Tatay Na Si Totoy Final Paper For Book Bind

TATAY NA SI TOTOY: YOUNG FILIPINO FATHERS’ EXPERIENCES ON
PATERNAL NURTURANCE SELF-EFFICACY AND PARENTAL

SATISFACTION
1
Saint Mary’s University
Tatay na si Totoy: Young Filipino Fathers’ Experiences on

Paternal Nurturance, Self-efficacy,
and Parental Satisfaction
A Thesis Presented to
Department of Psychology and Guidance Department
Faculty of the School of Arts and Sciences
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Double Degree
Bachelor of Science in Psychology
and Bachelor of Arts in Guidance and Counseling
By
Loreto Cadiente
Abegail Montañez
Janine Vallary Tiam
February 2016
SATISFACTION
1

School of Arts and Sciences
Psychology and Guidance Department
APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper hereto entitled:
Tatay na si Totoy: Young Filipino Fathers Experiences on Paternal

Nurturance, Self-Efficacy and Parental Satisfaction
prepared and submitted by Abegail B. Montañez, Janine Vallary Tiam and

Loreto G. Cadiente in partial fulfillment of the course requirements for the
double degree
BS Psychology/AB Guidance and Counseling
has been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL
EXAMINATION.
MRS. PEARL VIA COBALLES RGC, RPm
Adviser
APPROVED by the Committee of Oral Examination held on February 1, 2016.
MR. EDWIN MANIA, EdD, RGC

Chairperson
MRS. MA. TERESA TAYABAN, PhD

Member
MRS. FLORENCE NAWEW-BAHNI, RPm

Member
ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the course requirements for the degrees

aforecited.
MRS. FLORENCE N. BAHNI DR. MA. TERESA B. TAYABAN

Research Coordinator Dean, School of Arts and Sciences
SATISFACTION
1
DEDICATION
We dedicate this research work to our family

SATISFACTION
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our research adviser,
Mrs. Pearl Via S. Coballes, for tirelessly helping us from the very beginning of
our study until our final paper, for helping us narrow down our topic and for
advising us on what to do. We want to express our gratitude for her unfailing
support and encouragement that kept us on track.
To our research panelists and instructor, Mrs. Florence N. Bahni, Mr.
Edwin Mania and Mrs. Ma. Teresa Tayaban thank you so much for providing
direction assistance and support during the course of this study. We value your
feedbacks and brilliant opinions.
To our respondents, the young fathers, without your help this study would
not be possible, thank you for sharing your experiences to us and making this
study possible.
To our parents, who are always there to support us.

SATISFACTION
1

ABSTRACT
This study delved into the lives of 18 young fathers who became a parent when
they were in their teenage years. Specifically, the study explored the demographic
and sexual behavior profile of these young fathers and their experiences that
relate to self-efficacy, paternal nurturance and parental satisfaction. The
respondents were purposively selected from the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya,
Isabela and Quirino. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic
analysis. The results indicated early sexual involvement and pre-marital sex
experiences among the young fathers. Their paternal nurturance was manifested
by fulfilling the provider role and by being involved in the playtime, leisure, care
and schooling of their child. Young fathers of this study experienced challenges
in their self-efficacy and these were related to finances, and ignorance or
inexperience of being a father. They solved their problems by persevering to find
work and discerning their role as a father. Furthermore, young fathers still have
low parental satisfaction.
Keywords: self-efficacy, paternal nurturance, parental satisfaction, self-efficacy,

teenage parenting, adolescent fatherhood
SATISFACTION
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preliminaries:
Dedication…………………………………………………………………i
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………...ii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………...iv
Table of Contents………………………………………………………….v
Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background……………………………………..1
Rationale…………………………………………………………………..1
Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………
Purpose of the Study……………………………………………………..
Scope and Delimitations………………………………………………
Significance of the Study…………………………………………………
Definition of Terms………………………………………………………
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies……………………………
Conceptual Literature………………………………………………………
Research Literature…………………………………………………………
Synthesis…………………………………………………………………
Chapter 3: Methodology……………………………………………………………
Research Design……………………………………………………………
Subjects of the Study………………………………………………………
Research Environment…………………………………………………
Research Instruments………………………………………………………
SATISFACTION
1

Procedure…………………………………………………………………
Data Analysis……………………………………………………………….
Chapter 4: Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis of Findings…………………
Section 1. Participant’s Narratives…………………………………………
Section 2. Young Father’s Profile Characteristics…………………………
Section 3. Paternal Nurturance………………………………………
Section 4. Self-Efficacy.................................................................................
Section 5. Parental Satisfaction……………………………………….80
Chapter 5: Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations…………86
Summary………………………………………………………………..86
Findings………………………………………………………………...86
Conclusions………………………………………………………...88
Recommendations………………………………………………….89
References……………………………………………………………….95
Appendices……………………………………………………………..108
SATISFACTION
1

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Rationale
In today’s generation, many are engaged in teenage parenting. According
to the National Statistics Office (2011), a total of 186,527 births were born to
teenage mothers (under 20 years of age), an increase of about 7.64 percent from
the previous year’s count of 173,282. Births to teenage mothers increased by 7.6
percent from 173,282 in 2007 suggesting that fertility has a faster pace in the
youngest reproductive ages. The number of births born to teenage mothers
(186,527) was five times greater than the number of births born to teenage fathers
(39,217). Results from the 2013 National Demographic and Health Survey found
out that one in ten young Filipino women aged 15 to 19 is already a mother or
pregnant with her first child and that early childbearing is also more common in
CARAGA (38%) and Cagayan Valley (37%) than any other regions.
Tracking the incidence of teen pregnancy in the country reveals an
alarmingly steady progression of the phenomenon in the past decade. In the year
2000, 7% of all births were accounted to mothers below 19 years old. By the
2010, their share increased to 12%. The Philippines may not have the highest
incidence in Southeast Asia but the country has the highest rate of increase. In
2011, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) reported that it is only in the
Philippines where the rate is increasing. It is decreasing in other countries in the
region. Despite the growing body of research on the topic of teenage pregnancy
SATISFACTION
1

