checkered history

blocking the flow of weapons to Africa’s civil war combatants during the
1990s.
targeted sanctions
try to rein in behavior they regard as threatening to peace and security.
currently maintains thirteen sets of sanctions. Overseeing them are nine
committees, the largest number of UN sanctions committees ever
individuals suspected of involvement in the February 2005 assassination
of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri
against four Sudanese nationals—two rebel leaders, a former air force
chief, and the head of a pro-government militia, accused of war crimes in
Sudan’s Darfur region. China, which has major oil interests in Sudan, has
blocked most efforts
no friend of Kashmir in SC?
there has been talk of possible UN sanctions against Burma amid reports
of intensifying political repression and human rights abuses
government of Muammar el-Qaddafi admitted to responsibility for the
1988 Lockerbie bombings and renounced its weapons of mass
destruction program, paving the way for the lifting of sanctions,
President Charles Taylor, who now awaits a war crimes trial in The
Hague. Sanctions within a larger framework of dispute resolution become
more robust and more effective,” he said. “The Liberia situation is one of
the chief ones.”

Sanctions are meant to be a last resort when it comes to addressing massive human rights
violations, This ability stems from the UN Charter. Under Article 41 of Chapter VII, The first
sanctions regime (or set of measures) was imposed in 1966 on Southern Rhodesia, today
known as Zimbabwe.
The basis for UN sanctions under international law derives from Chapter VII of the UN Charter, and more
specifically, Article 41, which covers enforcement measures not involving the use of armed force. While
Article 41 does not specifically mention the word “sanctions”, it lists specific sanctions measures to be
taken while at the same time making it clear that the list is not exhaustive: The Security Council may
decide what measures not involving the use of armed force are to be employed to give effect to its
decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such measures. These may
include complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic,
radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations. Article 41 has
been used by the Council for a range of purposes and measures other than sanctions, such as the
creation of international tribunals (e.g. the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and
the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) or compensation funds (e.g., UN Compensation
Commission).

UN Sanctions since 1963 The Security Council first imposed voluntary sanctions on the apartheid
regimes of South Africa in 1963 and Southern Rhodesia in 1965, which subsequently became mandatory
sanctions regimes on the unrecognised state of Rhodesia with resolution 253 (1968) and South Africa
with resolution 418 (1977). Comprehensive sanctions on Rhodesia were a reaction to the Unilateral
Declaration of Independence from the UK by the white minority regime, while targeted sanctions on
South Africa were a response to its apartheid system and its regional military aggression and pursuit of a
nuclear weapons capability. e, at least six of the current sanctions regimes could be categorised as
having a stated principal objective of resolving conflict: Somalia and Eritrea 751/1907, Liberia 1521,
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) 1533, Côte d’Ivoire 1572, Sudan 1591 and Taliban 1988
sanctions regimes. Considering the mandate of the Security Council to maintain international peace and
security, this should not be surprising, but it is interesting that these sanctions regimes are responding
to intrastate conflict rather than interstate conflict

three basic approaches can be inferred: weakening the target(s), enabling their military defeat;
facilitating a negotiated settlement by inducing the target(s) to engage in mediation (e.g., DRC and
Sudan regimes); or reinforcing implementation of a peace agreement (e.g., Liberia regime).

Protection of Civilians Several current sanctions regimes—such as Somalia 751, DRC 1533, Côte d’Ivoire
1572 and Sudan 1591—have in their designation criteria language regarding human rights and
humanitarian law violations (please see the sub-section on designation criteria below). The protection of
civilians from human rights and humanitarian law violations can thus be seen as an additional objective
of the Council in these cases.

a travel ban and asset freeze on Qaddafi and his family. Less than one month later, the Council noted a
lack of compliance with resolution 1970 and adopted resolution 1973 authorising the use of force to
protect civilians. Operative paragraph four states: Authorizes Member States that have notified the
Secretary-General, acting nationally or through regional organizations or arrangements, and acting in
cooperation with the Secretary-General, to take all necessary measures, notwithstanding paragraph 9 of
resolution 1970 (2011), to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack
resolution

6 Institutional Framework

Security Council Resolutions

Sanctions Committes Panels/Groups of Experts and Monitoring Groups 8

Process, Targets and Criteria

Listing and Delisting State and Non-State Designation Criteria 10

Types of Targeted Sanctions Diplomatic Travel Ban Asset Freeze Arms Embargo Commodity Interdiction
12 Implementation Compliance and Evasion Reform and Institutional Learning Legal Context

15 Evaluation, Options and Dynamics Concepts and Evaluation Possible Future Options Security Council
and Wider Dynamics

Aziz Ahmed Khan, a spokesman for Pakistan's foreign ministry

Anytime, anyplace, anywhere, at any level. It is up to India to respond."

India rejected the report prepared by the UN Office of the High Commissioner for
Human Rights (OHCHR), it was not alone in doing so
the Kashmir report was discussed, and six nations rejected the report authored by Zeid
Raad Al Hussein.
There were two from Asia (Bhutan, Afghanistan), one from Africa (Mauritius), one from
Eurasia (Belarus), and two from Latin America (Cuba, Venezuela).
While Pakistan's permanent representative to UN in Geneva, Farukh Amil, made an
ardent appeal on behalf of his own country to establish a commission of inquiry in
Jammu and Kashmir, he did not have much to add when he spoke on behalf of the OIC
(Organisation of Islamic Cooperation).
"The OHCHR report on Jammu & Kashmir also points to a grave situation in Indian
Administered Kashmir and needs appropriate follow up by this council," said the
Pakistan envoy on behalf of OIC.
Mauritian representative, Israhyananda Dhalladoo
Bhutan's representative Kinga Singye