2017 14th IAPR International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
A Comprehensive Survey on Handwriting and Computerized Graphology
Afnan H. Garoot Maedeh Safar
Department of Computer Science and Department of Computer Science and
Software Engineering Software Engineering
Concordia University Concordia University
Montreal, Canada Montreal, Canada
af_garou@encs.concordia.ca ma_safar@encs.concordia.ca
Abstract— Graphology is a technique used to assess the
writer’s personality traits from his/her handwriting features.
Manual feature extraction and analysis is a time consuming
and labor intensive task. Therefore, computerized
graphology systems have been developed by researchers to
overcome these issues. In this paper, we present the latest
state-of-the-art on computerized graphology systems.
Keywords— handwriting; graphology; recognition; feature
extraction; personality trait; handwriting analysis; computerized
graphology system.
I. INTRODUCTION
The study of a person’s character and personality from
his/her handwriting is known as Graphology or Handwriting
Analysis. Graphologists use handwriting as an indication of
personality trait represented by neurological patterns in the brain.
It is done first by extracting some specific features from the
handwriting samples. Then the extracted features are interpreted
based on some graphological rules. Handwriting analysis done
by a computer helps graphologists to reveal and identify
personality of a person in an automated way. Development of
computerized graphology systems is an active research area.
Therefore, the goal of this paper is to present a literature review
on their methodologies and achievements.
The paper is organized as follows: section II describes
graphology and handwriting features used in handwriting
analysis. Section III explains the problems associated with
extracting and analyzing features manually and describes
computerized graphology system and its advantages. Section IV
presents a state of the art on works related to computerized
graphology systems. Section V discusses the most recent papers.
Section VI summarizes our findings and presents future work.
II. GRAPHOLOGY
In [1], Graphology is considered as a modern form of
psychology that reveals personality traits, including emotional
outlay, fears, honesty, defenses and others, from the individual’s
handwriting, but not identifying the writer’s age, race, gender,
religion, or nationality. In other words, it is a technique used to
evaluate and interpret the character of the writer from his/her
handwriting [2]. Nowadays, there are different formal tests on
the market used to discover someone’s personality such as
aptitude studies, psychometric tests, and others. However, by
comparing the practicality of these different diagnostic methods,
it has been found that graphology is the fastest way.
2379-2140/17 $31.00 © 2017 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/ICDAR.2017.107
Ching Y. Suen
Department of Computer Science and
Software Engineering
Concordia University
Montreal, Canada
suen@cse.concordia.ca
As mentioned in [1], graphology is not a new research area,
its origins date back to the late 1900s and early 20th century.
Researchers started publishing books on handwriting analysis in
1552, in Spain. More than 100 universal traits and symbols in
handwriting have been assembled by researchers in the last
century.
There are many uses and applications of handwriting
analysis. The followings are the most popular applications used
today: dating and socializing, roommates and landlords,
entertainment at parties and conventions, business and
professional, employee hiring and human resources, police
profiling, self-improvements and professional speakers,
counsellors, therapists, and coaching applications [1].
Baggett [1] explained in his book how handwriting reveals
personality. He said that handwriting is often referred to as
‘brain writing’. Neuromuscular movement tendencies have been
categorized by research scientists in the neuroscience field as
they are related to specific observable personality traits. Each
personality trait is represented by a neurological brain pattern,
which produces a unique neuromuscular movement that is the
same for every person who has that personality trait. These tiny
movements occur unconsciously when we write. Each written
movement or stroke reveals a specific personality trait.
Graphologists analyze these strokes as they appear in
handwriting and describe the corresponding personality trait.
Ahmed and Mathkour [3] stated that there are some
handwriting features which are used by graphologists to assess
the personality traits. They used three kinds of measurements:
1) General Measurements, which give an overall impression
of handwriting. Graphologists associate personality traits with
the stroke quality. For example, a small stroke in superior
handwriting is a measure of good concentration, while in inferior
handwriting it measures pettiness.