and adolescent parenthood, however, few studies have been done specifically
about young fathers and their parenting experiences.
It is in the family that people first learn how to show love and respect for
life, where people are taught the proper use of things, order and cleanliness, and
respect for the local ecosystem and care for all creatures. The Synod of Bishops,
2015, LS, 213) emphasized this with their official statement that “In the family,
people (we) receive an integral education, which enables (us) to grow
harmoniously in personal maturity”. Therefore, parents should teach their
children everything even if it is about sex and they must tell the truth about it.
However, there are some parental issues that may have caused teenage pregnancy,
and one of this is lack of parental guidance. According to the Synod of Bishops
(2015), many parents prevent their children talking about sex. In some cases, they
provide false information regarding sex and discourage their children from any
informative discussion about sex. Teenage parents are not well educated about
sex thus this leads to lack of communication between the parents and the children.
In today’s socio-cultural crisis, the family, the basic human community, is
painfully being weakened and is exhibiting signs of its fragile nature (Synod of
Bishops, 2015). Nonetheless, the family is also demonstrating its ability to find in
itself the courage to confront the inadequacy and failure of institutions in the
formation of the person, the quality of social ties and the care of the most
vulnerable (Synod of Bishops, 2015).

SATISFACTION
1

Mothers and fathers have individually unique and mutually interactive
contributions to children’s development. In the Philippines, Filipino fathers and
mothers take on traditional roles in the home, with the fathers being the
“providers” and “protectors” while the mothers take on the tasks of childrearing,
discipline, and “managing the home” (De la Cruz et al.; Licuanan, , as cited in
Alampay & Jocson, 2011). Based on the perspective of children, mothers are said
to be more nurturing and involved than fathers. Mothers are also perceived to be
more powerful than fathers in that they give the directives and organize the
child’s activities (Carunungan-Robles, 1986). Nevertheless, Black (2002) argued
that fathers have a significant role in a child's development from birth through
adulthood.
Several studies (Dallas, Wilson, & Salgado, 2000; Erkut, Szalacha &
Garcia 2005; Shannon & Abrams, 2007; Weinman, Smith, & Buzi,2002;
Wilkinson, Magora, Garcia, & Khurana,2009) have suggested that teenage fathers
have similar ideals and standards regarding what it means to be a “good dad”.
This includes being physically, emotionally and financially stable for children,
spending quality time with children and raising children with hopes and dreams
for themselves. However, Applegate (1988) argued that teenage fathers face extra
challenges associated with early parenthood because they may experience
“developmental double jeopardy” as they try to cope with the normative
biological, social and psychological changes and challenges associated with
normative father development.

SATISFACTION
1

Goodyear, Newcomb, and Allison (2000) found that teenage fathers were
more likely to be from disadvantaged homes, complete fewer years in schooling,
experience abuse, live in violent neighborhoods, be unemployed, and have
younger, uneducated parents who have low educational expectations of them.
These outcomes underscore the need to explore teenage fathers’ parenting
experiences and discover how to best help them manage the challenges of
becoming a young parent.
Raikes and Thompson (2005) found that parental self-efficacy appears to
be a noteworthy topic associated with parenting. Similarly, Jones and Prinz
(2005) found that parental self-efficacy is an important predictor of a parent’s
positive behaviors while parenting. Some studies found that there is a difference
in self-efficacy according to gender. Doña, Scholz, Schwarzer and Sud (2002)
reported the superiority of males with regard to self–efficacy as compared to
females in various cultures. This is supported by Gecas (1989) who stated that in
studies of the general population, males have been consistently found to report
higher levels of self-efficacy than females. Interestingly, Nebbitt’s (2009) finding
on self-efficacy among poor African American youth revealed that females were
more likely to report higher levels of self-efficacy than males.
Apart from efficacy, parental nurturance has also been thoroughly studied
in relation to parenting. Many studies verify that parental nurturance is vital to
children’s functioning (Baumrind, 1971). It has been demonstrated to be a
protective factor against risky behaviors for adolescents and was found to be
SATISFACTION
1

related to adaptive coping strategies (Meester & Muris, 2004; Schwartz, et. al.,
2009). Hopkins and Klein (1993) found a positive relationship between parental
nurturance and adolescents’ global self-worth. High parental nurturance and
psychological development are thought to be a result of the belief that when a
child views their parent as nurturing, they feel positive about that relationship and
consequently feel positive about their parent. This finding supports the belief that
parental nurturance is related to adolescent positive feelings about the parent-
child relationship and therefore adolescents’ positive feelings about themselves
(Hopkins & Klein, 1993).
Caritaswissenschaft and Sozialarbeit (2012) discussed that teenage fathers
have typically negative images in the society being stereotyped as “hit and run
victimizers” who are less involved in child care.The absence of a father gravely
affects family life and the upbringing of children and their integration into
society. This absence, which may be physical, emotional, psychological and
spiritual, deprives children of an appropriate model of paternal behavior (Synod
of Bishops, 2015).
This, however, is not supported by studies (Buss, Guise, Scanlan, &
Voice, 2003; Fatherhood Institute Research Summary, 2013) which have shown
that majority of teenage fathers often continue the serious romantic relationship
with the mother of their child prior to the pregnancy and throughout the
pregnancy. Also, research has shown that teenage fathers feel a sense of
obligation not only to the child but also to the mother of his child. They are also
SATISFACTION
1

more likely to be interested in being involved in decisions regarding their
child(Caritaswissenschaft & Sozialarbeit, 2012). According to the Synods of
Bishops (2015) many men are aware of the importance of their role in the family
and live according to their masculine role.
The above studies highlight how teenage fathers are actually involved in
parenting and this involvement fosters their psychological development,
contributes to their self-esteem and strengthens their relationship with their child
(Foster, 2004; Glickman, 2004). With the many challenges that a teenage father is
facing, what factors contribute to his satisfaction as a young parent? Parental
satisfaction is defined as a sense of pleasure and gratificationgained from the
parenting role. This includes satisfaction in carrying out infant care
tasks,howwellthe parent knows the infant, and the extent to which self-
expectations as a parentare being met (Pridham & Chang, 1989).
Most studies on teenage parenting focused on the mothers. In this study,
the researchers attempted to see the other side of the story, the side of young
fathers highlighting their experiences regarding self-efficacy, paternal nurturance
and parental satisfaction. In the 2008 study of Rayco, he underscored the
importance of developing parenting-related training programs for Filipino fathers.
Hence, the researchers endeavored to discover the self-efficacy, paternal
nurturance and parental satisfaction experiences of young fathers in the Filipino
context. It is hoped that findings may serve as basis for the creation of training
SATISFACTION
1

