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METRIC STANDARDS For Worldwide Manufacturing Summaries PDF
METRIC STANDARDS For Worldwide Manufacturing Summaries PDF
FOR WORLDWIDE
MANUFACTURING
By
Knut O. Kverneland
2012 Edition
GO metricUSATM.org, Inc., Statesville, North Carolina, USA 1978-2012
2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kverneland Knut O., 1937-
METRIC STANDARDS for Worldwide Manufacturing / by Knut O. Kverneland.
Includes indexes.
ISBN 0-9744477-7-3 (e-book)
The ISO material included in this publication is copyrighted by the International Organization for
Standardization (International Organization for Standardization (ISO)) and is reproduced with
permission of the American National Standards Institute on behalf of ISO. No part of this material may
be copied or reproduced in any form, electronic retrieval system or otherwise or made available on the
Internet a public network, by satellite or otherwise without the prior written consent of the American
National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036.
Tables and figures where a standards reference or a company abbreviation is shown in parenthesis
have been reprinted with the permission of the organization that hold the copyright of the works cited.
All standards identified by an ANSI number are reproduced with the permission by the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). ASTM standards are reproduced with the permission by the
American Society for Testing and Materials. For a complete list of copyright holding organizations or
companies see Acknowledgements and Table 1-1 for their addresses.
3
FOREWORD
There is an old and wise saying, “No standards-no trade.” This is certainly true for standard quantities and units. Without
consensus on these, trade, from shopping at the supermarket to exporting goods worldwide, would be very haphazard affair
indeed.
Most industrialized countries have long recognized the necessity, and advantage, of adopting the metric system of
measurement-or to give it its official title, the International System of Units (SI, for short-derived from its French title,
Système international d’unités), which ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is responsible for
maintaining.
The SI is contained in the International Standard ISO 31, Quantities and Units, which consist of 14 separate parts. It is
not only an important standard in itself, but it also serves as a basis and guideline for many other International Standards,
ISO 31 is the work of ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 12, Quantities, Units, Symbols, Conversion Factors, which has also
produced the accompanying standard, ISO 1000, SI Units and Recommendations for the Use of Their Multiples and of
Certain Other Units.
The reasons for aligning with the international consensus for worldwide use of the SI system become even more
compelling as the relative importance of trade over production continues to grow. In nearly every year since the end of the
Second World War, the volume of world trade has increased more rapidly than that of world production.
More than 20 years after most of the industrialized world has gone over to metric measurements, many in my own home
country, the USA, are still dragging behind. Quite apart from the USA government’s pro-metric stance, the USA is being
forced by market pressure to change.
The pressure is coming from American exporters who have to bear the expense of incorporating two systems of basic
measurements into their offering: one for the home market, and one for the rest of the world. Pressure will also increase
from American clients as the presence of incompatible systems denies them the possibility to mix and match products,
deprives them of the greatest freedom of choice, or ties them to one supplier because they cannot integrate new equipment
with what they already have.
There are, however certain sectors which have been completely metric, even in the USA For example, dimensions for film
have always been metric: 8 mm, 16 mm, 35 mm, etc. In electro-technology, the SI units such as ampere, volt, watt, ohm,
etc., have been used since the beginning of this country.
In industry outside electro-technology is also going metric step by step rather than inch by inch, even in the USA All
specifications for the defense industry have long been in metric units. It has been decided that all Federal orders to
industry from now on shall be given in metric units. All certificates from NIST, the National Institute for Standards and
Technology, have also, for many years now, been given only in SI units. Thus, it is certain that the largest industrial nation
will eventually become metric-maybe, I dare to hope, in my lifetime!
It is a particular pleasure for me, as ISO Secretary-General, and as an American, to be invited to provide the Foreword for
this second edition of Knut O. Kverneland’s book. Like ISO’s International Standards, it contributes to a common basis for
the international exchange of goods, services, and technological know-how, as well as promoting common understanding in
the scientific and engineering communities worldwide.
4
INTRODUCTION
The publication of Knut O. Kverneland’s book is most timely for the USA and Canada. It should prove to be a valuable
reference volume as well in other English speaking countries which are in the midst of or are completing the transition to the
metric system.
National standards having a metric base have been virtually unknown in the USA. Although many standards-developing
groups use dual measurement notation, the standard sizing and rating practices are still based on the conventional inch-
pound-gallon, USA customary system. USA technical committees are now coming to grips with the problem of developing
metric-based standards. As references in their work, they will be using the standards of ISO and IEC, as well as those of
industrialized nations which are already on the metric system.
Knut O. Kverneland’s METRIC STANDARDS for Worldwide Manufacturing will provide a very useful bridge for those
engineers who are required to develop components to metric specifications in advance of availability of applicable American
National Standards. The book will also be a valuable tool in guiding the many technical committees and subcommittees
which will be working on the new metric American National Standards.
A native of Norway, Mr. Kverneland received his early education in that country and graduated with a Masters of Science
in Mechanical Engineering from the Technical University of Hanover, Germany. He has been fully conversant with the
metric measurement units since childhood and is completely familiar with their use in engineering.
The author joined Massey Ferguson in 1966 as a design engineer, and has risen through consecutive positions as
Engineering Analyst and Standards Engineer until being appointed to the position of Supervisor of Standards. In this
capacity, Mr. Kverneland was responsible for Massey Ferguson’s North American standards.
Mr. Kverneland also maintains a heavy outside professional commitment. He was a member of the Society of Automotive
Engineers, Director of the Detroit Section of the Standards Engineering Society, and Chairman of the American National
Standards Committee B4 on Standards for Limits and Fits.
In 1972 and 1973, Mr. Kverneland participated as a member of an ad hoc metric study committee of the SAE Off-Road
Vehicle Council. He also served on the engineering standards evaluation and promotion subcommittee of the group.
Because of its international manufacturing operations, Massey Ferguson’s need for world metric standards information was
apparent. Mr. Kverneland was thus aided in his SAE committee work by the high degree of interest of his company’s
management, which provided him with ready access to the computer and to standards data accumulated in its many
manufacturing operations around the world. It was this work which prompted him to undertake writing of this book.
Mr. Kverneland is to be commended for his dedication to this project, and a well-deserved vote of thanks must be given to
Massey Ferguson for the management support it provided the author in this undertaking,
Roy P. Trowbridge
Past Director, Engineering Standards
General Motors Corporation
Past President, American National Standards Institute
5
PREFACE
The change to the metric system offers North American manufacturing unique opportunities to introduce new thinking to
the old ways products were made. The metric system requires new fastener sizes, new material stock sizes, new cutting
tools, new gages, etc., to be used in production. This is where tremendously rewarding opportunities come into play. For
example, 11 or less threaded fastener sizes may be selected to replace more than 50 sizes used in the old systems (see
Table 8-1). Multiply the number of unique fastener sizes that can be eliminated by several thousand dollars each
(automotive actual savings), and the total dollar savings for your company can very well become quite impressive.
The selection of metric material and components must be based on existing international and national metric standards.
Therefore, in providing a foundation for this volume, the author has compared standards in the eight largest industrial
countries of the world, which together produce the majority of the worlds products.
The preferred numbering system, coupled with the preferred metric sizes, preferred metric tolerances for holes (4) and
shafts (4), and the preferred fits (10) (see Table 6-1), is another powerful tool available to you.
This highly integrated ISO tolerance system has been in use in the European continent for 60 years, where it has saved
industry there millions, if not billions, of dollars in reduced costs in manufacturing, engineering, purchasing, and inspection.
Among other things, this volume is also one of the most powerful rationalization tools available (see Table 4-1). It is now
up to the reader to make the rationalized selection of standard parts and components listed in this book that will return the
most benefits. The motto the author supports is “SELL AMERICAN” rather than the negative promotion we frequently hear.
“BUY AMERICAN.”
Knut O Kverneland
6
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The completion of the large project of writing the first edition of this book was possible only because of the extensive
cooperation of top management people within the Massey Ferguson organization. Standards engineers, working for this
multi-national company throughout the world, have provided substantial input to this publication in the form of national
standards information and other data. The author, therefore, wishes to express his appreciation to Massey Ferguson, his
former employer, for its encouragement and exceptional support in enabling him to undertake and complete the first edition
of this volume. Without Massey Ferguson worldwide resources, without access to the company’s computer capabilities,
and without the company’s generous backing in stenographic assistance, the time required for researching and preparing
this manuscript would have been many times greater.
The third electronic edition has been completed with the help of my own resources through the company
GO metricUSATM.org, Inc. Countless hours have been spent typing and updating the manuscript.
I would like to extend special thanks to the family of the late Dr. Lawrence D. Eicher, Secretary-General of ISO
(International Organization for Standardization), who has expressed his views in the foreword. In addition, the ISO Central
Secretariat in Geneva has helped update several chapters of this book, for which I am most grateful.
My sincerest thanks also to Mr. Roy P. Trowbridge, former president of the American National Standards Institute who,
during the initial planning stages of the first edition of this book, visualized the need for such a publication and gave the
author encouragement and support.
My sincere thanks to the publisher of the second edition of my book, ASME Press, that had the vision to take on this large
project and to grant me permission to publish the following electronic editions.
The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to the following individuals and organizations:
7
Contributing Individuals and their Organizations
Chapter 1
Anke Varcin-Head of Promotion and Press Services, ISO Central Secretariat, Geneva
W. A. McAdams-Past President, USA National Committee of the International Electro-technical
Commission, General Electric Company
Chapter 3
PERA Training Charts, Ford Motor Company, Ltd.
L. W. Foster-Vice Chairman ANSI Y14.5; Honeywell Inc.
Chapter 5
R. G. Lenz - Past Chairman, USA Technical Advisory Group (TAG); ISO/Technical Committee (TC) 57;
General Motors Corporation
Chapter 6
F. H. Briggs - Computer Program Consultant, Massey Ferguson Inc
Chapter 8
T. C. Baumgartner - Past Chairman, ANSI B1; Standard Pressed Steel Company
Chapter 9
R. B. Belford - Past Chairman, USA TAG ISO/TC2
Chapter 10
E. A. Domzal – Past Senior Project Engineer, Materials, Massey Ferguson Inc
F. V. Kupchak – Past Chairman, USA TAG ISO/TC62; Chairman, ANSI B32; Westinghouse Electric
Corporation
Japanese Standards Association; Japan Iron and Steel Exporters’ Association
German Steel Trade Association – VDEH
Chapter 12
P. S. Given – Past Director, SKF Industries, Inc
J. R. Hull – Past Chief Engineer, The Torrington Company
C. A. Moyer – Past USA Delegate , ISO/TC4 SC9; Assistant Chief Engineer, The Timken Company
A. O. Dehart – Past USA Observer, ISO/TC123; General Motors Corporation
W. G Looft – Past USA Delegate, ISO/TC4 SC7; Manager of Engineering, REXNORD
Chapter 13
B. C. Cummins – Past Manager, The Louis Allis Company, Litton Industries
W. D. Erickson – Past Chief Engineer, The Gates Rubber Company
Dr. F. Buchsbaum – Past President, Stock Drive Products
G. W. Michalec – Author and Professor
C. K. Reece – Past USA Delegate, ISO/TC32; Vice Chairman, ANSI B92; John Deere Waterloo Tractor Works
Chapter 14
J. I. Morgan – Past Chairman, USA TAG ISO/TC131; Executive Vice President, National Fluid Power
Association
Chapter 15
W. Jenninck – Past Assistant Chief Engineer, Illinois/Eclipse, A Division of Illinois Tool Works, Inc
R. W. Berry – Member, ANSI B94; Director, Cutting Tool Research, VR/Wesson Company
Chapter 16
Donald Marquardt – ISO/TC176 Ad Hoc Task Force
Maureen Breitenberg – USA Department of Commerce, NIST
Roger Frost – Press and Communication Manager, ISO
David Zimmerman – Interim Secretary, ISO/TC176 - Quality Management and Quality Assurance
8
Special Courtesy Note to Contributing Standards Bodies and Companies
Tables and figures where a standards reference or a company abbreviation is shown in parenthesis have been
reprinted with the permission of the organization that hold the copyright of the works cited.
Tables and figures without any reference have been reproduced courtesy Massey Ferguson Inc., Detroit, Michigan, and
GO metricUSATM.org, Inc. , Statesville, North Carolina.
The author also wishes to express his sincere appreciation to the referenced organizations for granting permission to
use their tables, figures and standards in this publication. Special thanks go to the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
and Industrial Fastener Institute (IFI). Without their comprehensive support, the publication of METRIC STANDARDS for
Worldwide Manufacturing , with its extensive standards material, would not have been possible.
Finally, the author’s sincere gratitude is extended to the following organizations and companies for granting permission
to republish their standards, figures, or tables: the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania; Ford Motor Company, Ltd., Brentwood, Essex, United Kingdom; Chrysler Corporation, Detroit, Michigan;
Gates Rubber Company, Denver, Colorado; Stock Drive Products, New Hyde Park, New York; and the Metric and
Multistandard Components Corporation, Hawthorne, New York.
Please always refer to the most recent edition of the referenced standards. In the United States, American National
Standards, International Standards, and national standards of other countries may be obtained from the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI), New York, NY. Outside of the United States, sales of standards are transacted
through the national standardizing body for the particular country.
Knut O. Kverneland
9
CONTENTS
Foreword 3
Introduction 4
Preface 5
Acknowledgements 6
Chapter 1 11
World Standards Organizations
Chapter 2 29
The International System of Measuring Units (SI)
Chapter 3 46
Engineering Drawing Practice
Chapter 4 75
Preferred Numbers
Chapter 5 82
Surface Texture
Chapter 6 90
The ISO System of Limits and Fits - Tolerances and Deviations
Chapter 7 129
The ISO System of Limits and Fits – Inspection of Workpieces
Chapter 8 156
Screw Threads
Chapter 9 196
Fasteners
Chapter 10 362
Steel Material Data
Chapter 11 540
Nonferrous Material
Chapter 12 570
Bearings
Chapter 13 597
Mechanical Power Transmission Systems
Chapter 14 656
Fluid Power Systems and Components
10
Chapter 15 683
Manufacturing Engineering
Chapter 16 749
Quality and Environmental Management System (ISO 9000 and ISO 14000)
Chapter 17 772
Conversion Factors and Program
11
Chapter 1
MEMBER COUNTRIES
LISTED IN ORDER OF
GNP
ANSI USA
JISC Japan
DIN Germany
AFNOR France
BSI UK
UNI Italy
SCC Canada
SAA Australia
12
ISO METRIC STANDARDS – THE KEY TO WORLD TRADE
The WTO (World Trade Organization), which is supported by more than 120 countries, now replaces the GATT (General
Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) with the result being a considerable strengthening of its standards codes. The WTO
urges governments to make maximum use of International Standards to prevent unnecessary obstacles to the free flow of
goods.
The EU (European Union) has been in existence for a few years now, and they have published a large number of European
Standards identified by the prefix EN (European Norm)1 Approximately 41% of these standards conform to an existing ISO
or IEC standard on the subject.
For example, ISO 898-1 on Mechanical Properties of Fasteners is now identified within EU as: DIN EN ISO 898-1
(Germany); NF EN ISO 898-1 (France); BS EN ISO 898-1 (United Kingdom); and UNI EN ISO 898-1 (Italy).
ISO standards adopted as EN standards are put into effect with a minimum effort on the part of EU, and two important
goals are met such as:
1. allow free flow of goods among the EU countries; and
2. allow free flow of goods to and from EU meeting the ISO standards.
Regional trade agreements and related activities in other parts of the world are similarly leading to greater use of
international standards. For example, the Pan American Standards Commission, which is trying to develop uniform
standards for the Latin-American Free Trade Association, has now agreed to use the ISO and IEC standards wherever
possible. Also, the countries of Eastern Europe have become increasingly active in the development of international
standards; apparently they are using them as the basis for trade in that region and in opening trade channels with the rest
of the world as well.
Another factor in the use of international standards is the increasing number of international cooperation programs. A
prime example is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which has been ordering a great deal of its equipment in
terms of ISO and IEC standards. This also is happening within many of the social and economic programs of the UN. and
other world organizations. One result is the adoption of many ISO and IEC standards by the developing countries.
1
Norm means standard in English, German, and French
13
A VISION OF THE FUTURE
Since 1986, the leadership of ISO and IEC has placed increasing importance on the necessity to understand and respond
effectively to new needs for international standards. In 1987, approval was given to establish two important new groups for
this purpose.
NOTES:
1. In particular, the activity consists of the processes of formulating, issuing and implementing standards
2. Important benefits of standardization are improvement of the suitability of products, processes, and services for their
intended purposes, prevention of barriers to trade, and facilitation of technological cooperation.
NOTES:
1. The expression “product, process or service” has been adopted throughout to encompass the subject of standardization
in a broad sense, and should be understood equally to cover, for example, any material, component, equipment, system,
interface, protocol, procedure, function, method, or activity.
2. Standardization may be limited to particular aspects of any subject. For example, in the case of shoes, sizes and
durability criteria could be standardized separately.
NOTE: Engineering, transport, agriculture, quantities, and Units, for example, could be regarded as fields of
standardization.
state of the art — developed stage of technical capability at a given time as regards products, processes, and services,
based on the relevant consolidated findings of science, technology, and experience
acknowledged rule of technology — technical provision acknowledged by a majority of representative experts as reflecting
the state of the art
NOTE: A normative document on a technical subject, if prepared with the cooperation of concerned interests by
consultation and consensus procedures, is presumed to constitute an acknowledged rule of technology at the time of its
approval.
NOTE: Within a country or a territorial division of a country, standardization may also take place on a branch or sectoral
basis (e.g., ministries), at local levels, at association and company levels in industry, and in individual factories, workshops,
and offices.
14
consensus — general agreement, characterized by the absence of sustained opposition to substantial issues by any
important part of the concerned interests and by a process that involves seeking to take into account the views of all parties
concerned and to reconcile any conflicting arguments
NOTE: Consensus need not imply unanimity.
