3
h h1 h2 h3
h V *H
V h
K*
H K
V * H V * H1 V * H2 V * H3

K K1 K2 K3
H H1 H2 H3

K K1 K2 K3
Keq. K y
¦H1 H 2 ......... ¦ H
§ H1 H 2 · H
¦¨© K1 K 2
.........¸ ¦
¹ K
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
2011 1 of soil
Chapter (6)

3) Flow net ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ΔϜΒη
Flow channel
Flow lines
Equipotent lines
Field Drop head
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 2 of soil
ϞΧ΍Ω ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϥΎϳήγ Ϧϋ ήϴΒόΘϠϟ ΔϟΩΎόϣ Laplace ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϊοϭ

w 2h
w 2 h ΔΑήΘϟ΍
2
0 .0
wx wz 2
Laplace ΔϟΩΎόϤϟ ϰγΪϨϫ ϞϴΜϤΗ Ϧϋ ΓέΎΒϋ ϰϫ : ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ΔϜΒη

ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϥΎϳήγ Ϧϋ ήΒόΗ ϰΘϟ΍ϭ
Flow lines: ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ρϮτΧ

ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω ˯ΎϤϟ΍ έΎδϣ Ϧϋ ήΒόΗ ρϮτΧ ϰϫ
Flow channel: ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ΓΎϨϗ
ϦϴϴϟΎΘΘϣ ϥΎϳήγ ϲτΧ ϦϴΑ ΓέϮμΤϤϟ΍ ΔϘτϨϤϟ΍ ϰϫ
Equipotent lines:(ςϐπϟ΍) ΪϬΠϟ΍ ϯϭΎδΗ ρϮτΧ
ςϐπϟ΍ ϰϓ ΔϳϭΎδΘϤϟ΍ ςϘϨϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ϞμΗ ρϮτΧ ϰϫ
Drop head:ΪϬΠϟ΍ ϰϓ ΪϘϔϟ΍
ϦϴϴϟΎΘΘϣ ΪϬΟ ϯϭΎδΗ ϲτΧ ϦϴΑ ΓέϮμΤϤϟ΍ ΔϘτϨϤϟ΍ ϰϫ
Field: ϝΎΠϤϟ΍
ϯϭΎδΗ ϲτΧ ϭ ϦϴϴϟΎΘΘϣ ϥΎϳήγ ϲτΧ ϦϴΑ ΓέϮμΤϤϟ΍ ΔϘτϨϤϟ΍ ϰϫ
ΎΒϳήϘΗ ϊΑήϣ ϥϮϜϳ ϥ΍ Ϧϣ ΪΑϻϭ ϦϴϴϟΎΘΘϣ ΪϬΟ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 3 of soil
:ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ΔϜΒη Ϣγέ Ε΍ϮτΧ

ΐγΎϨϣ Ϣγέ αΎϴϘϤΑ Δϟ΄δϤϟ΍ Ϣγέ -˺
.ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ρϮτΧ Ϣγέ -˻
΄θϨϤϠϟ ϖλϼϣ ϥϮϜϳ ϥΎϳήγ ςΧ ϝϭ΃ -
ΓάϔϨϣ ήϴϐϟ΍ ΔϘΒτϠϟ ϖλϼϣ ϥϮϤϳ ϥΎϳήγ ςΧ ήΧ΃ -
ρϮτΧ 5 Ϧϋ ϞϘϳ ϻ ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ρϮτΧ ΩΪϋ -
ΔϳϭΎδΘϣ ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ρϮτΧ ϦϴΑ ΔϓΎδϤϟ΍ -
Smooth ˯ΎδϠϣ ρϮτΧ ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ρϮτΧ ϥϮϜΗ ϥ΃ -
.ΪϬΠϟ΍ ϯϭΎδΗ ρϮτΧ Ϣγέ -˼
(ϲϟΎόϟ΍ ˯ΎϤϟ΍) U.S. ϰϓ νέϼϟ ϖλϼϣ ϥϮϜϳ ΪϬΟ ϯϭΎδΗ ςΧ ϝϭ΃ -
(ϲσ΍Ϯϟ΍ ˯ΎϤϟ΍) D.S. ϰϓ νέϼϟ ϖλϼϣ ϥϮϜϳ ΪϬΟ ϯϭΎδΗ ςΧ ήΧ΃ -
Field ϦϳϮϜΘϟ ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ρϮτΧ ϰϠϋ ΔϳΩϮϤϋ ΪϬΠϟ΍ ϱϭΎδΗ ρϮτΧ -
Smooth ˯ΎδϠϣ ρϮτΧ ΪϬΠϟ΍ ϯϭΎδΗ ρϮτΧ ϥϮϜΗ ϥ΃ -
Example (1)
H
A B
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 4 of soil
Nf = No. of flow channel = 4.0

Nd = No. of drop head = 15
Example (2)
H
Nf = No. of flow channel = 4.0

Nd = No. of drop head = 13
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 5 of soil
Uses of flow net ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ΔϜΒη ΕΎϣ΍ΪΨΘγ΍

1) Seepage discharge ( q ) ϑήμΘϟ΍ ΏΎδΣ
Nf
q K *H *
Nd Ϣγήϟ΍ Ϧϣ
.ϰσ΍Ϯϟ΍ Ϧϋ ϰϟΎόϟ΍ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΏϮδϨϣ ϕήϓ = H
.ΔϳΫΎϔϨϟ΍ ϞϣΎόϣ = K
φΣϻ -:ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ωϮϧ ϰτόϣ ϥΎϛ Ϯϟ

.ΕΎϫΎΠΗϻ΍ ϊϴϤΟ ϰϓ ι΍ϮΨϟ΍ βϔϧ ΎϬϟ ΔΑήΗ ϰϫ = Isotropic soil
Kx = Kz
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 6 of soil
ΔϘΑΎδϟ΍ Ε΍ϮτΨϟ΍ βϔϧ ϰϫ Δϟ΄δϤϟ΍ ϞΣ

