mj;jpahak; 4

,yq;ifapd; ngsjpf gz;Gfs;

Ml;Gy flw; gpuNjrk;
flw;rl;lj;jpd; %d;whtJ ruj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> cyfpd; rfy fiuNahu ehLfSk; fiuNahu
vy;iyapypUe;J fly; iky; 12f;F cl;gl;l fly; vy;iyia mDgtpff ; yhk;. me;jg;gpuNjr vy;iyfNs
Ml;Gy flw; gpuNjrk; vd miof;fg;gLk; (glk; 4.1). ,yq;if ehl;bd; ,e;j Ml;Gy vy;iyahdJ
rl;lj;jpdbg;gilapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ml;Gy fly; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fl;gl;l epy> thd;> fly;
vd;gdTk; mtw;wpDs;Ns mlq;fpAs;s mj;jidAk; me;ehl;Lf;FupajhFk;. ,e;j Ml;Gy flw;gpuNjrj;jpy;
jPTfs;> kzw;wilfs;> fw;ghiwfs; Mfpa jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;fSk; cs;slq;Fk;
xU ehl;Lf;F cupikahd fly; vy;iyiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; ru;tNjr flw;rl;lk; 1994 etk;gu;
16Me; jpfjpapypUe;J cyfk; KOtJk; eilKiwf;F te;Js;sJ. ,yq;if me;j xg;ge;jj;jpy;
1982 brk;gu; 10Me; jpfjp ifr;rhj;jpl;lJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; ,yq;iff;F 200 fly; iky;
tiuapyhd jdpjJ ; tkhd nghUshjhu tyak; chpjJ ; ilajhFk;. ,e;j tyaj;jpy; cs;s ePhg ; g
; ug;gpYk;;
rKj;jpu mbj;jsj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; rfy tsq;fSk; ,yq;iff;FupajhFk;. ,yq;iff;F nrhe;jkhd
fly; vy;iyahdJ capUs;s capuw;w tsq;fspdhy; epiwe;Js;sJ. kzy;> fy;> fy;rpak;>
fhgNdw;W> nghw;whrpak; Kjyhdit fz;l NkilfspYk>; fz;lr; rupTfspYk; fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;
gl;ls;sJ.
ehfgl;bdk;

nfhr;r
; p ,e; j pah fly; iky; 12 (22.02fp.kP) (Ml;Gy ,iwik vy;iy)
ghf;F ePhpiz fly; iky; 24 (mzpj;jha; cs;s tyak;)
fly; iky; 200 (340.04fp.kP)
kd;dhu; (jdpj;Jtkhd nghUshjhu tyak;;)
jpUtde;jGuk;
fz;l Nkil
jpUr;nre;J}u;
jpUNfhzkiy

FkupKid
; y
i

fw;gplb
;
vy

,yq; i f
nfhOk;G
; pu
jj
rK
; pa
j
,e

fhyp
; f
qi
,y

,e;J rKj;jpuk;

Njrg;glk; 4.1
,yq;iff;F cupj;jhd fly; vy;iy
%yk;:- epymsitj;jpizf;fsj;jpd; ,yq;if Njrpa Njrg;glj; njhFg;G ghlrhiyf;fhdJ.

27
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf Gtpapay; 10
 nraw; g hL 1
q ,yq;ifapd; Ml;Gy flw;gpuNjr glnkhd;iw tiue;J
me;jg; gpuNjrk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpy;
tfpfF
; k; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.
jiuj; N jhw; w k;
fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J jiuapd; cauj;ij mbg;gilahff; fiuNahur;
nfhz;L ,yq;ifapd; jiuj;Njhw;wk; Ie;J tyaq;fshf rkntsp
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 4.2 Njrg;glj;ijg; ghu;f;fTk;. xt;nthU
tyaj; j pYk; Kidg; g hff; fhzg; g Lk; nghJg; g z; G fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,t;thW gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
cs;sfr;
1. fiuNahur; rkntsp-fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 30m tiu rkntsp

