Basic Properties and Behaviors of Oil and Gas Reservoirs PDF

Part II
Basic Properties and

Behaviors of
Oil & Gas Reservoirs
* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 1

Classification of Reservoir Fluids
Black Oil Volatile Oil
Five Basic
Dewpoint
Pressure Critical line
1 point
path
in reservoir
Pressure 2
path Dewpoint
0
Critica Volatile
80 9
in reservoir
Reservoir
60 0
line
7
l oil
point
Pressure,
50
Pressur
Black
%
psia
40
t
Oil
e in
Liquid
lin epo
90
30
%
80
bl
t
oin
ub
Liquid
lep 7900
20
B
bb e 60
Bu lin
Fluids
50
10
40
33
30
5
20
10
Separato Separato
oint
r r Dewp
line
Temperature, ° Temperatur
F e
Pressure
path Pressure Pressure
in reservoir
1 path path
in reservoir in reservoir
Retrograde 1 1
2
gas
t
lin oin
p
e
w
De
lin int
line int
Pressur
o
Pressur
Wet
wp
e
Pressur
po
gas
e
e
Dry
De
Dew
Critica
e
l gas
nt
%
oi
point
300
e lep
Liquid Critica %
20
lin bb
%
15 l Liquid
Bu
lin30t oi
point Liquid
2
n ep
30 2
1
l
bb
e
25
5
Bu
50
25
5 Separato Separato
1
Separato 0
r r r
Temperatur Temperatur Temperatur
e e e
Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas

Pressure vs. Temperature
Diagrams
□ Used to visualize the fluids production
path from the reservoir to the surface
□ Used to classify reservoir fluids
□ Used to develop different strategies to

produce oil/gas from reservoir

Phase Diagrams
Single
Initial Gas
Reservoir Phase
Single State Critical
Liquid Cricondenbar Point Region
Pressure, psia
Phase
0
Region 10
9 Two-Phase
08 Region
07 Cricondentherm
i nt 09
6
po 0
05
e
bl ne %
02
b i
10
Bu L Liquid
50
0
Separator oint
Dewp
line
Temperature, °F

Black Oil
Pressure
path Critic
in reservoir al Dewpoint
Pressure, psia
Black Point line

Oil
9 %
nt 08 Liquid
p oi 709
le 0
6
b
b ine
u
05
B L
04
30
20
10
Separat
0
or
Temperature, °F
Volatile-Oil
Dewpoint line
Pressure Critical
1 point
path
in reservoir
2
Volatile
0
80 9
70
oil
60
Pressure
50
t %
40
e in
Liquid
lin epo
30
l
bb
Bu
20
10
3
5
Separat
p o int
or Dew
line
Temperature, °F
Retrograde Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Retrograde gas
2
e
lin
int
po
w
De
Pressure
Critical point
e
in
tl
% Liquid
in
po
40
30
le
20
bb
15
Bu
3
10
Separator 5
0
Temperature
Wet Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
ne
Pressure
Wet gas
li
int
po
w
De
Critical % Liquid
point
2
nt
e i
lin epo
l
bb
30
25
5
Bu
Separator
Temperature

Dry Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Pressure
e
t lin
Dry gas
n
poi
Dew
% Liquid
2
50
25
Separator
1
Temperature
Exercise 1
■ Based on the phase diagrams of volatile oil
and retrograde gas, describe some
characteristic properties of these two
reservoir fluids
■ Name some applications of phase diagrams
in selecting surface facilities

Basic Properties of Natural Gas
▪ Equation-of-State (EOS)
▪ Apparent Molecular Weight of Gas Mixture
▪ Density of Gas Mixture
▪ Gas Specific Gravity
▪Z-factor (Gas Compressibility or Gas Deviation
Factor)