.ΕΎϫΎΠΗϻ΍ ϊϴϤΟ ϰϓ ΎϬλ΍ϮΧ ϒϠΘΨΗ ΔΑήΗ ϰϫ = In-isotropic soil
Kx z Kz
-:ϰϠϳ ΎϤϛ ΎϤϫ Ϧϴ΋ΰΟ ϰϓ ϒϠΘΨϳ Δϟ΄δϤϟ΍ ϞΣ
In-isotropic soil
Nf Ϣγήϟ΍ ϞΒϗ ϦϜϟ ϭ Δϟ΄δϤϟ΍ Ϣγέ ϢΘϳ

q K *H *
Nd ϰϓ ΔϴϘϓϵ΍ ΩΎόΑϵ΍ Ώήο ϢΘϳ
Kz
K Kx * Kz Kx
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 7 of soil
No. of pumps (q) Ϧϣ κϠΨΘϠϟ Δϣίϼϟ΍ ΕΎΨπϤϟ΍ ΩΪϋ
q
N 1
pump capacity
2) Seepage pressure ( Ps ) ϥΎϳήδϟ΍ ςϐο
§ n ·
Ps J w * H * ¨1 ¸
© Nd ¹
ΔΑϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔτϘϨϟ΍ ϰΘΣ drop head ϰϓ ΪϘϔϟ΍ Ε΍ήϣ ΩΪϋ = n
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 8 of soil
§ 5 ·
Ps A J w * H * ¨1 ¸
For © 15 ¹
Example (1)
§ 12 . 5 ·
Ps B J w * H * ¨1 ¸
© 15 ¹
3) Uplift ϰϠϋϵ ϊϓΪϟ΍ ΓϮϗ
ΓΪϋΎϘϟ΍ ΔϳΎϬϧ ϭ Δϳ΍ΪΑ ΪϨϋ seepage pressure ΏΎδΣ ϢΘϳ
Example (1)
§ 2 ·
Ps A J w * H * ¨ 1 ¸
© 15 ¹
§ 12 ·
Ps B J w * H * ¨ 1 ¸
© (1)15 ¹
Soil Mechanics
2011 9 of soil
W = ΄θϨϤϟ΍ ϥίϭ
W =J volume =J A 1
W
F .O .S t 1 . 0 safe
F
For Example (2)
ΔϳΎϬϧ ϭ Δϳ΍ΪΑ ΪϨϋ seepage pressure ΏΎδΣ ϢΘϳ
ΔϓΎδϣ ϰϠϋ D.S. ϰϓ ϊϘϳ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ Ϧϣ ˯ΰΟ
ΔϴϧΪόϤϟ΍ ΓέΎΘδϟ΍ Ϧϣ D/2
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 10 of soil
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 11 of soil
§ 8 .5 ·
Ps A J w * H * ¨ 1 ¸
© 13 ¹
§ 10 . 5 ·
Ps B J w * H * ¨1 ¸
© 13 ¹
D
W J sub . * D * *1
2
§ Ps A Ps B · D
F ¨ ¸*
© 2 ¹ 2
W
F .O . S t 1 safe
F
4) Piping ϥ΍έϮϔϟ΍
J sub. Gs 1
icr
Jw 1 e
'h
i
L min .
H
'h ΪϬΠϟ΍ ϲϓ ΪϘϔϟ΍ έ΍ΪϘϣ
Nd
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 12 of soil
ΪϬΟ ϱϭΎδΗ ϰτΧ ήΧ΃ ϦϴΑ Δϴγ΃ήϟ΍ ΔϓΎδϤϟ΍ ϰϫ = Lmin

.Ϣγήϟ΍ Ϧϣ αΎϘΗ ϭ
Example (1)
Example (2)
i ! icr piping
i icr No piping
icr
FOS ! 1 .0
i
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 13 of soil
Examples
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 14 of soil
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2011 15 of soil
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2011 17 of soil
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2011 18 of soil
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Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
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Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
2011 of soil
Examples
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2011 of soil
It is required to excavate a trench in the soil formation shown

in figure as below.
i) Find the depth to which the excavation can be safely
carried without causing instability due to uplift of
groundwater.
ii) Find the lowered groundwater depth, if the excavation
is to be extended to 7m
2m
8 m Clay
Jsat t/m3
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 of soil
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Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 1
Chapter (7)
Stresses due to loads
ϝΎϤΣϵ΍ ΔΠϴΘϧ ΩΎϬΟϻ΍
Types of loads:- ϝΎϤΣϷ΍ ω΍Ϯϧ΍
1- Point load = Concentrated load ΰϛήϤϟ΍ ϞϤΤϟ΍
P
2- Line load ϰτΨϟ΍ ϞϤΤϟ΍
ήϴγ΍Ϯϣ ςΧ ϭ΍ έϮγ Ϧϣ ΞΗΎϧ -

3- Strip load Δϴτϳήη ΔΣΎδϣ ϰϠϋ ϞϤΤϟ΍
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 2
4- Rectangle area ΔΣΎδϣ ϰϠϋ ϞϤΤϟ΍
1- Point load = Concentrated load ΰϛήϤϟ΍ ϞϤΤϟ΍

P
A
P r
Vz I* 2
Z
I = influence factor
2.5
3 § 1 ·
I ¨¨ 2
¸¸
2S © 1 ( r / z ) ¹
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 3
ϰϨΤϨϣ Ϧϣ ϪϴϠϋ ϝϮμΤϟ΍ ϦϜϤϳ ϭ΍
2- Line load ϰτΨϟ΍ ϞϤΤϟ΍
q q
Vz I*
Z
I = influence factor
2
2§ 1 · Z
I ¨¨ ¸
2 ¸
S © 1 ( x / z) ¹ A
x
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 4
ϰϨΤϨϣ Ϧϣ ϪϴϠϋ ϝϮμΤϟ΍ ϦϜϤϳ ϭ΍
m = x/z
n = y/z
ϞϤΤϟ΍ ϝϮσ = y
:φΣϻ
ΎϫΪϨϋ ΏΎδΤϟ΍ ΏϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔτϘϨϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϴϘϓϷ΍ ΔϓΎδϤϟ΍ = X, r
ϞϤΤϟ΍ ήϴΛ΄Η ϥΎϜϣ ϭ
ΎϫΪϨϋ ΏΎδΤϟ΍ ΏϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔτϘϨϟ΍ Ϧϣ Δϴγ΃ήϟ΍ ΔϓΎδϤϟ΍ = Z
ϞϤΤϟ΍ ήϴΛ΄Η ϥΎϜϣ ϭ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 5
Example:
For the shown system of loads determine the
stresses at point (A)
20 t/m P3, P4
P1, P2
4.0 3.0
Elev.
5.0
A
P2 = 70 P4 = 50
3.0 Plan
P1 = 80 P3 = 60
Solution
ϝΎϤΣϵ΍ Ϧϣ ϦϴϋϮϧ Ϧϣ ϥϮϜΘΗ Δϟ΄δϤϟ΍ ϥ΍ φΣϻ
΍ΪΣ ϰϠϋ ωϮϧ Ϟϛ ΏΎδΣ ϢΘϳ
ϚϟΫ ΪόΑ ΩΎϬΟϻ΍ ϊϤΟ ϢΘϳ ϭ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 6
1- Point load:
load r Z (r/Z)2 I P/Z2 Vz