2. cs;sfr; rkntsp - 30m-300m kPw;wu; tiu

3. kj; j pa kiyehL - 300m kP w ; w Uf; F Nky; fy;Nyhahf;
Fd;Wj; njhFjp
4. rg;ufKt ghiwj;njhlu;
5. fy;Nyhahf; Fd;Wj; njhFjp
kj;jpa kiyehl;Lf;F njd;Nkw;Nf> rg;ufKth
kjj
; pakiyehL
kiyj; n jhlUk; > fpof; N f fy; N yhahf; Fd; W fSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it 300 kPw;wUf;F Nkw;gl;l cau;
epyq;fs; MFk;.
fiuNahur; rkntsp
,yq; i fapy; fly; kl; l j; j pypUe; J 30 kP w ; w u; rg;ufKtf; Fd;Wfs;
rkTauf;Nfhl;L vy;iy tiu fhzg;gLk; gpuNjrk; Njrg;glk; 4.2 ,yq;ifapd;
fiuNahur; rkntspf; F s; mlq; F k; . ,e; j tyak; jiuNjhw;w tyaq;fs;
tlgFjpapy; mfd; W k; njd; gFjpapy; xLq; f pAk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fiuNahu rkntspapy; jPT> Flh> fsg;G> Kid> fopKfk; Nrw;W epyk; Mfpa
tpNrl mk;rq;fs; gy cz;L.

r jPT - ehd;F gf;fq;fshYk; ePupdhy; #og;gl;l epyg;gug;G jPthFk;.

c- k;: kd;dhu; jPT
r Flh - %d;W gf;fq;fSk; epyj;jhy; #og;gl;L flw;gf;fj;jpy; tha; mfd;wjha; ctu;
ePupidf; nfhz;l flw;gpuNjrk; Flh vdg;gLk;.
c - k;: mWfk; Flh> nfhl;bahuf; Flh
r fsg;G - %d;W gf;fq;fSk; epyj;jhy; #og;gl;L flw;gf;fj;jpy; tha; xLq;fpajha;> Fwpgg
; pll
;
xU fhyj;jpy; khj;jpuk; flYld; njhlu;Gw;wjha;> ctu;euP pidf; nfhz;l Mokw;w
flw;gpuNjrk; fsg;G vdg;gLk;.
c - k; : Gj;jsk;> kl;lf;fsg;G
r Kid - fliy Nehf;fp Kidg;ghf ePzb ; Uf;Fk; epyg;gFjp Kid vdg;gLfpwJ.
c - k; : nja;Nte;jpu Kid> gid Kid
r fopKfk; - rpy ejpfs; flNyhL fyf;Fk; ,lj;jpy;> mJ gy fpisfshfg; gpupe;J fyf;Fk;.
ejpfs; nfhz;L tUk; nghUl;fs; mjd; Mw;W Kfj;jpy; Kf;Nfhz tbtpy;
(my;yJ tprpwp tbtpy); gbatplg;gLtjhy; cUthFk; epyg;gug;G fopKfk; vdg;gLk;.
,jid nly;ww ; h vdTk; miog;gu;.
c-k; kfhtyp fq;iff; fopKfk;
r Nrw;W epyk; - jho;epyq;fspy; MWfs; thupfn
; fhz;L tUk; nghUs;fs; gbatplg;gLtjdhy; ePu; gha;eJ
;
nry;y Kbahky; mq;Nf Njq;fp tpLtjhYk;> Mw;W ePuhdJ Mw;W maw;Gwq;fSf;Fg;
gutpg; gha;eJ
; mq;Nf Njq;fp tpLtjdhYk; Nrw;W epyq;fs; cUthfpdw ; d. c-k;
c-k; Kj;Juh[ nty> Nrhkhtjp
r Eio Flh - Mokhd EioFlhf;fSk; ,f;flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; cs;sd. ,it fg;gy; Jiwfs;
my;yJ JiwKfq;fs; miktjw;F Vw;wJ.
c - k; : fhyp Xq;fy;> jpUNfhzkiy

28
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf Gtpapay; 10
 nraw;ghL 2
r ,yq;ifapd; jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;fisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; Kg;gupkhzkhjphpg;
glnkhd; i w mikf; f . ,jw; F g; ghl Mrpupau; /Mrpupiaapd;
MNyhridiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;.