Gas Equation-Of-State (EOS)
Equation of State:
Quantity Description Unit/Value

p Pressure psia
V Volume ft3
n Mole Number lb-mol
Z Gas Devation Factor dimensionless
T Temperature Rankine
R Universal Gas 10.73
* constant 3
Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering
psia.ft /lb-mole. °R- HCMUT 12
Apparent Molecular Weight of a
Gas Mixture
Normally, petroleum gas is a mixture of various
light hydrocarbon (C1-C4). For example:
Molecular Critical Critical
Component Mole Percent Weight Pressure Temperature
(lb/lb-mol)
(psia) (oR)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
C1 0.85 16.043 666.4 343.00
C2 0.04 30.070 706.5 549.59
C3 0.06 44.097 616.0 665.73
iC4 0.03 58.123 527.9 734.13
nC4 0.02 58.123 550.6 765.29

Density of Gas Mixture
Gas density is calculated from the definition of

density and the EOS

Gas Specific Gravity
The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the

gas density to that of the air

Gas Deviation Factor
(Z-factor)
Z-factor in the EOS accounts for the difference in
the behavior of natural gases in compared with ideal
gases.
Z-factor can be expressed as: Z=Z(ppr,Tpr) where

ppr: pseudo-reduced pressure
Tpr: pseudo-reduced temperature
ppc: pseudo-critical pressure
Tpc: pseudo-critical temperature

Standing-Katz Chart
Step 1: Calculate pseudo-critical
pressure and temperature
Step 2: Calculate pseudo-reduced

pressure and temperature:
Step 3: Use Standings-Katz chart

to determine Z

Dranchuk & Abou-Kassem
Correlation

Exercise
Component yi Mi Tci,°R pci
CO2 0.02 44.01 547.91 1071
N2 0.01 28.01 227.49 493.1
C1 0.85 16.04 343.33 666.4
C2 0.04 30.1 549.92 706.5
C3 0.03 44.1 666.06 616.4
i - C4 0.03 58.1 734.46 527.9
n - C4 0.02 58.1 765.62 550.6

Wichert-Aziz Correction
Method
Corrected pseudo-critical temperature:
Corrected pseudo-critical pressure:
Pseudo-critical temperature adjustment factor

Exercise
Given the following real gas composition,
Component Mole fraction

C1 0.76
C2 0.07
CO2 0.1
H2S 0.07
Determine the density of the gas mixture at 1,000

psia and 110 °F using Witchert-Aziz correction
method.

Sutton Correction Method
Step1: Calculate the parameters J and K:
Step 2: Calculate the adjustment parameters:

Sutton Correction Method
(cont.)
Step 3: Adust the parameters J and K
Step 4: Calculate the adjusted pseudo-critical

terms

Pseudo Properties of Gas
Properties of Crude Oil
❑ Oil density and gravity
❑ Gas solubility
❑ Bubble-point pressure
❑ Oil formation volume factor
❑Isothermal compressibility coefficient of
undersaturated crude oils
❑ Oil viscosity
These fluid properties are usually determined by laboratory
experiments. When such experiments are not available,
empirical correlations are used

Crude Oil Density
The crude oil density is defined as the mass of a

unit volume of the crude oil at a specified pressure
and temperature.

Crude Oil Gravity
The specific gravity of a crude oil is defined as the
ratio of the density of the oil to that of water.
o
API is usually used to reprensent the gravity of
the crude oil as follow
The API gravity of crude oils

usually ranges from 47° API for
the lighter crude oils to 10° API
for the heavier crude oils.

Black Oil Model

Characteristics of Reservoir
Rocks
▪ Porosity
▪ Permeability
▪ In-situ Saturation

Porosity

Porosity
□ Porosity depends on grain packing, NOT grain
size
□ Rocks with different grain sizes can have the
same porosity
• Rhombohedral packing • Cubic packing

• Pore space = 26 % of total volume • Pore space = 47 % of total volume

Rock Matrix and Pore Space
Rock matrix Pore space

Pore-Space Classification
□ Total porosity
□ Effective porosity

Permeability
□ Permeability is a property of the

porous medium and is a measure of
the capacity of the medium to
transmit fluids

Absolute Permeability
□ When the medium is completely

saturated with one fluid, then the
permeability measurement is often
referred to as specific or absolute
permeability