programs that may allow young Filipino fathers to be better parents or
individuals.
Theoretical Framework
Parental nurturance.
Parental nurturance encompasses a number of parenting behaviors,
including warmth, closeness, responsiveness, and acceptance (Aunola, Stattin, &
Nurmi,2000; Buri, 1989; Puustinen, Lyyra, Metsapelto, & Pulkkinen, 2008).In
Filipino, nurturance is translated as “pagkalinga”, and is defined by Somera
(2000) as “pagbibigay ng karampatang pagpapahalaga at pagmamahal sa isang
taong kadugo, kasambahay at kakuwentuhan.” Rayco (2008) provided an
indigenous Filipino empirical definition of paternal nurturance referring to it as
“ugaling pagkamapagkalinga ng ama”.
Self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy has been shown to be influential in the actions and successes
of individuals in many different areas, including overcoming fears, success in the
workplace, hard life transitions, and academic performance (Bandura, 1977;
Chemers, Hu, & Garcia, 2001). Parental self-efficacy, similar to many constructs
in the social sciences, can be difficult to explain through a single definition
(Young, 2011). The difficulty comes from the many-sided definitions that have
been utilized by social science researchers. Teti and Gelfand (1991) defined
parental self-efficacy as “the degree to which parents perceive themselves as
capable and effective in the parenting role”. Coleman and Karraker (2003) took a
SATISFACTION
1

slightly different approach in defining parental self-efficacy and emphasized
confidence in parenting skills. In this definition, parenting tasks were viewed as
any task related to parenting a child.
Purpose of the Study
The ultimate aim of this study was to explore young fathers’ experiences
on self-efficacy, paternal nurturance and parental satisfaction. Specifically, this
study sought to answer the following questions: first, who are the young fathers
of this study in terms of their demographic profile specially about their age when
they became a father, current age, sex of children, age of children, number of
children, religion, currently living with the mother of the child, source of
finances, monthly income, highest educational attainment, civil status, civil status
of parents, currently employed, socio-economic status, living arrangement and
sexual behavior profile? Secondly, what are the lived experiences of the
respondents in terms of paternal nurturance, self-efficacy and parental
satisfaction.
Scope and Delimitations
The research sample was composed of 18 male Filipinos who became a
father at the age of 19 and below. They are currently 20 – 25 years old and living
in the towns of Aglipay in Quirino province, ReinaMercedes in Isabela province
and the towns of Bayombong and Solano in Nueva Vizcaya province.
The study used purposive and snow ball sampling in selecting 6
participants per province. The study was limited to exploring the participants’
SATISFACTION
1

experience of self-efficacy, paternal nurturance and parental satisfaction, thus a
qualitative design was employed.
Significance of the study
The results of the study may serve as basis for the identification of
programs for young fathers particularly in how they can be helped in their
parenting roles. The relevant information that may be acquired from the study
may be of help to:
Young fathers. They will know and recognize what are the most effective
coping mechanisms and the factors that can contribute to their parental
satisfaction.
Families/Parents. They will be more knowledgeable on how to handle
and understand teenage fathers. The study will enhance the knowledge of families
with regards to teenage fathers’ experiences.
Guidance Counselors. This study will widen their knowledge in
providing support and distinguish ways for helping and understanding the
struggles of teenage fathers.
Society. This study will affect the society because having knowledge on
how and what a teenage father goes through will help an individual to understand
what would be the possible consequences of having a child at an early age.
Future researchers. The study will serve as an instrument to direct future
researchers related and other concerns of teenage fathers.

SATISFACTION
1

Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined operationally and conceptually to better
understand its context in the study:
Age. The life length of time during which a being or thing has existed
(Dacles, 2014). In this study, age refers to the age when the respondents become
father and their current age.
Civil status. This pertains to the status of an individual in relation to
marriage (Dacles 2014). It is classified as single, married, or unmarried.
Civil status of respondent’s parents. This refers to the status of the
respondent’s parents in relation to marriage. It is classified as married or
separated.
Educational attainment. This is the highest level of schooling that an
individual has reached (Bautista, 2013). It is categorized into elementary
undergraduate, elementary graduate, high school undergraduate, high school
graduate, college undergraduate and college graduate.
Employment status. This refers to the state of being engaged in an
activity or service for wages or emolument (Bautista, 2013). It is categorized as
employed or unemployed.
Paternal nurturance. This is defined as the degree to which a father
attends to his children’s unique needs by building positive experiences with them,
and by sending consistent messages of love and support (Smith et al., 1994). In
Filipino, Rayco (2008) defined it as “ugaling pagkamapagkalinga ng ama” (a

SATISFACTION
1

father’s affectionate, attentive encouragement of his child). In this study, paternal
nurturance was explored using a researcher made semi-structured interview
questionnaire.
Parental satisfaction. This term also pertains to parenting satisfaction
and is defined as a sense of pleasure and gratification gained from the parenting
role (Pridham & Chang 1989).In this study, parental satisfaction refers to how
satisfied the teenage fathers are as a parent. Parental satisfaction was assessed
using qualitative questions.
Socioeconomic status. This is defined as an individual’s or group’s
hierarchical social culture (The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural
Literacy, n.d.). In this study, it was measured using a subjective scale arranged
from high to low with the following descriptions: “I have much money and
properties that I need, can buy whatever I like”; “Income is very sufficient for
family needs, can save”; “Income is sufficient only for family needs, can hardly
save”; “Income is little, sometimes not enough for the family” and “Income is very
little, not always enough for my family” (Bautista, 2013).
Self-efficacy. This is defined as the confidence in one’s ability to behave
in such a way as to produce a desirable outcome (Bandura, 1977). In this study,
self-efficacy was measured using a researcher-made semi-structured interview
questionnaire focused on parental self-efficacy.

SATISFACTION
1

Tatay na si Totoy. Tatay in English is father and Totoy is a term used to
refer to a young boy. So the term can mean “the young boy is a father” or the
“Boy Father”.
Sex of the child. This pertains to the biological sex of the respondents’
child or children.
Young fathers. This refers to the respondents of the study. They are
males currently aged 20 to 25 who became a father at the age of 19 years oldor
below (Pittsburgh, 2000).