2) Fundamental Measurements, which produce a primary
classification of handwriting patterns. For this purpose, eight
basic features are used. These features are: slant which defines
emotions, baseline direction which indicates the writer’s mood,
letter size which indicates power, continuity which indicates
mode, handwriting form (shape) which indicates natural impulse
and free choice, arrangement of lines on a page or words in lines
which indicate sense of organization and adaptability, pen
pressure which signifies the intensity, strength, and appetites,
and writing speed which depicts the rhythm of physical and
621
mental activity of the writers.
3) Accessories Measurements, which are graphic symbols
that appear in ‘t’ bars, ‘i’ dots, punctuation marks, capital letters,
signatures, numerals, initial and terminal strokes, covering
strokes, flourishes, upper and lower extensions or loops and
alphabet. The letter ‘t’ is the most important graphical symbol
that signifies the writer’s will power and activeness. The letter ‘i’
is the second most important graphic symbol which signifies the
speed, sphere of the imagination, intellect, ideals and aspiration.
In addition, the size of a capital letter represents the pride, vanity
and desire to impress others. The beginning strokes signify the
consciousness, immaturity, conventionality, love of gain,
selfishness, gaiety, while the ending strokes signify practicality,
aspirations, and courage of the writer. Moreover, the loops
occurring in letters also contribute personality related
information like intellectual and physical activities, moderation,
exaggeration, fluency of thoughts, idealism, aspirations,
ambition and spirituality, little vision of imaginations, and
realistic practical viewpoints, egoism, boastfulness, vanity,
timidity and inhibition, fear and apprehension for future etc.
III. COMPUTERIZED GRAPHOLOGICAL SYSTEM
In 1995, Sheikholeslami, Srihari and Govindaraju [4] mentioned
a number of problems associated with extracting features
manually from handwriting samples. These problems are: (1) it
is a tedious, subjective, and error prone task, (2) the same
features of the same handwriting sample might be extracted
differently by different graphologists, (3) the analysis of
graphologists might be influenced by the content of handwriting,
and (4) validity of graphology rules used in analyzing features is
still in question. Therefore, a computerized graphology system
has been developed in order to overcome these problems.
A computerized graphology system helps graphologists to
extract handwriting features and analyze them faster and more
precisely using computers. It takes a handwriting sample as an
input and produces a personality description of the writer as an
output. It usually consists of four main modules which are: 1)
scanning, 2) preprocessing, 3) feature extractions, and 4)
analyzing features. [7] mentioned a number of advantages of a
computerized handwriting analysis, which are: fast, accurate,
identifies the handwriting better than visual assessment,
efficient, and devoid of human errors. It is being applied in
different areas such as business, psychiatry, medicine and
criminology [3].
Previously, various researchers have studied handwriting
analysis with the aid of a computer. Several reviews are focused
on existing technologies and implementation of different
methodologies in graphology [17], various types of features [22]
and applications of personality assessments [23]. However, this
paper reviews related works on computerized graphology
systematically in terms of preprocessing operations, extracted
features, analysis techniques, used data bases and experimental
results.
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IV. RELATED WORKS ON COMPUTERIZED
GRAPHOLOGY SYSTEMS
Early research on computerized graphology system was done
in 1995 by Sheikholeslami et al. [4]. They developed a system
called Computer Aided Graphology (CAG), which consists of
four modules, which are: scanning, preprocessing, feature
extraction, and feature analysis. They performed three
preprocessing operations on scanned images, which are:
removing digitization artifacts, thresholding using Otsu method
[5], and guide line removal using Hough Transform algorithm
[6]. They segmented the input image into lines in order to extract
features. Based on information collected from line images, the
following features were extracted: page left margin, page right
margin, page bottom margin, line spacing, line direction, slant,
and upper, middle, and lower zone ratios. The system utilized
syntactic pattern recognition to interpret features. The developers
implemented a context free grammar that includes about 50 rules
to map features to interpretations. They used lex and yacc
software in lexical processing to generate the output code based
on the specified grammar. They used 25 handwriting samples as
a test data set. As a result, most of the features had the same
graphologist interpretations, but for some of them they were
different. In general, the output of the system was consistent
with graphologists' interpretation.