(b) Meet the demands of the marketplace, when the objective is to:
1. conform to regulations imposed by governments and trade organizations
2. stay within safety regulations set forth by governments
3. facilitate interchangeability requirements with existing products
DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS
The Conditions for a Standard. When there is a question of working out a standard, the conditions must first be
analyzed before actual technical standardization work can be carried out. Preparatory analysis must be as comprehensive
as possible and must take into account both technical and economic conditions. It is not sufficient to study only the internal
circumstances. It must also be understood that, with regard to standards, the company is dependent on such external
factors as the suppliers’ stocks of products, the production program of competitors, the customers’ wishes, existing
standards, governmental requirements, etc.
Waiting for the right moment to begin a particular standardization is most important. An investigation should be made as
to whether an intended standard could possibly impede any technical development already under way. Lack of a standard
is more often the condition, and it is important to engage in standardization at an early stage, at least to the extent of
working out an experimental standard of a temporary nature.
A certain type of regularly recurrent part may, for example, be used in many products in functionally equivalent, but
constructionally different, forms. In such a case, the task of standardization will be to create order out of chaos through
variety-reduction, size standardization, etc. The work should be started as soon as the possibilities of direct cost savings in
purchasing, production, inventory, etc., and indirect cost savings in engineers’ time can be established.
STANDARDIZATION TECHNIQUES
Two basic principles for the preparation of a standard are commonly used; these are as follows. analytical standardization
— standard developed from scratch
conservative standardization — standard based, as far as possible, on existing practice
In practice, it appears that a standard cannot often be a completely prepared in one or the other of these two methods,
but emerges from a compromise between the two. The quintessence of the standardization technique should be to utilize
the basic material, the rules, and the aids available, in such way that a valid and practical compromise solution is reached.
The basic material could be comprised of such items as:
Increasingly important are the national and international standards in existence on the subject; they should always play an
important role in any conservative standardization work. It would be foolish to create a unique new metric standard without
first considering some existing European metric standards.
15
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT LEVELS OF A STANDARD
The most common standardization levels are:
• company standard
• professional society or trade standard
• national standard
• regional standard
• international standard
The normal path through which a standard must pass in the developmental stages depends on the organization level and
the standardization technique applied. A new international standard generated by applying the analytical principle follows
the organization levels in a numerical order, while a company standard prepared after the conservative principle might be
based directly on the applicable international standard.
A more recent trend in international standardization is to draft a new standard directly when a need for it has been
established.
Origin
International standardization started in the electro-technical field some 90 years ago. While some attempts were made in
the 1930s to develop international standards in other technical fields, it was not until ISO was created that an international
standards organization devoted to standardization as a whole came into existence.
Following a meeting in London in 1946, delegates from 25 countries decided to create a new international organization
“the object of which would be to facilitate the international coordination and unification of industrial standards.” The new
organization, ISO, began to function officially on February 23, 1947.
Members
A member body of ISO is the national body “most representative of standardization in its country.” It follows that only one
such body for each country is accepted for membership in ISO. Member bodies are entitled to participate and exercise full
voting rights on any technical committee of ISO, are eligible for Council membership, and have seats in the General
Assembly.
By January 2003, the number of member bodies was 94.
More than 70% of the ISO member bodies are governmental institutions or organizations incorporated by public law. The
remainder have close links with the public administration in their own countries.
A correspondent member is normally an organization in a developing country which does not yet have its own national
standards body. Correspondent members do not take an active part in the technical work, but are entitled to be kept fully
informed about the work of interest to them. They may attend the General Assembly as observers. Nearly all the present
correspondent members are governmental institutions.
By January 2003, the number of correspondent members was 37.
Technical Work
The technical work of ISO is carried out through technical committees (TC). The decision to establish a technical
committee is taken by the ISO Technical Management Board which also approves ISO scope. Within this scope, the
committee determines its own program of work.
Work in the field of information technology is carried out through a joint ISO/IEC technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC I
16
Information Technology, established in 1987 by the ISO and IEC Councils.
Each technical committee may, in turn, establish subcommittees (SC) and working groups (WG) to cover different aspects
of its work.
Each technical committee or sub-committee has a secretariat, assigned to an ISO member body: in the case of technical
committees, by the Technical Board on behalf of Council, and in the case of subcommittees, by the parent committee. For
each working group, a convener is appointed by the parent committee.
By January 2003, there were 188 technical committees, 550 subcommittees, 2175 working groups, and 24 ad hoc study
groups.
A proposal to begin work in a new field of technical activity normally comes from within ISO itself, but it may also originate
from some other international organization. Since the resources are limited, priorities must be considered. Therefore, all
new proposals are submitted for consideration by the ISO member bodies. If accepted, either the new work will be referred
to the appropriate existing technical committee, or a new technical committee will be established.
To ensure coordination of work in all matters of common interest, liaisons are established between related technical
committees.
Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been authorized has the right to be
represented on that committee.
subcommittees (ISO/TC/SC) — This is the level at which most of the technical decisions are made and is also the level at
which much of the technical liaison takes place. Subcommittees are charged with the study of one or several items within
the scope of the technical committee.
working groups (ISO/TC/SC/WG) —The technical committees and subcommittees may set up working groups composed of
a restricted number of individuals to prepare working drafts for standards development. The group may function between
meetings of the parent committee, but it is automatically disbanded on completion of its task.
ad-hoc working group — a group that may be formed to deal with a matter on which it is required to report to the parent
committee at the same meeting in which it is formed.
draft proposals — a draft submitted to the participating (P) members of a technical committee for study which is intended
eventually to become an International Standard. A given subject may undergo several successive committee drafts, i.e.,
first draft, second draft, etc.
draft international standard (DIS) — a committee draft which has received substantial support from the participating
members of the technical committee and is transmitted to the Central Secretariat for registration. This is then circulated to
the P-members and all the other Member Bodies for final letter ballot.
international standard — a draft international standard which has been adopted by a two-thirds majority vote of the P-
members of the technical committee and approved by 75% of all the Member Bodies voting
technical report — there are three types of technical reports, as follows
(a) When the required support cannot be obtained for a DIS to pass the approval stage, or in case of doubt concerning
consensus, the committee may decide, by a simple majority vote of its P-members, that the document should be published
in the form of a technical report.
(b) When the subject in question is still under technical development or where for any other reason there is the future but
not immediate possibility of an agreement on an international standard, the committee may decide that the publication of a
technical report would be appropriate. The decision to publish the technical report requires a simple majority vote of the P-
members of the committee. A technical report of type (b) may be used for “pre-standardization” purposes.
(c) When a committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an international
standard (this may include, for example, data obtained from a survey carried out among the national bodies, data on work
in other international organizations, or data on the “state of the art” in relation to standards of national bodies on a particular
subject), the committee may decide, by a simple majority vote of its P-members, to publish such data in the form of a
technical report. Such a document will be entirely informative in nature.
Technical reports of types (a) and (b) are subject to review not later than three years after their publication. The aim of
such a review is to reexamine the situation, and if possible, to achieve the agreement necessary for the publication of an
international standard to replace the technical report.
FINANCE
ISO is maintained by the financial contributions of its members; the amount varies according to the circumstances of the
country concerned. Additional revenue, however, is gained from the sale of international standards and other publications.
17
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION (IEC)
The International Electrotechnical Commission came into being in 1906.
ISO and JEC have established a formal agreemer4, stating the relationship between the two organizations. In accordance
with this agreement, ISO and IEC form the specialized system for worldwide standardization.
It is agreed that questions related to international standardization in the electrical and electronic engineering fields are the
concern of IEC. Other subject areas are the responsibility of ISO. In matters of international standardization not related to
any particular technology, ISO undertakes, in consultation with IEC, to safeguard any electro-technical interests which may
be involved. To ensure the necessary technical coordination, ISO and IEC have established a joint ISO/IEC Technical
Programming Committee.
The members of the IEC are the national committees, one for each country, which are required to be as representative as
possible of all electrical interests in the country concerned:
manufacturers, users, governmental authorities, teaching, and professional bodies. They are composed of representatives
of the various organizations which deal with questions of electrical standardization at the national level. Most of them are
recognized and supported by their governments.
In the technical work, numerous liaisons have been established between ISO and IEC committees, and a joint ISO/IEC
technical committee has been established in the field of information technology.
18
TABLE 1-1 ACRONYMS AND LINKS TO IMPORTANT STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
ASABE American Society for Agricultural and hq@asabe.org 269 429 0300
Biological Engineers
2950 Niles Road http://www.asae.org 269 429 3852
St Joseph MI 49085-9659 USA
American Society for Metals International CustomerService@asminternational.org 800 336 5152
9639 Kinsman Rd http://www.asm-intl.org 440 338 5151
ASM*
Materials Park OH 44073 USA 440 338 4634
ASME American Society for Mechanical Engineers infocentral@asme.org 800 843 2763
Three Park Ave http://www.asme.org 973 882 1170
New York NY 10016-5990 USA 973 882 1717
ASQ American Society for Quality cs@asq.org 800 248 1946
600 North Plankinton Ave http://www.asq.org 414 272 8575
Milwaukee, WI 53203 USA 414 272 1734
NOTE *Books but no standards
19
TABLE 1-1 ACRONYMS AND LINKS TO IMPORTANT STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS (CONT'D)
20
TABLE 1-1 ACRONYMS AND LINKS TO IMPORTANT STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS (CONT'D)
21
TABLE 1-1 ACRONYMS AND LINKS TO IMPORTANT STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS (CONT'D)
22
RELATED ISO PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FROM ANSI
ANSI Catalog Contains listing with prices of ANSI standards published annually.
ISO Technical Program Information on the titles and stages of development of all draft standards. (Biannual)
ISO Participation This table indicates the membership of technical committees, technical divisions, and committees
reporting to the ISO Council. (Biannual)
ISO Bulletin Standardization news; calendar of ISO meetings; list of all new draft ISO standards and newly published ISO
standards. (Monthly)
ISO/IEC Guide 2: 1991 General terms and their definitions concerning standardization and related activities. Approximately
40 Guides, designated ISO/IEC Guide Nos. 2-57, cover subjects related to international standardization, and are listed in
the ISO catalog.
ISO Video Film International standardization 18 min video cassette VHS. Other video films are also available.
CEN Catalog Complete list of EN standards (German: Norm, French: Norme) and tables of corresponding material
standards for CEN National Affiliate Members. See website; Welcome to the On-line Catalogue of European Standards
with links to most European national standards organizations and their standards catalogs.
23
TC 37 Terminology and other language and content resources
TC 38 Textiles
TC 39 Machine tools
TC 41 Pulleys and belts (including veebelts)
TC 42 Photography
TC 43 Acoustics
TC 44 Welding and allied processes
TC 45 Rubber and rubber products
TC 46 Information and documentation
TC 47 Chemistry
TC 48 Laboratory equipment
TC 51 Pallets for unit load method of materials handling
TC 52 Light gauge metal containers
TC 54 Essential oils
TC 58 Gas cylinders
TC 59 Buildings and civil engineering works
TC 60 Gears
TC 61 Plastics
TC 63 Glass containers
TC 67 Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries
TC 68 Financial services
TC 69 Applications of statistical methods
TC 70 Internal combustion engines
TC 71 Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete
TC 72 Textile machinery and accessories
TC 74 Cement and lime
TC 76 Transfusion, infusion and injection, and blood processing equipment for medical and pharmaceutical use
TC 77 Products in fibre reinforced cement
TC 79 Light metals and their alloys
TC 81 Common names for pesticides and other agrochemicals
TC 82 Mining - STANDBY
TC 83 Sports and recreational equipment
TC 84 Devices for administration of medicinal products and intravascular catheters
TC 85 Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection
TC 86 Refrigeration and air-conditioning
TC 87 Cork
TC 89 Wood-based panels
TC 91 Surface active agents
TC 92 Fire safety
TC 93 Starch (including derivatives and by-products)
TC 94 Personal safety -- Protective clothing and equipment
TC 96 Cranes
TC 98 Bases for design of structures
TC 100 Chains and chain sprockets for power transmission and conveyors
TC 101 Continuous mechanical handling equipment
TC 102 Iron ore and direct reduced iron
TC 104 Freight containers
TC 105 Steel wire ropes
TC 106 Dentistry
TC 107 Metallic and other inorganic coatings
TC 108 Mechanical vibration, shock and condition monitoring
TC 109 Oil and gas burners
TC 110 Industrial trucks
TC 111 Round steel link chains, chain slings, components and accessories
TC 112 Vacuum technology
TC 113 Hydrometry
TC 114 Horology
TC 115 Pumps
TC 117 Fans
TC 118 Compressors and pneumatic tools, machines and equipment
TC 119 Powder metallurgy
TC 120 Leather
TC 121 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment
TC 122 Packaging
TC 123 Plain bearings
TC 126 Tobacco and tobacco products
TC 127 Earth-moving machinery
TC 129 Aluminium ores - STANDBY
TC 130 Graphic technology
TC 131 Fluid power systems
TC 132 Ferroalloys
TC 133 Sizing systems and designations for clothes
TC 134 Fertilizers and soil conditioners
TC 135 Non-destructive testing
TC 136 Furniture
TC 137 Footwear sizing designations and marking systems
TC 138 Plastics pipes, fittings and valves for the transport of fluids
TC 142 Cleaning equipment for air and other gases
TC 145 Graphical symbols
TC 146 Air quality
24
TC 147 Water quality
TC 148 Sewing machines
TC 149 Cycles
TC 150 Implants for surgery
TC 153 Valves
TC 154 Processes, data elements and documents in commerce, industry and administration
TC 155 Nickel and nickel alloys
TC 156 Corrosion of metals and alloys
TC 157 Non-systemic contraceptives and STI barrier prophylactics
TC 158 Analysis of gases
TC 159 Ergonomics
TC 160 Glass in building
TC 161 Control and protective devices for gas and/or oil burners and appliances
TC 162 Doors and windows
TC 163 Thermal performance and energy use in the built environment
TC 164 Mechanical testing of metals
TC 165 Timber structures
TC 166 Ceramic ware, glassware and glass ceramic ware in contact with food - STANDBY
TC 167 Steel and aluminium structures
TC 168 Prosthetics and orthotics
TC 170 Surgical instruments
TC 171 Document management applications
TC 172 Optics and photonics
TC 173 Assistive products for persons with disability
TC 174 Jewellery
TC 176 Quality management and quality assurance
TC 177 Caravans
TC 178 Lifts, escalators and moving walks
TC 179 Masonry - STANDBY
TC 180 Solar energy
TC 181 Safety of toys
TC 182 Geotechnics
TC 183 Copper, lead, zinc and nickel ores and concentrates
TC 184 Automation systems and integration
TC 185 Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure
TC 186 Cutlery and table and decorative metal hollow-ware
TC 188 Small craft
TC 189 Ceramic tile
TC 190 Soil quality
TC 191 Animal (mammal) traps - STANDBY
TC 192 Gas turbines
TC 193 Natural gas
TC 194 Biological evaluation of medical devices
TC 195 Building construction machinery and equipment
TC 197 Hydrogen technologies
TC 198 Sterilization of health care products
TC 199 Safety of machinery
TC 201 Surface chemical analysis
TC 202 Microbeam analysis
TC 203 Technical energy systems
TC 204 Intelligent transport systems
TC 205 Building environment design
TC 206 Fine ceramics
TC 207 Environmental management
TC 208 Thermal turbines for industrial application (steam turbines, gas expansion turbines)- STANDBY
TC 209 Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments
TC 210 Quality management and corresponding general aspects for medical devices
TC 211 Geographic information/Geomatics
TC 212 Clinical laboratory testing and in vitro diagnostic test systems
TC 213 Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification
TC 214 Elevating work platforms
TC 215 Health informatics
TC 216 Footwear
TC 217 Cosmetics
TC 218 Timber
TC 219 Floor coverings
TC 220 Cryogenic vessels
TC 221 Geosynthetics
TC 222 Personal financial planning - STANDBY
TC 223 Societal security
TC 224 Service activities relating to drinking water supply systems and wastewater systems – Quality criteria of the service and performance indicators
TC 225 Market, opinion and social research
TC 226 Materials for the production of primary aluminium
TC 227 Springs
TC 228 Tourism and related services
TC 229 Nanotechnologies
TC 230 Project Committee: Psychological assessment
TC 231 Project Committee: Brand valuation
TC 232 Learning services for non-formal education and training
TC 234 Fisheries and aquaculture
25
TC 235 Project Committee: Rating services
TC 236 Project Committee: Project Management
TC 237 Project committee: Exhibition terminology
TC 238 Solid biofuels
TC 239 Project Committee: Network services billing
TC 240 Project Committee: Product recall
TC 241 Project Committee: Road-Traffic Safety Management System
TC 242 Energy Management
TC 243 Project Committee: Consumer product safety
TC 244 Industrial furnaces and associated processing equipment
TC 245 Project Committee: Cross-border trade of second-hand goods
TC 246 Project committee: Anti-counterfeiting tools
TC 247 Fraud countermeasures and controls
TC 248 Project committee: Sustainability criteria for bioenergy
TC 249 Traditional chinese medicine
TC 250 Project committee: Sustainability in event management
TC 251 Project committee: Asset management
TC 252 Project committee: Natural gas fuelling stations for vehicles
TC 253 Project committee: Treated wastewater re-use for irrigation
TC 254 Safety of amusement rides and amusement devices
TC 255 Biogas
TC 256 Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders
TC 257 General technical rules for determination of energy savings in renovation projects, industrial enterprises and regions
TC 258 Project, programme and portfolio management
TC 259 Project committee: Outsourcing
TC 260 Human resource management
TC 261 Additive manufacturing
TC 262 Project committee: Risk management
TC 263 Coalbed methane (CBM)
TC 264 Fireworks
TC 265 Carbon capture and storage (CCS)
TC 266 Biomimetics
TC 267 Facilities management
Compilation on CD-ROM of the entire collection of Technical Product Specification (TPS) standards which
are essential to manufacturing on a global basis, as well as providing a common language for product and contract
specification, and other communication along global supply chains. It allows the 242 standards to be accessed easily and
rapidly and puts this "library" of standards into a conveniently transportable format. Technical product specification
Year of publication: 2009 Edition: 1 .ISBN 978-92-67-10510-9
ISO Focus
A selection of centre spreads from ISO Focus+ magazine of the last two years provide the theme for the ISO 2012 calendar. Topics
covered include motor vehicle safety, standards in everyday life, energy, accessibility of buildings, the economic benefits of standards, social responsibility
and space exploration. ISO Calendar 2012. Year of publication: 2011. Edition: 1
The route map, via seven key objectives, to the global vision for ISO in 2015: to be the world's leading provider of high quality,
globally relevant International Standards through its members and stakeholders. ISBN 978-92-67-10542-0
27
ISO in figures for the year 2010
Significant statistics on ISO and ISO's work for 2010. Year of publication: 2011. Edition: 1. ISBN 978-92-67-10546-8
ISO in brief
A four-page introduction to the ISO standardization system, the ISO system's output, ISO's partners and ISO's path
forward. Year of publication: 2011. Edition: 3. ISBN 978-92-67-10550-5
28
Chapter 2
SUMMARY
The metric system is simple and easy to learn. Do not become confused with all the details given in this chapter. You
probably will not see most of the units in practical use. You should, however, learn the most common units for length, area,
volume, mass, and temperature shown in Table 2-1. Prefixes are shown in Table 2-2. Preferred units are shown in bold.