Effective Permeability
□ Effective permeability is a measure
of the fluid conductance capacity of
a porous medium to a particular
fluid when the medium is saturated
with more than one fluid

Relative Permeability
□ Relative permeability is defined as the

ratio of the effective permeability to a
fluid at a given saturation to the
effective permeability to that fluid at
100% saturation

Calculating Relative Permeabilities
□ Oil
□ Water
□ Gas

Darcy’s Law
q v: Velocity
q: Flow rate
A A: Cross-section area
Direction of
flow
k: Permeability
μ: Viscosity
ΔL: Length increment
Δp: Pressure drop

Fluid
Saturation
▪ Fluid saturation is defined as the fraction of
pore volume occupied by a given fluid
▪ Phase saturations
Sw = water saturation
So = oil saturation
Sg = gas saturation

In-Situ Saturation
Rock matrix Water Oil and/or gas

Exercise 3
Given the following reservoir data:
▪ Bulk Volume Vb
▪ Porosity φ
▪ Water saturation Sw
Calculate:
1. Pore volume occuppied by water
2. Pore volume occupied by hydrocarbon

Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
□ Solution Gas Drive
□ Gas Cap Drive
□ Water Drive
□ Gravity drainage drive

□ Combination drive

Reservoir Energy Sources
□ Liberation, expansion of solution gas
□ Influx of aquifer water
□ Expansion of reservoir rock
□ Expansion of original reservoir fluids

■ Free gas
■ Conate water
■ Oil
□ Gravitational forces
Solution-Gas Drive in Oil
Reservoirs
Oil
producing
wells
Oi
l
A. Original Condition
Oil
r at o
producing beludti
Li oe
wells s gna
s
B. 50%
Depleted
Solution-Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Formation of a Secondary Gas Cap
r a ted
Wellbo e n
Lib glu
atio
re so s
Seconda
gas
ry
cap
s
Ga uecstu
m
p sotrv
u re

Reservoir Behavior
Characteristics
Reservoir pressure, psig
Initial reservoir
pressure
Bubblepoint
pressure
0 5 10
15 Oil recovery, % of OOIP
Gas-Cap Drive in Oil
Reservoirs
Oil producing
well
Oi Oi
zon
l Gas zon
l
e cap e

Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Edgewater Drive
Oil producing
well
Oi Zon
l e
Wat Wat
er er
Cross Section

Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Bottomwater Drive
Oil producing
well
Oi Zon
l e
Wat
er
Cross Section

Gravity Drainage Drive in Oil
Reservoirs
Gas
Gas
Oi
l
Gas
Oi Point
l C
Point
Oi B
l Point
A

Combination Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Gas
cap
Oil
zone
Wat
er
Cross Section

Pressure and Gas/Oil Ratio Trends
100
80 Water drive
Reservoir pressure,
Percent of original
60
Gas-cap drive
40
20
Solution
0 -gas drive
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cumulative oil produced, percent of original oil in place

Exercise 4
1. How can we identify different reservoir drive
mechanisms?
2. Rank in descending order typical reservoir drive

mechanisms in terms of efficiency
3. How does knowledge about reservoir drive

mechanisms help us in designing an oil field
development plan?

Exam 1
1. Based on the phase diagrams of volatile oil
and retrograde gas, describe some
characteristic properties of these two reservoir
fluids.
2. List some limitations of Standing-Katz chart.
Describe the common approach in extending
the application of the chart

Exam 1
3. Describe in DETAILS the computation
procedure of Dranchuk & Abu-Kassem method
in computing Z.
4. Hall-Yaborough propose a method to calculate
Z as follows

Exam 1
where

Exam 1
Calculate Z at p=3000 psia and T=180oF with the PVT data as follows
Component yi Mi Tci,°R pci
CO2 0.02 44.01 547.91 1071
N2 0.01 28.01 227.49 493.1
C1 0.85 16.04 343.33 666.4
C2 0.04 30.1 549.92 706.5
C3 0.03 44.1 666.06 616.4
i - C4 0.03 58.1 734.46 527.9
n - C4 0.02 58.1 765.62 550.6