SATISFACTION
1

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter contains different literature that describe the concepts of
paternal nurturance, self-efficacy and parental satisfaction. The chapter starts with
the definitions of teenage father, self- efficacy, paternal nurturance and parental
satisfaction. It then provides a discussion of relevant studies useful in
understanding the experiences of teenage fathers.
Conceptual Literature
Young Fathers.
Teenage fathers refer to biological fathers aged 19 years and younger.
Most teenage fathers have a genuine desire to be proactively involved in their
children’s lives (Rhoden & Robinson, 1997).Despite an overwhelming percentage
of teen fathers not residing with their children; they still manage to stay involved
with their children in important ways (Danziger & Radin, 1990).
Becoming a young father entails making a life event or psychosocial
transition (to parenthood) superimposed on a life span transition from youth or
adolescence to adulthood. Thus, becoming a parent in the teen years or even in
early twenties represents a faster transition than the norm, requiring a more rapid
set of adjustments at an early age. Early research on fathers concentrated on the
impact of father absence. Subsequently, efforts have been made to ascertain the
proportional involvement of fathers in various aspects of parenting and the
distinctive contributions of fathers.

SATISFACTION
1

The results of the study conducted by Ronquillo and de Leon (2010)
suggested that Filipino fathers, regardless of their demographic characteristics,
give high regard to the roles they play in their children’s lives. They often see
themselves as providers, nurturers, or models of good behavior. They also believe
that being a father is something that has to be taken seriously. Ronquillo and de
Leon (2010) also found that fathers believe that their role is no longer just
confined to providing for the material needs of the family, rather they also see
themselves as nurturers of their children. This suggests that indeed, fathers are
progressively more conscious of their participation in their children’s lives both at
home and in school as the latter continue to grow and develop.
While attention appears to be turning to the needs of teen fathers and the
potential resources they can be for their children, there are methodological
problems with the research. First, involves the definition of teen fathers. Some
researchers define teen fathers as men under age 20s; and still others define teen
fathers as any man who impregnates a teenage girl.
Allen Tan (2002), a Filipino psychologist, proposed four types of
fathering styles namely: procreator, dilettante, generative and determinative. A
procreator perceives the role simply as the siring of offspring/s where activity and
affect is low. To the procreator, his main role is that of a provider. The dilettante
type is a father who does not spend much time or effort in the role, but he enjoys
the company of his children when they are with him. To the dilettante, his main
role is that of a friend. A generative father is one whose involvement with his
SATISFACTION
1

children is high and who reacts to the experience in a positive way; hence, his
role is that of a guardian. A determinative father depicts one who spends much
time and effort on the job, but does not really enjoy it. He perceives fatherhood as
a task, an obligation, a responsibility to bear, perhaps a mission, and his main role
is that of a molder. Tan’s (2002) typology is based on the two dimensions: affect
which can be positive or negative, and activity which is either high or low.
Paternal Nurturance.
Buri (1989) defined paternal nurturance as the father’s role of extending
approval, acceptance, and affirmation to his children. Paternal nurturance has also
been widely defined in the literature as a parent’s responsiveness to a child’s
interest, activities and physical needs while displaying affection, acceptance and
responsiveness towards the child resulting in the child feeling accepted and loved
(Barnes, 1984; Dekovic, Janssens, & Gerris, 1991; Huver, Otten, de Vries, &
Engels 2010; Weinraub & Wolf, 1983). Paternal nurturance encompasses a
number of parenting behaviors, including warmth, loving, closeness,
responsiveness, and acceptance (Aunola, Stattin, & Nurmi,2000; Buri, 1989;
Puustinen, Lyyra, Metsapelto, & Pulkkinen, 2008).
An indigenous Filipino empirical definition of paternal nurturance is
provided by Rayco (2008) describing it as “ugaling pagkamapagkalinga ng ama”
(a father's affectionate, attentive encouragement of his child). This definition was
crafted through his development of a Paternal Nurturance Scale specifically for
Filipinos.According to Gallardo (2010), despite the changes of the times, many

SATISFACTION
1

parents most especially fathers are still bound by gender-biased parenting beliefs
and practices because they are the products of the traditional family set-up; hence,
they need to be educated on the responsibilities and values of parental nurturance
and shared parenting.Liwag, Dela Cruz and Macapagal (1999) claims that the
Filipino father’s chief role is that of family provider and his role as a child
caretaker is considered secondary only. However, Gonzales (2014) reported that
the new generation of fathers is now striving to create an emotional bond with
their children and is also much more interested in being present in their children’s
lives being much less focused on primarily holding the provider role.
Frias (2008) found out that young fathers often face additional hindrances
to become actively involved as parents. Usually unemployment, low educational
attainment, poverty or job loss and low income gets in the way of their parenting
duties leading to negative or decreased interactions with their children. This
observation was supported by the findings of Gonzales (2014) which suggested
that low socio-economic men may be affected by their incapacity to perform a
fundamental dimension of fatherhood limiting their capacity to expand their
emotional realm of fathering beyond that of breadwinning. Moreover, Gallardo
(2010) found that religion is not a predictor of paternal nurturance such that
regardless of religion, fathers feel they have a responsibility to their children.
Self-Efficacy.
Bandura (1977) defined self-efficacy as the confidence in one’s ability to
behave in such a way or to produce a desirable outcome. Self-efficacy has been