80 0 5 0 0.478
70 3 5 0.36
60 4 8 0.25
50 5 8 0.39
6
2- Line load:
X = 4.0 m
Z = 5.0 m
2 2
2§ 1 · 2§ 1 ·
I ¨¨ ¸
2¸
¨¨ ¸
2¸
0.236
S © 1 (x / z) ¹ S © 1 (4 / 5) ¹
q 20
Vz I* 0.236 * 0.95
Z 5
Total stress = Vz + 6
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 7
ΰϛήϤϟ΍ ϞϤΤϟ΍ Ϟϔγ΃ ΩΎϬΟϷ΍ ϊϳίϮΗ ϝΎϜη΃
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 8
3- Rectangle area ϪϠϴτΘδϤϟ΍ ΔΣΎδϤϟ΍
ϕήσ ΙϼΜΑ ΩΎϬΟϻ΍ ϊϳίϮΗ ϢΘϳ
a) Approximate method
Δϳή΋΍Ϊϟ΍ϭ ΔόΑήϤϟ΍ϭ ΔϠϴτΘδϤϟ΍ ΔΣΎδϤϠϟ ϡΪΨΘδΗ
q
Z
'V
Z/2 L Z/2
ϲγ΃έ ˻ : ϰϘϓ΍ ˺ ϞϴϤΑ ΩΎϬΟϻ΍ ϊϳίϮΗ ϢΘϳ
q * B * L 'V * (B z)(L z)
ϕϮϓ ϲϟ΍ ΔΣΎδϤϟ΍
q*B*L ΖΤΗ ϲϟ΍ ΔΣΎδϤϟ΍
'V
(B z)(L z)
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 9
S S
q* ( D)2 'V * ( D z)2
4 4
( D) 2
'V q
( D z)2
b) Loaded rectangular area

ϪϠϤΤϤϟ΍ ΔΣΎδϤϟ΍ ϥΎϛέ΍ Ϧϣ Ϧϛέ Ϟϔγ΍ ΩΎϬΟϻ΍ ΏΎδΤϟ ϡΪΨΘδΗ
ϞϤΤϟΎΑ
VA q*I Chart Ϧϣ ϪΑΎδΣ ϢΘϳ

Soil Mechanics (1)
2011 10
˰Α ϰϨΤϨϤϟ΍ ϞΧΪϧ
B
n
Z
L
m
Z
ϞϤΤϟ΍ ϥΎϜϣ ϭ ΔτϘϨϟ΍ Ϧϣ Δϴγ΃ήϟ΍ ΔϓΎδϤϟ΍ = Z
ϞϤΤϠϟ ήϴϐμϟ΍ ϝϮτϟ΍ = B
ϞϤΤϠϟ ήϴΒϜϟ΍ ϝϮτϟ΍ = L
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 11
:φΣϻ
ΔΣΎδϤϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω ϊϘΗ ΔτϘϨϟ΍ ΖϧΎϛ ΍Ϋ΍
ϰϓ (A) ϥϮϜΗ Ϫϴϓ ˯ΰΟ Ϟϛ ˯΍ΰΟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϞϴτΘδϤϟ΍ ϢϴδϘΗ ϢΘϳ
ϪϧΎϛέ΃ Ϧϣ Ϧϛέ
V A q*(I1 I2 I3 I4 )
ΔΣΎδϤϟ΍ ΝέΎΧ ϊϘΗ ΔτϘϨϟ΍ ΖϧΎϛ ΍Ϋ΍
V A q * I( A286) I( A176) I( A253) I( A143)
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 12
c) Newmark chart ϙέΎϣϮϴϧ
chart ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ ϞϜη ϱϵ ϡΪΨΘδΗ
Newmark chart
ϙϮϠΑ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 13
ϞΤϟ΍ Ε΍ϮτΧ
chart ˰ϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΩϮΟϮϤϟ΍ ΓήτδϤϟΎΑ AB ςΨϟ΍ ϝϮσ αΎϴϗ -˺
ΚϴΣ Ϣγήϟ΍ αΎϴϘϣ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˻
AB ( cm ) Z (m )
ϩΎτόϤϟ΍ ϪϤγήϟ΍ Ϧϣ αΎϘϳ
Ϣγήϟ΍ αΎϴϘϤΑ ΎϬΘΠϴΘϧ ΩΎϬΟϵ΍ ΏΎδΣ ΏϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔΣΎδϤϟ΍ Ϣγέ -˼

