Chagatai Khanate

The Chagatai Khanate (Mongolian: Цагаадайн Хаант Улс Tsagadaina Khaanat Ulus) was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate[6][7] that
comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan,[8] second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors. Initially it was a part of the
Chagatai Khanate
Mongol Empire, but it became a functionally separate khanate with the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire after 1259. The Chagatai Khanate Цагаадайн Хаант Улс
recognized the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty in 1304,[9] but became split into two parts in the mid-14th century: the Western Chagatai Tsagadaina Khaanat Ulus
Khanate and the Moghulistan Khanate. 1225 – 1340s (Whole)
At its height in the late 13th century, the Khanate extended from the Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains in the border of
1340s–1370 (Western)
modern-day Mongolia and China.[10]
1340s–1680s (Eastern)

The khanate lasted in one form or another from 1220s until the late 17th century, although the western half of the khanate was lost to Timur's
empire by 1370. The eastern half remained under Chagatai khans, who were, at times, allied or at war with Timur's successors, the Timurid
dynasty. Finally, in the 17th century, the remaining Chagatai domains fell under the theocratic regime of Afaq Khoja and his descendants, the
Khojas, who ruled Xinjiang under Dzungar and Manchu overlordships consecutively.

Contents The Chagatai Khanate (green), c. 1300.

Formation Status Nomadic empire
The Chagatai Khanate after Chagatai Division of the
Mongol Empire
Fall
Lineage
Capital Almaliq, Qarshi

See also Common languages Mongolian,[1]

Chagatai
Notes
language[2][3]
References
Citations Religion Shamanism,
Sources Buddhism,
Tengrism (earlier)
External links Sunni Islam
(later)

Government Semi-elective
Formation monarchy, later
hereditary
Genghis Khan's empire was inherited by his third son, Ögedei Khan, the designated Khagan who personally controlled the lands east of Lake monarchy
Balkhash as far as Mongolia. Tolui, the youngest, the keeper of the hearth, was accorded the northern Mongolian homeland. Chagatai Khan, the Khan
second son, received Transoxiana, between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers (in modern Uzbekistan) and the area around Kashgar. He made • 1225–1242 Chagatai Khan
his capital at Almaliq near what is now Yining City in northwestern China.[11] Apart from problems of lineage and inheritance, the Mongol
Legislature Kurultai
Empire was endangered by the great cultural and ethnic divide between the Mongols themselves and their mostly Islamic Iranian and Turkic
Historical era Late Middle Ages
subjects.
• Chagatai Khan 1225
When Ögedei died before achieving his dream of conquering all of China, there was an unsettled transition to his son Güyük Khan (1241) inherited part of
overseen by Ögedei's wife Töregene Khatun, who had assumed the regency for the five years following Ögedei's death. The transition had to be
Mongol Empire
• Death of Chagatai 1242
ratified in a kurultai, which was duly celebrated, but without the presence of Batu Khan, the independent-minded khan of the Golden Horde.[12]
• Chagatai Khanate 1340s
After Güyük's death, Batu sent Berke, who maneuvered with Tolui's widow, and, in the next kurultai (1253), the Ögedite line was passed over for split into Western
Möngke Khan, Tolui's son, who was said to be favorable to theChurch of the East.[13] The Ögedite ulus was dismembered; only the Ögedites who and Moghulistan
[nb 1]
did not immediately go into opposition were given minor fiefs. • End of the western 1370
empire
In the book The Travels of Ibn Battuta we see Ibn Battuta had made his way to the camp of Tarmashirin who was the current Mongol Sultan and • End of the eastern 1680s
empire
descendent of Jengiz Khan. When he arrived the king had called over Ibn Battuta to his tent and they had both treated each other respectfully and
Area
Kindly. The king had asked about his journeys through major cities such as Mecca and Jerusalem and Ibn Battuta had answered back. During the
1310 or 1350 3,500,000 km2
hour of prayer the Sultan had called for the priest to wait for him before starting prayer, yet the priest didn't wait for the prayers were for god not
est.[4][5] (1,400,000 sq mi)
the Sultan and the Sultan had arrived late. The Sultan began to interact with his people and Ibn Battuta saw that he was loved and respected by his
Currency Coins (dirhams,
people. The Sultan had given Ibn some money and sent him off on his journey once more. Yet the Sultan had broken some of the rules to stay as
Kebek, and pūl)
Sultan and was later overthrown and killed by one of his [15]
cousins.
Preceded Succeeded by
Chagatai modern day is located in parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, ajikistan,
T and Kyrgyzstan. by
Mongol Western
The Chagatai Khanate after Chagatai Empire Chagatai
Khanate
Chagatai died in 1242, shortly after his brother Ögedei. For nearly twenty years after this the Chagatai Khanate was little more than a dependency Moghulistan
of the Mongol central government, which deposed and appointed khans as it pleased. The cities of Transoxiana, while located within the Timurid
Empire
ficials who answered directly to the Great Khan.[16]
boundaries of the khanate, were administrated by of
Afaq Khoja
This state of subservience to the central government was ended during the reign of Chagatai's grandson Alghu (1260–1266), who took advantage
Dzungar
Khanate
of the Toluid Civil War between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke by revolting against the latter, seizing new territories and gaining the allegiance of
the Great Khan's authorities in Transoxiana.[17] Most of the Chagatayids first supported Kublai but in 1269 they joined forces with the House of
Ögedei.[18]