SATISFACTION
1

defined as the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and perform courses of
action required to produce given attainments. Self-efficacy has been shown to be
influential in the actions and successes of individuals in many different areas,
including overcoming fears, success in the workplace, hard life transitions, and
academic performance (Bandura, 1977; Chemers, Hu, & Garcia, 2001).
According to Bandura (1997), expectations of self-efficacy are the most powerful
determinants of behavioral change because self-efficacy expectancies determine
the initial decision to perform a behavior, the effort expended, and persistence in
the face of adversity.
Self–efficacy pertains to optimistic beliefs about being capable to cope
with a variety of stressors. People with high self-efficacy choose to achieve more
challenging and difficult tasks. They move toward life with a can – do attitude
that allows them to see challenges as problems to be solved instead of threats that
must be avoided. They also set appropriately challenging goals for themselves
and continue a strong commitment to those goals. People with strong self–
efficacy enjoy life because they are highly engaged. On the other hand, people
with low self-efficacy normally view difficult tasks through the lens of fear. Low
self-efficacy is viewed as a cycle starting with a lack of faith in one’s ability,
leading to a lack of action, and then consequently resulting to more self-doubt.
People who have low self-efficacy become doubtful of their own capabilities, are
more easily stressed and more frequently depressed than people with high levels
SATISFACTION
1

of self-efficacy. Overall, self-efficacy beliefs provide the foundation for human
motivation, well-being, and personal accomplishment (Pajares, 2006).
Parental Satisfaction.
Parental satisfaction is defined as the sense of pleasure and gratification
gained from the parenting role (Pridham & Chang, 1989). ). In some literature,
the term “parental satisfaction” also refers to “parenting satisfaction” as it defines
the father feeling satisfied in his role as a parents. The level of satisfaction may be
influenced by the satisfaction from carrying out infant care tasks, from learning to
know the infant, and from meeting self-expectations regarding one’s role as a
parent (Pridham & Chang 1989; Hudson, Elek, & Fleck (2001) refers to parenting
satisfaction as the parents’ perception of gratification in their parental roles while
Johnson and Mash (1989) defined parental satisfaction as an effective dimension
of parental competence that reflects parenting frustration, motivation and anxiety.
Research Literature
Young Fathers.
About 9 percent or 900,000 young men in the world between ages of 12
and 16 in 1996 have become fathers before their twentieth birthday (Scott,
Manlove & Moore, 2012).Findings of the 1994 Young Adult Fertility and
Sexuality Study (YAFS II) revealed a large proportion of young people aged 15-
24 years in the Philippines reported themselves as becoming parents at an "early
age" (52% among men and 67% among women). In the more recent YAFS – the
2013 YAFS or YAFS IV, results showed that 3.9% or 197,815 of single male
SATISFACTION
1

teens have gotten someone pregnant. This is mostly observed in the Western
Visayas (10%), CARAGA (9%) and MIMAROPA (8%) Regions. The YAFS IV
revealed that this statistic contributes to the increasing teen fertility in the
Philippines in the recent years.
Previous studies suggest that examining the parenting experiences of
young fathers is important because they have similar standards for themselves as
fathers despite facing the challenges associated with early parenthood (Goodyear,
Newcomb & Allison, 2000). Several researches (e.g. Dallas et al, 2000; Erkut et
al, 2005; Shannon & Abrams, 2007; Weinman et al, 2002; Wilkinson et al,
2009)suggested that teen fathers actually want to be there physically and
emotionally for their children, providing financial and material resources,
spending quality time with them and raising them with hopes and dreams for
themselves. Thus, teen fathers serve an integral role in the family system for their
partners and children.
Goodyear, Newcomb, and Allison(2000) found that teen fathers were
more likely to be from disadvantaged homes, have poor academic performance,
experience abuse, live in violent neighborhoods, have low family incomes, and
have younger, uneducated parents who had low educational expectations of them.
Young fathers typically complete lower levels of education and have higher rates
of unemployment or underemployment than older fathers (Healthy Teen
Network, 2004). Young fathers often struggle as a result of lower rates of
educational attainment and the resulting difficulties in obtaining employment to

SATISFACTION
1

provide financially for a child (Mollborn &Lovegrove, 2011). Young fathers are
also more likely to engage in delinquent or criminal behavior, to use cigarettes,
drugs and alcohol, to deal drugs and to inconsistently use contraceptives, thus
often fathering multiple children, potentially with different partners (Planned
Parenthood, 2010; Weinman, Smith, & Buzi, 2002).
Paschal et al. (2011) observed that young fathers, like all adolescents,
attempt to navigate their way through the stresses and challenges brought on by
the transition from adolescence to adulthood. However, they argued that teenage
males who become parents experience “developmental double jeopardy” as they
try to cope with the normative biological, social, and psychological changes and
challenges of adolescence, as well as those associated with normative father
development. Not only are teenage fathers facing parenthood developmentally
unprepared, but the risk factors which have been identified with teenage fathers
also affect their ability to provide for their child (Gilkman, 2004). However,
several researches now indicate that young fathers are more interested in being
involved with their children than previously thought. For adolescent and young
fathers, involvement with their children may help promote the fathers’
psychological development, contribute to the fathers’ self-esteem, and strengthen
the father-child relationship (Foster, 2004; Glickman, 2004).To keep these young
men involved with their child, it is important to eliminate the barriers they are
facing and to give them the resources they need to stay involved (Kimball, 2004).
SATISFACTION
1

Caritaswissenschaft and Sozialarbeit (2012) argue that society has
typically upheld a negative image of teen fathers. Some people have labeled
adolescent fathers “hit and run victimizers”, who are not interested in caring for
their children. This pessimistic attitude, however, does not do justice to the
majority of teen fathers. Although teen fathers are indeed less likely to eventually
marry the mother of the child, multiple studies have shown that the majority of
teen fathers were in a serious romantic relationship with the mother of the child
prior to the pregnancy and often continue the relationship throughout the
pregnancy. Previous research has also shown that many teenage fathers feel a
sense of obligation not only toward their child but also toward the mother of the
child and are interested in being involved in decisions regarding the child
(Caritaswissenschaft & Sozialarbeit, 2012).
Similarly, Rauschendorfer (2005) argued that teen fathers actually do want
to be involved in the family and to be responsible. But they often find it difficult
to balance home life, school life and parenting life. Indeed, young fathers
experience a lot of drastic changes brought about by parenthood. This includes
increased financial responsibility, increased duties to form deep bonds with their
children, the need to develop as a person, to find appropriate support systems, and
work out their complicated relationships with the mothers of their children (Bade,
2012). Lemay, Cashman, Elfenbein and Felice (2010) noticed that becoming a
father apparently appears to be a powerful motivator for the young men to want to
improve themselves through education, employment, and changing how they have
SATISFACTION
1

been or are currently living their lives. Nevertheless, these fathers also discussed
barriers to parenting and services they used or wished existed to help them in their
journey from youth to father (Bade, 2012).
Catholic social teaching stresses the significance of both parents within
the family. While addressing more generally the importance of the family for
society, Pope John Paul II highlights the necessity of the father in his encyclical
Familiaris Consortio and urges:
“Above all where social and cultural conditions so easily

encourage a father to be less concerned with his family or at any
rate less involved in the work of education, efforts must be made to
restore socially the conviction that the place and task of the father
in and for the family is of unique and irreplaceable importance”.
(pp 42)
Paternal Nurturance.
Parental nurturance has been shown to be related to positive child and
adolescent behaviors, school readiness, high academic performance, secure
attachment style, positive self-image, and prosocial development (Finkenauer,
Engels, & Baumeister, 2005; Mowder & Shamah, 2009). Finkenauer et al. (2005)
found that adolescents from nurturing homes are less likely to develop problem
behaviors because they have parents who are emotionally involved, interested in
their lives, and responsive to their children’s needs.
Bean, Bush, McKenry, & Wilson (2003) findings suggest that parental
nurturance increases a child’s self-concept resulting in positive emotional and
academic outcomes. Because parental nurturance is positively associated with
self-concept, this allows adolescents to form positive interpersonal relationships