How the metric units relate to inch units are covered in Chapter 17. See conversion program.
TABLE 2-1 SI UNITS
Quantity Symbol (Name) Prefix and Symbol* Other Metric Unit
-9
nm (nanometer) = 10 m
-6
µm (micrometer) = 10 m micron = µm = 0.001 mm
-3
mm (millimeter) = 10 m
-2
Length m cm (centimeter) = 10 m
-1
(meter) dm (decimeter) = 10 m
2
hm (hectometer) = 10 m
3
km (kilometer) = 10 m
2 -6 2
mm (square millimeter) = 10 m
2 -4 2 2
cm (square centimeter) = 10 m 1 a (are) = 100 m
2 2
dm (square decimeter) = 10 m
-2 2 2
1 hm = 1 ha (hectare) = 10 000 m
2
Area m
2 4 2
(square meter) hm (square hectometer) = 10 m
2 6 2
km (square kilometer) = 10 m
3 -9 3 3
mm (cubic millimeter) = 10 m 1 µL (microliter) = 1 mm
m3
3 -6 3 3
Volume cm (cubic centimeter) = 10 m 1 mL (milliliter) = 1 cm
3 -3 3 3
(cubic meter) dm (cubic decimeter) = 10 m 1 L (liter) = 1 dm
3
1 kL (kiloliter) = 1 m
-9
µg (microgram) = 10 kg Mass of water;
-6 3
mg (milligram) = 10 kg 1 mg = 1 µL = 1 mm
-3 3
kg g (gram) = 10 kg 1g= 1 mL = 1 cm
Mass(1)
3 3
(kilogram) Mg (megagram) = 10 kg 1 kg = 1 L = 1 dm
3
1 Mg = 1 kL = 1 m
1 tmetric = 1000 kg
o
Temperature K The absolute temperature C (degree Celsius)
o
(kelvin) TK = TO + tC = 273.15 + C
(pascal = N/m2)
3 2
kPa (kilopascal) = 10 N/m 1 bar = 100 kPa
Stress
6 2 2
MPa (megapascal) = 10 N/m 10 bar = 1 MPa = 1 N/mm
9 2
GPa (gigapascal) = 10 N/m
-3
mJ (millijoule) = 10 J
3
Energy, J kJ (kilojoule) = 10 J 1 kWh (kilowatthour) =
6
Work, Heat (joule) MJ (megajoule) = 10 J 1000 W x 3600 s = 3.6 106 J = 3.6 MJ
9
GJ (gigajoule) = 10 J
-6
µW (microwatt) 10 W
-3
Power W mW (milliwatt) 10 W 1 W = 1 J/s = 1 N•m/s
3
(watt = J/s = N•m/s) kW (kilowatt) 10 W metric horsepower,
6
MW (megawatt) 10 W 1 hpmetric = 75 kgf•m/s = 735 W
9
GW (gigawatt) 10 W
Notes: *Preferred in bold
1. In the metric system there are separate distinct units for mass and force. The kilogram is restricted to mass. The newton
is the unit of force and should be used in place of the “kilogram-force.” The newton instead of the kilogram-force should be
used in combination units which include force, for example, pressure or stress (N/m2 = Pa), energy (N•m = J), and power
(N•m/s = W).
Considerable confusion exist in the use of the term “mass” and “weight.” Mass is the property of matter to which it owes
its inertia. If a body at rest on the earth’s surface is released from the forces holding it at rest, it will experience the
acceleration of free fall (acceleration of gravity, g). The force required to restrain it against free fall is commonly called
weight. The acceleration of free fall varies in time and space, and weight is proportional to it. While at any point in time and
space, weight can therefore vary, mass does not. Observed g can differ by over 0.5% between various points on the
earth’s surface. Therefore, the difference of local g from the agreed standard value, 9.80665 m/s2, must be taken into
account for precise measurements where g is involved, such as delicate weigh
The term “mass” should be used to indicate the quantity of matter in an object. The term “weight” is commonly used
where the technically correct word is mass. Because of this widespread nontechnical use, the word weight should be
avoided in technical reports. In converting quantities that has been presented as weight, care must be taken to determine
whether force or mass is intended.
2. The dekanewton has some usage in EU since 1 daN = 1.02 kg (force).
Units and symbols
SI prefixes
The prefixes listed in Table 2-2 are used to form names and symbols of the decimal multiples and submultiples of the SI
units. These prefixes or their symbols are attached to names or symbols of units, forming what are properly called
“multiples and submultiples of metric units”. For recommended application of prefixes, see Table 2-1
Classes of units
The metric units are divided into two classes: base units and derived units. See definitions.
Base units
The metric system is built upon the seven well-defined base units of Table 2-3, which by convention are regarded as
independent. Note that throughout this publication the word “quantity” means a measurable attribute of a phenomenon or
of matter.
TABLE 2-4 SI DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES AND SYMBOLS (ANSI SI 10)
Expression in terms
Quantity SI unit Name Symbol of other SI units
angle, plane radian* rad m/m = 1
angle, solid steradian* sr m2/m2 = 1
o
Celsius temperature** degree Celsius C K
electric capacitance farad F C/V
electric charge, quantity of electricity coulomb C A•s
electric conductance siemens S A/V
electric inductance henry H Wb/A
electric potential difference, electromotive force volt V W/A
electric resistance ohm Ω V/A
energy, work, quantity of heat joule J N•m
force newton N kg•m/s2
frequency (of a periodic phenomenon) hertz Hz 1/s
illuminance lux lx lm/m2
luminous flux lumen lm cd•sr
magnetic flux weber Wb V•s
magneric flux density tesla T Wb/m2
power, radiant flux watt W J/s
pressure, stress pascal Pa N/m2
NOTES: *See last paragraph of History on p.42
**See Temperature on p.37
It is frequently advantageous to express derived units in terms of other derived units with special names; for example, the
metric unit for surface tension is usually expressed as N/m instead of kg/s2 and that for electric dipole moment is usually
expressed as C•m instead of A•s•m.
TABLE 2-5 SI DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES FOR HUMAN HEALTH (ANSI SI 10)
SI unit
Quantity Name Symbol Expression in terms
of other SI units
Unit of mass
Among the base and derived units of SI, the unit of mass (kilogram) is the only one whose name, for historical reasons,
contains a prefix. Names and symbols of decimal multiples and submultiples of the unit of mass are formed by attaching
prefixes to the word gram or prefix symbols to the symbol g.
Other units
Units from other systems
To preserve the advantage of SI as a coherent system, minimize the use of units from other systems with SI. Such use
should be limited to those listed in Table 2-7.
Time
The SI unit for time is the second (s), which should be used in technical calculations. However, where time relates to life
customs or calendar cycles, the minute, hour, day, and other calendar units may be necessary. For example, vehicle
speed is often expressed in unit kilometer per hour (km/h)
Plane angle
The SI unit for plane angle is the number 1, which is also called by its special name radian (rad). Use of the degree and
its decimal submultiples is permissible when the radian is not a convenient value. Do not use the minute and second
except for special fields such as astronomy and cartography.
Volume
The SI unit for volume is the cubic meter (m3). Use this unit, or a multiple or submultiple of it such as cubic kilometer
(km3), cubic centimeter (cm3), etc. The liter (L) has the exact volume of one cubic decimeter (dm3). The name liter with its
new symbol and SI prefixes are easy to write and speak, and the author recommend its use in USA.
Mass
The SI unit for mass is the kilogram (kg). This unit, or a multiple or submultiple formed by attaching a SI prefix to gram
(g), is preferred in all applications. The name “ton” has been given to several large mass units that are widely used in
commerce and technology: the long ton of 2240 lb, the short ton of 2000 lb, and the metric ton of 1000 kg, which is almost
2205 lb. None of these terms is SI. The terms “metric ton” and “tonne” are restricted to commercial usage. The ton is also
used for volume (register ton) and power ratings (air conditioning). The author therefore recommends using the SI prefix
mega with gram, thus 1 Mg = 1000 kg.
Energy
The SI unit of energy, the joule, together with its multiples and submultiples, is preferred for all applications. The
kilowatthour is widely used as a measure of electric energy. This unit should not be introduced into any new fields, and
eventually it should be replaced. The unit to use is the megajoule.
Units in use temporarily with SI
Units in use temporarily with SI are shown in Table 2-8. These units should not be introduced where they are not
presently used.
Length
The International nautical mile is now defined as 1852 m long, and it is used in nautical and aerial navigation to express
distance and speed.
Area
The SI unit for area is the square meter (m2). The hectare (ha) is a special name for the square hectometer (hm2). Large
land or water areas are generally expressed in hectares or in square kilometers (km2).
TABLE 2-9 EXAMPLES OF UNITS AND NAMES THAT ARE NOT TO BE USED (ANSI SI 10)
Name Symbol Value in SI units
Temperature
The SI unit of thermodynamic temperature is the kelvin (K). Use this unit to express thermodynamic temperature and
temperature intervals. Wide use is also made of the degree Celsius (oC), which is equal to the unit kelvin; it is a special
name for expressing Celsius temperature and temperature intervals. Celsius temperature t (which replace centigrade
temperature) is related to thermodynamic temperature T by the equation
t = T – To, where To = 273.15 K by definition.
In practice, the International Temperature Scale of 1990(ITS-90) serves as the basis for high-accuracy temperature
measurements in science and technology.
Nominal dimensions
Many dimensions used to identify commercial products are nominal values – values like “2 by 4” lumber and one-inch
pipe that exist in name only and are used for the purpose of convenient designation. Others, like the inch-based trade sizes
of nuts and bolts, designate one of the critical dimensions of the product. Although individuals should not convert such
designations into SI units, trade associations and other organizations that are responsible for standardizing such products
may adopt, without changing the product, nominal metric designations as deemed appropriate.
Moment of inertia
This quantity (Ι ) is a property of the mass distribution of a body about an axis (Ι = ∑m•r 2); its SI unit is kg•m2.
Angular momentum
Angular momentum (moment of momentum) is linear momentum (SI unit kg•m/s) times moment arm; its SI unit is
kg•m2/s. The total angular momentum of a body of moment of inertia Ι (SI unit kg•m2) rotating with angular velocity ω (SI
unit 1/s) is Ι•ω (SI unit kg•m2/s).
Kinetic energy
The kinetic energy of a body of moment of inertia Ι (SI unit kg•m2) rotating with angular velocity ω (SI unit 1/s) is Ι•ω2/2;
its SI unit is joule.
Work
The work done by a moment of force or by a torque (SI unit N•m) in a rotation through an angle (SI unit 1) is moment of
force or torque times angle of rotation; its SI unit is joule.
Note that if the unit of rotational work is written as N•m rather than as J, possible confusion may occur because in its form
it appears identical to the unit of moment of force or torque. In vector algebraic expressions or vector diagrams, the
distinction between work and moment of force or torque is obvious because work is the scalar product of force and
displacement while moment of force or torque involves the vector product of force and moment arm, but no such distinction
is possible in the associated units.
Symbols. The short form for metric units and prefixes are called symbols. The first letter of a symbol is capitalized when
the name of the unit is derived from the name of a person. Other symbols are generally lower case*.
Examples:
Unit Name Symbol
meter m
liter L*
kilogram kg
newton N
pascal Pa
*In 1979. the CGPM approved “L” and “l” as alternative symbols for liter. Since the letter symbol “l” can easily be confused
with the numeral “1”, the symbol “L” is recommended for USA use. Any use of the script “ell” as a symbol for liter is
deprecated.
1. Print unit symbols in upright type regardless of the typestyle used in the surrounding text. Italic letters are reserved for
quantity symbols, such as A for area, m for mass, g for gravity acceleration and t for time. In typewriting or longhand,
underlining may be used as a substitute for italics.
2. Do not alter unit symbols in the plural. Examples: 1 m, 100 m. Plural name usage. Names of units may be plural for
numeric values greater than 1, equal to 0 or less than -1. All other values take only the singular form of the unit name.
Examples: 100 meters, 1.1 meters, 0 degrees Celsius, -4 degrees Celsius or
1.1 meter, 0 degree Celsius, 0.5 meter, ½ liter, -0.2 degree Celsius, -1 degree Celsius.
3. Do not follow unit symbols by a period except when used at the end of a sentence.
Examples: When you add 15 g of salt … The length of the field is 350 m.
4. Write letter unit symbols in lowercase (e.g., cd) unless the unit name has been derived from a proper name, in which
case the first letter of the symbol is capitalized (e.g., W, Pa). The exception is the symbol for liter, L. Prefix symbols use
either lowercase or uppercase letters as shown in Table 2-7. The importance of precise use of capital and lowercase
letters is shown by the following examples.
Examples:
G stands for giga; g for gram
K for kelvin; k for kilo
M for mega; m for milli
N for newton; n for nano
Names of units and prefixes are not capitalized except at the beginning of a sentence and in those titles, headings and
other instances in which all main words are capitalized.
Example: Meter is the unit used for some Olympic events. Force is measured in newtons.
Note: In “degree Celsius”, “degree” is lower case and “Celsius” is capitalized; “degree centigrade” is obsolete. Unit
symbols retain their prescribed form regardless of the surrounding typography.
5. If the value of a quantity is expressed as a numerical value and a unit symbol, a space shall be left between them. For
o o
example, write 35 mm, not 35mm, 2.37 lm (for 2.37 lumens), not 2.37lm, and 20 C, not 20 C.
EXCEPTION – No space is left between the number and the symbol for degree, minute, and second of plain angle.
6. Do not leave any space between the prefix and unit symbols.
7. Use symbols, not abbreviations, for units. For example, use “A”, and not “amp”, for ampere.
Rules for writing unit names
The handling of unit names varies internationally because of language differences. The following rules should be followed
in USA:
1. Spelled-out unit names are treated as common nouns in English. Thus, the first letter of a unit name is not capitalized
except at the beginning of a sentence or in capitalized material such as a title.
2. Use plurals as required by the rules of English grammar, for example, henries for the plural of henry.
EXCEPTION – The names for hertz, lux and siemens remain unchanged in plural.
3. Do not leave a space or place a hyphen between the prefix and unit name.
In three cases, the final vowel in the prefix is commonly omitted: “megohm,” “kilohm,” and “hectare.” In all other cases
where the unit name begins with a vowel, both vowels are retained and both are pronounced.
Unit names
1. Product. Use a space (preferred) or a hyphen:
Examples: newton meter or newton-meter
In the case of watt hour the space may be omitted, thus:
Examples: watthour
2. Quotient. Use the word “per” and not a solidus:
Examples: meter per second, not meter/second
3. Powers. Use the modifier “squared” or “cubed” placed after the unit name:
Examples: meter per second squared
In case of area or volume, a modifier may be placed before the unit name:
Examples: square millimeters, cubic meter, watt per square meter
4. Symbols. To avoid ambiguity in complicated expressions, unit symbols are preferred over unit names.
Unit symbols
The symbol for a compound unit that is the product of two or more units is indicated by either a raised dot, which is
preferred, or by a space; thus, for newton meter
Examples: N•m or N m
For limited character sets where the raised dot is not possible, use a space. In the case of kW•h, kilowatthour (a non-SI
unit), the raised dot is often omitted, as is the space; thus, kWh.
The symbol for a quotient of two or more units is indicated in one of the following ways:
Examples: m/s or m•s-1 or m
s
Do not use more than one solidus in the same expression unless parentheses are inserted to avoid ambiguity.
Examples: J/(mol•K) or J•mol-1•K-1 or (J/mol)/K, but not J/mol/K
Mixtures
Do not mix symbols and unit names in the same expression.
Examples: joules per kilogram or J/kg
Do not write: joules/kilogram nor joules/kg nor joules•kg-1
Roman numerals. Do not use M to indicate thousands (as in MCF for thousands of cubic feet or in MCM for thousands of
circular mills) nor MM to indicate millions, nor C to indicate hundreds, etc., because of conflicts with the SI prefixes.
Selection
When expressing a quantity by a numerical value and a unit, give preference to a prefix that yields a numerical value
between 0.1 and 1000. For simplicity, give preference to prefixes representing 1000 raised to a positive or negative integral
power. However, the following factors may justify deviation from these prefixes:
1. In expressing area and volume, the prefixes hecto, deka, deci and centi may be required; for example, cubic decimeter,
square hectometer, cubic centimeter.
2. In tables of values of the same quantity, or in a discussion of such values within a given context, it is preferable to use
the same unit multiple throughout.
3. For certain quantities in particular applications, one particular multiple or submultiple is often used. For example, the
millimeter is used for linear dimensions in engineering drawings even when the values lie far outside the range of 0.1
mm to 1000 mm; the centimeter is usually used for body measurements and clothing sizes.
Compound prefixes
Do not use prefixes formed by the juxtaposition of two or more SI prefixes.
Examples: 1.3 nm, not 1.3 mµm
2.4 pF, not 2.4 µµF
If a value is required outside the range covered by the prefixes, express it by using a power of ten applied to the unit.
Examples: 2 MJ = 2 x 106 J
Powers of units
An exponent attached to a symbol containing a prefix indicates that the multiple or submultiple of the unit (the unit with its
prefix) is raised to the power expressed by the exponent.