8 cs;sfr; rkntsp
30 kPw;wu; rkcauf; Nfhl;Lf;Fk; 300 kPw;wu; rk cauf;Nfhl;Lf;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l epyg;gFjp ,t;tyaj;jpy; mlq;Fk;. 4.3 Njrg;glj;ijg;
ghu;f;fTk;. ,r; rkntspapd; tlf;F> tlNkw;F> tlfpof;Fg; gFjpfs;
mfd;witahFk;. njw;F> njd;fpof;Fg; gFjpfs; xLq;fpaitahFk;.
ePz;l fhyk; mupg;Gf;Fs;shfpajhy; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; vr;rf;Fd;Wfs;
(nkhdhl; nehf;];) fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kpfpe;jiy> upjpfy> fjpu;fhkk;
vd;gd cjhuzq;fshFk;.
8 kj; j pa kiyehL Ntlu;kiy

4.4 Njrg;glj;jpy; kj;jpa kiyehL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Kd;G kpfpe;jiy

fw;w ,Utyaq;fspd; jiuj;Njhw;wk; Nghyd;wp> kj;jpa kiyehl;bd; upjpfy fJW
Fd; W
jiuj;Njhw;wk; rpf;fyhdJ. mg;gpuNjrk; KOtJk; 300 kPww ; Uf;F Nkw;gl;l ahg; g $t rPfpupah jpkG; yhfy
cauKilaJ. jiyfPohd Mq;fpy T vOj; J Nghd; W my;yJ eq;$u
tbtj;jpy; kiyj;njhlu;fs; mike;jpUg;gjidf; fhzyhk;. ,e;j eq;$u FUzhfy;
mikg;gpd; mbg;ghfj;jpd; Nkw;F gFjpy; rptndhspghj kiyj; njhlu;
cs;sJ. ,e;j kiyj;njhlupd; mjp cau;e;j rpfuk; rkdiy my;yJ gj; j is

rke;j $lk; (2237 kPww; u;) MFk;. fpof;Fg; gFjpy;; mg;Gj;jis- eKDFy
kiyj;njhlu; (2036 kPw;wu;) mike;Js;sJ. fpupfhy nghj;ijf;Fk;
(2395 kPw;wu;) gPJW jhyfhiyf;Fk; (2524 kPw;wu;) ,ilg;gl;l gpuNjrj;ij fjpu; f hkf; F d; W
eq;$uj;jpd; eLj;jz;lhff; fUjyhk;. ef;fps;]; kiy eq;$uj;jpd;
jiyg;gFjpahFk;. kj;jpa kiy ehl;bd; ,d;ndhU
rpwg;gk;rk; Nkl;L epyq;fshFk;. `l;ld;> ntypkl> fz;b> nfh];yhe;ij
vd;gd Kf;fpakhd Nkl;L epyq;fshFk;. fynfju> gyd> fpdpfj;Njd> Njrg;glk; 4.3 cs;sfr;rkntsp
kj; j pa kiyehl; b w; F s; Eioaf; $ ba gpujhd fztha; f shFk; . ,it tP j pfs; mikg; g jw; F
Kf;fpakhditahFk;. N`hl;ld; rkntsp> mk;Ngtnyr; rkntsp> rPjhvyparkntsp> %d;rkntsp> kj;jpa
kiy ehl; b y; mike; J s; s gpujhd rkntspg; g puNjrq; f shFk; . Gy; n tspfs; fhzg; g Ltjhy;
fhy;eiltsu;g;Gf;F ,it rhjfkhdit. Jd;fpe;ij> jpaYk> yf;\ghd mgu;Bd; Mfpa ePu;tPo;r;rpfs;
kiyehl;bd; jiuj;Njhw;wj;jpw;F mo$l;LtdthAk; mike;Js;sd. ,aw;if moFld; ePu;tPo;r;rpfs;
ePu;kpd;id cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