Material Balance Equation
(MBE)
❑ An Overview of MBE
❑ Generalized Material Balance Equation
❑ MBE for Typical Oil and Gas Reservoirs
❑ Applications of MBE

An Overview of MBE
First developed by Schilthuis in 1936, MBE is
considered to be a tool for:
❑estimating initial hydrocarbon in place
❑predicting future reservoir performance
❑predicting ultimate reservoir recovery under

certain type of driving mechanisms

Fundamentals of MBE
MBE is derived using the following assumptions:
Reservoir
Volume of Pore
Bulk Constant
Rock Matrix Volume
Volume
The pore volume is fully occuppied by existing fluid components (oil, gas, water)
The reservoir is homogenuous and isotropic (zero-dimensional)

General MBE (GMBE)
❑ GMBE is an MBE that can be applied to
all reservoir types;
❑ MBE for a particular type of reservoir can
be derived from the GMBE by removing
nonexistent terms.

Tank Model
INITIAL GAS-CAP GAS
CURRENT GAS-CAP GAS
RELEASED GAS
INJECTED GAS
INITIAL OIL
REMAINING OIL
INJECTED WATER
NET WATER INFLUX
EXPANDING CONATE
CONATE WATER WATER
EXPANDING ROCK
ROCK (MATRIX) MATRIX
Initial Condition Current Condition

Derivation of GMBE
Volume of Volume of Remaining Free Volume of
Initial Gas Cap Gas Injected Gas
Volume of
Initial Oil Volume of Remaining Oil
Volume of
Volume of Volume of Volume of
Expanding
Conate Water Injected Injected
Conate
Water Water
Water
Volume of
Rock Matrix Volume of Expanding Rock Matrix

Acronyms in GMBE

GMBE: Final Formulation
Where:

Exercise 5
1. Derive the equation for the pore volume of the
reservoir
2. Derive the equations for water and rock matrix

expansions
3. Derive the equation for the initial gas in the

reservoir
4. Derive the equation for the remaining free gas

in the reservoir

Fluid Flows in Reservoirs
❑ Properties of Reservoir Fluids in Motion
❑ Flow Regimes
❑ Flow Geometry
❑ Fluid Flow Equations

Properties of Reservoir Fluids
Classification Criteria: Isothermal Compressibility
or
Reservoir Fluids
Incompressible Fluids Slightly Compressible

Fluids
Compressible Fluids

Incompressible Fluids
Volume and density do not change with pressure

Slightly Compressible Fluids
Small changes in volume or density with
changes in pressure


Compressible Fluids
A compressible fluid has compressibility ranging

from 1.E-3 to 1.E-4

Volume-Pressure
Relationship
Incompressible
Slightly
Compressible
V Compressible

Density-Pressure
Relationship
Compressible
Slightly
Compressible
Incompressible

Flow Regimes
Classification Criteria: Changes in pressure with time
Flow Regimes
Steady-State Pseudosteady-State
Flow Flow
Unsteady-State
Flow

Steady-State Flows
Pressure does not change with time

Unsteady-State Flows
Pressure derivative with respect to time is a

function of both space and time

Pseudo-Steady Flows
Pressure declines with a constant rate

Steady-State
Pseudosteady-
State
p Unsteady-State

Flow Geometry
The shape and boundaries of a reservoir has a
significant effect on its flow geometry.
Flow
Geometry
Radial Flow Linear Flow
Hemispherical Flow Spherical Flow

Radial Flow
Fluids move toward the well from all directions

Linear Flow
Flow paths are parallel and the fluid flows in a

single direction

Spherical Flow
A well with a limited perforated interval could
result in spherical flow in the vicinity of the
perforations

Hemispherical Flow
A well which only partially penetrates the pay

zone coud result in hemispherical flow
Wellbore
Side view
Flow lines

Fluid Flow Equations
❑ Describing the flow behavior in a reservoir

❑ Depending on the combination of variables recently
presented (types of fluids, flow regimes, …)
❑ Developed by combining Darcy’s transport equation
with the conservation of mass and various equations
of state