SATISFACTION
1

since parents who engage in meaningful relationships with their children foster a
tendency for positive interpersonal relationships to form (Belsky, Steinberg, &
Draper 2005). This finding also suggests that perceived parental nurturance may
lead to less distress in emerging adults. Since nurturing parents tend to be highly
involved and responsive to their children, they in turn are able to develop positive
self-images, and adaptive coping and are less likely to have psychological distress
(Belsky et al., 2005).
Parental nurturance has been demonstrated to be a protective factor
against risky behaviors for adolescents and was found to be related to adaptive
coping strategies (Meester & Muris, 2004; Schwartz, Zamboanga, Ravert, Kim,
Weisskirch, Williams, Bersamin, & Finley, 2009). Specifically, parental
nurturance increased self-esteem, successful use of adaptive coping strategies
(i.e., seeking support, comforting thoughts, and active coping), lowered
adolescent drinking behaviors, and decreased depressive symptoms (Buri, 1989;
Huver, 2010; Locke & Prinz, 2002; Meester & Muris, 2004). Parental nurturance
has also been examined in relation to coping behaviors in youth (Locke & Prinz,
2002) wherein children who experience parental rejection tend to view
interpersonal relationships as unreliable and have maladaptive coping methods
(Wolfradt, Hempel, Jeremy, & Miles, 2003).
Adolescents who perceived their parents as caring, loving, or high
nurturing reported fewer interpersonal problems and were found to have greater
psychological adjustment (Finkenauer et al., 2005). In a study of college

SATISFACTION
1

students, high parental nurturance was found to assist in the healthy transition
from adolescents into emerging adults. More specifically, paternal figures were
more protective than maternal figures against health-compromising behaviors,
such as drugs, casual sex, and driving-related risk behaviors (Schwartz & Finley,
2009). The positive outcomes related to high parental nurturance may be the
result of children growing up in nurturing families having parents who are
genuinely interested in the child’s life; therefore the child has a positive self-
concept and experiences less distress (Finkenauer et al., 2005; Schwartz & Finley,
2009).
Research shows that father involvement is important in the lives of young
adult daughters (Schwartz & Finley, 2006; van Schaick & Stolberg, 2001) as it is
associated with specific health outcomes like higher levels of self-esteem and sex
refusal behaviors’ (Katz & Van der Kloet, 2010). Father involvement is also
linked to positive relationship outcomes in young adulthood, including better
functioning in intimate relationships, higher levels of intimacy, trust and
commitment (van Schaick & Stolberg, 2001).
An accumulating body of research now supports the idea that paternal
involvement is important and makes a unique contribution to the development of
their children (Goncy & Van Dulmen, 2010; van Schaick & Stolberg, 2001).
Recent literature has brought to light that father involvement continues to be
important even after children reach adolescence (Mitchell, Booth, & King, 2009).
SATISFACTION
1

Paternal involvement in adolescence is associated with higher levels of
well-being in adolescents (Cookston & Finlay, 2006; Mitchell et al., 2009). Flouri
and Buchanan (2003) found the relationship between paternal involvement and
adolescent well-being statistically significant. Findings of other studies found that
reported father involvement is associated with less behavioralproblems during
adolescence (Mitchell, Booth & King, 2009). Interestingly, Flouri and Buchanan
(2003)found that paternal involvement had a stronger effect than maternal
involvement on adolescent happiness and was equally predictive of sons’ and
daughters’ reported levels of happiness. Schwartz and Finley (2006) found that
this holds true even if the paternal figure is not the biological father. Children
with involved fathers have more success at school, fewer behavior problems and
may have better economic situations than children with absent fathers, although
the quality of the father’s relationship with his child is an important variable
(Mollborn & Lovegrove, 2011).
In the study conducted by Rayco (2008), he inferred that Filipino Metro
Manila-based late adolescents have a clearly discernible indigenous concept of
paternal nurturance or “ugaling pagkamapagkalinga ng ama”. In the paternal
nurturance scale which he crafted, he was able to discover that adolescents
usually defined paternal nurturance in terms of the following: “pangangailangan”
(4), “nakikinig/pinapakinggan” (3), “matulungin” (2), and “loob” (1). Based on
theses, paternal nurturance was operationally defined in summary form as “isang
amang nakikinig at tumutugon sa mga pangangailangan ng kanyang anak at

SATISFACTION
1

nakakapagbigay ng kapanatagan at lakas ng loob” (one who listens and responds
to his child’s needs and makes him or her feel secure and self-confident).
Through the contributions of longitudinal studies such as the Rochester
Youth Development Study (n.d.), program evaluations and qualitative research
about young fathers and their unique needs are increasing (Kimball, 2004).
Bunting and McAuley (2004) noted that while most of quantitative data provide a
rather negative picture of paternal involvement, qualitative research highlights
how many young fathers genuinely want to be involved with their children and
would have more contact and input if they could.
Self-Efficacy.
Many studies argue that having a high self-efficacy leads to good
outcomes. Caprara, Pastarelli, Regalia, Scabini, and Bandura (2004b) reported
that filial self-efficacy was linked directly and indirectly to satisfaction with
family life suggesting that the greater the adolescents’ perceived self-efficacy, the
higher the reported open communication with their parents. Studies have also
linked high self-efficacy to a number of positive outcomes such as academic
achievement, healthy lifestyles, and the ability to negotiate risk (Nebbitt, 2009).
Those who have low self-efficacy showed greater stress and lower mental health
(Moeini et. al., 2008).
Raikes and Thompson (2005) found that parental self-efficacy indicates
the level of parenting quality. Self-efficacy allows adolescents to engage in tasks
that they believe they can succeed and keeps them motivated. According to
SATISFACTION
1