2125 kPw;wUf;F Nky;

1550 - 2125 kPw;wu; tiu
1 925 - 1550 kPw;wu; tiu
300 - 925 kPw;wu; tiu

1. ef;fps;]; kiyj;njhlu;
2. NgJUjhyfhy
4 8 kiyj;njhlu;
2 3 3. ,uhfiy kiyj;njhlu;
4. njhy];ghNf
7 kiyj;njhlu;
5
6 5. rptndhspghj kiyj;njhlu;
6. mg;Gj;jis kiyj;njhlu;
7. eKdFy kiyj;njhlu;
8. YZfiy kiyj;njhlu;

cU 4.1
Njrg;glk; 4.4 kj;jpa kiy ehL ePut
; o
P r
; r
; p

29
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf Gtpapay; 10
 rg; u fKt ghiwj; n jhlh;

,e;j tyak; kj;jpa kiyj;njhlUf;Fk; cs;sfr;

rkntspf; F k; ,ilapy; kj; j pa kiyehl; L f; F j;
njd;Nkw;Nf mike;Js;sJ. ,t;tyaj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;G
ahnjdpy; tlNkw;fpypUe;J njd;fpof;Fj; jpirahf
eP z ; L nry; Y k; rkhe; j ukhd ghiwj; n jhlu; f spd;
mikg;ghFk;. ,q;Fs;s GSj;;Njhl;il> ,wf;Fthid
kiyj;njhlu;fSf;fpilNa ,tw;Wf;Fr; rkhe;jukhf
xLq;fpa gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; mike;Js;sd. `pdpJk (661
kPw;wu;) Ff;FSfiyr; rpfuk; (704 kPw;wu;) nfhq;fiyr;
rpfuk; (1358 kP w ; w u; ) vd; g d ,q; F s; s xU rpy
kiyr;rpfuq;fshFk;. epy;ts fq;if> [pd; fq;if>
nge;Njhl;ilfq;if vd;gd ,k;kiyj; njhlu;fspy;
Cw;nwLf;Fk; MWfshFk;. ,yq;ifapd; kpfg;gioa
fhnldg; ghJfhf; f g; g l; L tUk; rpq; f uh[tdKk;
,t;tyaj;jpNyNa cs;sJ. Njrg;glk; 4.5 rg;ufKt kiyj;njhlh;

fy;Nyhahf; Fd;Wfs;
kj;jpa kiyehl;Lf;Ff; fpof;Nf mike;Js;s
Fd; W fs; , t ; t y a j ; j f ; F u p a d . , q ; n f h d ; W k ;
mq;nfhd;Wkhfr; rpjwpj; jdpfF ; d;Wfshff; fhzg;gLfpdw ; ik
,t;tyaj;jpwF
; ,ay;ghd rpwg;gk; rkhFk;. Nfhtpej ; fiy
kiyj;njhlu; (nt];w; kpd] ; u; d; mNg) nfhf;fhfiy>
Etufiy> ,q; f pdpahfiy> nkhduhfiy vd; g d
cjhuzq;fshFk;.
,f;Fd;Wg; gpuNjrj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; MWfSs;
Fk;Gf;fd; Xah> tpy; Xah> n`l Xah> fy; Xah
nraw; g hL 3
w ,yq;ifapd; ngsjpf mk;rq;fs;> nghUshjhuj;ij
cUthfFtjw;F toptFf;Fk; vd;w jiyg;gpy;
ifNaL xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.
w Rw; W yhg; gazpfs; gad; ngWk; tpjj; j py;
,yq; i fapd; Gtpapay; #oypy; mike; J s; s
,aw;if moFkpf;f ,lq;fs; gw;wpa rpW ifNaL
xd;W jahhpf;f.
w kj;jpa kiyehl;bd; khjpup xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.
w kj;jpa kiyehl;bd; jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;fis
Mjhukhff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag;
G+uzg;gLj;Jf. glk; 4'6
fy;Nyhaf; Fd;Wj; njhFjp
kj;jpa kiyehl;bd; cjhuzk; gad;ghL
jiuj;Njhw;w
mk;rq;fs;
vd;gd Kf;fpakhditahFk;.