Alghu's eventual successor, Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq (1266–1271), who expelled Kublai Khan's governor in Xinjiang soon came into conflict with the Ögedite Kaidu, who gained the support of the Golden
Horde and attacked the Chagatayids.[19] Baraq was soon confined to Transoxiana and forced to become a vassal of Kaidu.[20] At the same time, he was at odds with Abaqa Khan, the Ilkhan, who ruled
his Ilkhanate in Iran. Baraq attacked first, but was defeated by the Ilkhanate army and forced to return toransoxiana,
T where he died not long after.[21]

The next several Chagatayid khans were appointed by Kaidu,[22] who maintained a hold upon the khanate until his death. He finally found a suitable khan in Baraq's son Duwa (1282–1307), who
participated in Kaidu's wars with Kublai khan and his successors of the Yuan dynasty.[23] The two rulers also were active against the Ilkhanate.[24] After Kaidu's death in 1301, Duwa threw off his
[25]
allegiance to his successor. He also made peace with the Yuan dynasty and paid tributes to the Yuan court; by the time of his death the Chagatai Khanate was a virtually independent state.
Fall
Duwa left behind numerous sons, many of whom became khans themselves. Included among these are Kebek (1309, 1318–1326), who instituted a
standardization of the coinage and selected a sedentary capital (at Qarshi), and Tarmashirin (1326–1334), who converted to Islam and raided the
Delhi Sultanate in India. Tarmashirin, however, was brought down by a rebellion of the tribes in the eastern provinces, and the khanate became
increasingly unstable in the following years. In 1346 a tribal chief, Amir Qazaghan, killed the Chagatai khan Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur during a
revolt.[26]

The Chagatai Khanate split into two parts in the 1340s.[27] In Transoxiana in the west, the mostly Muslim tribes, led by the Qara'unas amirs, seized
control. In order to maintain a link to the house of Genghis Khan, the amirs set several descendants of Chagatai on the throne, though these khans
ruled in name only and had no real power. The eastern part of the khanate, which had been largely autonomous for several years as a result of the
The Chagatai Khanate and its neighbors
weakening power of the khans, meanwhile became independent under the Chagatayid Tughlugh Timur. This eastern portion (most of which was
in the late 13th century
known as "Moghulistan") was, in contrast to Transoxiana, primarily inhabited by Mongols and largely followed Buddhism and Mongolian
shamanism.

The two halves of the Chagatai Khanate were briefly reunited in the 1360s by Tughlugh Timur, who invaded Transoxiana twice and attempted to establish his authority there. Following his death in 1363
his successors ruled only over the east, while control of Transoxiana was contested by two tribal leaders, Amir Husayn (the grandson of Qazaghan) and Timur or Tamerlane. Timur eventually defeated
Amir Husayn and gained mastery over Transoxiana (1369–1405). Like his predecessors, Timur maintained a puppet khan on the throne to legitimatize his rule, but his khans were members of the house
of Ögedei rather than descendants of Chagatai.[28] After he died in 1405 his successors, theTimurids, are also reported to have had their own shadow khans until the mid-15th century
.

The eastern half of the khanate remained in the hands of the descendants of Tughlugh Timur for several centuries, although it was itself split into multiple successor states in the 1500s. The last
independent Chagatai Khanate, theYarkent Khanate, was conquered by theDzungar Khanate in the Dzungar conquest of Altishahrfrom 1678–1680.