ΏϮϠτϤϟ΍ ΔτϘϨϟ΍ ϥϮϜΗ ΚϴΤΑ chart ˰ϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϪϤγήϟ΍ ϊοϭ ϢΘϳ -˽
ή΋΍ϭΪϟ΍ ΰϛήϣ ϰϓ ΎϫΪϨϋ ΩΎϬΟϵ΍ ΏΎδΣ
(N) ΔΣΎδϤϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω ΓΩϮΟϮϤϟ΍ ΕΎϛϮϠΒϟ΍ ΩΪϋ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˾
N = 38
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 14
ΩΎϬΟϹ΍ ΏΎδΣ -˿
V 0.005 * N * q
ϩΎτόϤϟ΍ ΔΣΎδϤϟ΍ Ϟϔγ΃ ήΛΆϤϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϹ΍
P ΰϛήϣ ϞϤΣ ϲτόϣ ϥΎϛ ΍Ϋ·
P
q
L*B
ϦϴΘΣΎδϣ ΩϮΟϭ ΔϟΎΣ ϰϓ
q1 q2
N1 N2
V 0.005* (N1 * q1 N2 * q2 )
ϰϟϭϷ΍ ΔΣΎδϤϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω ΓΩϮΟϮϤϟ΍ ΕΎϛϮϠΒϟ΍ ΩΪϋ = N1
ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ ΔΣΎδϤϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω ΓΩϮΟϮϤϟ΍ ΕΎϛϮϠΒϟ΍ ΩΪϋ = N2
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 15
Contact pressure βϣϼΘϟ΍ ςϐο
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ϭ αΎγϷ΍ ϦϴΑ βϣϼΘϟ΍ ΢τγ ϰϠϋ ϲγ΃ήϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϹ΍
ϰϠϋ ΪϤΘόϳ ϭ
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ωϮϧ -˺
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ Δϧϭήϣ -˻
αΎγϷ΍ Γ˯ΎδΟ -˼
Isobars = Pressure bulbs ςϐπϟ΍ ϯϭΎδΗ ρϮτΧ
ςϐπϟ΍ ϰϓ ΔϳϭΎδΘϤϟ΍ ςϘϨϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ϞμΗ ρϮτΧ Ϧϋ ΓέΎΒϋ ϰϫ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 16
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
2011 ˺
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 ˻
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2011 ˼
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2011 ˽
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2011 ˾
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 ˿
Final 2005
Find the stress at point (O)
Z ˰ϟ ϦϴΑϮδϨϣ ΩϮΟϭ φΣϼϧ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 ̀
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2011 ́
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2011 ̂
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2011 ˺˹
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2011 ˺˺
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2011 ˺˻
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 ˺˼
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 ˺˽
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 ˺˾
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2011 ˺˿
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 ˺̀
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 ˺́
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2011 ˺̂
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011 ˻˹
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(1)
Chapter (8)
Consolidation
ΪϠμΘϟ΍
Compressibility ΔϴσΎϐπϧϻ΍
a
a
w
w
S
S
ϝΎѧѧϤΣϷ΍ ΩϮѧѧΟ ϭ ΔѧѧΠϴΘϧ ϢѧѧΠΤϟ΍ ϲѧѧϓ κϘϨѧѧϟ΍ ϰѧѧϠϋ ΔѧѧΑήΘϟ΍ ΓέΪѧѧϗ ϲѧѧϫ
ΔΠϴΘϧ ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϲϓ κϘϨϟ΍ ϥϮϜϳ ϭ ΔϴΟέΎΨϟ΍
(έΩΎϧ ) ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍ ϢΠΣ ϲϓ κϘϧ -˺
(έΩΎϧ) ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϢΠΣ ϲϓ κϘϧ -˻
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ Ϧϣ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΝϭήΧ -˼
ΔΑήΘϟ΍ Ϧϣ ˯΍ϮϬϟ΍ ΝϭήΧ -˽
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(2)
Consolidation ΪϠμΘϟ΍
w
w
S
S
ΖѧΤΗ ρΎϐѧπϧϻ΍ ϰѧϠϋ ΔόΒѧθϤϟ΍ ΔѧϴϨϴτϟ΍ ΔѧΑήΘϟ΍ ΓέΪѧϗ Ϧϋ ΓέΎΒϋ Ϯϫ

ϝϼѧΧ ΔѧΑήΘϟ΍ Ϧѧϣ ˯ΎѧϤϟ΍ ΝϭήѧΧ ΔΠϴΘϧ ϚϟΫ ϭ ΔϴΟέΎΨϟ΍ ϝΎϤΣϷ΍ ήϴΛ΄Η
.ΔϨϴόϣ ΔϴϨϣί ΓήΘϓ
Consolidation in Lab. ϞϤόϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΪϠμΘϟ΍

Oedometer ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ ϞϤόϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΪϠμΘϟ΍ ϞϤϋ ϢΘϳ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(3)
V
Loading plate Dial gauge
2 cm
Soil
7.5 cm
ring
Porous plate
Tank
ΔΑήΠΘϟ΍ Ε΍ϮτΧ
ϞϜθϟΎΑ ΎϤϛ ΎϫΩΎόΑ΃ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϠϘϠϘϣ ήϴϏ ΔϨϴϋ ΰϴϬΠΗ ϢΘϳ -˺
˯ΎϤϟΎΑ ΎϣΎϤΗ ΓέϮϤϐϣ ϥϮϜΗ ρήθΑ ίΎϬΠϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϨϴόϟ΍ ϊοϭ ϢΘϳ -˻
˻
Ϣγ/ϢΠϛ ˹̄˻˾ ϩέ΍ΪϘϣ ΩΎϬΟΈΑ ΔϨϴόϟ΍ ϞϴϤΤΗ ϢΘϳ -˼
ϲϟΎΘϟ΍ ϮΤϨϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΔϋΎγ ˻˽ ϝϼΧ ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϲϓ ήϴϐΘϟ΍ αΎϴϗ ϢΘϳ -˽
(0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30 min., 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 hr)
ϥϮϜϳ Γήϣ Ϟϛ ϲϓ ϭ ήΧ΃ ΩΎϬΟ· ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ ˽ ϭ ˼ ΓϮτΨϟ΍ έ΍ήϜΗ -˾
˻
Ϣγ/ϢΠϛ ˹̄˻˾ Ύϫέ΍ΪϘϣ ΓΩΎϳΰΑ
(0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, ………)
ΏΎδΤϟ ΕΎϴϨΤϨϣ ΓΪϋ Ϣγέ ϭ ΕΎΑΎδΣ ΓΪϋ ϞϤϋ ϢΘϳ -˿
Compression Characteristics ρΎϐπϧϻ΍ ΕϼϣΎόϣ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(4)
Compression Characteristics ρΎϐπϧϻ΍ ΕϼϣΎόϣ
(av, mv, E, Cc, Cs) ϞϤθΗ ϲΘϟ΍ϭ
1- Coefficient of Compressibility (av)
e
'e
eo 1 av
'V
'e
e1 2
V
Vo V1
'V
ΩΎϬΟϹ΍ ϲϓ ήϴϐΘϟ΍ ϰϟ· ΕΎϏ΍ήϔϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ ϲϓ ήϴϐΘϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ Ϯϫ

eo = Δϴ΋΍ΪΘΑϻ΍ ΕΎϏ΍ήϔϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ
Vo = ςϘϓ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϥίϭ Ϧϣ ΞΗΎϨϟ΍ ϝΎόϔϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϹ΍
Vo ¦J * h Chapter (6)
'V ϲΟέΎΨϟ΍ ϞϤΤϟ΍ ΔΠϴΘϧ ΩΎϬΟϹ΍ ϲϓ ΓΩΎϳΰϟ΍