Bradley and Corwyn (2004) experiences of children in their environment
particularly the home are associated with a broad domain of their development
such as social behavior and self-efficacy.
Some studies found that there is a difference in self efficacy according to
gender. Dona, Scholz, Schwarzer and Sud (2002) reported the superiority of
males with regard to self–efficacy as compared to females in various cultures.
This is in contrast to Nebbitt’s (2009) finding on self-efficacy among poor
African American youth which revealed that females were more likely to report
high levels of self-efficacy than males.
Apart from gender, family type also appears to influence self-efficacy.
Singh and Udainiya (2009) found that adolescents of joint families showed higher
self-efficacy than adolescents belonging to the nuclear family. In the study
conducted by Glickman (2004), observed that contributing financially appears to
increase a young man’s self-esteem and self-efficacy regarding fatherhood.
Ardelt and Eccles’ (2001) model suggested that parental self-efficacy can
produce a direct influence on a child’s success through the modeling of attitudes
and beliefs. Jones and Prinz (as cited in Ardelt & Eccles, 2001) found this model
to be correct as they applied it to their research shortly after. The premise of the
model is that as a parent’s level of parental self-efficacy increases, the parent’s
exhibition of positive attitudes, outlooks, and beliefs also increases. This may
result in his/her children adopting these attitudes and beliefs and applying them to
SATISFACTION
1

their own behavior and mental schemas which leads to a higher level of child
success.
Parental Satisfaction.
Parenting satisfaction is defined as a sense of pleasure and gratification
gained from the parenting role. This includes satisfaction in carrying out infant
care tasks, how well the parent knows the infant, and the extent to which self-
expectations as a parent are being met (Pridham & Chang, 1989).
Salonen (2010) found that mothers who were younger scored lower on
self-concept, had more depressive symptoms and had more negative perceptions
of childbirth than fathers. Mothers also experienced greater life changes and
infant centrality. However, mothers’ assessments of their parenting satisfaction
and parenting self-efficacy were systematically more positive than fathers’
assessments. Overall, both mothers and fathers experienced parenting satisfaction
and parental self-concept very positively.
Keiningham, Aksoy, Andreassen, and Estrin (2006) found that parental
satisfaction is most important to child retention when the child isvery young
(birth to one year of age). As children grow older, however, parental
satisfactionbecomes increasingly less predictive.
Synthesis
The study is similar to previous studies in a way that self-efficacy,
parental nurturance and parental satisfaction were also used in this study. Most
of the studies on teen fathers reveal that there are now a greater number of
SATISFACTION
1

youngfathers compared to the previous years. Unlike previous literature, recent
researches now agree that fathers actually want to be involved in their children’s
lives.Previous studies in paternal nurturance, self-efficacy and parental
satisfaction focused on the importance of these variables in a child’s life. Many
recent studies support the idea that paternal nurturance makes a unique
contribution to the development of children and it continues to be important even
after children reach adolescence. It is important that a child comes from a
nurturing family since it leads to greater psychological adjustment, adaptive
coping strategies and aids in the development of a child’s positive self-concept.
Recent studies found that there is a difference in self-efficacy according to
gender, family set-up and financial status. Previous studies also suggested that
parental self-efficacy can produce a direct influence on a child’s success through
the modeling of attitudes and beliefs. While there are several studies already
about self-efficacy and paternal nurturance, there are fewer studies done with
regard to parental satisfaction.
The present study on the other hand focused on the lived experiences of
the young fathers in the Philippines so as to widen the knowledge on how a young
father experiences paternal nurturance, self-efficacy and parental satisfaction.
Moreover, the demographic and sexual behavior of the young fathers serve as the
background of young fathers and to know who the Filipino young father is.
SATISFACTION
1

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the subject of the study, research design, research
environment, research instruments, procedures for quantitative and qualitative
gathering and analysis of data.
Research Design
This study used primarily a qualitative design. However, it included a
quantitative section which revealed the demographic profile as well as sexual
behavior profile of the respondents. The qualitative design through the interview
method was used to explore the experiences of young fathers in terms of their
self-efficacy, paternal nurturance and parental satisfaction in raising their child.
Subjects of the Study
The study involved18 young fathers from the provinces of Nueva
Vizcaya, Quirino, and Isabela in Region II. They were 19 years old and below
when they first became a father and were 20-25 years old at the time of the study.
The respondents were chosen based on these criteria: they were below 20 yrs old
when they fathered a child, that they should have at least one child who is alive,
they should be living with the child most of the time, and be the custodial parent.
The chosen young fathers were not necessarily married nor living with the mother
of his child at the time of the conduct of the study.
Participants were selected from the towns of Bayombong and Solano
(Nueva Vizcaya), Aglipay (Quirino) and Reina Mercedes (Isabela). The reason or
SATISFACTION
1

choosing these municipalities or provinces was because of the high reported
teenage pregnancy cases in these areas according to the Commission on
Population (2013). The study used purposive snow ball sampling to identify the
participants. Through the participants or informants who have contact with other
people who could potentially participate in or contribute to the study, the
researchers were able to select six participants per province.
Research Environment
The study was conducted in the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino and
Isabela. All these provinces are located in Region 2, Luzon, Philippines.
According to the Commission on Population (PopCom) Region 2, the region is
second highest in the number of teen pregnancy cases recorded in their most
recent survey (PopCom, 2013).
Bayombong and Solano, Nueva Vizcaya. Bayombong is a first class
municipality and the capital of the province of Nueva Vizcaya. According to the
2010 census, it has a population of 57,416 (Official Website of the Province of
Nueva Vizcaya, 2015).Solano, Nueva Vizcaya is a first class partially urban
municipality in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. Solano is the central
business district in Nueva Vizcaya.According to the 2010 census, it has a
population of 56,134(Official Website of the Province of Nueva Vizcaya, 2015).
In a recent survey on teenage pregnancy from 2011 to 2013, Nueva Vizcaya
ranked third in teenage pregnancy cases in Region 2 (PopCom, 2013) with 692
SATISFACTION
1