Examples: 1 cm3 = (10-2 m)3 = 10-6 m3
2.5 ns-1 = 2.5(10-9 s)-1 = 2.5 x 109 s-1
7 mm2/s = 7(10-3 m)2/s = 7 x 10-6 m2/s
Prefixes defined as powers of two
In the computer field the SI prefixes kilo, mega, giga, etc. have sometimes been defined as powers of two. That is, kilo
has been used to mean 1024 (i.e., 210), mega has been used to mean 1048 576 (i.e., 220), etc. This practice frequently
leads to confusion and is deprecated.
Numbers
Decimal marker
In the USA, the decimal marker is a dot on the line. When writing numbers less than one, write a zero before the decimal
marker.
Outside the USA, the comma is widely used as the decimal marker. In some applications, therefore, the common
practice in the USA of using a comma to separate digits into groups of three (as in 23,478; EU use 23.478) may cause
ambiguity. To avoid this potential source of confusion, recommended international practice calls for separating the digits
into groups of three, counting from the decimal marker toward the left and the right, and using a thin, fixed space to
separate the groups. In numbers of four digits on either side of the decimal marker the space is usually not necessary,
except for uniformity in tables.
Examples: 2.141 596 73 722 0.1334
Where this practice is followed, the width of the space should be constant even if, as is often the case in printing, justified
spacing is used between words. In certain special applications, such as in engineering drawings and financial statements,
the practice of inserting spaces to separate groups of numbers is not customary.
Decimal notation is preferred with metric measurements, but simple fractions are acceptable (except on engineering
drawings), such as those where the denominator is 2, 3 or 4.
Examples: 0.5 g, 1.75 kg and 0.7 L are preferred;
½ g, is acceptable (except on engineering drawings)
Examples: 25.00 25
not
24.46 24.46
Hyphens are used when a quantity is placed in an adjectival sense.
Examples: A 3-meter pole … The length is 3 meters.
A 35-mm film … The width is 35 mm.
Billion . Because billion means a thousand million in the USA but a million million in most other countries, avoid the term
and similar terms for large numbers in international communications. How the terms billion, trillion, etc. relate throughout the
world is well outlined at the following site: http://www.jimloy.com/math/billion.htm.
Examples:
Multiplication factor Prefix Symbol Term
USA Other countries
1 000 000 000 000=1012 tera T trillion billion
1 000 000 000=109 giga G billion milliard
The General Conference consists of delegates from all the member nations of the Convention du Mètre meets at present
every four years. At each meeting it receives the Report of the International Committee on the work accomplished, and it is
responsible for
• Discussing and instigating the arrangements required to ensure the propagation and improvement of the International
System of Units (SI, Système International d’Unités), which is the modern form of the metric system;
• Confirming the results of new fundamental metrological determinations and the various scientific resolutions of
international scope;
• Adopting the important decisions concerning the organization and development of the BIPM.
STANDARD CONDITIONS
Standard gravity acceleration g = 9.80665 m/s2 = 32.1740 ft/s2
Absolute temperature (Thermodynamic temperature)
K (kelvin) = (oC + 273.15) = (Celsius degrees + 273.15 exactly)
National USA
ANMC Metric Editorial Guide, 1993 Fifth Edition
ANSI/IEEE/ASTM SI 10-2010 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
ANSI/IEEE Std 260.1-1993 American National Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary
Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units)
AS 1000 Metric (SI) System (Australia)
ASTM E 29-93a, Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
BIPM. 1991 Le Systeme International d’Unites (SI), 6th edition. (This publication is in two parts: the official French text
followed by an English-language translation.)
BS 3763 Metric (SI) System (UK)
CSA Z234.2 Metric (SI) System (Canada)
DIN 1301 Metric (SI) System (Germany)
JIS Z8203 Metric (SI) System (Japan)
NF X02-004 Metric (SI) System (France)
NIST Special Publication 304, 1991 Edition, The Modernized Metric System – International System of Units.
NIST Special Publication 330, 1991 Edition, The International System of Units (SI).
NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI).
NIST Special Publication 814, 1992 Edition, Interpretation of SI for the United States and Metric Conversion Policy for
Federal Agencies.
NIST Technical Note 1265, Guidelines for Realizing the International Temperature Scale of 990 (ITS-90).
UNI 10003 Metric (SI) System (Italy)
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
ISO STANDARDS HANDBOOK Quantities and units
SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units, general principles concerning quantities, units
and symbols. Individual standards dealing with quantities in space and time, periodic phenomena, mechanics, heat, electricity and magnetism,
rd
electromagnetic radiation, chemistry, molecular physics, nuclear physics, etc. 1993 3 Ed 345 p ISBN 92-67-10185-4
Chapter 3
Inch. Do not change existing inch-dimensioned drawings unless necessary. Show linear dimensions in inches and decimals on
inch drawings. Do not use feet and fractions.
Use of Symbols. The internationally recognized symbols shown in Fig. 3-1 are recommended used whenever practical.
Symbols need no translations and take minimal drawing space.
Computer Drafting. Computer drafting is recommended. A number of excellent CAE/CAD/CAM computer software are
available now, which will save time and reduce costly errors.
INTRODUCTION
The material presented in this chapter is intended to serve as a general guide in finding national and international standards on
the subject of Engineering Drawing. It is of great importance for multinational companies to use internationally recognized
drawing practices. Where a machine is initially designed and manufactured in one country, and at a future date must be
produced in another nation, the company will avoid substantial extra expense by producing the machine from the initial
drawings.
Preferred Numbers
SUMMARY
The preferred numbering system has played a major role in the development of metric standards. This is a geometrical series
of numbers adopted worldwide. Its first known application was in the 1870’s by Charles Renard, a French army captain who
reduced the different diameters of rope for military balloons from 425 to 17. The R5, R10 and R20 series refers to the Renard 5
(first-choice sizes 60 % increments), Renard 10 (second-choice sizes 25 % increments) and Renard 20 (third-choice sizes 12
% increments) series of preferred numbers standardized in ISO 3. Preferred sizes are shown in ANSI B4.2 and ISO 497.
You might want to extend the preferred metric size range, which, is shown from 4 to 40, simply by multiplying or dividing the
numbers shown in Table 4-1 by 10 or multiples of 10.
The preferred metric sizes are used for nominal sizes in countries where the metric system has been in use for several years.
Here is how the preferred metric nominal sizes were developed and how these chosen sizes reflect preferred metric standard
sizes for threaded fasteners, steel plates, sheets, bars, etc already in use throughout the world.
How do the preferred metric sizes relate to the inch sizes and the preferred numbers are shown in Table 4-1.
Preferred Size mm (ISO 497) Preferred Size Inch Preferred Numbers (ISO 3)
R5’ R10’ R20’ mm Fractions Decimals R5 R10 R20
4 4 4 3.97 5/32 0.156 4 4 4
4.5 4.37 11/64 0.172 4.5
5 5 4.76 3/16 0.188 5 5
5.5 5.56 7/32 0.219 5.6
6 6 6 6.35 1/4 0.25 6.3 6.3 6.3
7 7.14 9/32 0.281 7.1
8 8 7.94 5/16 0.313 8 8
9 8.73 11/32 0.344 9
10 10 10 9.53 3/8 0.375 10 10 10
11 11.11 7/16 0.438 11.2
12 12 12.7 1/2 0.5 12.5 12.5
14 14.29 9/16 0.563 14
16 16 16 15.88 5/8 0.625 16 16 16
18 17.46 11/16 0.688 18
20 20 19.05 3/4 0.75 20 20
22 22.23 7/8 0.875 22.4
25 25 25 25.4 1 25 25 25
28 28.58 1 1/8 1.125 28
30 30 30.16 1 3/16 1.188 31.5 31.5
35 34.93 1 3/8 1.375 35.5
40 40 40 39.69 1 9/16 1.563 40 40 40
GO STOP CAUTION
Chapter 5
Surface Texture
SUMMARY
The internationally adopted system of measuring surface texture is to use the roughness average parameter designated Ra
(Table 5-1).
In order to choose the optimum roughness average level, consider tolerance required as shown in Chapter 6 and Table 5-3.
Cost or machining time increases with finer surfaces as shown in Fig. 5-3.
NOTE *Complete ISO System of Limits and Fits is now stored a CD KOK ISOTOLTM Computer Tolerancing Software. The CD is
now available from ANSI, GO metricUSATM.org, Inc. or on the sites:www.GOmetricUSA.org or www.kok.com/order.htm.
FIG. 6-1 TOLERANCE ZONES FOR INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (ANSI B4.2)
h1 js1
h2 js2
h3 js3
g4 h4 js4 k4 m4 n4 p4 r4 s4 t4 u4 v4 x4 y4 z4
f5 g5 h5 j5 js5 k5 m5 n5 p5 r5 s5 t5 u5 v5 x5 y5 z5
e6 f6 g6 h6 j6 js6 k6 m6 n6 p6 r6 s6 t6 u6 v6 x6 y6 z6
d7 e7 f7 g7 h7 j7 js7 k7 m7 n7 p7 r7 s7 t7 u7 v7 x7 y7 z7
c8 d8 e8 f8 g8 h8 js8 k8 m8 n8 p8 r8 s8 t8 u8 v8 x8 y8 z8
a9 b9 c9 d9 e9 f9 g9 h9 js9 k9 m9 n9 p9 r9 s9 t9 u9 v9 x9 y9 z9
a10 b10 c10 d10 e10 f10 h10 js10
a11 b11 c11 d11 e11 h11 js11
a12 b12 c12 d12 h12 js12
a13 b13 c13 h13 js13
a14 b14 h14 js14
h15 js15
h16 js16
See Table No.
6- 18 19 20 21 22 21 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Legend: First choice tolerance zones are printed in bold (ANSI B4.2 preferred)
Second choice tolerance zones framed (ISO 1829 selected)
Third choice tolerance zones open
FIG. 6-2 TOLERANCE ZONES FOR EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (ANSI B4.2)
TABLE 6-6 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (A14 ... A9, B14 ...B9) (ANSI B4.2)
mm
SIZE A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 B14 B13 B12 B11 B10 B9
OVER 0 +0.520 +0.410 +0.370 +0.330 +0.310 +0.295 +0.390 +0.280 0.240 +0.200 +0.180 0.165
TO 3 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140
OVER 3 +0.570 +0.450 +0.390 +0.345 +0.318 +0.300 +0.440 +0.320 +0.260 +0.215 +0.188 +0.170
TO 6 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.270 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140 +0.140
OVER 6 +0.640 +0.500 +0.430 +0.370 +0.338 +0.316 +0.510 +0.370 +0.300 +0.240 +0.208 +0.186
TO 10 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150
OVER 10 +0.720 +0.560 +0.470 +0.400 +0.360 +0.338 +0.580 +0.420 +0.330 +0.260 +0.220 +0.193
TO 14 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150
OVER 14 +0.720 +0.560 +0.470 +0.400 +0.360 +0.333 +0.580 +0.420 +0.330 +0.260 0.220 +0.193
TO 18 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.290 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150 +0.150
OVER 18 +0.820 +0.630 +0.510 +0.430 +0.384 +0.352 +0.680 +0.490 +0.370 +0.290 +0.244 +0.212
TO 24 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160
OVER 24 +0.820 +0.630 +0.510 +0.430 +0.384 +0.352 +0.680 +0.490 +0.370 +0.290 +0.244 +0.212
TO 30 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.300 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160 +0.160
OVER 30 +0.930 +0.700 +0.560 +0.470 +0.410 +0.372 +0.790 +0.560 +0.420 +0.330 +0.270 +0.232
TO 40 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170 +0.170
OVER 40 +0.940 +0.710 +0.570 +0.480 +0.420 +0.382 +0.800 +0.570 +0.430 +0.340 +0.280 +0.242
TO 50 +0.320 +0.320 +0.320 +0.320 +0.320 +0.320 +0.180 +0.180 +0.180 +0.180 +0.180 +0.180
OVER 50 +1.080 +0.800 +0.640 +0.530 +0.460 +0.414 +0.930 +0.650 +0.490 +0.380 +0.310 +0.264
TO 65 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190 +0.190
OVER 65 +1.100 +0.820 +0.660 +0.550 +0.480 +0.434 +0.940 +0.660 +0.500 +0.390 +0.320 +0.274
TO 80 +0.360 +0.360 +0.360 +0.360 +0.360 +0.360 +0.200 +0.200 +0.200 +0.200 +0.200 +0.200
OVER 80 +1.250 +0.920 +0.730 +0.600 +0.520 +0.467 +1.090 +0.760 +0.570 +0.440 +0.360 +0.307
TO 100 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 +0.220 +0.220 +0.220 +0.220 +0.220 +0.220
OVER 100 1.280 +0.950 +0.760 +0.630 +0.550 +0.497 +1.110 +0.780 +0.590 +0.460 +0.380 +0.327
TO 120 +0.410 +0.410 +0.410 +0.410 +0.410 +0.410 +0.240 +0.240 +0.240 +0.240 +0.240 +0.240
OVER 120 +1.460 +1.090 +0.860 +0.710 +0.620 +0.560 +1.260 +0.890 +0.660 +0.510 +0.420 +0.360
TO 140 +0.460 +0.460 +0.460 +0.460 +0.460 +0.460 +0.260 +0.260 +0.260 +0.260 +0.260 +0.260
OVER 140 +1.520 +1.150 +0.920 +0.770 +0.680 +0.620 +1.280 +0.910 +0.680 +0.530 +0.440 +0.380
TO 160 +0.520 +0.520 +0.520 +0.520 +0.520 +0.520 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280 +0.280
OVER 160 +1.580 +1.210 +0.980 +0.830 +0.740 +0.680 +1.310 +0.940 +0.710 +0.560 +0.470 +0.410
TO 180 +0.580 +0.580 +0.580 +0.580 +0.580 +0.580 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310 +0.310
OVER 180 +1.810 +1.380 +1.120 +0.950 +0.845 +0.775 +1.490 +1.060 +0.800 +0.630 +0.525 +0.455
TO 200 +0.660 +0.660 +0.660 +0.660 +0.660 +0.660 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340 +0.340
OVER 200 +1.890 +1.460 +1.200 +1.030 +0.925 +0.855 +1.530 +1.100 +0.840 +0.670 +0.565 +0.495
TO 225 +0.740 +0.740 +0.740 +0.740 +0.740 +0.740 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380 +0.380
OVER 225 +1.970 +1.540 +1.280 +1.110 +1.005 +0.935 +1.570 +1.140 +0.880 +0.710 +0.605 +0.535
TO 250 +0.820 +0.820 +0.820 +0.820 +0.820 +0.820 +0.420 +0.420 +0.420 +0.420 +0.420 +0.420
OVER 250 +2.220 +1.730 +1.440 +1.240 +1.130 +1.050 +1.780 +1.290 +1.000 +0.800 +0.690 +0.610
TO 280 +0.920 +0.920 +0.920 +0.920 +0.920 +0.920 +0.480 +0.480 +0.480 +0.480 +0.480 +0.480
OVER 280 +2.350 +1.860 +1.570 +1.370 +1.260 +1.180 +1.840 +1.350 +1.060 +0.860 +0.750 +0.670
TO 315 +1.050 +1.050 +1.050 +1.050 +1.050 +1.050 +0.540 +0.540 +0.540 +0.540 +0.540 +0.540
OVER 315 +2.600 +2.090 +1.770 +1.560 +1.430 +1.340 +2.000 +1.490 +1.170 +0.960 +0.830 +0.740
TO 355 +1.200 +1.200 +1.200 +1.200 +1.200 +1.200 +0.600 +0.600 +0.600 +0.600 +0.600 +0.600
OVER 355 +2.750 +2.240 +1.920 +1.710 +1.580 +1.490 +2.080 +1.570 +1.250 +1.040 +0.910 +0.820
TO 400 +1.350 +1.350 +1.350 +1.350 +1.350 +1.350 +0.680 +0.680 +0.680 +0.680 +0.680 +0.680
OVER 400 +3.050 +2.470 +2.130 +1.900 +1.750 +1.655 +2.310 +1.730 +1.390 +1.160 +1.010 +0.915
TO 450 +1.500 +1.500 +1.500 +1.500 +1.500 +1.500 +0.760 +0.760 +0.760 +0.760 +0.760 +0.760
OVER 450 +3.200 +2.620 +2.280 +2.050 +1.900 +1.805 +2.390 +1.810 +1.470 +1.240 +1.090 +0.995
TO 500 +1.650 +1.650 +1.650 +1.650 +1.650 +1.650 +0.840 +0.840 +0.840 +0.840 +0.840 +0.840
TABLE 6-7 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (C13... C8, D12 ... D7) (ANSI B4.2)
mm
TO 3 -0.300 -0.200 -0.125 -0.070 -0.050 -0.030 -0.0200 -0.0125 -0.0070 -0.0050 -0.0030 -0.0020 -0.0015 -0.00100 -0.00060 -0.00040
OVER 3 0.375 0.240 0.150 0.090 0.060 0.0375 0.0240 0.0150 0.0090 0.0060 0.0040 0.0025 0.0020 0.00125 0.00075 0.00050
TO 6 -0.375 -0.240 -0.150 -0.090 -0.060 -0.0375 -0.0240 -0.0150 -0.0090 -0.0060 -0.0040 -0.0025 -0.0020 -0.00125 -0.00075 -0.00050
OVER 6 0.450 0.290 0.180 0.110 0.075 0.045 0.0290 0.0180 0.0110 0.0075 0.0045 0.0030 0.0020 0.00125 0.00075 0.00050
TO 10 -0.450 -0.290 -0.180 -0.110 -0.075 -0.045 -0.0290 -0.0180 -0.0110 -0.0075 -0.0045 -0.0030 -0.0020 -0.00125 -0.00075 -0.00050
OVER 10 0.550 0.350 0.215 0.135 0.090 0.055 0.0350 0.0215 0.0135 0.0090 0.0055 0.0040 0.0025 0.00150 0.00100 0.00060
TO 14 -0.550 -0.350 -0.215 -0.135 -0.090 -0.055 -0.0350 -0.0215 -0.0135 -0.0090 -0.0055 -0.0040 -0.0025 -0.00150 -0.00100 -0.00060
OVER 14 0.550 0.350 0.215 0.135 0.090 0.055 0.0350 0.0215 0.0135 0.0090 0.0055 0.0040 0.0025 0.00150 0.00100 0.00060
TO 18 -0.550 -0.350 -0.215 -0.135 -0.090 -0.055 -0.0350 -0.0215 -0.0135 -0.0090 -0.0055 -0.0040 -0.0025 -0.00150 -0.00100 -0.00060
OVER 18 0.650 0.420 0.260 0.165 0.105 0.065 0.0420 0.0260 0.0165 0.0105 0.0065 0.0045 0.0030 0.00200 0.00125 0.00075
TO 24 -0.650 -0.420 -0.260 -0.165 -0.105 -0.065 -0.0420 -0.0260 -0.0165 -0.0105 -0.0065 -0.0045 -0.0030 -0.00200 -0.00125 -0.00075