Lineage

Genghis
Khan
Great Khan of
                                     

the Mongol
Empire
1206–1227
                                     
                   

                                       

Chagatai
Ogedei Khan
Khan
Great Khan of
Khan of the
 

Jochi    

Tului          

the Mongol  

Chagatai
Empire
Khanate
1229–1241
1226–1242
                                         
                           

                                         

Yesü
Möngke
Khan of the
         

Baidar  

Sarban  

Khashi        

Chagatai
Khanate
1246–1252
                                                                   

Mutukan        

Alghu  

Negübei  

Khaidu        

Khan of the Khan of the

 Chagatai Chagatai
Khanate Khanate
1260–1266 1270–1272
                 
                                             

                   

Qara Hülegü
Khan of the
Danishmendji Ali Sultan
Chagatai
Khan of the Khan of the
Khanate
Büri    

Yesünto'a        

Chagatai  

Chagatai
First Reign
Khanate Khanate
1242–1246
1346–1348 1342
Second Reign
1252
                                                                 

Mubarak
Shah Suurgatmish
Khan of the Baraq Khan Khan of the
Chagatai Khan of the Western
Qadaqchi  

Khanate  

Chagatai        

Chagatai
Khanate Khanate
First Reign
1266–1270 1370–1384
1252–1260
Second Reign
1266
         
                                                       

         

Sultan
Buqa Temür Taliqu D'ua Mahmud
Khan of the Khan of the Khan of the Khan of the
Chagatai  

Chagatai  

Chagatai        

Western
Khanate Khanate Khanate Chagatai
1272–1282 1308–1309 1282–1307 Khanate
1384–1402
                                                   
           

                                                             

Kebek
Khan of the
Konchek Eljigidey Esen Buqa I D'ua Temür Tarmashirin
Chagatai
Khan of the Khan of the Khan of the Khan of the Khan of the
Khanate
Orüg Temür  

Chagatai    

Chagatai  

Chagatai  

Chagatai  

Chagatai  

Ebugen
First Reign
Khanate Khanate Khanate Khanate Khanate
1309–1310
1307–1308 1325–1329 1310–1318 1329–1330 1330–1334
Second Reign
1318–1325
       
                                                               

     

Tughlugh
Timur
Khabul Shah
Khan of Buzan Changshi
Khan of the
Moghulistan Khan of the Khan of the
Western
Yasa'ur  

Pulad            

1347–1363  

Chagatai      

Chagatai
Chagatai
Khan of the Khanate Khanate
Khanate
Chagatai 1334–1335 1335–1338
1364–1370
Khanate
1360–1363
             
                                                     

           

Qazan Khan Muhammad I

Ilyas Khoja Khizr Khoja
Khan of the Khan of the
Khan of Khan of
Chagatai  

Chagatai                                

Moghulistan Moghulistan
Khanate Khanate
1363–1368 1389–1399
1343–1346 1342–1343

             
                                                   

           

Adil Sultan
Shams-i-
Khan of the Muhammad II
Jahan
Western Khan of
                         

Khan of  

Chagatai Moghulistan
Moghulistan
Khanate 1408–1415
1399–1408
1363
         
                                                     

         

Naqsh-i- Sher
Jahan Muhammad
Sher Ali
Khan of Khan of
                                   

Oghlan
Moghulistan Moghulistan
1415–1418 1421–1425
                                             

                                       

Vais Khan
 Khan of
Moghulistan
First Reign
1418–1421
Second Reign
1425–1429
             
                                       

           

Yunus Khan
Khan of
Eastern Esen Buqa II
                                   
Moghulistan  
Khan of
1462–1487 Moghulistan
Khan of 1429–1462
Moghulistan
1469–1487
           
                                         

           

Mahmud
Dost
Ahmad Alaq Khan
Muhammad
Khan of Khan of the
                               

Khan of
Uyghuristan Western
Uyghuristan
1487–1503 Moghulistan
1462–1468
1487–1508
             
                                         

           

Mansur Khan
Sultan Said Kebek
Khan of
Khan Sultan
Uyghuristan
Khan of the Oghlan
                         

1503–1543      

Western Khan of
Khan of
Moghulistan Uyghuristan
Moghulistan
1514–1533 1469
1508–1514
         
                                                 

         

Muhammad
Shah Khan
Khan
Khans of Khan of
                           

Khan of
Yarkent Uyghuristan
Uyghuristan
1543–1560
?–1570

See also
List of Chagatai khans
List of Mongol states
List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans
Division of the Mongol Empire

Notes
1. For example Kaidu, who received Qayaliq, in modern Kazakhstan. He later revolted against Khubilai Khan and forcefully made the Chagatai khans his vassals for three decades,
as will be discussed.[14]