In 2004, an offline writer-independent handwriting analysis
system was presented [8]. They used classical crisp and fuzzy
methodologies in order to produce personality traits of the
writer. The system deployed an analytical handwriting analysis
approach based on two primitives, the baseline and the slant
angle of the characters. A non-fuzzy (crisp) paradigm was used
to evaluate the baseline while a fuzzy paradigm was used to
evaluate the slant-angle. They identified 15 personality traits and
created sets of rules.
A few years later, personality analysis based on small letter
‘t’ was proposed by Mutalib et al. [9] in offline handwriting. The
first step was recognition of small letter ‘t’ character from a
scanned image of documents once several methods of
preprocessing applied, then analyzing three different angles of t-
bars (up-turned, horizontal and down-turned) which would help
to determine the level of writers’ ambition at the moment of their
writing. This study used two back propagation neural networks
to recognize small ‘t’ character and to classify the level of
ambition.
In [3], the construction of an automated graphology system
was presented. The system deployed a rule-based method which
was equipped with the conventional pattern recognition
techniques and an inference engine to make decisions along with
an explanation. The architecture of the rule-based system
consists of three modules: feature extraction, inference engine,
and knowledgebase. Eight features were used by the system,
which are: slant, base line, speed, size, continuity, form,
arrangement, and pressure. However, six personality attributes
were computed by the system, which are: emotions, mood, self-
confidence, coherence of thoughts, strength and organization. 35
students’ handwriting samples were used by the system as a test
data set. Since the system presented in this study was in a
development stage, the results needed to be more accurate in
measurements, reliability, and the features needed to be
extracted in a finer manner.
In the following year, graphology has been used in
recruitment process in many human resource companies. In [10],
aptitudes of a job applicant were measured by developing a
model that links features from handwritten images to a number
of personality traits. They extracted the following features: the
slant, the slope, the margins, the line spacing, the size of the
script, angular writing and regularity in the writing frequency,
the pen pressure, image contours and fractal dimension. After
feature extraction process completed, data was classified using a
neural network. They took 98 samples from people of different
ages and languages. As a result, the classification got a
successful rate of 89%.
In 2010, Champa and Kumar [11] proposed a method to
recognize the trait of a person based on the baseline, the pen
pressure, and the letter ‘t’. They used polygonalization method in
order to evaluate the baseline and grey-level threshold value in
order to evaluate the pen pressure. For the position of the t-bar,
five predefined templates were specified to compare and match.
In the same year, Champa and Ananda Kumar [12] improved
their previous work and added several features such as the lower
loop of letter ‘y’ and the slant of the writing to review and
compare the results. The form of the lower part of letter ‘y’ was
calculated by the Generalized Hough Transform algorithm.
Template matching as a character recognition method and
hamming distance as a decision making technique are deployed
for obtaining the slant of writing. They used a database that
includes 120 handwriting samples from 120 writers who were
not the same. Their results showed high efficiency and
consistency between manual and automated method.
Another research was conducted in 2010 [13]. It was about
developing an automated method to predict the personal
behavior of individuals from the digital form of their
handwriting. They considered six main types of features: size of
letters, slant of letters and words, baseline, pen pressure, spacing
between letters, and spacing between words. They used
segmentation to calculate the features from digital handwriting.
Once the features were extracted, they were trained with Support
Vector Machine (SVM) which outputted the behavior of the
writer. Handwriting image samples were collected from 100
different writers, and then they were digitized using the scanner.
The proposed method gave about 94% of accuracy rate with a
Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel. This research has become
more complete in 2014 by Raut and Bobade [14]. Margins and
speed of the writing were added to the six features mentioned
above and all these eight parameters were given to the SVM as
an input. A variety of kernels such as linear and polynomial were
tested with SVM; however, the RBF produced a better accuracy,
near 90%.
In 2011, Champa and Kumar [15] published another paper
623
which focused particularly on the two important features to
analyze and predict the writer’s personality in offline system.
Baseline and writing pressure were the features considered by
them in this article. To categorize personalities, they applied a
rule-based approach with 9 rules formed by three types of
baseline (ascending, descending and level), and also three kinds
of writing pressure (light, medium and heavy).