,yq;ifapd; fhyepiy tyaq;fs;

xj;j fhyepiyj;jd;ikfs; epfOk; gpuNjrq;fs; fhyepiy tyak; vd miof;fg;gLk;.; fhyepiyia
epu;zapf;f cjTk; ntg;gepiy> fhw;W> kiotPor; r
; p vd;Dk; fhyepiyf; $Wfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W epfo;ej
; Jk;
,ilj;jhf;fq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ,yq;ifia ehd;F fhyepiy tyaq;fshf tFf;fyhk;.
(4.7 glj;ijg; ghu;f;fTk;)
1. jho;epy <utyak; 2. jho;epy cyu;tyak;
3. kiyehl;L <utyak; 4. kiyehl;L cyu;tyak;
(miu Fiw tws;tyak; vd;W tiuaWj;Jf; $wg;gLk; tlNkw;F> njd;fpof;Fg; gpuNjrKk;

30
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf Gtpapay; 10
 jho; e py cyu; tyak;
miuFiw tws; tyak;
r kiotPo;r;rp 1250kp.kPw;wu; - 2000 kp
r tUlhe;j kiotPor
; r
; p 650kp.kP - 1250 kp
kPw;wUf;F ,ilg;gl;ljhFk;.
kPww
; Uf;F ,ilg;gl;ljhFk;
r brk;gu; njhlf;fk; ngg;utup tiu tlfPo;
r Mz;nlhd;wpy; 30 - 60 ehs;tiu tul;rp gUtf;fhw;W %yk; kio fpilf;Fk;.
epyTfpwJ. r kiofhyKk; tuz;l fhyKk; epyTk;.
r xf;Nlhgu; njhlf;fk; [dtup tiu r epue;jukw;w kiotPor ; r
; pAk;> Mtpahjy;
Nkw;fhTif %yKk; #whtsp %yKk; mjpfkhf ,Uj;jYk; ,t;yaj;jpd;
kio fpilf;fpdw ; J. rpwg;ghd mk;rkhFk;.
r fpilf;fpdw; kiotPor ; r
; p FiwT. r Xu; Mz;by; 30 - 60 ehl;fs;
r Mtpahjy; mjpfk;. tiu tul;rp epyTk;.

kiyehl; L cyu; tyak;

kiyehl; L <utyak;
r kiyehl;L <utyaj;jpd;
r khj;jis> fz;b> Etnuypah>
fpof;Fg;gFjp
mg;Gj;jis Mfpa efuq;fis ,t;tyaj;jpwF; upaJ.
,izj;J xU NfhL tiue;jhy;
r ruhrup kiotPor ; r
; p
mjw;F Nkw;Nf cs;s gpuNjrk;
kiyehl;L <utyakhFk;. 1750mm njhlf;fk;
2000mm ,ilg;gl;ljhFk;.
r Mz;L KOtJk; kioiag;
r kiyehlhf ,Ue;j
ngWfpdw ; J. ruhrup kio tPor
; r
; p
3000mm MFk;. Mff; $Ljyhd NghJk; ; kiotP o ; r ; r p
kio tPo;r;rpia tl;ltisg; Fiwthf cs;sJ.
gpuNjrk; ngWfpdw ; J. fhuzk; fhw;nwhJf;Fg;
gf;fj;jpy; mike;jpUg;
r brk;gu; njhlf;fk; ngg;gutup
gjhFk;.
tiu tuz;l fhw;W tPRk;.