Darcy Law
Velocity of a homogeneous fluid in a porous medium
is proportional to the pressure gradient, and
inversely proportinoal to the fluid viscosity.
For a radial flow system, Darcy’s transport equation
is given by

Darcy Equation for Radial Flow
in Field Units

Steady-State Radial Flow of

Steady-State Radial Flow for
Compressible Fluids
m(p): real-gas
pseudopressure

Exercise 6
The PVT data from a gas well in the Anaconda Gas
Field is given below:
p (psi) mu (cp) Z
The well is producing at a stabilized
0.0 0.01270 1.000
400.0 0.01286 0.937 bottom-hole flowing pressure of 3600

800.0 0.01390 0.882
psi. The wellbore radius is 0.3 ft. The
1200.0 0.01530 0.832
following additional data is available:
1600.0 0.01680 0.794
2000.0 0.01840 0.770 k=65 md, h=15 ft, T=600 °R,

2400.0 0.02010 0.763 pe = 4400 psi, re=1000 ft,
2800.0 0.02170 0.775
Calculate the gas flow rate in Mscf/day
3200.0 0.02340 0.797
3600.0 0.02500 0.827
4000.0 0.02660 0.860
4400.0 0.02831 0.896

Numerical Integration
Trapezoidal Method

Unsteady Flow of ANY Fluid
▪ Pressure is of primary interest

▪ The above equation is derived with the conservation of
mass taken into account
▪ The rate of changes in pressure away from the wellbore
can be determined by permeability, porosity, fluid
viscosity, rock and fluid compressibility

Constant-Termial-Rate
Solution

Exponential Integral

Approximation of Ei Function

Exercise 7
An oil well is producing at a constant flow rate of 300 STB/day under
unsteady-state flow conditions. The reservoir has the following rock and fluid
properties
Bo=1.25 bbl/STB, μ=1.5cp, ct=12 x 10-6 psi-1
ko=60 md, h=15 ft, pi=4000 psi,
φ = 15%, rw=0.25 ft,
1.Calculate the pressure at radii of 0.25, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000,
and 2500 ft, for 1 hour. Plot the results as:
• pressure versus the logarithm of radius
• pressure versus radius
2.Repeat question 1 for t=12 hours and 24 hours. Plot the results as pressure
versus logarithm of radius

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Part II

Basic Properties and

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 1

Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas

□ Used to classify reservoir fluids

□ Used to develop different strategies to

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 3

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 4

Black Point line

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 8

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 10

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 11

Quantity Description Unit/Value

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 13

Gas density is calculated from the definition of

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 14

The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 15

Z-factor can be expressed as: Z=Z(ppr,Tpr) where

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 16

Step 2: Calculate pseudo-reduced

Step 3: Use Standings-Katz chart

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 17

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 18

Component yi Mi Tci,°R pci

CO2 0.02 44.01 547.91 1071

N2 0.01 28.01 227.49 493.1

C1 0.85 16.04 343.33 666.4

C2 0.04 30.1 549.92 706.5

C3 0.03 44.1 666.06 616.4

i - C4 0.03 58.1 734.46 527.9

n - C4 0.02 58.1 765.62 550.6

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 19

Corrected pseudo-critical pressure:

Pseudo-critical temperature adjustment factor

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 20

Component Mole fraction

Determine the density of the gas mixture at 1,000

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 21

Step 2: Calculate the adjustment parameters:

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 22

Step 4: Calculate the adjusted pseudo-critical

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 23

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 25

The crude oil density is defined as the mass of a

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 26

The API gravity of crude oils

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 27

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 28

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 29

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 30

• Rhombohedral packing • Cubic packing

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 31

Rock matrix Pore space

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 33

□ Permeability is a property of the

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 34

□ When the medium is completely

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 35

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 36

□ Relative permeability is defined as the

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 37

* Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 38