Cervical Spondylosis

Definition: Cervical spondylosis commonly known as cervical arthritis is a condition in which

there is deterioration of the vertebrae, discs, and ligaments in the neck or cervical spine. A
general term for age-related wear and tear affecting the spinal disks in your neck. As the disks
dehydrate and shrink, signs of osteoarthritis develop, including bony projections along the
edges of bones.

Background: Cervical Arthritis is a common, age-related condition that affects the joints and
discs in your neck. It is a chronic degenerative condition of the cervical spine that affects the
vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks of the neck, as well as the contents of the spinal canal
(nerve roots and/or spinal cord).Frequently, associated degenerative changes in the facet joints,
hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum, and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament
occur. All can contribute to impingement on pain-sensitive structures.

Signs and Symptoms: For most people, cervical spondylosis causes no symptoms. When
symptoms do occur, they typically include pain and stiffness in the neck. This pain can range
from mild to severe. It is sometimes worsened by activities in which the neck is held in the
same position for a prolonged period of time.

Other symptoms may include:

 Headaches
 Grinding or popping noise or sensation when you turn your neck
 Trouble walking, loss of balance, or weakness in the hands or legs
 Muscle spasms in the neck and shoulders

Anatomy: Your spine is made up of 24 bones, called vertebrae, that are stacked on top of one
another. These bones connect to create a canal that protects the spinal cord.T he seven small
vertebrae that begin at the base of the skull and form the neck comprise the cervical spine.

Lumbar spondylolisthesis

Definition: Spondylolisthesis (spon + dee + lo + lis + thee + sis) is a condition of the spine
whereby one of the vertebra slips forward or backward in relation to the next vertebra. It most
often occurs in the lower spine (lumbosacralarea). In some cases, this may lead to
your spinal cord or nerve roots being squeezed.

Background: Spondylolisthesis refers to the forward slippage of one vertebral body with
respect to the one beneath it. This most commonly occurs at the lumbosacral junction with L5
slipping over S1, but it can occur at higher levels as well. It is classified on the basis of etiology
into the following five types [1]
Signs and Symptoms:
Back or buttock pain.
 Pain that runs from the lower back down one or both legs.
 Numbness or weakness in one or both legs.
 Difficulty walking.
 Leg, back, or buttock pain that gets worse when you bend over or twist.
PIRIFORMIS SYNDROME

Definition: Piriformis syndrome is an uncommon neuromuscular disorder that is caused when the
piriformis muscle compresses the sciatic nerve.

Background: Piriformis syndrome is characterized by pain and instability. The location of the
pain is often imprecise, but it is often present in the hip, coccyx, buttock, groin, or distal part of
the leg. The history and physical findings are key elements in differentiating the more common
forms of LBP and piriformis syndrome. The literature and general knowledge on piriformis
syndrome is limited, compared with that of sciatica or disc herniation.

Signs and Symptoms: Piriformis syndrome usually starts with pain, tingling, or numbness in the
buttocks. Pain can be severe and extend down the length of the sciatic nerve. Such as while sitting on
a car seat or running. Pain may also be triggered while climbing stairs, applying firm pressure
directly over the piriformis muscle.

Medial Meniscus Tear

Definition: Injuries to the crescent-shaped cartilage pads between the two joints formed by the
femur and the tibia. The meniscus acts as a smooth surface for the joint to move on.
The menisci keep your knee steady by balancing your weight across the knee. A torn meniscus can
prevent your knee from working right.

Background: The physician treating an athlete with a known or suspected meniscal tear needs
to understand the structure and function of the meniscus and the factors involved in treating an
athlete with nonoperative versus operative treatment.

Signs and Symptoms: depends on the size and location of the tear and whether other knee
injuries occurred along with it. Pain can also be due to swelling and injury to surrounding tissues.

Inversion Sprain

Definition: is a sprain of ankle lateral collateral ligament, due to sudden subtalar joint inversion

Background: ankle sprain is usually that of an inversion-type twist of the foot followed by pain
and swelling. An individual with an ankle sprain can almost always walk on the foot, albeit
carefully and with pain.

Signs and symptoms:

 Pain/tenderness
 Swelling and/or bruising
[1]
 Cold foot or paresthesia (possible neurovascular compromise)
 Muscle spasm

Adhesive Capsulitis

Definition: Also known as Frozen Shoulder. A condition with limitation of motion in a joint due to
inflammatory thickening of the capsule, a common cause of stiffness in the shoulder.

Background: Adhesive capsulitis and frozen shoulder syndrome (FSS) are two terms that have
been used to describe a painful and stiff shoulder. The loss of passive range of motion (ROM) is
a critical element in establishing the diagnosis of a true frozen shoulder. Patients with primary
 frozen shoulder have no significant findings in the history, clinical examination to explain their
motion loss and pain.

Signs and Symptoms:

divided into three phases: painful, stiffening, and thawing.

Bicipital Tendinitis

Definiton: is an inflammation of the long head of the biceps tendon which is a common
cause of shoulder pain. In its early stages, the tendon becomes red and swollen. As tendinitis
develops, the tendon sheath (covering) can thicken. The tendon itself often thickens or grows
larger.

Background: Bicipital tendinitis, or biceps tendinitis, is an inflammatory process of the long

head of the biceps tendon and is a common cause of shoulder pain due to its position and
function. The tendon is exposed on the anterior shoulder as it passes through the humeral
bicipital groove and inserts onto the superior aspect of the labrum of the glenohumeral joint.
Disorders of the biceps tendon can result from impingement or as an isolated inflammatory
injury.

Signs and Symptoms:

 Pain or tenderness in the front of the shoulder, which worsens with overhead lifting or
activity
 Pain or achiness that moves down the upper arm bone
 An occasional snapping sound or sensation in the shoulder

Cerebellar Stroke

Definition: Cerebellar stroke syndrome is a condition in which the circulation to

the cerebellum is impaired due to a lesion of the superior cerebellar artery, anterior
inferior cerebellar artery or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.

Backgorund:

 Signs and Symptoms:

 Uncoordinated movements of the limbs or trunk.
 Difficulty walking, including problems with balance.
 Abnormal reflexes.
 Tremors.
 Vertigo—a feeling of spinning or whirling when you are not moving.
 Nausea and vomiting.
 Intense headache.