jho; e py <utyak;
r Mz;L ruhrup kiotPor; r; p 2000 mm f;F mjpfkhfTk; fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 300 m f;F Fiwthd
cauKk; nfhz;l njd;Nky; gpuNjrk; ,y;tyaj;jpDs; mlq;Fk;.
r ruhrup ntg;gepiy 270C tiuahFk;
r Nk - nrk;lk;gu; tiu njd;Nky; gUtg; ngah;rr
; pf; fhw;why; kiotPor
; r
; piag; ngWk;.
r khu;r; - Vg;uy;> xf;Nlhgu; - etk;gu; khjq;fspy; Nkw;fhTif %yk; kioiag; ngWfpd;wJ.
r Mz;L KOtJk; kiotPor ; r
; piag; ngWtjhy;> ,q;F cyu;gUtk; vd;gJ ,y;iy.
r ngg;utup> Mf];l; khjq;fs; mjp twl;rpahd khjq;fshFk;.

Njrg;glk; 4'7
,yq;ifapd; fhyepiy tyaq;fs;
nraw;ghL 4
1. jho;epy <utyak;> jho;epy cyu;tyak; Mfpa ,U fhyepiy tyaq;fspdJk;
NtWghLfis xg;gpLf.
2. ePqf
; s; trpfF
; k; gpuNjrk; mike;Js;s jiuj;Njhw;w tyaj;jpdJk; fhyepiy tyaj;jpdJk;;
ngaiuf; Fwpgg ; plL
; mq;F fhzg;gLk; jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;fSk;; fhyepiyapd; mk;rq;fSk;
kdpj eltbf;iffSf;F vt;thW Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

31
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf Gtpapay; 10
 ,yq;ifapd; ,aw;ifj; jhtuk;
kdpjdpd; jiyaP L fs; NeubahfNth>
kiwKfkhfNth> md; w p ,aw; i fahf xU
gpuNjrj;jpy; tsu;eJ; s;s jhtu %Lif ,aw;ifj;
jhtuk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;w J. kz;> ntg;g
epiy> #upaxsp kw; W k; kiotP o ; r ; r p Mfpa
rhjfkhd fhuzpfs; ,aw;ifj;jhtu tsu;r;rpapy;
gpujhdkhf nry; t hf; F nrYj; J fpd; w d. 4.8
Njrg; g lj; j py; ,yq; i fapd; ,aw; i fj; jhtu
tyaq; f isAk; kiotP o ; r ; r pg; guk; g iyAk;
ghu;ff
; yhk;. ,aw;ifj; jhtug; guk;gypy; kiotPor
; r
; p
vt;thwhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ vd;gjid
kiotPo;r;rpf; NfhLfisf; fhl;Lk; Njrg;glj;Jld;
xg;gpl;L ghh;j;jy; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
8 kj; j pa Nfhl; L <utyaf; fhLfs;
r 2000mm f;F Nkw;gl;l kiotPo;r;rp jho;epyg;
gpuNjrq;fspYk;> kj;jpa kiyehl;bYk; gue;J
fhzg;gLfpdw ; J. mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpll; q;fSf;fhf
(tptrhak;>efukakhf;fy;) fhLfs; mopf; f g;
gl; L s; s ikahy; ,d; W Muk; g ,aw; i f
fhLfspy; vQ;rpapUg;gJ> ru;tNjr kuGupikr;
nrhj;jhfpa rpqf; uh[ fhl;Lg;gpuNjrk; kl;LNkahFk;.

r jhtug; gy;tifik cz;L. c-k; n`hu> <ug;gyh>

nfhlgu> ehf kuk; Nghd;wd ,q;F fhzg;gLfpdw
; d.
caph; gy; t ifik fhzg; g LtJ tpNrl
,yl;rzkhFk;.