OVER 24 0.650 0.420 0.260 0.165 0.105 0.065 0.0420 0.0260 0.0165 0.0105 0.0065 0.0045 0.0030 0.00200 0.00125 0.00075
TO 30 -0.650 -0.420 -0.260 -0.165 -0.105 -0.065 -0.0420 -0.0260 -0.0165 -0.0105 -0.0065 -0.0045 -0.0030 -0.00200 -0.00125 -0.00075
OVER 30 0.800 0.500 0.310 0.195 0.125 0.080 0.0500 0.0310 0.0195 0.0125 0.0080 0.0055 0.0035 0.00200 0.00125 0.00075
TO 40 -0.800 -0.500 -0.310 -0.195 -0.125 -0.080 -0.0500 -0.0310 -0.0195 -0.0125 -0.0080 -0.0055 -0.0035 -0.00200 -0.00125 -0.00075
OVER 40 0.800 0.500 0.310 0.195 0.125 0.080 0.0500 0.0310 0.0195 0.0125 0.0080 0.0055 0.0035 0.00200 0.00125 0.00075
TO 50 -0.800 -0.500 -0.310 -0.195 -0.125 -0.080 -0.0500 -0.0310 -0.0195 -0.0125 -0.0080 -0.0055 -0.0035 -0.00200 -0.00125 -0.00075
OVER 50 0.950 0.600 0.370 0.230 0.150 0.095 0.0600 0.0370 0.0230 0.0150 0.0095 0.0065 0.0040 0.00250 0.00150 0.00100
TO 65 -0.950 -0.600 -0.370 -0.230 -0.150 -0.095 -0.0600 -0.0370 -0.0230 -0.0150 -0.0095 -0.0065 -0.0040 -0.00250 -0.00150 -0.00100
OVER 65 0.950 0.600 0.370 0.230 0.150 0.095 0.0600 0.0370 0.0230 0.0150 0.0095 0.0065 0.0040 0.00250 0.00150 0.00100
TO 80 -0.950 -0.600 -0.370 -0.230 -0.150 -0.095 -0.0600 -0.0370 -0.0230 -0.0150 -0.0095 -0.0065 -0.0040 -0.00250 -0.00150 -0.00100
OVER 80 1.100 0.700 0.435 0.270 0.175 0.110 0.0700 0.0435 0.0270 0.0175 0.0110 0.0075 0.0050 0.00300 0.00200 0.00125
TO 100 -1.100 -0.700 -0.435 -0.270 -0.175 -0.110 -0.0700 -0.0435 -0.0270 -0.0175 -0.0110 -0.0075 -0.0050 -0.00300 -0.00200 -0.00125
OVER 100 1.100 0.700 0.435 0.270 0.175 0.110 0.0700 0.0435 0.0270 0.0175 0.0110 0.0075 0.0050 0.00300 0.00200 0.00125
TO 120 -1.100 -0.700 -0.435 -0.270 -0.175 -0.110 -0.0700 -0.0435 -0.0270 -0.0175 -0.0110 -0.0075 -0.0050 -0.00300 -0.00200 -0.00125
OVER 120 1.250 0.800 0.500 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.0800 0.0500 0.0315 0.0200 0.0125 0.0090 0.0060 0.00400 0.00250 0.00175
TO 140 -1.250 -0.800 -0.500 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.0800 -0.0500 -0.0315 -0.0200 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.0060 -0.00400 -0.00250 -0.00175
OVER 140 1.250 0.800 0.500 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.0800 0.0500 0.0315 0.0200 0.0125 0.0090 0.0060 0.00400 0.00250 0.00175
TO 160 -1.250 -0.800 -0.500 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.0800 -0.0500 -0.0315 -0.0200 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.0060 -0.00400 -0.00250 -0.00175
OVER 160 1.250 0.800 0.500 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.0800 0.0500 0.0315 0.0200 0.0125 0.0090 0.0060 0.00400 0.00250 0.00175
TO 180 -1.250 -0.800 -0.500 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.0800 -0.0500 -0.0315 -0.0200 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.0060 -0.00400 -0.00250 -0.00175
OVER 180 1.450 0.925 0.575 0.360 0.230 0.145 0.0925 0.0575 0.0360 0.0230 0.0145 0.0100 0.0070 0.00500 0.00350 0.00225
TO 200 -1.450 -0.925 -0.575 -0.360 -0.230 -0.145 -0.0925 -0.0575 -0.0360 -0.0230 -0.0145 -0.0100 -0.0070 -0.00500 -0.00350 -0.00225
OVER 200 1.450 0.925 0.575 0.360 0.230 0.145 0.0925 0.0575 0.0360 0.0230 0.0145 0.0100 0.0070 0.00500 0.00350 0.00225
TO 225 -1.450 -0.925 -0.575 -0.360 -0.230 -0.145 -0.0925 -0.0575 -0.0360 -0.0230 -0.0145 -0.0100 -0.0070 -0.00500 -0.00350 -0.00225
OVER 225 1.450 0.925 0.575 0.360 0.230 0.145 0.0925 0.0575 0.0360 0.0230 0.0145 0.0100 0.0070 0.00500 0.00350 0.00225
TO 250 -1.450 -0.925 -0.575 -0.360 -0.230 -0.145 -0.0925 -0.0575 -0.0360 -0.0230 -0.0145 -0.0100 -0.0070 -0.00500 -0.00350 -0.00225
OVER 250 1.600 1.050 0.650 0.405 0.260 0.160 0.1050 0.0650 0.0405 0.0260 0.0160 0.0115 0.0080 0.00600 0.00400 0.00300
TO 280 -1.600 -1.050 -0.650 -0.405 -0.260 -0.160 -0.1050 -0.0650 -0.0405 -0.0260 -0.0160 -0.0115 -0.0080 -0.00600 -0.00400 -0.00300
OVER 280 1.600 1.050 0.650 0.405 0.260 0.160 0.1050 0.0650 0.0405 0.0260 0.0160 0.0115 0.0080 0.00600 0.00400 0.00300
TO 315 -1.600 -1.050 -0.650 -0.405 -0.260 -0.160 -0.1050 -0.0650 -0.0405 -0.0260 -0.0160 -0.0115 -0.0080 -0.00600 -0.00400 -0.00300
OVER 315 1.800 1.150 0.700 0.445 0.285 0.180 0.1150 0.0700 0.0445 0.0285 0.0180 0.0125 0.0090 0.00650 0.00450 0.00350
TO 355 -1.800 -1.150 -0.700 -0.445 -0.285 -0.180 -0.1150 -0.0700 -0.0445 -0.0285 -0.0180 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.00650 -0.00450 -0.00350
OVER 355 1.800 1.150 0.700 0.445 0.285 0.180 0.1150 0.0700 0.0445 0.0285 0.0180 0.0125 0.0090 0.00650 0.00450 0.00350
TO 400 -1.800 -1.150 -0.700 -0.445 -0.285 -0.180 -0.1150 -0.0700 -0.0445 -0.0285 -0.0180 -0.0125 -0.0090 -0.00650 -0.00450 -0.00350
OVER 400 2.000 1.250 0.775 0.485 0.315 0.200 0.1250 0.0775 0.0485 0.0315 0.0200 0.0135 0.0100 0.00750 0.00500 0.00400
TO 450 -2.000 -1.250 -0.775 -0.485 -0.315 -0.200 -0.1250 -0.0775 -0.0485 -0.0315 -0.0200 -0.0135 -0.0100 -0.00750 -0.00500 -0.00400
OVER 450 2.000 1.250 0.775 0.485 0.315 0.200 0.1250 0.0775 0.0485 0.0315 0.0200 0.0135 0.0100 0.00750 0.00500 0.00400
TO 500 -2.000 -1.250 -0.775 -0.485 -0.315 -0.200 -0.1250 -0.0775 -0.0485 -0.0315 -0.0200 -0.0135 -0.0100 -0.00750 -0.00500 -0.00400
NOTE: Some js deviations in the grades 7 to 11 have been rounded off to 1/2(IT - 0.001) when IT values is odd.
TABLE 6-24 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (k9 ... k4, m9 ... m4) (ANSI B4.2)
mm
SIZE k9 k8 k7 k6 k5 k4 m9 m8 m7 m6 m5 m4
OVER 0 0.025 0.014 0.010 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.027 0.016 0.012 0.008 0.006 0.005
TO 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
OVER 3 0.030 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.006 0.005 0.034 0.022 0.016 0.012 0.009 0.008
TO 6 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004
OVER 6 0.036 0.022 0.016 0.010 0.007 0.005 0.042 0.028 0.021 0.015 0.012 0.010
TO 10 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006
OVER 10 0.043 0.027 0.019 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.050 0.034 0.025 0.018 0.015 0.012
TO 14 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007
OVER 14 0.043 0.027 0.019 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.050 0.034 0.025 0.018 0.015 0.012
TO 18 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007
OVER 18 0.052 0.033 0.023 0.015 0.011 0.008 0.060 0.041 0.029 0.021 0.017 0.014
TO 24 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008
OVER 24 0.052 0.033 0.023 0.015 0.011 0.008 0.060 0.041 0.029 0.021 0.017 0.014
TO 30 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008
OVER 30 0.062 0.039 0.027 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.071 0.048 0.034 0.025 0.020 0.016
TO 40 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009
OVER 40 0.062 0.039 0.027 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.071 0.048 0.034 0.025 0.020 0.016
TO 50 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009
OVER 50 0.074 0.046 0.032 0.021 0.015 0.010 0.085 0.057 0.041 0.030 0.024 0.019
TO 65 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011
OVER 65 0.074 0.046 0.032 0.021 0.015 0.010 0.085 0.057 0.041 0.030 0.024 0.019
TO 80 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011
OVER 80 0.087 0.054 0.038 0.025 0.018 0.013 0.100 0.067 0.048 0.035 0.028 0.023
TO 100 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013
OVER 100 0.087 0.054 0.038 0.025 0.018 0.013 0.100 0.067 0.048 0.035 0.028 0.023
TO 120 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013
OVER 120 0.100 0.063 0.043 0.028 0.021 0.015 0.115 0.078 0.055 0.040 0.033 0.027
TO 140 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015
OVER 140 0.100 0.063 0.043 0.028 0.021 0.015 0.115 0.078 0.055 0.040 0.033 0.027
TO 160 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015
OVER 160 0.100 0.063 0.043 0.028 0.021 0.015 0.115 0.078 0.055 0.040 0.033 0.027
TO 180 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015
OVER 180 0.115 0.072 0.050 0.033 0.024 0.018 0.132 0.089 0.063 0.046 0.037 0.031
TO 200 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017
OVER 200 0.115 0.072 0.050 0.033 0.024 0.018 0.132 0.089 0.063 0.046 0.037 0.031
TO 225 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017
OVER 225 0.115 0.072 0.050 0.033 0.024 0.018 0.132 0.089 0.063 0.046 0.037 0.031
TO 250 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017
OVER 250 0.130 0.081 0.056 0.036 0.027 0.020 0.150 0.101 0.072 0.052 0.043 0.036
TO 280 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020
OVER 280 0.130 0.081 0.056 0.036 0.027 0.020 0.150 0.101 0.072 0.052 0.043 0.036
TO 315 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020
OVER 315 0.140 0.089 0.061 0.040 0.029 0.022 0.161 0.110 0.078 0.057 0.046 0.039
TO 355 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021
OVER 355 0.140 0.089 0.061 0.040 0.029 0.022 0.161 0.110 0.078 0.057 0.046 0.039
TO 400 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021
OVER 400 0.155 0.097 0.068 0.045 0.032 0.025 0.178 0.120 0.086 0.063 0.050 0.043
TO 450 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023
OVER 450 0.155 0.097 0.068 0.045 0.032 0.025 0.178 0.120 0.086 0.063 0.050 0.043
TO 500 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023
TABLE 6-25 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (n9 ... n4, p9 ... p4) (ANSI B4.2)
mm
SIZE n9 n8 n7 n6 n5 n4 p9 p8 p7 p6 p5 p4
OVER 0 0.029 0.018 0.014 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.031 0.020 0.016 0.012 0.010 0.009
TO 3 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006
OVER 3 0.038 0.026 0.020 0.016 0.013 0.012 0.042 0.030 0.024 0.020 0.017 0.016
TO 6 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012
OVER 6 0.046 0.032 0.025 0.019 0.016 0.014 0.051 0.037 0.030 0.024 0.021 0.019
TO 10 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015
OVER 10 0.055 0.039 0.030 0.023 0.020 0.017 0.061 0.045 0.036 0.029 0.026 0.023
TO 14 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018
OVER 14 0.055 0.039 0.030 0.023 0.020 0.017 0.061 0.045 0.036 0.029 0.026 0.023
TO 18 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018
OVER 18 0.067 0.048 0.036 0.028 0.024 0.021 0.074 0.055 0.043 0.035 0.031 0.028
TO 24 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022
OVER 24 0.067 0.048 0.036 0.028 0.024 0.021 0.074 0.055 0.043 0.035 0.031 0.028
TO 30 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022
OVER 30 0.079 0.056 0.042 0.033 0.028 0.024 0.088 0.065 0.051 0.042 0.037 0.033
TO 40 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026
OVER 40 0.079 0.056 0.042 0.033 0.028 0.024 0.088 0.065 0.051 0.042 0.037 0.033
TO 50 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026
OVER 50 0.094 0.066 0.050 0.039 0.033 0.028 0.106 0.078 0.062 0.051 0.045 0.040
TO 65 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032
OVER 65 0.094 0.066 0.050 0.039 0.033 0.028 0.106 0.078 0.062 0.051 0.045 0.040
TO 80 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032
OVER 80 0.110 0.077 0.058 0.045 0.038 0.033 0.124 0.091 0.072 0.059 0.052 0.047
TO 100 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037
OVER 100 0.110 0.077 0.058 0.045 0.038 0.033 0.124 0.091 0.072 0.059 0.052 0.047
TO 120 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037
OVER 120 0.127 0.090 0.067 0.052 0.045 0.039 0.143 0.106 0.083 0.068 0.061 0.055
TO 140 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043
OVER 140 0.127 0.090 0.067 0.052 0.045 0.039 0.143 0.106 0.083 0.068 0.061 0.055
TO 160 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043
OVER 160 0.127 0.090 0.067 0.052 0.045 0.039 0.143 0.106 0.083 0.068 0.061 0.055
TO 180 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043
OVER 180 0.146 0.103 0.077 0.060 0.051 0.045 0.165 0.122 0.096 0.079 0.070 0.064
TO 200 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050
OVER 200 0.146 0.103 0.077 0.060 0.051 0.045 0.165 0.122 0.096 0.079 0.070 0.064
TO 225 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050
OVER 225 0.146 0.103 0.077 0.060 0.051 0.045 0.165 0.122 0.096 0.079 0.070 0.064
TO 250 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050
OVER 250 0.164 0.115 0.086 0.066 0.057 0.050 0.186 0.137 0.108 0.088 0.079 0.072
TO 280 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056
OVER 280 0.164 0.115 0.086 0.066 0.057 0.050 0.186 0.137 0.108 0.088 0.079 0.072
TO 315 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056
OVER 315 0.177 0.126 0.094 0.073 0.062 0.055 0.202 0.151 0.119 0.098 0.087 0.080
TO 355 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062
OVER 355 0.177 0.126 0.094 0.073 0.062 0.055 0.202 0.151 0.119 0.098 0.087 0.080
TO 400 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062
OVER 400 0.195 0.137 0.103 0.080 0.067 0.060 0.223 0.165 0.131 0.108 0.095 0.088
TO 450 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068
OVER 450 0.195 0.137 0.103 0.080 0.067 0.060 0.223 0.165 0.131 0.108 0.095 0.088
TO 500 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068
TABLE 6-26 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (r9 ... r4, s9 ... s4) (ANSI B4.2)
mm
SIZE r9 r8 r7 r6 r5 r4 s9 s8 s7 s6 s5 s4
OVER 0 0.035 0.024 0.020 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.039 0.028 0.024 0.020 0.018 0.017
TO 3 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014
OVER 3 0.045 0.033 0.027 0.023 0.020 0.019 0.049 0.037 0.031 0.027 0.024 0.023
TO 6 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019
OVER 6 0.055 0.041 0.034 0.028 0.025 0.023 0.059 0.045 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.027
TO 10 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023
OVER 10 0.066 0.050 0.041 0.034 0.031 0.028 0.071 0.055 0.046 0.039 0.036 0.033
TO 14 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028
OVER 14 0.066 0.050 0.041 0.034 0.031 0.028 0.071 0.055 0.046 0.039 0.036 0.033
TO 18 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028
OVER 18 0.080 0.061 0.049 0.041 0.037 0.034 0.087 0.068 0.056 0.048 0.044 0.041
TO 24 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035
OVER 24 0.080 0.061 0.049 0.041 0.037 0.034 0.087 0.068 0.056 0.048 0.044 0.041
TO 30 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035
OVER 30 0.096 0.073 0.059 0.050 0.045 0.041 0.105 0.082 0.068 0.059 0.540 0.050
TO 40 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043
OVER 40 0.096 0.073 0.059 0.050 0.045 0.041 0.105 0.082 0.068 0.059 0.540 0.050
TO 50 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043
OVER 50 0.115 0.087 0.071 0.060 0.054 0.049 0.127 0.099 0.083 0.072 0.066 0.061
TO 65 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053
OVER 65 0.117 0.089 0.073 0.062 0.056 0.051 0.133 0.105 0.089 0.078 0.072 0.067
TO 80 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.059
OVER 80 0.138 0.105 0.086 0.073 0.066 0.061 0.158 0.125 0.106 0.093 0.086 0.081
TO 100 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071
OVER 100 0.141 0.108 0.089 0.076 0.069 0.064 0.166 0.133 0.114 0.101 0.094 0.089
TO 120 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.079 0.079 0.079 0.079 0.079 0.079
OVER 120 0.163 0.126 0.103 0.088 0.081 0.075 0.192 0.155 0.132 0.117 0.110 0.104
TO 140 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092
OVER 140 0.165 0.128 0.105 0.090 0.083 0.077 0.200 0.163 0.140 0.125 0.118 0.112
TO 160 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100
OVER 160 0.168 0.131 0.108 0.093 0.086 0.080 0.208 0.171 0.148 0.133 0.126 0.120
TO 180 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108
OVER 180 0.192 0.149 0.123 0.106 0.097 0.091 0.237 0.194 0.168 0.151 0.142 0.136
TO 200 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122
OVER 200 0.195 0.152 0.126 0.109 0.100 0.094 0.245 0.202 0.176 0.159 0.150 0.144
TO 225 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.130 0.130 0.130 0.130 0.130 0.130
OVER 225 0.199 0.156 0.130 0.113 0.104 0.098 0.255 0.212 0.186 0.169 0.160 0.154
TO 250 0.084 0.084 0.084 0.084 0.084 0.084 0.140 0.140 0.140 0.140 0.140 0.140