In [7], an automated handwriting analysis method was
proposed to predict a person's behavior. The handwriting was
analyzed using image processing MATLAB. It consists of three
steps: image processing, feature extraction, and prediction. The
RGB (Red, Green and Blue) threshold was performed in order to
isolate the ink image from the background. Eight characteristic
traits of handwriting were determined: size of the letters,
baseline, pressure of the writing, slant of the writing, breaks in
the writing, spacing between the words, margins, and speed of
the writing. The handwriting samples were taken from 30 people
of different ages. They were analyzed manually by a handwriting
analyst and the inferences were made. The features determined
by the system were compared against a reference. The results
showed a good agreement with more than 80% of the cases
based on ideal manual analysis.
In the following year (2012), Grewal and Prashar [16]
worked on features like baseline, the letter slant, pen pressure
same as the other researchers as the main features which can
contain accurate information about the personality trait.
Furthermore, they did research on 6 common formations of the
letter ‘i’ and the letter ‘f’ which show the ability of planning and
organization of writer. After feature extraction, all these features
were used as inputs of ANN to predict personality of the writer.
At the same time, another study [17] examined existing
technology that can identify or predict personality traits. In
addition, they examined some technologies that identify and
authenticate handedness, authorship, gender using handwriting
samples. They also referenced several implementations of the
different methodologies/technologies and techniques. They
found that all technologies which have been discussed do not
have a complete vision and none of the tools can accurately
predict a deviant behavior.
In 2013, according to [18] another system was proposed to
predict the personal behavior of individuals from their digital
handwriting samples. The behavioral analysis was done based on
the following features: the pen pressure, the slant of letters and
the slant of baseline, the size of letters, spacing between words.
To implement the system, simple linear regression method was
used, which is an approach to model the relationship between a
scalar dependent variable y and an explanatory variable denoted
by x. The implemented method proved successful in analyzing
handwriting regardless of the language used.
Another automated system was presented in 2013 by Djamal
and Darmawati [19] who employed five structural features,
namely, margins, spacing between lines and words, domination
zone and baseline. This system used multi-structure algorithms
for classification of four features except baseline which resulted which are applied for personality identification through
in 97-100% accuracy rate, and utilized hill valley and artificial handwriting analysis. The principal part of this review is on
neural networks for baseline which did not lead to an impressive various features which are extracted in related works. Besides,
accuracy (78%). they mentioned steps of the procedure of identifying like
preprocessing, scanning, feature extraction and classification in
Several research studies have been done in 2015. Based on
brief. Kedar and Bormane [23] did another review on automatic
[20], a tool for predicting the personality traits from Farsi
personality assessment. It provides information about
handwriting was developed. The preprocessing steps included:
applications of personality assessment, various techniques used
pen width extraction, noise and scratch removal using a
for automatic assessment of personality, and guidelines for
morphological closing operation followed by a morphological
future research. It has been observed that the psychology tests
opening operation. After the completion of preprocessing
available for personality assessment usually include a long
operations, seven features were extracted: right and left page
questionnaire which is very time consuming and tedious. This
margins, word expansion, letter size, line and word spacing, line
leads a person to lie in order to create a fake and impressive
spacing, word spacing, line skew, the ratio of vertical to
personality. However, the online tools used for automatic
horizontal elongation of words, and slant. They used Support
personality assessment using handwriting analysis require basic
Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to predict the personality. The
knowledge of various writing features. Therefore, the person
input database included 120 handwriting samples from 120
with this knowledge can use these tools efficiently and
different writers. The system showed promising results. Another
effectively.
study was done by Gavrilescu [21] to analyze the link between
personality types and handwriting, through correlating the
The recent research in 2016, regarding automated graphology
handwriting features with the personality primitives in a neural
system reported a method developed for segmentation, baseline
network 3-level architecture. The following features were
recognition and pressure of the writing. Bal and Saha [24]
extracted: baseline, writing pressure, word slant, connecting
improved techniques of horizontal and vertical projections to
strokes, lowercase letter "t", and lowercase letter "f". The
decline incorrect line segmentation due to overlapping. Thus
database contained 64 subjects and the results showed an
Lines and words segmentation and also skew normalization
accuracy of 86.7% in determining the personality type, with
methods were developed in this research. Furthermore, the
highest accuracies for Extravert vs. Introvert and Thinking vs.