'V Chapter (7)
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(5)
2- Coefficient of Volume Change (mv)
e
eo 1
'e
e1 2
V
Vo V1
'V
Hv Hv
'v 'H 'e
mv
'V Vo Ho 1 eo
'e 1
mv *
' V 1 eo
av
mv
1 eo
ΩΎϬΟϹ΍ ϲϓ ήϴϐΘϟ΍ ϰϟ· ϰϤΠΤϟ΍ ϝΎόϔϧϻ΍ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ Ϯϫ
Hv = volumetric strain ϰϤΠΤϟ΍ ϝΎόϔϧϻ΍
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(6)
3- Constrain Modulus = Compression Modulus
e (Ev)
eo 1
'e
e1 2
V
Vo V1
'V
'V
Ev
Hv
1
Ev
mv
ϰϤΠΤϟ΍ ϝΎόϔϧϻ΍ ϰϟ· ΩΎϬΟϹ΍ ϲϓ ήϴϐΘϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ Ϯϫ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(7)
4- Compression Index (Cc)
e
eo 1
'e
e1 2
Log V
LogVo LogV1
' LogV
'e
Cc
Log (V 1 ) Log (V 2 )
Cc 0.009( L.L 10)
ϢΘϳέΎϏϮϟ ϲϓ ήϴϐΘϟ΍ ϲϟ· ΕΎϏ΍ήϔϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ ϲϓ ήϴϐΘϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ Ϯϫ
ΩΎϬΟϹ΍
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(8)
5- Recompression Index (Cr) ςϐπϟ΍ ΓΩΎϋ·
= Swelling Index (Cs) εΎϔΘϧϻ΍
= Expansion Index (Ce) ΩΪϤΘϟ΍
e
12 ςΨϟ΍ Ϟϴϣ Ϯϫ
e1 1
'e e2 2
Log V
LogV1 LogV2
' LogV
'e
Cs
Log (V 1 ) Log (V 2 )
ϢΘϳέΎϏϮϟ ϲϓ ήϴϐΘϟ΍ ϲϟ· ΕΎϏ΍ήϔϟ΍ ΔΒδϧ ϲϓ ήϴϐΘϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ Ϯϫ

Loop ˰ϟ΍ ΔϘτϨϣ ϰϓ ΩΎϬΟϹ΍
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(9)
Preconsolidation pressure (Max. past stress)
Vc , Pc )
ϲοΎϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ Ϫϟ ΖοήόΗ ΩΎϬΟ· ϲμϗ΃ Ϯϫ
e
A ϲϘϓ΃
ϒμϨϣ
αΎϤϣ
Log V
Log Vc
Ε΍ϮτΨϟ΍
(αϮϘΗ ήΒϛ΍ Ε΍Ϋ) A ΔτϘϨϟ΍ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˺
ϰϨΤϨϤϠϟ αΎϤϣ ςΧ ϭ ϲϘϓ΃ ςΧ Ϣγήϧ A ΔτϘϧ Ϧϣ -˻
ϢϬϨϴΑ Δϳϭ΍ΰϟ΍ ϒμϨϧ -˼
ΔτϘϧ ϲϓ ϒμϨϤϟ΍ ϊτϘϴϟ ϰϨΤϨϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϢϴϘΘδϤϟ΍ ςΨϟ΍ ΪϤϧ -˽
Vc ϰϠϋ ϞμΤϨϟ ϲγ΃έ ϝΰϨϧ ΔϘΑΎδϟ΍ ϊσΎϘΘϟ΍ ΔτϘϧ Ϧϣ -˾
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(10)
Over consolidation ratio (O.C.R)
Vc ..........
......
ϖΑΎδϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϹ΍
O.C.R
Vo ϲϟΎΤϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϹ΍
ϲϓ ϡΪΨΘδϳ ϭ ϲϟΎΤϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϹ΍ ϰϟ· ϖΑΎδϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϹ΍ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ Ϯϫ

ΔϴϨϴτϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϒϴϨμΗ
O .C . R 1 U .C .C
O .C . R 1 N .C .C
O .C . R ! 1 O .C .C
1- Under consolidation clay (U.C.C)
O .C . R 1
Vc Vo
2- Normal consolidation clay (N.C.C)
O .C . R 1
Vc Vo
3- Over consolidation clay (O.C.C)
O .C . R ! 1
Vc !Vo
Soil Mechanics (1)
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
2011
(1)
Final ˳Settlement ('HGf ϲ΋ΎϬϨϟ΍ ρϮΒϬϟ΍
q
L
h J Sand
Z
J 'V
H eo Clay
L+Z
ϲ΋ΎϬϨϟ΍ ρϮΒϬϟ΍ ΏΎδΤϟ Ϧϴϧ΍Ϯϗ ΓΪϋ ϙΎϨϫ

'H 'e
1)
H 1 e
2 )G f ' H mv * ' V * H
1
3 )G f 'H * 'V * H
Ev
Cc , eo ϰτόϣ ϥΎϛ ΍Ϋ·
O.C .R 1.0
Cc § V o 'V ·
4 )G f * H * Log ¨¨ ¸¸
1 eo © Vo ¹
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(2)
Cs , Vc ϰτόϣ ϥΎϛ ΍Ϋ·
O.C .R ! 1.0
V c ! V o 'V
Cs § V o 'V ·
5)G f * H * Log ¨¨ ¸¸
1 eo © Vo ¹
V c V o 'V
Cc § V 'V · Cs §V ·
Gf * H * Log¨¨ o ¸¸ * H * Log¨¨ c ¸¸
1 eo © V c ¹ 1 eo © Vo ¹
H = ϞϤΤϟΎΑ ΓΪϬΠϤϟ΍ Clay ˰ϟ΍ ΔϘΒσ ϚϤγ
Vo ¦ J * h Chapter(6)
Clay ˰ϟ΍ ΔϘΒσ ϒμΘϨϣ ϰΘΣ νέϷ΍ ΢τγ Ϧϣ
Overburden pressure ϰϤδΗ ϭ
'V Chapter(7)
Clay ˰ϟ΍ ϒμΘϨϣ ϰΘΣ ϞϤΤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΞΗΎϨϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϹ΍ ϲϓ ΓΩΎϳΰϟ΍