r gy;NtW gl;l cauq;fisf; nfhz;l

jhtuq;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gil mLf;Ffs;
gy cs;sd.
r ,t;Taukhd kuq;fspdbapy; fPot ; supfs;
fhzg;gLfpdw; d.
8 cyu; fyg;G vd;Wk; gRikahd fhLfs; b
(cyu;tyaf; fhLfs;)
r cyu; tyak; KOtJk; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
r rpykuq;fspd; ,iyfs; rpygUtq;fspy; cjpue ; J
;
tpLtjhy; cyh;fyg;Gf;fhLfs; vd;Wk; gRikahd
fhLfs; vd;Wk; ngau; ngw;Ws;sJ.
r ruhrup kiotPo;r;rp 1250mm - 2000mm MFk;.
Nk - Mf];l; tiu Nfhil fhykhFk;. tUlj;jpd;
xU gUtj;jpy; khj;jpuk; gUt kio tPor ; r
; piag;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjhYk;> mjpfupj;j MtpAapu; g ; G >
Mtpahf; f k; Mfpa fhuzq;fshYk; fhLfs;
mlh;jj
; pahf tsh;tjpyi; y.
r Kjpiu> fUq;fhyp> Ntk;G> ghiy> Nghd;w
ngWkjpahd kuq; f is ,q; F fhzyhk; .
r ahid> vUik> khd; fhl;Lg;gd;wp Mfpa
kpUfq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpdw ; d.
glk; 4.8
8 ,il ntg;gtya vd;Wk; gRikahd fhLfs; ,yq;ifapd; ,aw;ifj; jhtu tyaq;fSk; kiotPor
; r
; p
guk;gYk;
r <utyaj;ijAk; cyu;tyaj;ijAk; gpupfF
; k; vy;iyapd; ,UGwq;fspYk; mike;Js;s gpuNjrkhFk;. nkhduhfiy>
FUehfy;> jq;fhiy Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; ,f;fhLfisf; fhzyhk;.
r mjdhy; <utyaj; jhtuq;fSk;> cyu;tyaj; jhtuq;fSk;; ,ize;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kNfhfdp> kiy Ntk;G
Mfpa kuq;fs; ,jw;F cjhuzkhFk;.

32
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf Gtpapay; 10
8 kiyehl;L <utyaf; fhLfs;

r 1200 kPw;wu; caukhd gpuNjrq;fspy; mike;Js;sd. ruhrup tUl kiotPo;r;rp 2000mm f;F
mjpfkhFk;. ntg;gepiy 220c - 240c tiuapyhFk;.
r N`hl;ld; rkntsp> gPJWjhyfhiy> ef;fps;];> rptndhspghj kiy Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
r Njapiy> cUisf;fpoq;F Mfpatw;wpd; gapupr;nra;iff;fhf fhLfs; mopf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; fhLfs;;
gbg;gbahff; Fiwtile;J nry;fpd;wJ.
r kuq;fspd; cauk; 8 - 10 kPw;wh; mstpd fPd> [k;G (ty;rg;G) Mfpa kuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; jhtu xl;Lz;zpfshd Xf;fpl;Lf;fs;> ghrpfs;> iyf;fd; Mfpadtw;iwAk;
fhzyhk;.

8 Gd; d pyq; f s; ;

r Gd;dpyq;fspd; miktplk>; cauk; vd;gdtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; mit cyu; gj;jidg;

Gd;dpyk;> <ug;gj;jid Gd;dpyk; vd ghFg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

(i) cyu; gj;jid - ef;fps;]; kiyj;njhlupd; Nkw;Fg; gf;fr;rha;tpYk; Cth tbepyj;jpYk;

gutpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
1250 - 1900 kp.kPw;wu; tiuahd kiotPo;r;rp
khdh Gw;fs; ngUkstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(ii) <ug;gj;jid - 1400 kPw;wupYk; caukhd kiy gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
N`hl;ld; rkntsp> %d;rkntsp> rPjhvypa> mk;Ngty> fe;jnghy
Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

r gpgpiy> YZfy> mk;ghiw Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; ',Yf;" Gy;tiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,q;F fLf;fha; Gy;> ney;yp> fk;khY Nghd;w kuq;fs; (jPiaj;jhq;ff; $bait) ,lj;Jf;fplk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jid ~rtd;dh| Gy; epyk; vd miog;gu;.
r nky;ypa kl;;gil> tUlj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk; Ntfkhf tPRk; fhw;W> Fiwe;j kiotPo;r;rp vd;gd
Gy;ntspfspd; tsu;r;rpf;F cjTk; VJf;fshFk;.