References

Citations
7. Upshur, Jiu-Hwa L.; Terry, Janice J.; Holoka, Jim; Cassar, George H.; Goff, Richard D.
1. Roemer, p.43
(2011). Cengage Advantage Books: World History(https://books.google.com/books?i
2. Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna (2015). Mani's Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans d=6RgJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA433) (5th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 433.ISBN 1-133-
from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Central Asia and ang-Ming
T China (https://boo 38707-1. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
ks.google.com/books?id=rUUpCwAAQBAJ&pg=P A156). BRILL. p. 156. ISBN 978-90-
8. Alternative spellings ofChagatai include Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai, Jagatai,
04-30894-7.
Chaghtai etc.
3. Kim, Hyun Jin (2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe(https://books.google.
9. Dai Matsui – A Mongolian Decree from the Chaghataid Khanate Discovered at
com/books?id=fX8YAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29). Cambridge University Press. p. 29.
Dunhuang. Aspects of Research into Central Asian Buddhism, 2008, pp. 159–178
ISBN 978-1-107-06722-6. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
10. See Barnes, Parekh and Hudson, p. 87; Barraclough, p. 127;Historical Maps on File,
4. Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006)."East-West
p. 2.27; and LACMA for differing versions of the boundaries of the khanate.
Orientation of Historical Empires"(http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/36
9/381) (PDF). Journal of world-systems research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X (http 11. Grousset 1970, pp. 253–4.
s://www.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X). Retrieved 20 November 2016. 12. Grousset 1970, pp. 268–9.
5. Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large 13. Grousset 1970, pp. 272–5.
Polities: Context for Russia".International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 499. 14. Biran 1997, pp. 19–20
doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053(https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053) . 15. Travels of Ibn Battuta[Gibb, p. 473 - 474]
JSTOR 2600793 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600793).
16. Grousset 1970, pp. 328–9.
6. Black, Cyril E.; Dupree, Louis; Endicott-West, Elizabeth; Matuszewski, Daniel C.;
17. Biran 1997, pp. 21–2.
Naby, Eden; Waldron, Arthur N. (1991). The Modernization of Inner Asia(https://book
s.google.com/books?id=TMoYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT57) . Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. 18. Allsen, Thomas T. (2004). Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia(https://books.goo
p. 57. ISBN 978-1-315-48899-8. Retrieved 20 November 2016. gle.com/books?id=0StLNcKQNUoC&pg=P A24). Cambridge University Press. p. 24.
ISBN 978-0-521-60270-9. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
19. Biran 1997, p. 25.
20. Biran 1997, pp. 25–6. 25. Biran 1997, pp. 71–8.
21. Biran 1997, pp. 30–2. 26. Grousset 1970, pp. 341–2.
22. Biran 1997, p. 33. 27. Sh. Tseyen-Oidov; "From the Genghis Khanto Ligden Khan" 2002
23. Biran 1997, pp. 50–2. 28. Grousset 1970, p. 416.
24. Biran 1997, pp. 59–60.

Sources
Barnes, Ian, Bhikhu Parekh and Robert Hudson.The History Atlas of Asia.Macmillan, p. 87. Macmillan, 1998.ISBN 0-02-862581-1
Barraclough, Geoffrey. The Times Atlas of World History. 4th Ed. Hammond World Atlas Corporation, 1993. ISBN 0-7230-0534-6
Barthold, W. "Caghatai-Khan." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 2. New Ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1965.
---. "Dughlat." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 2. New Ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1965.
Biran, Michal (1997). Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia
. Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-0631-3.
"The Chagatai Khanate". The Islamic World to 1600. 1998. The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary
. Retrieved 19 May 2005.
Elias, N. Commentary. The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia). By Mirza Muhammad Haidar. Translated by Edward Denison Ross, edited by N. Elias.
London, 1895.
Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1. Retrieved 20 November
2016.
Karpat, Kemal H. "The Ottoman Rule in Europe From the Perspective of 1994."
Turkey Between East and West. Ed. Vojtech Mastny and R. Craig Nation. Boulder, CO: Westview
Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8133-2420-3
Kim, Hodong. "The Early History of the Moghul Nomads: The Legacy of the Chaghatai Khanate."
The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy. Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David Morgan.
Leiden: Brill, 1998. ISBN 90-04-11048-8
Manz, Beatrice Forbes.The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1989.ISBN 0-521-63384-2
"Map of the Mongol Empire". LACMA.org. 2003. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
Mirza Muhammad Haidar. The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia). Translated by Edward Denison Ross, editedby N.Elias. London, 1895.
"Mongol Invasions of Russia, 12th–13th Centuries". Map.Historical Maps on File: Ringbound. 2nd Ed. Facts on File, 2002.ISBN 0-8160-4600-X
Roemer, H. R. "Timur in Iran." The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Ed. Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart. London: Cambridge
University Press, 1986.ISBN 0-521-20094-6
Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland, S. Frederick Starr
The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe, p. 29, at Google Books

External links
Media related to Chagatai Khanate at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_Khanate&oldid=888596541

"

This page was last edited on 20 March 2019, at 04:40(UTC).

Text is available under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to theTerms of Use and Privacy Policy.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of theWikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.