PROBLEM 30 S = pitch (m)

A dipole antenna requires to be fed with λ = wavelength (m)

20kW of power to produce a given signal
Solution:
strength to a particular distant point. If the
addition of a reflector makes the same field 𝐷 2 𝑁𝑆
strength available with an input power of 𝐺(𝑑𝐵) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔15 (𝜋 ) ( )
λ λ
11kW, what is the gain in dB obtained by the
λ 2 λ
use of the reflector? (Gain referred to this (10) (4)
particular dipole). 𝐺(𝑑𝐵) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔15 [𝜋 ( 3 )]
λ λ
Notations:
𝐺 = 16.1 𝑑𝐵
G = power gain (dB)
Where:
ERP = effective radiated power (W)
λ λ
Solution: 𝐷= ; 𝑁 = 10 ; 𝑆 =
3 4
𝐸𝑅𝑃 𝐸𝑅𝑃 ∴ The power gain of the helical antenna in
𝐺1 = ; 𝐺2 =
20 𝑘𝑊 11 𝑘𝑊 dB id 16.1
𝐸𝑅𝑃
𝐺2 11 𝑘𝑊 = 20 𝑘𝑊
=
𝐺1 𝐸𝑅𝑃 11 𝑘𝑊 PROBLEM 32
20 𝑘𝑊
20 𝑘𝑊 The frequency of operation of a dipole
𝐺(𝑑𝐵) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) antenna cut to length of 3.4m.
11 𝑘𝑊
𝐺(𝑑𝐵) = 2.6 𝑑𝐵 Notations:

∴ The power of the antenna in dB is 2.6 L = antenna length (m)

λ = wavelength (m)

PROBLEM 31 c = speed of light (m/s)

What is the gain, in dB of a helical antenna f = frequency (Hz)

with diameter of 𝜆⁄3 , 10 turns at pitch of Solution:
𝜆⁄4, used at 100 MHz?
λ λ
Notations: 𝑙= ; 3.4 =
2 2
G = power gain (dB) c
λ = 2(3.4) = 6.8 =
𝑓
D = helix diameter (m)
3𝑥108 𝑚
N = number of turns c 𝑠
𝑓= =
6.8 6.8
𝑓 = 44.12 𝑀𝐻𝑧 delivers a 2-microvolt signal under identical
circumstances.
∴ The operating frequency of the dipole
antenna is 44.12 MHz. Solution:
𝑉2
𝑑𝐵 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑉1
PROBLEM 33
1
What is the effective radiated power (ERP) of 𝑑𝐵 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔
2
a repeater with 200 W transmitting power
output, 2dB feedline loss, 2dB duplexer loss, 𝑑𝐵 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = −6
3dB circulator loss and feedline antenna gain Where:
of 10dB?
𝑉2 = 1µ𝑉
Notations:
𝑉1 = 2µ𝑉
ERP = effective radiated power (W)
∴ The power gain of the receiving antenna
Pin = power input at the feedpoint (W) is -6dB
Pt = transmitter power output (W)

Solution: PROBLEM 35
𝐸𝑅𝑃 = (𝑃𝑖𝑛 )(𝐺) The actual length of the Marconi antenna
𝐸𝑅𝑃 = (39.8)(10) = 398 𝑊 used in AM transmitter is 34 m. What is the
operating frequency of the transmitter, if the
Where: velocity factor is 0.9?
𝑃𝑖𝑛 (𝑑𝐵𝑊) = 𝑃𝑡 (𝑑𝐵𝑊) − 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 Notations:
200 La = antenna length (m)
𝑃𝑖𝑛 (𝑑𝐵𝑊) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
1
λ = wavelength (m)
𝑃𝑖𝑛 (𝑑𝐵𝑊) = 23 − 7
Vp = phase velocity (m/s)
𝑃𝑖𝑛 (𝑑𝐵𝑊) = 16 𝑑𝐵𝑊 = 39.8 𝑊
f = frequency (Hz)
𝐺 = 10𝑑𝐵 = 10
Solution:
∴ The effective radiated power is 398 W.
λ
𝐿𝑎 =
4
PROBLEM 34 λ = 4L = 4(34) = 136𝑚
Determine the dB gain of a receiving antenna 𝑉𝑝 𝑉𝑓 𝐶
which delivers a microvolt signal to a λ= =
𝑓 𝑓
transmission line over that of an antenna that
 𝑉𝑓 𝐶 0.9(3𝑥108 ) G = power gain (absolute value)
𝑓= = = 1.98 𝑀𝐻𝑧
λ 136
η = efficiency
∴ The operating frequency of the
Solution:
transmitter is 1.98 MHz.
D = 2.14 dB
D(dB) = 10logD
PROBLEM 36
𝐷(𝑑𝐵) 2.14
What is the ohmic resistance of the antenna, 𝐷 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔−1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔−1 = 1.64
10 10
if the efficiency of the antenna is 0.96 and the
radiation resistance is 72Ω. G = ηD = (0.92) (1.64)