8 gw; i wf; f hLfSk; > Kl; G ju; f Sk;

r ,yq;ifapy; tlNkw;F njd;fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

r 1000kp.kP - 1250kp.kP tiuahd kiotPo;r;rpiaAk; 270c ntg;gepiyiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
r tlfPo; gUtg;ngau;r;rpf; fhw;W %yk; kio fpilf;fpd;wJ.
r MWkhj fhy ePz;l tul;rpiaj; jhf;ff;$bajhd jhtuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,iyfs;
FiwT> Ks; tbT nfhz;l fs;sp> ehfjhsp> tplj;jy; mlk;gd; Kjypa Kjypa jhtuq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
r jbj;j gl;ilfisf; nfhz;l ghiy> tPiu Kjypa kuq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

8 fz;ly; jhtuq;fs;

r aho;g;ghzk;> Ky;iyj;jPT> jpUNfhzkiy> ePu;nfhOk;G> Gj;jsk;. kl;lf;fsg;G Mfpa

khtl;lq;fspd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; gutpAs;sd.
r flw;fiuf;fiur; #oYf;F ,irthd jhtuk;.
r Ntu;fs; ePupd; Nky; gue;jpUf;Fk; ,t;Ntu;fs; fau;Ntu;> fUNtu;> %r;RNtu; vd %d;W
tifg;gLk;.
r (fz;ly;> fpuy> fpq;nghy;> fud; nfhf;F> fl;L,fpyp) fz;ly; jhtuq;fspy; rpythFk;.
r ,uhtzd; kPir Kjyhd Ks; cs;s jhtuq;fs; ,tw;Ws; rpythFk;.

33
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf Gtpapay; 10
 ,yq;ifapy; jhtutsk; fhl;L tsq;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
mopTWtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; cj;jpfs;

v G+r;rpapdq;fspd; njhy;iy v gjpyPl;Lg; nghUl;fisg;

(tz;Lfs;;> kapu;f;nfhl;b> gad;gLj;jy;
nfhwtdtd;GO> fiwahd;) v khw;W vhpnghUs; tsq;fis
v #whtsp> Gaw; fhw;W fz;lwpjy;.
v fl;Lg;ghbd;wp kuq;fis ntl;Ljy; v kf;fSf;F mwpT+l;Ljy;.
- tPLfs; fl;Ljy;. v rl;lq;fis cupa tpjj;jpy;
- mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fs;. eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
- Nghf;Ftuj;J> kpd;rhuk; Nghd;w v kug;gyiffis gad;gLj;Jk;
eltbf;iffs.; NghJ Vw;gLk; tPz;tpuaj;ij
- rl;ltpNuhjkhf kuq;fis jLj; j y; .
ntl;Ljy;.
v kPs; fhlhf;fy;.
v jPitj;jy;
- Nridg; gapu;r; nra;iff;F v kuj;jpypUe;J cr;r gad;fis
epyq;fis jahh; gLj;Jjiy ngwy;.
Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
- kpUfq;fis Ntl;ilahLjy;> Njd;
Nrfupj;jy;.

nraw;ghL : 5

q fhl;L tsq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjdhy; Vw;gLk; gad;fs; gw;wpa ifNaL

xd;wpidj; jahupf;f.
q jhtuq;fspd; tsu;r;rpapy; fhyepiyapd; nry;thf;F gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

34
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf Gtpapay; 10