OVER 250 0.224 0.175 0.146 0.126 0.117 0.110 0.288 0.239 0.210 0.190 0.181 0.174
TO 280 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158 0.158
OVER 280 0.228 0.179 0.150 0.130 0.121 0.114 0.300 0.251 0.222 0.202 0.193 0.186
TO 315 0.098 0.098 0.098 0.098 0.098 0.098 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170
OVER 315 0.248 0.197 0.165 0.144 0.133 0.126 0.330 0.279 0.247 0.226 0.215 0.208
TO 355 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.190 0.190 0.190 0.190 0.190 0.190
OVER 355 0.254 0.203 0.171 0.150 0.139 0.132 0.348 0.297 0.265 0.244 0.233 0.226
TO 400 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.208 0.208 0.208 0.208 0.208 0.208
OVER 400 0.281 0.223 0.189 0.166 0.153 0.146 0.387 0.329 0.295 0.272 0.259 0.252
TO 450 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.126 0.232 0.232 0.232 0.232 0.232 0.232
OVER 450 0.287 0.229 0.195 0.172 0.159 0.152 0.407 0.349 0.315 0.292 0.279 0.272
TO 500 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.252 0.252 0.252 0.252 0.252 0.252
TABLE 6-27 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (t9 ... t4, u9 ... u4) (ANSI B4.2)
mm
SIZE t9 t8 t7 t6 t5 t4 u9 u8 u7 u6 u5 u4
OVER 0 0.043 0.032 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.021
TO 3 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018
OVER 3 0.053 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.028 0.027
TO 6 NUMERICAL VALUES FOR 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023
OVER 6 0.064 0.050 0.043 0.037 0.034 0.032
TO 10 TOLERANCE ZONES IN 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028
OVER 10 0.076 0.060 0.051 0.044 0.041 0.038
TO 14 THIS AREA NOT DEFINED. 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033
OVER 14 0.076 0.060 0.051 0.044 0.041 0.038
TO 18 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033
OVER 18 0.093 0.074 0.062 0.054 0.050 0.047
TO 24 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041
OVER 24 0.093 0.074 0.062 0.054 0.050 0.047 0.100 0.081 0.069 0.061 0.057 0.054
TO 30 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048
OVER 30 0.110 0.087 0.073 0.064 0.059 0.055 0.122 0.099 0.085 0.076 0.071 0.067
TO 40 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060
OVER 40 0.116 0.093 0.079 0.070 0.065 0.061 0.132 0.109 0.095 0.086 0.081 0.077
TO 50 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.070
OVER 50 0.140 0.112 0.096 0.085 0.079 0.074 0.161 0.133 0.117 0.106 0.100 0.095
TO 65 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.087 0.087 0.087 0.087 0.087 0.087
OVER 65 0.149 0.121 0.105 0.094 0.088 0.083 0.176 0.148 0.132 0.121 0.115 0.110
TO 80 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102
OVER 80 0.178 0.145 0.126 0.113 0.106 0.101 0.211 0.178 0.159 0.146 0.139 0.134
TO 100 0.091 0.091 0.091 0.091 0.091 0.091 0.124 0.124 0.124 0.124 0.124 0.124
OVER 100 0.191 0.158 0.139 0.126 0.119 0.114 0.231 0.198 0.179 0.166 0.159 0.154
TO 120 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.144
OVER 120 0.222 0.185 0.162 0.147 0.140 0.134 0.270 0.233 0.210 0.195 0.188 0.182
TO 140 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170
OVER 140 0.234 0.197 0.174 0.159 0.152 0.146 0.290 0.253 0.230 0.215 0.208 0.202
TO 160 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.190 0.190 0.190 0.190 0.190 0.190
OVER 160 0.246 0.209 0.186 0.171 0.164 0.158 0.310 0.273 0.250 0.235 0.228 0.222
TO 180 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210
OVER 180 0.281 0.238 0.212 0.195 0.186 0.180 0.351 0.308 0.282 0.265 0.256 0.250
TO 200 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.236 0.236 0.236 0.236 0.236 0.236
OVER 200 0.295 0.252 0.226 0.209 0.200 0.194 0.373 0.330 0.304 0.287 0.278 0.272
TO 225 0.180 0.180 0.180 0.180 0.180 0.180 0.258 0.258 0.258 0.258 0.258 0.258
OVER 225 0.311 0.268 0.242 0.225 0.216 0.210 0.399 0.356 0.330 0.313 0.304 0.298
TO 250 0.196 0.196 0.196 0.196 0.196 0.196 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.284
OVER 250 0.348 0.299 0.270 0.250 0.241 0.234 0.445 0.396 0.367 0.347 0.338 0.331
TO 280 0.218 0.218 0.218 0.218 0.218 0.218 0.315 0.315 0.315 0.315 0.315 0.315
OVER 280 0.370 0.321 0.292 0.272 0.263 0.256 0.480 0.431 0.402 0.382 0.373 0.366
TO 315 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350
OVER 315 0.408 0.357 0.325 0.304 0.293 0.286 0.530 0.479 0.447 0.426 0.415 0.408
TO 355 0.268 0.268 0.268 0.268 0.268 0.268 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390
OVER 355 0.434 0.383 0.351 0.330 0.319 0.312 0.575 0.524 0.492 0.471 0.460 0.453
TO 400 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435 0.435
OVER 400 0.485 0.427 0.393 0.370 0.357 0.350 0.645 0.587 0.553 0.530 0.517 0.510
TO 450 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.490 0.490 0.490 0.490 0.490 0.490
OVER 450 0.515 0.457 0.423 0.400 0.387 0.380 0.695 0.637 0.603 0.580 0.567 0.560
TO 500 0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360 0.540 0.540 0.540 0.540 0.540 0.540
TABLE 6-28 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (v9 ... v4, x9 ... x4) (ANSI B4.2)
mm
SIZE v9 v8 v7 v6 v5 v4 x9 x8 x7 x6 x5 x4
OVER 0 0.045 0.034 0.030 0.026 0.024 0.023
TO 3 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020
OVER 3 NUMERICAL VALUES FOR 0.058 0.046 0.040 0.036 0.033 0.032
TO 6 TOLERANCE ZONES IN 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028
OVER 6 THIS AREA NOT DEFINED. 0.070 0.056 0.049 0.043 0.040 0.038
TO 10 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034
OVER 10 0.083 0.067 0.058 0.051 0.048 0.045
TO 14 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040
OVER 14 0.082 0.066 0.057 0.050 0.047 0.044 0.088 0.072 0.063 0.056 0.053 0.050
TO 18 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045
OVER 18 0.099 0.080 0.068 0.060 0.056 0.053 0.106 0.087 0.075 0.067 0.063 0.060
TO 24 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054
OVER 24 0.107 0.088 0.076 0.068 0.064 0.061 0.116 0.097 0.085 0.077 0.073 0.070
TO 30 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064
OVER 30 0.130 0.107 0.093 0.084 0.079 0.075 0.142 0.119 0.105 0.096 0.091 0.087
TO 40 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080
OVER 40 0.143 0.120 0.106 0.097 0.092 0.088 0.159 0.136 0.122 0.113 0.108 0.104
TO 50 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.097 0.097 0.097 0.097 0.097 0.097
OVER 50 0.176 0.148 0.132 0.121 0.115 0.110 0.196 0.168 0.152 0.141 0.135 0.130
TO 65 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122
OVER 65 0.194 0.166 0.150 0.139 0.133 0.128 0.220 0.192 0.176 0.165 0.159 0.154
TO 80 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146
OVER 80 0.233 0.200 0.181 0.168 0.161 0.156 0.265 0.232 0.213 0.200 0.193 0.188
TO 100 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.178 0.178 0.178 0.178 0.178 0.178
OVER 100 0.259 0.226 0.207 0.194 0.187 0.182 0.297 0.264 0.245 0.232 0.225 0.220
TO 120 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210
OVER 120 0.302 0.265 0.242 0.227 0.220 0.214 0.348 0.311 0.288 0.273 0.266 0.260
TO 140 0.202 0.202 0.202 0.202 0.202 0.202 0.248 0.248 0.248 0.248 0.248 0.248
OVER 140 0.328 0.291 0.268 0.253 0.246 0.240 0.380 0.343 0.320 0.305 0.298 0.292
TO 160 0.228 0.228 0.228 0.228 0.228 0.228 0.280 0.280 0.280 0.280 0.280 0.280
OVER 160 0.352 0.315 0.292 0.277 0.270 0.264 0.410 0.373 0.350 0.335 0.328 0.322
TO 180 0.252 0.252 0.252 0.252 0.252 0.252 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310
OVER 180 0.399 0.356 0.330 0.313 0.304 0.298 0.465 0.422 0.396 0.379 0.370 0.364
TO 200 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350
OVER 200 0.425 0.382 0.356 0.339 0.330 0.324 0.500 0.457 0.431 0.414 0.405 0.399
TO 225 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385
OVER 225 0.455 0.412 0.386 0.369 0.360 0.354 0.540 0.497 0.471 0.454 0.445 0.439
TO 250 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425
OVER 250 0.515 0.466 0.437 0.417 0.408 0.401 0.605 0.556 0.527 0.507 0.498 0.491
TO 280 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.475 0.475 0.475 0.475 0.475 0.475
OVER 280 0.555 0.506 0.477 0.457 0.448 0.441 0.655 0.606 0.577 0.557 0.548 0.541
TO 315 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.525 0.525 0.525 0.525 0.525 0.525
OVER 315 0.615 0.564 0.532 0.511 0.500 0.493 0.730 0.679 0.647 0.626 0.615 0.608
TO 355 0.475 0.475 0.475 0.475 0.475 0.475 0.590 0.590 0.590 0.590 0.590 0.590
OVER 355 0.670 0.619 0.587 0.566 0.555 0.548 0.800 0.749 0.717 0.696 0.685 0.678
TO 400 0.530 0.530 0.530 0.530 0.530 0.530 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660
OVER 400 0.750 0.692 0.658 0.635 0.622 0.615 0.895 0.837 0.803 0.780 0.767 0.760
TO 450 0.595 0.595 0.595 0.595 0.595 0.595 0.740 0.740 0.740 0.740 0.740 0.740
OVER 450 0.815 0.757 0.723 0.700 0.687 0.680 0.975 0.917 0.883 0.860 0.847 0.840
TO 500 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.820 0.820 0.820 0.820 0.820 0.820
TABLE 6-29 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (y9 ... y4, z9 ... z4) (ANSI B4.2)
mm
SIZE y9 y8 y7 y6 y5 y4 z9 z8 z7 z6 z5 z4
OVER 0 0.051 0.040 0.036 0.032 0.030 0.029
TO 3 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026
OVER 3 0.065 0.053 0.047 0.043 0.040 0.039
TO 6 NUMERICAL VALUES FOR 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035
OVER 6 0.078 0.064 0.057 0.051 0.048 0.046
TO 10 TOLERANCE ZONES IN 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042
OVER 10 0.093 0.077 0.068 0.061 0.058 0.055
TO 14 THIS AREA NOT DEFINED. 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050
OVER 14 0.103 0.087 0.078 0.071 0.068 0.065
TO 18 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060
OVER 18 0.115 0.096 0.084 0.076 0.072 0.069 0.125 0.106 0.094 0.086 0.082 0.079
TO 24 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.073 0.073 0.073 0.073 0.073 0.073
OVER 24 0.127 0.108 0.096 0.088 0.084 0.081 0.140 0.121 0.109 0.101 0.097 0.094
TO 30 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088
OVER 30 0.156 0.133 0.119 0.110 0.105 0.101 0.174 0.151 0.137 0.128 0.123 0.119
TO 40 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.112 0.112 0.112 0.112 0.112 0.112
OVER 40 0.176 0.153 0.139 0.130 0.125 0.121 0.198 0.175 0.161 0.152 0.147 0.143
TO 50 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.136
OVER 50 0.218 0.190 0.174 0.163 0.157 0.152 0.246 0.218 0.202 0.191 0.185 0.180
TO 65 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.144 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.172
OVER 65 0.248 0.220 0.204 0.193 0.187 0.182 0.284 0.256 0.240 0.229 0.223 0.218
TO 80 0.174 0.174 0.174 0.174 0.174 0.174 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210 0.210
OVER 80 0.301 0.268 0.249 0.236 0.229 0.224 0.345 0.312 0.293 0.280 0.273 0.268
TO 100 0.214 0.214 0.214 0.214 0.214 0.214 0.258 0.258 0.258 0.258 0.258 0.258
OVER 100 0.341 0.308 0.289 0.276 0.269 0.264 0.397 0.364 0.345 0.332 0.325 0.320
TO 120 0.254 0.254 0.254 0.254 0.254 0.254 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310 0.310
OVER 120 0.400 0.363 0.340 0.325 0.318 0.312 0.465 0.428 0.405 0.390 0.383 0.377
TO 140 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.365 0.365 0.365 0.365 0.365 0.365
OVER 140 0.440 0.403 0.380 0.365 0.358 0.352 0.515 0.478 0.455 0.440 0.433 0.427
TO 160 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.415
OVER 160 0.480 0.443 0.420 0.405 0.398 0.392 0.565 0.528 0.505 0.490 0.483 0.477
TO 180 0.380 0.380 0.380 0.380 0.380 0.380 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465
OVER 180 0.540 0.497 0.471 0.454 0.445 0.439 0.635 0.592 0.566 0.549 0.540 0.534
TO 200 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.425 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.520
OVER 200 0.585 0.542 0.516 0.499 0.490 0.484 0.690 0.647 0.621 0.604 0.595 0.589
TO 225 0.470 0.470 0.470 0.470 0.470 0.470 0.575 0.575 0.575 0.575 0.575 0.575
OVER 225 0.635 0.592 0.566 0.549 0.540 0.534 0.755 0.712 0.686 0.669 0.660 0.654
TO 250 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.640 0.640 0.640 0.640 0.640 0.640
OVER 250 0.710 0.661 0.632 0.612 0.603 0.596 0.840 0.791 0.762 0.742 0.733 0.726
TO 280 0.580 0.580 0.580 0.580 0.580 0.580 0.710 0.710 0.710 0.710 0.710 0.710
OVER 280 0.780 0.731 0.702 0.682 0.673 0.666 0.920 0.871 0.842 0.822 0.813 0.806
TO 315 0.650 0.650 0.650 0.650 0.650 0.650 0.790 0.790 0.790 0.790 0.790 0.790
OVER 315 0.870 0.819 0.787 0.766 0.755 0.748 1.040 0.989 0.957 0.936 0.925 0.918
TO 355 0.730 0.730 0.730 0.730 0.730 0.730 0.900 0.900 0.900 0.900 0.900 0.900
OVER 355 0.960 0.909 0.877 0.856 0.845 0.838 1.140 1.089 1.057 1.036 1.025 1.018
TO 400 0.820 0.820 0.820 0.820 0.820 0.820 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
OVER 400 1.075 1.017 0.983 0.960 0.947 0.940 1.255 1.197 1.163 1.140 1.127 1.120
TO 450 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 1.100 1.100 1.100 1.100 1.100 1.100
OVER 456 1.155 1.097 1.063 1.040 1.027 1.020 1.405 1.347 1.313 1.290 1.277 1.270
TO 500 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.250 1.250 1.250 1.250 1.250 1.250
FIG. 6-3 ILLUSTRATIONS OF DEFINITIONS
INTRODUCTION
The ISO System of Limits and Fits (referred to as the ISO system) is covered in national standards throughout the world, as
shown by the following list:
USAGE
The ISO System of Limits and Fits is now in extensive use in Europe.
An increasing number of drawings issued throughout the world specify the tolerances with the ISO symbols only. The ISO
system for tolerances and gages is fully covered in ANSI B4.2 and B4.4M.
Cutting tools, material stock, and gages held to ISO tolerances are available in many major industrial countries. It is
recommended that a similar specification in USA standards be provided if the worldwide manufacture of products is a defined
goal.
BASES
Temperature. The standard reference temperature for industrial length measurement is 200C (680F).
DEFINITIONS
The most important terms relating to limits and fits are as shown in Fig. 6-3. The terms are defined below.
basic size — the size to which limits or deviations are assigned. The basic size is the same for both members of a fit. It is
designated by the number 40 in 40H7.
deviation — the algebraic difference between a size and the corresponding basic size
upper deviation — the algebraical difference between the maximum limit of size and the corresponding basic size
lower deviation — the algebraic difference between the minimum limit of size and the corresponding basic size
fundamental deviation — the one of the two deviations closest to the basic size. It is designated by the letter H in 40H7
tolerance — the difference between the maximum and minimum size limits on a part
tolerance zone — a zone representing the tolerance and its position in relation to the basic size
international tolerance grade (IT) — a group of tolerances which vary depending on the basic size, but which provide the same
relative level of accuracy within a given grade. It is designated by the number 7 in 40H7 (IT7).
hole basis — the system of fits where the minimum hole size is basic. The fundamental deviation for a hole basis system is “H”.
shaft basis — the system of fits where the maximum shaft size is basic. The fundamental deviation for a shaft basis system is
“h”.
clearance fit — the relationship between assembled parts when clearance occurs under all tolerance conditions
interference fit — the relationship between assembled parts when interference occurs under all tolerance conditions
transition — the relationship between assembled parts when either a clearance or interference fit can result depending on the
tolerance conditions of the mating parts
Symbols
By combining the IT grade number and the tolerance position letter, the tolerance symbol is established which identifies the
actual maximum and minimum limits of the part. The toleranced sizes are thus defined by the basic size of the part followed by a
symbol composed of a letter and a number.