Z = Clay ˰ϟ΍ ϒμΘϨϣ ϰΘΣ ϞϤΤϟ΍ ϥΎϜϣ Ϧϣ Δϴγ΃ήϟ΍ ΔϓΎδϤϟ΍
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(3)
Degree of Consolidation ( U %)
ΪϠμΘϟ΍ ΔΟέΩ
ϲ΋ΎϬϨϟ΍ ρϮΒϬϟ΍ ϰϟ· Ϧϣί ϱ΃ ΪϨϋ ρϮΒϬϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ
ϭ΃
ϲ΋΍ΪΘΑϻ΍ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ςϐο ϰϟ· ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ςϐο ϲϓ ήϴϐΘϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ
νϭήϔϟ΍ ξόΑ ΎϬϟ ϭ ϪΑΎδΤϟ Δϳήψϧ Terzaghi ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϡΪϗ ΪϘϟ ϭ

Terzaghi Assumptions
ΔόΒθϣ ϭ ΔδϧΎΠΘϣ ΔΑήΘϟ΍
ρΎϐπϧϼϟ ΔϠΑΎϗ ήϴϏ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϭ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΕΎΒϴΒΣ
Darcy ϥϮϧΎϗ ϖϴΒτΗ
ΖΑΎΛ ΔϳΫΎϔϨϟ΍ ϞϣΎόϣ
ΪΣ΍ϭ ϩΎΠΗ΍ ϲϓ ςϐπϟ΍ ϭ ΔϋϮϨϤϣ ΔϴϘϓϷ΍ ΔϛήΤϟ΍
ϲγ΃ήϟ΍ ϩΎΠΗϻ΍ ϲϓ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΝϭήΧ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(4)
Gt
U%
Gf
Uo Ut
U%
Uo
Uo = 'Vat time = zero
'V U t
U%
'V
G t = Ϧϴόϣ Ϧϣί ΪϨϋ ρϮΒϬϟ΍
G f = ϲ΋ΎϬϨϟ΍ ρϮΒϬϟ΍
U o = Jw hw ϲ΋΍ΪΘΑϻ΍ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ςϐο
U f = Ϧϴόϣ Ϧϣί ΪϨϋ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ςϐο
Ϧϴόϣ Ϧϣί ΪϨϋ ρϮΒϬϟ΍ ΏΎδΤϟ
Gt U % *G f
U% ΏΎδΣ ϲϫ ΔϠϜθϤϟ΍
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(5)
U % ΏΎδΤϟ
ϲϫ ΕϻΩΎόϣ ϝϼΧ Ϧϣ
S
TV U %2 U % 52.6%
4
TV 1.781 0.933Log100 U % U % ! 52.6%
U% , TV ϦϴΑ ΔϗϼόϠϟ ϰϨΤϨϣ ϦϜϤϳ ϭ΃
ϻϭ΃ TV ΏΎδΣ Ϧϣ ΪΑϻ U% ΏΎδΣ ϦϜϤϳ ϰΘΣ
CV *t
TV 2
d
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011
(6)
7 V = Time factor Ϧϣΰϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΪϤΘόϳ ϞϣΎόϣ
C V = Coeff. of consolidation ΪϠμΘϟ΍ ϞϣΎόϣ
t = time ΪϠμΘϟ΍ ϩΪϨϋ ΏΎδΣ ΏϮϠτϤϟ΍ Ϧϣΰϟ΍
d = effective depth ΝϭήΨϟ΍ ˯ΎϨΛ΃ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ έΎδϣ ϝϮσ
Double drainage = two way drainage

ϦϴΘϬΟ Ϧϣ ϑήλ
Sand
H
d Clay H
2
Sand
Single drainage = One way drainage

ΓΪΣ΍ϭ ΔϬΟ Ϧϣ ϑήλ
Sand
d H
Clay H
Rock
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(7)
Cv ΏΎδΣ
Coefficient of Consolidation ΪϠμΘϟ΍ ϞϣΎόϣ
ϦϴΘϘϳήτΑ ϞϤόϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϪϴϠϋ ϝϮμΤϟ΍ ϢΘϳ
1- Cassagrand method (Log time method)
2- Taylor method (Root time method)
1- Cassagrand method (Log time method)

U% = 50 % ΪϨϋ Cv ΏΎδΤΑ ϡϮϘϳ
At U% = 50 % Tv = 0.197
CV * t50
H 0.197
d2
H0 A
ϰϨΤϨϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ t50 ΐδΤϧ ϡίϻ
H50
H100
B
t1 4t1
Soil Mechanics (1)
2011
(8)
Ε΍ϮτΨϟ΍
(αϮϘΗ ήΒϛ΍ Ε΍Ϋ ) A ΔτϘϧ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˺
t1 Ϧϣΰϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϞμΤϨϟ ϲγ΃έ ϝΰϨϧ A ΔτϘϧ Ϧϣ -˻
4 t1 ϩέ΍ΪϘϣ Ϧϣί ϥΎϜϣ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˼
ϰϠϋ ϝϮμΤϠϟ ϰϠϋ΃ ϲϟ· έήϜΗ ϭ X Δϴγ΃ήϟ΍ ΔϓΎδϤϟ΍ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˽
Ho Δϳ΍ΪΒϟ΍ ϲϓ Γ˯΍ήϘϟ΍
ϦϴτΨϟ΍ ΪϤΑ ϚϟΫ ϭ B ΔτϘϧ ϰϠϋ ϝϮμΤϟ΍ -˾
H100 ΔϳΎϬϨϟ΍ ϲϓ Γ˯΍ήϘϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϞμΤϧ B ΔτϘϧ Ϧϣ -˿
H50 ϰϠϋ ϞμΤϨϟ Ho , H100 ϦϴΑ ΔϓΎδϤϟ΍ ϒμϨϧ -̀
t50 ϰϠϋ ϞμΤϨϟ ϰϘϓ΍ ϝΰϨϧ H50 Ϧϣ -́
Cv ΏΎδΤϟ ϥϮϧΎϘϟ΍ ϰϓ ϖΒτϧ -̂
2- Taylor method (Root time method)

