iii

ABSTRACT

Pile foundations may be required to resist significant lateral forces induced by

earthquakes, winds, waves, earth pressures and ship impacts. The performance of pile

foundations subjected to lateral load is of considerable importance in geotechnical practice.

Strengthening/retrofitting of such foundation structure is important to resist the increased

lateral loads due to changes in the use of the structure, or to address the design or construction

errors. In recent years, Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) jacketing has become popular to

retrofit/strengthen the existing deficient piles. The lightweight, high strength and corrosion

resistance of FRPs made them particularly suitable for repair. In this study, the performance

of the FRP strengthened long flexible-free headed piles subjected to static and cyclic lateral

loads were analysed. The main focus of this research is to determine the potential of FRP

strengthening for piles subjected to static and cyclic lateral loads. To establish confidently the

feasibility of using FRP for strengthening of piles, more information and performance data

were gathered in critical areas, such as strength and durability of FRP materials, interface

behaviour between FRP materials with soil, and soil-pile load transfer interactions.

Compressive, split tensile and flexural behaviour of FRP confined concrete specimens were

studied. The parameters varied in this study were wrapping materials (which include

Polypropylene fibre reinforced polymers). Soil-structure interfaces have a great influence on

the bearing capacity and load-deformation response of geotechnical structures. So it is

important to study the interface behaviour between FRP and soil.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I thank GOD the glorious Almighty for enabling me to complete this
project successfully.

I render my special thanks to Dr. M. ISAAC SOLOMON JEBAMANI BE

(Distiction),ME,Ph.D.,, Principal of Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli for
permitting me to do this project successfully.

I am grateful to Prof.S.SIDHARDHAN ME, Head of the Department, Computer

Science and Engineering Department, whose moral support has been inspiring.

I take this opportunity to express my thanks to faculty advisor Mr.M.MOHAMED

YOUNUS, for her encouragement and valuable support in completing my project work.

Next, I would like to thank my guide Mr.M.MOHAMED YOUNUS, for her

guidance in the right direction and for help towards my research and writing. She clears
all my doubts towards this research at any time when I needed. She provided lot of support
in completing this project work in time.

I sincerely thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of this department
for their assistance in completing my project.

PRABU M
 v

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO
NO
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS
1 INTRODUCTION 1-3
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 PURPOSE OF USING CEMENT PARTIAL
MATERIALS 2
1.3 OBJECTIVES 3
1.4 METHODOLOGY 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4-17
2.1 GENERAL 4
2.2 BEHAVIOUR OF PHOSPHOGYPSUM
IN CONCRETE 4
2.2.1 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.3 BEHAIOUR OF FLY ASH IN CONCRETE 7
2.3.1 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW 12
2.4 DURABILITY STUDIES OF CONCRETE 13
2.4.1 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW 17
3 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME 18-19
3.1 GENERAL 18
3.2 MATERIALS 18
3.2.1 CEMENT 18
3.2.2 FLY ASH 18
3.2.3 PHOSPHOGYPSUM 18
 vi

3.2.4 FINE AGGREGATE 18

3.2.5 COARSE AGGREGATE 19
3.2.6 WATER 19
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 20-24
4.1 CASTING OF SPECIMENS 20
4.2 TEST ON FRESH CONCRETE 20
4.3 TEST ON HARDENED CONCRETE 21
4.3.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 21
4.4 DISCUSSIONS 24
CONCLUSION 25
FUTURE WORK 26
APPENCIES 27
REFERENCES 30
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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE CAPTION PAGE NO

1.1 Cold rolling 3
1.2 Press breaking 3
3.1 Line diagram of the specimen 26
3.2 Image of the specimen 27
3.3 Specimen in UTM 27
3.4 Failure of the specimen 27
3.5 Line diagram of the given specimen 29
3.6 Section with property 30
3.7a Step command 31
3.7b Load command 31
3.7c Section with loading condition 31
3.8 Section with boundary conditions 32
3.9 Section with mesh 33
5.1 Experimental result 40
5.2 Experimental and analytical results 41
5.3 Failure pattern of the specimen 41
5.4 Stress diagram of the specimen 42
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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TABLE CAPTION PAGE

NO
4.1 7 days compressive strength
38
4.2 7 days split tensile strength
38
4.3 7 days flexural strength
38
4.4 14 days compressive strength
14 days split tensile strength 39

39
4.5 14 days flexural strength
4.6 39
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