proposed methods are able to predict personality of the writer
Feeling personality primitives.In the same year (2015), two
through baseline and pressure of the writing.
surveys were done by a group of researchers. In the first one,
Kedar, Nair and Kulkarni [22] reviewed different methodologies

TABLE I. RELATED WORKS ON COMPUTERIZED GRAPHOLOGY SYSTEM

Authors and Year Preprocessing Operations
Removing digitization
Sheikholeslami et
artifacts, thresholding, and
al. (1995)
guide line removal
Mogharreban et al.
Not mentioned
(2004)
Digitization and
normalization, scaling,
Mutalib et al.
noise removal, binary
(2007)
conversion and
segmentation
Ahmed &
Not mentioned
Mathkour (2008)
Coll et al. (2009) Not mentioned
Template matching,
Champa & Ananda
Polygonalization, and
Kumar (2010)
gray level thresholding.
Template matching,
Champa & Ananda
Polygonalization, and
Kumar (2010)
gray level thresholding.
Analysis
Extracted Features Data Base Results
Technique
The output of the
Margins, line spacing, line Syntactic pattern 25 handwriting system was consistent
direction, slant, and zone ratios. recognition. samples with graphologists'
interpretation.
Classical crisp and
The baseline and the slant. fuzzy Not mentioned Not mentioned
methodologies
Average accuracy for
Two back the small letter ‘t’
50 respondents to
Small letter ‘t’ character. propagation neural recognition is 90.27%
questionnaires
networks and for the ambition
recognition is 60%.
A rule-based system
Slants, base line, speed, size, equipped with the 35 students’ Not mentioned, but in
continuity, form, arrangement, and conventional handwriting general the results were
pressure techniques and samples encouraging.
inference engine
Slant, slope, line spacing, margins,
size, image contours, angular 98 samples from
Back propagation A correct classification
writing, fractal dimension, people of
neural network rate of 89%.
regularity in the writing frequency, different ages.
pen pressure
Baseline, the pen pressure, and the
ANN Not mentioned Not clear
letter ‘t’.
A database that High efficiency and
Baseline, the pen pressure, the letter
includes 120 consistency between
‘t’, the lower loop of letter ‘y’ and Rule-Based system
handwriting manual and automated
the slant of the writing.
samples method.

624
 Authors and Year Preprocessing Operations
Prasad et al. (2010) Not mentioned
Polygonalization,
Champa& Ananda converting scanned image
Kumar (2011) into a binary image by
using a thresholding
algorithm.
Kamath et al. RGB threshold
(2011)
Grewal and Template matching,
Prashar polygonalization and
(2012) gray level thresholding
Fisher et al.
A limited survey on existing technologies and implementation of different methodologies in graphology.
(2012)
Resizing to the correct
Abdul Rahiman et
orientation
al. (2013)
Djamal &
Grayscale, thresholding,
Darmawati
normalization and cropping
(2013)
Smoothing by removing the
Raut & Bobade noise, line segmentation,
(2014) letter segmentation and
word segmentation
Hashemi et al. Pen width extraction, noise
(2015) and scratch removal
Normalization,
removing noise, isolating
Gavrilescu (2015) handwritten text, and
converting image to
grey scale
Kedar, Nair and A review paper on different methodologies which are applied for personality identification through handwriting analysis. The principal part
Kulkarni (2015)
Kedar and A review paper which provides information about applications of personality assessment and various techniques used for automatic
Bormane (2015)
Noise removal,
thresholding, line
segmentation, skew
Bal and Saha normalization, measures
(2016) width of inter-word and
intra-word gaps, normalize
the skew of the segmented
words
Extracted Features Analysis Technique Data Base Results
Size, slant, baseline, pen pressure, Support Vector 100 handwriting 94% of accuracy rate
spacing between letters and words. Machine (SVM) samples with RBF kernel
Not mentioned
Baseline and pen pressure Rule-Based system Multiple samples
The handwriting
The results were in
samples were
Size, baseline, writing pressure, good agreement to
analyzed manually
slant, breaks in the writing, spacing 30 handwriting more than 80 percent of
by a handwriting
between the words, margins, and samples the cases with ideal
analyst and the
speed of the writing. manual analysis.
inferences were
made.