A fit is indicated by the basic size common to both components, followed by a symbol corresponding to each component, the
internal part symbol preceding the external part symbol.
Some methods of designating tolerances on drawings gages, etc. are shown in the following three examples.
(a) 40H8 (b) 40H8(40.039/40.000) (c) 40.039/40.000(40H8)
It might be desirable for a user to standardize on three, or even two, of the above hole tolerances. The shaft tolerances might
also be reduced to fit the requirements of certain types of products.
The ten shaft-basis preferred fits use the following tolerances:
Hole: C11, D9, F8, G7, H7, K7, N7, P7, S7, U7
Shaft: h6, h7, h9, h11
Note that many steel products shown in Chapter 10 are produced worldwide to the shaft tolerances shown above. The new
ANSI B32.100 standard specifies the above four shaft tolerances. An illustration of the ten shaft fits is shown in Fig. 6-5.
FIG. 6-5 PREFERRED SHAFT BASIS FITS (ANSI B4.2)
PRACTICAL USE OF IT GRADES
The machining process shown in Fig. 6-6 can, under normal conditions, produce the IT grades indicated. Practical usage of
the various IT tolerance grades is shown in Fig. 6-7. Numerical values for IT grades from IT1 through IT18 for basic series up to
3150 mm are shown in Table 6-30.
NON-TOLERANCED DIMENSIONS
The ISO system of limits and fits can be used on a great number of applications from the finest tolerances to the coarsest. The
tolerances are increasing with the nominal size in the ISO system. It is common practice in those countries that have used the
ISO system to apply a somewhat related system
to the non-toleranced dimensions on a drawing. It is now part of ISO 2768-1. The tolerances are dependent on the nominal sizes
and are shown in the following table.
TABLE 6-30 INTERNATIONAL TOLERANCE GRADES FOR BASIS SIZES UP TO 3150 mm AND IT GRADES
FROM IT1 THROUGH IT18 (ISO 286)
International tolerance (IT) grades
Basic size
mm IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11 IT12 IT13 IT14 IT15 IT16 IT17 IT18
Up to Tolerances
Above and in-
cluding micrometers millimeters
- 3 0.8 1.2 2 3 4 6 10 14 25 40 60 0.1 0.14 0.25 0.4 0.6 1 1.4
3 6 1 1.5 2.5 4 5 8 12 18 30 48 75 0.12 0.18 0.3 0.48 0.75 1.2 1.8
6 10 1 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 15 22 36 58 90 0.15 0.22 0.36 0.58 0.9 1.5 2.2
10 18 1.2 2 3 5 8 11 18 27 43 70 110 0.18 0.27 0.43 0.7 1.1 1.8 2.7
18 30 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 13 21 33 52 84 130 0.21 0.33 0.52 0.84 1.3 2.1 3.3
30 50 1.5 2.5 4 7 11 16 25 39 62 100 160 0.25 0.39 0.62 1 1.6 2.5 3.9
50 80 2 3 5 8 13 19 30 46 74 120 190 0.3 0.46 0.74 1.2 1.9 3 4.6
80 120 2.5 4 6 10 15 22 35 54 87 140 220 0.35 0.54 0.87 1.4 2.2 3.5 5.4
120 180 3.5 5 8 12 18 25 40 63 100 160 250 0.4 0.63 1 1.6 2.5 14 6.3
180 250 4.5 7 10 14 20 29 46 72 115 185 290 0.46 0.72 1.15 1.85 2.9 4.6 7.2
250 315 6 8 12 16 23 32 52 81 130 210 320 0.52 0.81 1.3 2.1 3.2 5.2 8.1
315 400 7 9 13 18 25 36 57 89 140 230 360 0.57 0.89 1.4 2.3 3.6 5.7 8.9
400 500 8 10 15 20 27 40 63 97 155 250 400 0.63 0.97 1.55 2.5 4 6.3 9.7
500 630 9 11 16 22 32 44 70 110 175 280 440 0.7 1.1 1.75 2.8 4.4 7 11
630 800 10 13 18 25 36 50 80 125 200 320 500 0.8 1.25 2 3.2 5 8 12.5
B00 1000 11 15 21 28 40 56 90 140 230 360 560 0.9 1.4 2.3 3.6 5.6 9 14
1000 1250 13 18 24 33 47 66 105 165 260 420 660 1.05 1.65 2.6 4.2 6.6 10.5 16.5
1250 1600 15 21 29 39 55 78 125 195 310 500 780 1.25 1.95 3.1 5 7.8 12.5 19.5
1600 2000 18 25 35 46 65 92 150 230 370 600 920 1.5 2.3 3.7 6 9.2 15 23
2000 2500 22 30 41 55 78 110 175 280 440 700 1100 1.75 2.8 4.4 7 11 17.5 28
2500 3150 26 36 50 68 96 135 210 330 540 860 1350 2.1 3.3 5.4 8.6 13.5 21 33
NOTES:
1. Values for international tolerance grades IT01 and IT0 for basic sizes less than or equal to 500 mm are given in ISO 286-1, annex A, table 5.
2. Values for international tolerance grades IT1 to IT5 (incl) for basic sizes over 500 mm are included for experimental use.
3. International tolerance grades IT14 to IT18 (incl) shall not be used for basic sizes less than or equal to 1 mm.
c coarse
± 0.4 ±1 ±2
v very coarse
NOTE: 1. For nominal sizes below 0.5 mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the relevant nominal size(s).
Description Designation up to 10 over 10 up to 50 over 50 up to 120 over 120 up to 400 over 400
f fine o
± 1° ± 0°30' ± 0°20' ± 0 10' ± 0°5'
m medium
c coarse ± 1°30' ± 1° ± 0°30' ± 0°15' ± 0°10'
v very coarse ± 3° ± 2° ±1° ± 0°30' ± 0°20'
RELATED ISO STANDARDS
17.040.10 Limits and fits
ISO 286-1: 2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- ISO code system for tolerances on linear sizes -- Part 1: Basis of tolerances, deviations and fits
ISO 286-2: 2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- ISO code system for tolerances on linear sizes -- Part 2: Tables of standard tolerance classes and
limit deviations for holes and shafts
ISO 1101:2004 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) -- Geometrical tolerancing -- Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out
ISO 1101 (Draft) Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Geometrical tolerancing -- Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out
ISO 1938-1: 2012 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Dimensional measuring equipment -- Part 1: Plain limit gauges of linear size
ISO 2768-1:1989 General tolerances -- Part 1: Tolerances for linear and angular dimensions without individual tolerance indications
ISO 2768-2:1989 General tolerances -- Part 2: Geometrical tolerances for features without individual tolerance indications
ISO 5458:1998 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) -- Geometrical tolerancing -- Positional tolerancing
ISO 5459: 2011 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Geometrical tolerancing -- Datums and datum systems
ISO 8062:1994 Castings -- System of dimensional tolerances and machining allowances
ISO 8062-1:2007 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts -- Part 1: Vocabulary
ISO/PRF TS 8062-2 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts -- Part 2: Rules
ISO 8062-3:2007 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts -- Part 3: General dimensional and
geometrical tolerances and machining allowances for castings. ISO 8062-3:2007/Cor 1:2009
ISO 13920:1996 Welding -- General tolerances for welded constructions -- Dimensions for lengths and angles -- Shape and position
ISO 14405-1:2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional tolerancing -- Part 1: Linear sizes
ISO 14405-2:2011 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional tolerancing -- Part 2: Dimensions other than linear sizes
ISO HANDBOOKS
Screw Threads
SUMMARY
The change to the metric system in screw threads gives us a unique opportunity to rationalize the screw thread and fastener
sizes. For example, the six first choice thread sizes shown in Table 8-1 are recommended to replace the 61 other thread
sizes listed. The first choice sizes are according to the R5’ series of preferred sizes shown in Table 4-1. Less savings will be
achieved if you select the twelve ISO (green) first choice sizes shown or the 14 ANSI (bold) first choice sizes. The cost reduction
becomes substantial when you figure thousands of dollars savings for each unique fastener size that can be eliminated from the
product design.
GO CAUTION STOP
NOTES:
1. The Metric Coarse Thread designation shown in this table is according to ISO. ANSI standards may specify the thread pitch for both coarse and fine thread
pitches.
2. ANSI B1.13M shows the ISO preference rating.
3. Not recommended to be used in the USA.
The metric coarse thread pitch is slightly smaller (finer) compared to the customary unified coarse thread pitch. For example;
the metric coarse thread M8 has the thread pitch 1.25 mm and the inch thread 5/16-18 has the thread pitch 1.41 mm.
Chapter 9
Fasteners
SUMMARY
Rationalization — The change to the metric system opens up a tremendous opportunity for USA industry to rationalize on
fewer metric fastener sizes used in new products. For preferred metric thread sizes, see Table 8-1 and Table 9-1 for fastener
length. Apply the preferred metric sizes shown in Table 4-1 to the fastener length to the extent practical. (Except for the
length 250 mm where either 240 or 260 mm should be specified.) Rationalization on fewer standard parts released for
production could save your company large sums of money. Each unique standard part creates additional cost in
documentation, spare parts, handling, purchasing, quality assurance, inventory, etc., and for many large companies the
cost runs into several thousand dollars and more.
INTRODUCTION
The national standards1 for fasteners are shown in a World Metric Fastener Standards Index, which follows, and the
comparison of standards on metric screw threads around the world can be found in Table 8-2. A comprehensive description
of the existing ISO fasteners will be given later in this chapter.
The following index provides an illustration of each type of fastener with its name in English (E), German (G), French (F),
and Italian (I). The applicable national standard number is shown with references as to where to find specific information.
1
For information about the term “standard” as used in this book, please see p. 12.
1. General product description such as: bolts, hex cap screws, tapping screws, machine screws, nuts,
slotted nuts, rivets, etc., and material if other than steel. Refer to the world index for the fastener
name in the required language.
2. The letter M is used for a product with ISO metric screw threads followed by the thread pitch. The
designations are as follows:
ANSI: M10 X 1.5 10 mm nominal diameter ISO metric screw thread with standard 1.5 mm coarse
thread pitch.
ISO: M10 10 mm nominal diameter ISO metric screw thread with standard 1.5 mm coarse thread pitch.
M10 X 1.25 10 mm nominal diameter ISO metric screw thread with standard 1.25 mm fine thread
pitch.
3. Thread fit designation. Refer to Chapter 8, p. 141 for thread fit details.
ANSI: M12 X 1.75 - Designates standard thread fit 6H/6g approximately equal to SAE class 2 fit.
6H/6g
M12 x 1.75 - Designates close thread fit — 6H/4g6g approximately equal to SAE class 3 fit.
6H/4g6g
The medium thread fit is customary in most countries, and need not be specified when ordering
fasteners to a specific standard.
4. The length designation is shown in millimeters. Refer to Table 9-1 for the preferred fastener lengths.
5. The standard thread length conforms to ISO recommendations worldwide, and no special call-out for
thread length is required (Table 9-3).
6. National standards reference. The threaded fasteners details are defined in industry or national the
standards, and a reference to the desired standards must be made when ordering fasteners outside
of USA.
7. The strength grade which applies to steel products only, must be specified. See p. 187 for details on
strength properties.
8. The surface protection (if required) should be in accordance with company practice or other standards.
WORLD METRIC FASTENER STANDARDS INDEX
N0. 2 ISO 4017, 4018 (E) HEX HEAD CAP SCREW FOR DETAILS SEE
USA ANSI B18.2.3.1M THREADED TO HEAD TABLE 9-31
NOTE: THE ISO
JAPAN JIS (G) SECHSKANTSCHRAUBE
DESIGNATES
GERMANY DIN 933, 961 MIT GEWINDE BIS KOPF PRODUCTS THREADED TO
FRANCE NF E27-310 (F) VIS A TETE HEXAGONALE FILETEE HEAD AS SCREWS
4190
UK BS JUSQU'A PROXIMITE DE LA TETE
(BOLTS)
ITALY UNI 5739, 5740 (I) VITE A TESTA
1111
AUSTRAL AS ESAGONALE
(BOLTS)
NO. 3 ISO 272.0000 (E) HEX HEAD BOLT WITH LARGE FOR DETAILS SEE
HEAD (HIGH STRENGTH TABLE 9-33 (HEAVY
USA ANSI B18.2.3.1M
STRUCTURAL) SCREW)
JAPAN JIS B1186 (G) SECHSKANTSCHRAUBE
GERMANY DIN 6914 MIT GROSSER SCHLUSSELWEITE TABLE 9-35 (HEAVY BOLT)
USA ANSI B18.5.2.1M BOLT (CARRIAGE BOLT) TABLE 9-39 (SHORT NECK)
JAPAN JIS B1171 (G) FLACHRUNDSCHRAUBE
GERMANY DIN 603 MIT VIERKANTANSATZ TABLE 9-40 (LONG NECK)
NO. 5 ISO 5713 (E) ROUND HEAD COUNTERSUNK FOR DETAILS SEE
USA ANSI B18.5.1 SQUARE NECK BOLT (PLOW BOLT) TABLE 9-43
D DS S E K KW C DW
Nominal Width Width Washer Washer
Body Wrenching
Screw Across Across Face Face
Head Height
Dia and Flats Corners Height Thickness Dia
Diameter
Thread
Pitch Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Min Max Min Min
M5 x 0.8 5 4.82 8 7.78 9.24 8.79 3.65 3.35 2.4 0.5 0.2 7
M6 x 1 6 5.82 10 9.78 11.55 11.05 4.15 3.85 2.8 0.5 0.2 8.9
M8 x 1.125 8 7.78 13 12.73 15.01 14.38 5.5 5.1 3.7 0.6 0.3 11.6
M10 x 1.5 15 14.73 17.32 16.64 13.6
10 9.78 6.63 6.17 4.5 0.6 0.3
M10 x 1.5 16* 15.73 18.48 17.77 14.6
M12 x 1.75 12 11.73 18 17.73 20.78 20.03 7.76 7.24 5.2 0.6 0.3 16.6
M 14 x 2 14 13.73 21 20.67 24.25 23.35 9.09 8.51 6.2 0.6 0.3 19.6
M 16 x 2 16 15.73 24 23.67 27.71 26.75 10.32 9.68 7 0.8 0.4 22.49
M20 x 2.5 20 19.67 30 29.16 34.64 32.95 12.88 12.12 8.8 0.8 0.4 27.7
M24 x 3 24 23.67 36 35 41.57 39.55 15.44 14.56 10.5 0.8 0.4 33.2
M30 x 3.5 30 29.67 46 45 53.12 50.85 19.48 17.92 13.1 0.8 0.4 42.7
M36 x 4 36 35.61 55 53.8 63.51 60.79 23.38 21.62 15.8 0.8 0.4 51.1
M42 x 4.5 42 41.38 65 62.9 75.06 71.71 26.97 25.03 18.2 1 0.5 59.8
M48 x 5 48 47.38 75 72.6 86.6 82.76 31.07 28.93 21 1 0.5 69
M56 x 5.5 56 55.26 85 82.2 98.15 93.71 36.2 33.8 24.5 1 0.5 78.1
M64 x 6 64 63.26 95 91.8 109.7 104.65 41.32 38.68 28 1 0.5 87.2
M72 x 6 72 71.26 105 101.4 121.24 115.6 46.45 43.55 31.5 1.2 0.6 96.3
M80 x 6 80 79.26 115 111 132.72 126.54 51.58 48.42 35 1.2 0.6 105.4
M90 x 6 90 89.13 130 125.5 150.11 143.07 57.74 54.26 39.2 1.2 0.6 119.2
M100 x 6 100 99.13 145 140 167.43 159.6 63.9 60.1 43.4 1.2 0.6 133
*M10 x 1.5 with 16 mm WAF will be supplied unless the ISO 15 mm WAF is specified.
NOTES:
1. Parts made to this standard are interchangeable with parts made to ISO 4014, product grade A.
2. Standard strength property classes are: 5.8, 9.8, and 10.9 (see Table 9-4).
3. Designation example: Hex cap screw, M6 x 1 x 40, class 9.8, zinc plated.
4. See general data on p. 230 or referenced standard.
Chapter 10
SUMMARY
Rationalization - The change to metric steel sizes opens up a tremendous opportunity for USA industry to rationalize on fewer
steel sheet, plate, wire, bar, tube and section sizes. Some companies have shown remarkably good results when rationalizing,
steel plates, for example, from 19 inch sizes to 8 metric sizes. Again, the use of the preferred metric sizes shown in Table 4-1 is
the key tool to use.
The preference ratings - F for first choice, S for second choice, and T for third choice - are used in the referenced standards to
promote usage of fewer sizes. Little rationalization of sizes is achieved in a company if one freely selects from all first-choice
sizes listed in the steel tables.
1
The World Ferrous Materials Index is given on p. 470 of this chapter.
INTRODUCTION
The American National Standards Institute issued American National Standard ANSI B32.100 Preferred Metric Sizes for Flat,
Round, Square, Rectangular, and Hexagonal Metric Products. References to the following proposed and approved standards,
which are in complete agreement with the applicable ISO standards, are also included.
ANSI B32.200 Preferred Metric Sizes for Round, Square, and Rectangular Tubular Metal Products Other Than Pipe, and the
ANSI B32.300 Preferred Metric Sizes for Equal and Unequal Leg Angles, T- and Channel-Sections, IPN- and Wide Flange-
Beams Structural Steel.
Major steel-producing countries, such as Japan, Germany, France, and Italy, have produced steel material dimensioned to
metric modules for a number of years. The national standards2 for steel sizes reflect the available commercial sizes in the above
countries. The European countries just listed have developed coordinated EURONORM steel standards issued by the European
Coal and Steel Community. Since 1955, approximately 100 EURONORM standards have been published in German, French,
Italian, and Dutch. These standards are available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 6 D-1000 Berlin 30, Germany. A
number of these EURONORM standards have now been modified and published as new ISO or EN standards.