U% = 90 % ΪϨϋ Cv ΏΎδΤΑ ϡϮϘϳ
At U% = 90 % Tv = 0.848
CV * t90
0.848
d2
ϰϨΤϨϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ t90 ΐδΤϧ ϡίϻ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(9)
H
H0
A B
Ε΍ϮτΨϟ΍
ϭ Ho ΪϨϋ ϲγ΃ήϟ΍ έϮΤϤϟ΍ ϊτϘϴϟ ϢϴϘΘδϤϟ΍ ςΨϟ΍ ΪϤϧ -˺
A ΪϨϋ ϲϘϓϷ΍ έϮΤϤϟ΍
L ΔϓΎδϤϟ΍ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˻
1.15 L ΪόΑ ϰϠϋ ϥϮϜΗ ϲΘϟ΍ ϭ B ΔτϘϧ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˼
ϰϓ ϰϨΤϨϤϟ΍ ϊτϘϴϟ H50 ΔτϘϧ ϭ B ΔτϘϧ ϦϴΑ ςΨϟ΍ Ϟμϧ -˽
t90 ϰϠϋ ϞμΤϨϟ ϲγ΃έ ϝΰϨϧ ΎϬϨϣ ΔτϘϧ
Cv ΏΎδΤϟ ϥϮϧΎϘϟ΍ ϰϓ ϖΒτϧ -˾
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(10)
Field curves ϊϗϮϤϟ΍ ΕΎϴϨΤϨϣ
ϊѧѧϗϮϤϟ΍ ΕΎѧѧϴϨΤϨϣ Ϧѧѧϋ ήѧѧΒόΘϟ ϞѧѧϤόϤϟΎΑ ΪϠѧѧμΘϟ΍ ΕΎѧѧϴϨΤϨϣ ΢ϴΤѧѧμΗ ϲѧѧϫ
΄ѧѧτΨϟ΍ ΍άѧѧϫϭ .ϊѧѧϗϮϤϟ΍ ϲѧѧϓ ΏέΎѧѧΠΗ Ϧѧѧϣ ΎѧѧϬϴϠϋ ϝϮѧѧμΤϟ΍ ΐόѧѧμϳ ϲѧѧΘϟ΍
ϊѧϗϮϤϟ΍ ϲѧϓ ΔѧϨϴόϟ΍ ϕϮѧϓ ΔѧΑήΘϟ΍ ϥίϭ Ϧѧϣ ΔΠΗΎϧ ϝΎϤΣ΃ ΩϮΟϭ Ϧϣ ΞΗΎϧ
.ϞϤόϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΓΩϮΟϮϣ ήϴϏ
1- N.C.C. (Vc Vo
( ςΨϟ΍ Ϊϣ – ϒμϨϣ – αΎϤϣ – ϲϘϓ΃ ) ϖΒγ ΎϤϛ Vc ΩΪΣ -˺

ϞϤόϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ eo ΩΪΣ -˻
(eo , Vo ϊσΎϘΗ ) a ΔτϘϨϟ΍ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˼
f ϰϠϋ ϝϮμΤϠϟ ϰϨΤϨϤϟ΍ ϰΘΣ ϲϘϓ΃ ϝΰϨϧ 0.42 eo ϥΎϜϣ ΩΪΣ -˽
ϊϗϮϤϟ΍ ϲϨΤϨϣ ϲϠϋ ϞμΤϨϟ eo , a , f ΔτϘϧ ϦϴΑ Ϟμϧ -˾
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(11)
2- O.C.C. (Vc!Vo
Vo ΩΪΣ -˺
eo , Vo ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ b ΔτϘϨϟ΍ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˼
( ςΨϟ΍ Ϊϣ – ϒμϨϣ – αΎϤϣ – ϲϘϓ΃ ) ϖΒγ ΎϤϛ Vc ΩΪΣ -˽
a ϰϓ Vc Ϧϣ ϲγ΃ήϟ΍ ϊτϘϴϟ 12 ςΨϠϟ ϱί΍Ϯϣ Ϣγήϧ b ΔτϘϧ Ϧϣ -˾
f ϰϠϋ ϝϮμΤϠϟ ϰϨΤϨϤϟ΍ ϰΘΣ ϲϘϓ΃ ϝΰϨϧ 0.42 eo ϥΎϜϣ ΩΪΣ -˿
ϊϗϮϤϟ΍ ϲϨΤϨϣ ϲϠϋ ϞμΤϨϟ eo , a , b , f ΔτϘϧ ϦϴΑ Ϟμϧ -̀
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(12)
3- U.C.C. (VcVo
( ςΨϟ΍ Ϊϣ – ϒμϨϣ – αΎϤϣ – ϲϘϓ΃ ) ϖΒγ ΎϤϛ Vc ΩΪΣ -˺

(eo , Vo ϊσΎϘΗ ) b ΔτϘϨϟ΍ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˼
ϲϨΤϨϤϟ΍ ϊϣ Vo ϊσΎϘΗ a ΔτϘϧ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˽
f ϰϠϋ ϝϮμΤϠϟ ϰϨΤϨϤϟ΍ ϰΘΣ ϲϘϓ΃ ϝΰϨϧ 0.42 eo ϥΎϜϣ ΩΪΣ -˾
ϊϗϮϤϟ΍ ϲϨΤϨϣ ϲϠϋ ϞμΤϨϟ eo , a , b , f ΔτϘϧ ϦϴΑ Ϟμϧ -˿
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(13)
Isochrones q
q
U V u V
Pore water pressure Effective stress
ϲΟέΎΨϟ΍ ϞϤΤϟ΍ ΔϣϭΎϘϤΑ ΎϬΑ ΩϮΟϮϤϟ΍ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϭ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ΕΎΒϴΒΣ ϡϮϘΗ

ΔΑήΘϟ΍ Ϧϣ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ΝήΨΗ Ϧϣΰϟ΍ έϭήϣ ϊϣ ϦϜϟϭ
:Isochrones
effective stress, pore water pressure ϦϴΑ Δϗϼόϟ΍ ΢οϮϳ Ϣγέ ϲϫ
ϝΎόϔϟ΍ ςϐπϟ΍ Ϊϳΰϳ ϭ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ςϐο ϞϘϳ ΎϬϴϓ ϲΘϟ΍ ϭ ΔϔϠΘΨϣ ΔϨϣί΃ ΪϨϋ
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(14)
ΕΎψΣϼϣ
:ΔϳΫΎϔϨϟ΍ ϞϣΎόϣ ΪϳΪΤΗ -˺
K mv *Cv *J w
:Field , Lab. ϊϗϮϤϟ΍ ϭ ϞϤόϤϟ΍ ϦϴΑ Δϗϼόϟ΍ -˻
ΔΑήΘϠϟ ΓΰϴϤϣ Δϔλ ΎϬϧϷ ΔΘΑΎΛ ϥϮϜΗ Cv ϥΎϓ Clay βϔϨϟ
CV ( Lab) CV ( Field)
2 2
§ Tv* d · § Tv* d ·
¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸
© t ¹Lab © t ¹Field
U% = degree of consolidation ΪϠμΘϟ΍ ΔΟέΩ βϔϧ ΪϨϋ
ϲϠϳ ΎϤϛ ϥϮϧΎϘϟ΍ ΢Βμϳ ϭ ΖΑΎΛ Tv ϥϮϜϳ
2 2
§d · §d ·
¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸
© t ¹Lab © t ¹ Field
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
(15)
:ϢΠΤϟ΍ ϰϓ ήϴϐΘϟ΍ ϭ ρϮΒϬϟ΍ ϦϴΑ Δϗϼόϟ΍ -˼
G 'H 'e 'V