Notations: G = 1.51

Rrad = radiation resistance (Ω) ∴ The power gain of the antenna is 1.51.

Rd = ohmic resistance (Ω)

η = antenna efficiency PROBLEM 38

Solution: The output power of an FM transmitter is

25W. If the gain of the antenna referred to
𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑
η = is0tropic is 50, what is the ERP of the
𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 + 𝑅𝑑
antenna?
1 𝑅𝑑
= 1+ Notations:
η 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑
EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
1 1
𝑅𝑑 = 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 ( − 1) = 72 ( )−1 (dBW)
η 0.96
Pin = power input (W)
𝑅𝑑 = 3Ω
Giso = gain with respect to isotropic antenna
∴ The ohmic resistance of the antenna is
3Ω. ERP = Effective Radiated Power (dBW)

Solution:
(25)(50)
PROBLEM 37 EIRP = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑖𝑠𝑜 = = 1250 𝑊
1
What is the gain of a half-wave dipole 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃
antenna if the antenna has an efficiency of 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 30.97 𝑑𝐵𝑊
1𝑊
92%?
ERP = EIRP – 2.14 dB = 30.97 – 2.14
Notations:
ERP = 28.83 dBW
D = directivity gain (dB) = 2.14 for half-wave
dipole
∴ The effective radiated power is 28.83 PROBLEM 40
dBW
A helical shape antenna with eight turns is
used to track a satellite that is operating at 1.2
GHz. If the spacing for the antenna is 10cm,
PROBLEM 39
what is the beamwidth of the antenna?
A satellite tracking device uses a helical
Notations:
antenna that is operating at 1.2 GHz. If the
optimum diameter of the antenna is 8 cm and G = power gain (dB)
10 turns, what is the gain of the antenna?
D = helix diameter (cm)
Notations:
N = number of turns
G = power gain (dB)
S = pitch (cm)
D = helix diameter (cm)
λ = wavelength (cm)
N = number of turns
f = frequency (Hz)
S = pitch (cm)
𝜙 = beamwidth (degrees)
λ = wavelength (cm)
Solution:
f = frequency (Hz)
52 52
𝜙= =
c = speed of light (m/s) 𝜋 √𝑁𝑆 8 8(10)
𝜆 𝜆 𝜋( )√
25 25
Solution:
𝜙 = 28.9°
𝜋 2 𝑁𝑆
𝐺𝒅𝑩𝒊 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 [15 ( ) ( )]
𝜆 𝜆 Where:

𝜋(8) 2 (10)(6.25) 𝑐 3𝑥108

𝐺 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 [15 ( ) ( )] 𝜆= =
25 25 𝑓 1.2𝑥109

G = 15.78 dBi 𝜆 = 25 𝑐𝑚

Where: 𝜆 25
𝐷= = = 8 𝑐𝑚
𝜋 𝜋
𝜆 25
𝑆= = = 6.25 𝑐𝑚 ∴ The beamwidth of a helical antenna is
4 4
28.9 degrees.
𝑐 3𝑥108
𝜆= =
𝑓 1.2𝑥109

𝜆 = 25 𝑐𝑚

∴ The gain of the helical antenna with

respect to isotropic antenna is 15.78 dB.