2
For information about the term “standard” as used in this book, please see p.12.
description of tables — The steel material dimension tables list standard metric sizes produced in major countries already using
the metric system. The ISO and ANSI standards are also shown.
Linear dimensions, section areas, and mass per length or area are shown in SI units.
The left column in the tables marked ISO, ANSI, or DIN indicates the preference rating in the standard from which the metric
sizes are chosen. On the right side of the tables, national standards for the applicable products are listed with their specified
preference rating.
The tolerances in the tables are given in millimeters, and they are either ISO, EURONORM, or national standard tolerances
selected from the ISO system of limits and fits. Steel materials produced to the latter tolerances are standard in all major
countries including USA (ANSI B32.100).
All conversions and calculations are processed by a computer with the data shown rounded off to the nearest number in each
case. The computer exponential E-format was selected to cover a wide range of steel sizes and at the same time to present an
accuracy to three significant digits for all numbers shown. The maximum error range is from 0.5 to 0.05%.
Some typical examples of the use of E-format are as follows:
The standard density for steel used in ISO and national standards outside Canada and the USA is 1 m3 steel, which has a
7850 kg mass. The standard density factor for steel in the USA is 0.2833 lb/in3, and it differs from the ISO standard by
approximately 0.1%. The mass per unit shown in the steel material tables is calculated using the ISO density factor. The
conversion factor 2.767990E + 04 was used to compute the pound per cubic inch equivalent. One cubic meter steel has 7842 kg
mass using the USA density factor and 7850 kg mass with the ISO factor.
WORLD SHEET METAL STANDARDS
Thicknesses. The following discussion is intended to assist the designer in his or her choice of metric sheet metal sizes and
qualities anywhere in the world. Standard thicknesses for hot-rolled steel sheets are shown in Table 10-1A and for cold-reduced
sheets in Table 10-2A.
ANSI B32.100 is a recently released standard drafted by the author, and it is recommended the first choices shown in the USA
column be chosen if possible. Use the Preferred Sizes in Table 4-1 p. 75 when selecting among all the third choices shown in
the material tables. Most of the above thicknesses are available worldwide.
Material. A worldwide comparison of the designations used for hot-rolled and cold-rolled steels is shown in Tables 10-42A and
B. The ISO, EURONORM, and national standards for each product are also given for easy reference to further details.
Make the material selection from Table 10-42A for hot-rolled and Table 10-42B for cold-rolled steel sheets. Note the ISO
standard number where the desired steel grade is specified, and use it to find the appropriate ISO tolerance for the product.
When steel is specified to other national standards, specify tolerances and steel grades as shown in that standard.
Tolerances. The tolerances for sheet metal are specified in a number of ISO standards and shown in Tables 10-1B through
1H for hot-rolled and in Tables 10-2B through 2E for cold-rolled material. The specific ISO standard number where the
tolerances are specified are shown with the table title in parenthesis.
Coatings. Select the desired ISO coating grade from the Tables 10-42E through 10-42K or the national standard used to
specify the steel sheet product.
Order Example. For hot-rolled steel sheets the desired thickness is selected from Table 10-1A, ISO standard number and
qualities from Table 10-42A, tolerances from Table 10-1B through 10-1H, and coating from Table 10-42E through 10-42K. A
typical example of designation of steel sheet 2 mm thick X 1200 mm wide X 2440 mm long to steel grade HR235, class D (D =
CS Special Killed) and tolerance ± 0.17 mm, as specified in ISO 4995, is as follows: “International Standard 4995, hot-rolled
steel sheet, structural quality, grade HR235 class D, 2 x 1200 X 2440 mm, 40000 kg, for part No. 2345, roof support, mill edge,
furnish report of mechanical properties, maximum lift 4000 kg.”
For cold-rolled steel sheets, the desired thickness is selected from Table 10-2A, ISO standard number and material qualities
from Table 10-42B, tolerances from Table 10-2B through 2E, and coating from Table 10-42E through 42K. A typical example of
designation of cold-rolled steel sheet 1 mm thick X 700 mm wide and 1800 mm long to the steel grade CR220 class B (rimmed
or nonrimmed) and tolerance ± 0.09 mm, as specified in the ISO standard, is as follows: “International Standard 4997, cold-
rolled steel sheet, structural quality, grade CR220 class B, 1 X 700 X 1800 mm, 40 000 kg, for part No. 3456, seat frame —
unexposed, furnish report of mechanical properties, maximum lift 4000 kg.”
Nonferrous Material
SUMMARY
Only copper and aluminum products are covered in this chapter. Major industrial countries, such as Japan, Germany, France,
and Italy, have produced nonferrous material dimensioned to metric modules for a number of years, and the material standards1
for nonferrous sizes reflect the available commercial sizes in these countries.
The American National Standards Institute issued American National Standards B32.100-2005 for preferred metric sizes for
flat, round, square, rectangular, and hexagonal metal products. The preferred metric sizes were the result of the informational
input of representatives from industries and professional societies, as well as the experience of other countries where the metric
system has been in use.
DESCRIPTION OF TABLES
The nonferrous material dimension tables given in this chapter list standard metric sizes produced in major countries using the
metric system. Linear dimensions, section areas, and mass per length of area are shown both in SI units and in customary inch
units in the left-hand portions of each table. The left-most columns in the tables, which are headed in vertical fashion by ISO,
ANSI, DIN, or BS, indicates the preference rating in the appropriate standard from which the metric sizes are chosen. In the
right-hand portions of the tables, national standards for the applicable products are listed with their specified preference ratings.
Tolerances shown in the right-hand portions of the tables are in millimeters, and are listed by column under a heading noting
the original standard. Most of the tolerances are specified within the ISO system of limits and fits which is covered in national
product standards throughout the world.
All conversions and calculations were processed by a computer, and the data shown are rounded off to the nearest number in
each case. The computer exponential “E” format (see Table 2-2) was selected in order to cover a wide range of sizes and at the
same time present a three-significant-digit accuracy for all numbers shown. The maximum error range is from 0.5% to 0.05%.
The standard density for copper used is 8900 kg mass per cubic meter, and for aluminum, 2700 kg mass per cubic meter. The
density is not constant, and varies with added alloying materials.
Table 11-2. Cold Rolled Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Sheets (ANSI B32.100). Aluminum sheets are shown in sizes
ranging from 0.25 to 15 mm thicknesses with preference ratings as specified in ANSI B32.100. The tolerances shown are for
aluminum sheets of Material Group I in DIN 1783, which is applicable for most aluminum sheet products.
Table 11-3. Cold Rolled Copper and Copper Alloy Plates (ANSI B32.100). Copper plates in thicknesses from 3 to 50 mm
are shown in Table 11-3, and the selection of sizes has been based on ANSI B32.100. The tolerances listed are those specified
in the Japanese Standard JIS H3111 for oxygen-free copper sheets and plates.
Table 11-4. Hot Rolled Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Plates (ANSI B32.100). Hot-rolled aluminum plates in thicknesses
from 5 to 100 mm have been selected from ANSI B32.100, and some tolerances from DIN 59600 for sheets and rounds made of
hot rolled aluminum are also shown.
TABLE 10-1A HOT-ROLLED STEEL SHEET AND STRIP THICKNESSES (ANSI B32.100)
Bearings
SUMMARY
Roller bearings have been subject to extensive world standardization efforts. Ball and cylindrical roller bearings are the most
prevalent bearing types in countries using the metric system. The secretariat for the Technical Committee ISO/TC4 Rolling
Bearings is held by Sweden. Its first recommendation, R15 for radial bearings boundary dimensions, was issued in 1955, and
the second edition of this important standard1 received worldwide approval in 1968. The largest ball and cylindrical roller bearing
manufacturing companies in the world have adhered to the ISO recommendation, so that today a number of bearing types,
produced by different manufacturing companies, can be interchanged.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI), representing the USA position on an international level, and the American
Bearing Manufacturers Association, Inc. (ABMA), are responsible for rolling element bearing standardization in the USA These
standards are published as ANSI/ABMA standards and are available from either of the above organizations.
ANSI/ABMA 20 describes metric design radial ball, cylindrical roller, and spherical roller bearings conforming to the basic
boundary plans, which contain radial bearing parameters from the following international standards:
Thrust bearings of ball cylindrical roller, and spherical roller types are specified in ANSI/ABMA 24.1, which covers thrust
bearing parameters from the following international standards:
A commitment to the customary inch measuring system has caused slow progress in the world standardization of such bearing
types as needle and tapered roller bearings.
The secretariat for ISO/TC123 - Plain Bearings is held by Russia, where several standards have been issued on the subject,
as shown on p. 539. self-aligning bushings would fall in the category of TC 123. However, the Russians have no interest in this
matter. Self-aligning bushings will be covered by TC4/SC7. Subcommittee 7 is handled by Germany.
Self-aligning bushings are now covered in the three-part standard ISO 6124, as shown on p. 542.
1
For information about the term “standard” as used in this book, please see p.12.
ELECTRIC MOTORS
INTRODUCTION
The material presented in this chapter is intended to give a brief introduction into standards related to the usage of electric
motors; IEC has published several important standards on this subject and is active in developing standards for rotating
electrical machines through its IEC/TC2 working groups and committees.
ROTATING SPEEDS
North America uses alternating electrical current with 60 Hz frequency, but most of the world uses 50 Hz power supply.
The synchronous rotating speed for induction motors is calculated by using the following formula:
Electric motors (other than dc) rotate with speeds depending on the frequency of the power supply, and the most commonly
used output speeds produced for industry are shown in Table 13-1.
TABLE 13-1 NOMINAL SYNCHRONOUS OUTPUT SPEEDS (rpm) FOR MOTORS OPERATING ON A 50 Hz OR
60 Hz ac SUPPLY
SPEED (rpm)
POLES 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
Chapter 14
SUMMARY
Fluid power systems are those that transmit and control power through the use of a pressurized fluid (liquid or gas) within an
enclosed circuit. Fluid power includes the technologies of hydraulics, pneumatics, and fluid logic. The world standards1
presented in this chapter deal, for the most part, with hydraulic fluid power systems and components.
The National Fluid Power Association (NFPA) (see Table 1-1) administers the secretariat of the ISO TC 131 on fluid power,
and a number of standards have been approved and published.
The ISO standards presented in this chapter conform, with some exceptions, to the national standards and industry practices
in all major industrial countries.
1
For information about the term “standard” as used in this book, please see p. 12.
NOMINAL PRESSURES
The recommended SI units for hydraulic pressure is the pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/mm2). The bar was widely used throughout Europe
and 1 MPa equals 10 bar and 1 kPa equals 10 mbar (millibar). To bring practical units for volumetric flow in line with theoretical
calculations, the cubic meter per second (m3/s) or liter per second (L/s) is recommended for use instead of the cubic meter and
liter per minute (simplifications of power calculations).
ISO 2944 recommended pressures for fluid power are shown in Table 14-1.
TABLE 14-1 NOMINAL PRESSURES-GAGE PRESSURES IN kPa AND MPa1 (ISO 2944)
1 10 100 1 10 100
Manufacturing Engineering
SUMMARY
The introduction of metric drill sizes to manufacturing creates an opportunity to rationalize the number of drills used. Table
15-1 shows some preferred metric drill sizes, together with the customary inch fraction, number, and letter sizes. The table
shows all sizes in decimal millimeter or inch, and it makes it convenient to phase out non-preferred inch sizes.
TABLE 15-1 DRILL SIZES WITH DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS
SUMMARY
ISO 9000 and ISO 14000
The ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 families are among ISO's most widely known and successful standards ever. ISO 9000 Quality Management
System (QMS) has become an international reference for quality requirements in business to business dealings, and ISO 14000
Environmental Management System (EMS) looks set to achieve at least as much, if not more, in helping organizations to meet their
environmental challenges.
ISO 9000:2000, entitled Fundamentals and Vocabulary, describes the fundamentals of a QMS and specifies the terminology for a
QMS. It was developed on the basis of previous standards: ISO 8402:1994, Vocabulary, and lS0 9000-1:1994, Selection and Use.
ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements specifies requirements for a QMS where an organization needs to
demonstrate its ability to provide products that meet customer requirements and applicable regulatory requirements and aims to
enhance customer satisfaction. The three quality assurance requirement standards ISO 9001:1994, ISO 9002:1994, and ISO
9003:1994 are replaced by a single quality management system requirement standard, ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems
- Requirements.
ISO 9004:2000 Quality management systems - Guidelines for performance improvements, QMS, Guidelines for performance
improvement, which replaces ISO 9004-1:1994, provides guidelines for both the effectiveness and efficiency of the QMS. The aim of
this standard is the improvement of the performance of an organization and the satisfaction of customers and other interested parties.
ISO 9004:2000 Quality management systems - Guidelines for performance improvements, although considerably rewritten, was
developed using the format and structure of ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements.
ISO 9000 is concerned with "quality management". This means what the organization does to enhance customer satisfaction by meeting
customer and applicable regulatory requirements and continually to improve its performance in this regard. ISO 14000 is primarily concerned
with "environmental management". This means what the organization does to minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its
activities, and continually to improve its environmental performance.
Worldwide equivalents of the ISO 9000:2000 series standards are shown in Table 16-1A for the eight major industrial countries and in Table
16-1B for 79 countries to the ISO 9000:2000 series standards.
ISO launched the new technical committee, ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, in 1993.
Accurate conversion factors are shown in Table 17-3. Multiplication factors shown with an asterisk “*” are exact, others are
rounded to the nearest seventh significant digit in accordance with the ANSI SI 10 standard.
The computer E format is used to indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value.
For examples of how to use the E format, see Table 2-7.
TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE) (ANSI SI 10)
Definitions
A clear understanding of the terms used in this design standard will help ensure reliable conversion and rounding practices.
These terms and definitions are as follows:
1. accuracy: The degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to some referenced value, which may be specified
or unknown. This concept includes the systematic error of an operation, which is seldom negligible or known exactly. See
precision.
2. deviation: The algebraic difference between a size and the corresponding basic (nominal) size.
3. digit: One of the ten numerals (0 to 9) in the decimal number system.
4. dimension: A geometric element in a design, such as length or angle, or the magnitude of such a quantity.
5. feature: The general term applied to a physical portion of a part, such as a surface, pin, tab, hole, or slot.
6. figure (numerical): An arithmetic value expressed by one or more digits.
7. inch-pound (inch, customary, or imperial) units: Units based on the yard and the pound commonly used in NA and
defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Note that units having the same names in other countries
may differ in magnitude.
8. nominal value (basic size): A value assigned for designation. The size to which limits or deviations are assigned.
9. precision: The degree of mutual agreement between individual measurements, namely their repeatability and
reproducibility. See accuracy.
10. significant digits: Any digits in a number that is necessary to define a numerical value.
11. tolerance: The amount by which the value of a quantity is allowed to vary; thus, the tolerance is the algebraic difference
between the maximum and minimum limits.
Engineering specification and drawing conversion. Conversion of critical limit dimensions may require limits to be rounded
inwards or maximum size rounded down and minimum size rounded up if existing specified limits must be maintained. It is more
precise to convert limits rather than nominal size and tolerance where conversion errors accumulate. See SAE J390 Dual
Dimensioning or SAE J916 Rules for SAE use of SI (metric) units.
:
For everyday rounding of metric values obtained by converting untoleranced inch-pound values, the following simplified rules
are suggested; for more sophisticated rounding rules, see ANSI SI 10 or referenced SAE standards.
(a) If the inch-pound value is expressed by a combination of units such as feet and inches, or pound and ounces, first express
it in terms of the smaller unit.
Example: Change 14 ft 5 in to 173 in.
(b) When the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 or more, increase the last digit retained by one unit.
Example: 8.3745, if rounded to three digits, would be 8.37; if rounded to four digits, 8.375.
(c) Multiply the inch-pound value by the conversion factor. If the first significant* digit of the metric value is equal to or larger
than the first significant digit of the inch-pound value, round the metric value to the same number of significant digits as there
are in the inch-pound value.
*One or more zeros at the beginning of a number are not called “significant”. Zeros at the end of a number are not considered
significant unless their use results in a number that is closer to the true value than would occur if the number were increased or
decreased.
(d) Exceptions: It is sometimes better to round to one less digit than specified above. For example, according to Rule (c), 26
pounds per square inch air pressure in a tire would be converted as follows:
Example: 26 psi* x 6.895 kPa/psi = 179.27 kPa, which rounds to 179 kPa.
2
*psi is the abbreviation for pound-force per square inch (lbf/in ).
However, 180 kPa – where the zero is not a significant digit – usually would be better, because tire pressures typically are not
precise.
Where an inch-pound value represents a maximum or minimum limit that must be respected, the rounding must be in a
direction that does not violate the original limit.
ANSI INDEX
ISO INDEX
Standard Page Standard Page Standard Page
ISO 1 70 ISO 251 649 ISO 642 535
ISO 3 75*, 78*, 79*, 81 ISO 252 649 ISO 643 535
ISO 4 69 ISO 252-1 649 ISO 657-1 442*, 532
ISO 7-1 194 ISO 254 648 ISO 657-2 444-445*, 532
ISO 7-2 194 ISO 255 648 ISO 657-5 443*, 532
ISO 8 67 ISO 259 68 ISO 657-11 454*, 532
ISO 9 67 ISO 259-2 68 ISO 657-13 455*, 532
ISO 14 628*, 648 ISO 261 193, 194 ISO 657-14 414-417*
ISO 15 592 ISO 262 153, 161* 421-422*
ISO 17 81 193, 194 426-427*, 532
ISO 18 67 ISO 263 193 ISO 657-15 456*, 532
ISO 22 648 ISO 272 356 ISO 657-16 457*, 532
ISO 31-0-up 44 ISO 273 229*, 359 ISO 657-18 448-449*, 532
ISO 53 612*, 650 ISO 281 593 ISO 657-19 410-411*, 532
ISO 54 650 ISO 282 649 ISO 657-21 449*, 532
ISO 68-1 162*, 193, 194 ISO 283 649 ISO 657-1-up 532
ISO 68-2 193 ISO 284 649 ISO 666 730
NOTE: *Dimension Table. See page 806 for notes to this Index.