H H 1 e V
:Jsat ϡίϻ Gs , Wc ϲτόϣ ϥΎϛ ΍Ϋ΍ -˽
Gs *Wc
eo Sr 1 sarurated
Sr
(Gs Sr * eo )J w
J sat Sr 1
1 eo
Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
2011
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2011
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2011
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2011
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2011
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2011
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Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

2011
Soil Mechanics (1)

Part(2)
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Final Exam Final Exam
˺
ϯήψϧ ϯήψϧ
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Soil Mechanics (1)

Part(4)
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
2011 ˺ 2011
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Soil Mechanics (1)

Part(1)
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
2011 ˺ 2011
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Soil Mechanics (1)

Part(3)
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
2011 ˺ 2011
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Soil Mechanics (1)

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Soil Mechanics

Chapter (2): Grain Size Distributions. ΕΎΒϴΒΤϠϟ ϰϤΠΤϟ΍ ϊϳίϮΘϟ΍

Chapter (3): Soil Consistency. ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϡ΍Ϯϗ

Chapter (4): Soil Classification. ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϒϴϨμΗ

Chapter (5): Soil Compaction. ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϚϣΩ

Chapter (6): Hydraulic Properties of the Soil.

ΔΑήΘϠϟ ΔϴϜϴϟϭέΪϴϬϟ΍ ι΍ϮΨϟ΍

Chapter (7): Stress Due to Applied Load.

ΔϴΟέΎΨϟ΍ ϝΎϤΣϷ΍ Ϧϣ ΞΗΎϨϟ΍ ΩΎϬΟϹ΍

Chapter (8): Consolidation. ΪϠμΘϟ΍

Soil Mechanics (1)

-: Ϧϣ ΎϬϟ ϲόϴΒτϟ΍ ϊοϮϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϥϮϜΘΗ

Natural state Prism

Soil Mechanics (1)

ΔΑήΘϠϟ ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍ ϢΠΣ ϰϟ· ΕΎϏ΍ήϔϟ΍ ϢΠΣ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ

e 0.5  0.8 o Sand

2) Porosity: (n) ΔϴϣΎδϤϟ΍

3) Degree of saturation: (Sr) ϊΒθΘϟ΍ ΔΟέΩ

Soil Mechanics (1)

Sr = 0.0 Sr = 100 Sr = 0- 100

Dry ΔϓΎΟ Saturated ΔόΒθϣ Wet ΔϠϠΒϣ

4) Water content : ( Wc ) ϲ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϯϮΘΤϤϟ΍

ΔΑήΘϠϟ ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍ ϥίϭ ϰϟ· ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϥίϭ ϦϴΑ ΔΒδϨϟ΍ ϲϫ

5) Unit weight (density): (J) ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍

˯ΎϤγϷ΍ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ΍ ΎϬϟ ϭ

b) Dry density: (Jd) ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍

c) Density of solid part: (Js) ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϛ

Soil Mechanics (1)

e) Submerged density: (Jsub.) ΓέϮϤϐϤϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍

6) Specific gravity: (Gs) ϲϋϮϨϟ΍ ϥίϮϟ΍

( 2.6 - 2.8 ϦϴΑ ΎϬΘϤϴϗ Ρϭ΍ήΘΗϭ

Soil Mechanics (1)

ςϘϓ sand ΔϴϠϣήϟ΍ ΔΑήΘϟ΍ ϒϴϨμΘϟ ϡΪΨΘδΗ

ΎϬΗΎΒΛ· ΏϮϠτϣ Ϧϴϧ΍ϮϘϟ΍ ξόΑ ϙΎϨϫ

Soil Mechanics (1)

ήϴϐΘϳ ϻ ΖΑΎΛ ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍

Jb, Gs, Sr, e, Jw

Soil Mechanics (1)

(Jd , Jb ) ϪΑ ΃ΪΒϧ ϻ ϱάϟ΍ ϲϓ νϮόϧ -˽

Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics (1)

(n) ϪΑ ΃ΪΒϧ ϻ ϱάϟ΍ ϲϓ νϮόϧ -˽

Soil Mechanics (1)

(e) ϪΑ ΃ΪΒϧ ϻ ϱάϟ΍ ϲϓ νϮόϧ -˽

Soil Mechanics (1)

ϊΒθΘϟ΍ ΔϟΎΣ ϰϓ ϦϜϟ ϭ Prism ϲϓ νϮόϧ -˻

Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics (1)

(ϊΒθϣ ήΧϷ΍ϭ ˯΍Ϯϫ ϲϓ ΪΣ΍ϭ ) ϦϴΗήϣ Prism Ϣγήϧ -˻

Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics (1)

( ήΟΎΤϤϟ΍ Δϟ΄δϣ ϲϓ ) φΣϻ

Soil Mechanics (1)

1.61 0.53 w 0.53

Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil Mechanics (1)

0.66Gs 0.18Gs w 0.18Gs

Soil Mechanics (1)

Weight of water = 0.82 - 0.49 = 0.33 ton

Soil Mechanics (1)

Jd = 1.84 t/m 3 Jb = 1.77 t/m3

Soil Mechanics (1)

ήϴϐΘϳ ϻ ΖΑΎΛ ΐϠμϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍

e 0.5 0.8 o Sand

D 10 ΕΎΒϴΒΤϟ΍ Ϧϣ % ˺˹ ϩΪϨϋ ήϤϳ ϱάϟ΍ ήτϘϟ΍

X D10 3 .0>log( D10 ) log( 0 .01) @

X D30 3 .0>log( D30 ) log( 0 .1) @

X D60 3 .0>log( D60 ) log(1) @