Mean Square Error
Baseline, slant, pen pressure, letter (MSE) reduces as
ANN 50 handwritings.
‘i’ and letter ‘f’ number of epochs
increased.
Proved successful in
The baseline slant, the pen pressure,
Simple linear analyzing handwriting
the slant of the writing, size of Not mentioned
regression method regardless of the
letters, and spacing between words
language used.
97-100% accuracy rate
Multi-structure 25 Handwritings for classification of
Margins, spacing between lines and
algorithms and for training data. personality. 78%
words, domination zone and
artificial neural 38 Handwritings accuracy rate for the
baseline
networks for testing data classification of
baseline.
Pen pressure, baseline, size of the
Using the RBF shows a
letters, spacing between letters and Support Vector 100 handwriting
better accuracy, near
words, slant, margins and speed of Machine (SVM) samples
90%.
the writing
Margins, word expansion, size, line Not mentioned, but in
and word spacing, line skew, the Support Vector 120 handwriting general the system
ratio of vertical to horizontal Machine (SVM) samples showed promising
elongation of words, and slant. results.
Baseline, Writing pressure, slant,
A neural network 3- Results showed an
Connecting strokes, Lowercase 64 subjects
level architecture. accuracy of 86.7%
letter "t" and "f".
of this review is on various features which are extracted in related works.
assessment of personality.
IAM database Accuracy rate of lines
over 550 text segmentation and
images words segmentation are
containing 3800 95.65% and 92.56%,
Baseline and writing pressure Rule-Based system
words and some respectively. 96% of
sample lines and words were
handwriting normalized perfectly
image with tiny error rate.

V. DISCUSSION
Based on the recent works, different methods can be used to
extract handwriting features. For page margin, the side pixels of
the dilated end row points of the image can be extracted and
considered as margins [20]. For the word expansion, a specific
index can be used and determined by labeling the connected
components and dividing their area by the pen width [20]. In
order to identify the letter size, another index can be calculated
by finding the gravity centers of the connected components [20].
The line spacing can be found by dividing the number of black
pixels by the product of the area of the convex hull and the pen
width [20]. To find the skew, the angle corresponding to
minimum entropy of the horizontal projection can be
determined. For calculating the slant, different methods can be
used such as a polygonization technique and other algorithms

625
based on contour extraction and chain code implementation [20]
[21]. For extracting the baseline, a polygonization technique can
be adopted [21]. Writing pressure can be determined using the
grey level thresholding algorithm and the standard deviation [21]
[24]. For the lower case letter “t” and “f”, template matching can
be used.
VI. CONCLUSION
Handwriting consists of a bunch of written symbols which
can be considered as brain writing. More specifically, the
handwriting is an indicative tool to reveal the personality of the
writer [25]. According to prior studies we have identified several
important features that have been used in computerized
graphology such as page margin, baseline, line and word
spacing, line direction, slant of words and letters, size of letters,
pen pressure, speed of the writing, the letter ‘t’, letter ‘i’, letter
‘f’, the lower loop of letter ‘y’, etc. In addition, it has been
observed that different analysis methods such as support vector
machine (SVM), artificial neural networks (ANN), rule-based
systems have been used widely in graphology. However, there is
a powerful analysis method, called deep learning, has not been
applied yet in this area. Therefore, applying deep learning
method for designing a fully automated graphology system with
a high accuracy rate should be considered as a future work. The
current trend of computerized graphology shows that applying a
combination of analysis methods [19] and using features of
signature besides handwriting features [19] resulted in
remarkable accuracy. Moreover, the quantity of training data has
an impact on achieving better results [14].
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by a research grant from
NSERC, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of
Canada.
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