reported pregnancy cases in Bayombong and 630 from Solano. Most cases of teen
pregnancy were among those away from their homes (PopCom Region 2, 2013).
Aglipay is a first class municipality in the province of
Quirino, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 26,187
people (Official Website of the Province of Quirino, 2015). The province of
Quirino ranked fourth in the number of teen pregnancy cases in Region 2
according to the 2013 survey of the Commission on Population.
Reina Mercedes, Isabela is a third class municipality situated in Central
Isabela with agriculture as main livelihood. According to the 2010 census, it has a
population of 23,497 people (Official Website of the Province of Isabela, 2015).
Among the provinces in Region 2, Isabela ranked first in the number of teenage
pregnancy cases during the 2011-2013 survey of the Commission on Population.
Research Instruments
Consent Letter. This was used to provide the participants information
about their rights as a participant as well as the purpose of the study.
Informed Consent Form. This presents the evidence that the participants
understood the precise information about their confidentiality rights, the risks as
well as the benefits of the study and that they willingly participated in the study.
Demographic Survey. This was used to collect demographic information
about the young fathers. The demographic survey is a researcher-made
questionnaire which consists of the current age and the age when the respondents
SATISFACTION
1

became a father, the age and sex of their child, their relationship status, and
religion, among others. It was analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Semi-structured Interview. This was used to collect information about
the lived experiences of teenage fathers on self-efficacy, paternal nurturance and
parental satisfaction. A total of nine questions were crafted by the researchers to
delve into the experiences of the respondents. Three questions each were asked to
inquire about self-efficacy, paternal nurturance and parental satisfaction
respectively. All responses were written and thematically analyzed.
Procedure
The first step that the researchers undertook was to identify the participants.
To find the initial participants, the researchers asked family, friends and
acquaintances whether they knew someone who fit the selection criteria. Through
these referrals, snowball sampling was conducted to identify and complete the six
target participants per province.
One researcher was in-charge of Bayombong and Solano, another for
Reina Mercedes and the other researcher for Aglipay. The researchers themselves
administered the semi-structured interview. They asked permission from the
identified participant to visit them at their houses or at their workplaces. They
then introduced themselves and explained the purpose of the study and mentioned
who referred them. The respondents were also given an informed consent form.
After these, the interview about their profile was conducted. Afterwards, the semi
structured interview proper was conducted first on the questions about their self-
SATISFACTION
1

efficacy, next, the questions on paternal nurturance and lastly, the parental
satisfaction questions.
Data Analysis
The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics,
specifically frequency, percent, means. Answers to questions relating to self-
efficacy, paternal nurturance and parental satisfaction were analyzed using
thematic coding.
SATISFACTION
1

CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS
This chapter presents the analyses of the responses of the 18 young fathers
with regard to their self-efficacy, paternal nurturance and parental satisfaction.
The presentation of data analysis is grouped into three sections. Section 1 answers
the question “who are the teenage fathers of this study?” describing individually
the purposively selected teenage fathers. It narrates their experiences prior to and
after becoming teenage fathers highlighting their sexual behaviors,
socioeconomic, employment and relationship statuses. Section 2 discusses the
quantitative results on the profile characteristics of the respondents and serves to
summarize results indicated in section 1. Section 3, 4 and 5 presents theparental
nurturance, self-efficacy and parental satisfaction of the respondents, respectively.
Section 1: Participant Narratives
This section is a narration of the lives of each of the participants,
highlighting their sexual behavior prior to becoming a father, their current
socioeconomic, employment and marital or relationship status. It contains 18
narratives - each one describing the unique lives of teenage fathers who were
purposively selected from the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino and Isabela.
Their names have been changed to ensure participant anonymity.
Jay
Jay became a father at 18 years old. Now at the age of 21, he already has
two daughters, a four year-old and a one year-old. At the age of 13, he already
SATISFACTION
1

engaged in premarital sex and has had many sexual partners before he had a child.
He said that the reason why he engaged in premarital sex before was peer
pressure explaining that he got teased by his peers to try it. During his first sexual
experience he got the girl pregnant. They had the child aborted for the reason that
they are afraid and they did not know how to handle it. For the second time that it
happened they already continued with the pregnancy and let the child live. His
family and the family of the girl were very disappointed when they heard about it.
He also said the family of the girl before did not like him for their daughter. But
as the years passed by he was eventually accepted by his in-laws. They got
married in 2014 but were living together for three years prior to the marriage. He
finished a vocational course and is currently working as a construction worker.
Besides his construction work, he also has a farm that he inherited from his
parents. This is where he gets income to support his family. He feels that his
income is sufficient only for family needs and he can hardly save. He is living
with his children and his spouse and he is trying his best to be a good father to his
two children. He knows that he will still face many difficulties as a father but he
is positive he can surpass these because he said that he will do anything for his
family.
Pedro
Pedro first became a father when he was 19 years old. Now at the age of
21, he already has a two year-old son. He has more than 20 past relationships and
he started having one when he was 16 years old. He experienced his first sexual
SATISFACTION
1

intercourse at the age of 18 with his girlfriend at that time. Before he had a child,
he had three prior sexual partners. He said that the reason why he engaged in
premarital sex is curiosity. He did not use contraception in engaging in sexual
intercourse that is why he was often worried every time he engaged in premarital
sex that he might get his partner pregnant. And it happened when he was 19 years
old, he got his girlfriend pregnant. When he first heard about it, he was in denial.
He eventually accepted it and he was man enough to accept the responsibility for
the pregnancy. Now his son is already two years old. He is not yet married to the
mother of his child rather they are living in together with his in-laws. He is a
college undergraduate. Not finishing college makes it hard for him to find a job
before. But now he can already provide for his family with the help of his job as a
security guard of a department store. He is earning Php 15,000-20,000 a month
which is very sufficient for his family needs and he can also save for their future.
Juan
Juan became a father when he was 19 years old. He first entered in a
relationship when he was 12. By the time he was 15, he was already engaging in
premarital sex. He had more than ten past girlfriends and six of them had become
his sexual partners before he had a child. He said that his aggressiveness or
“kapusukan” led him to engage in premarital sex. He is currently 20 and already
has a one year-old daughter. He reported that he is not use contraception before
when he engaged in sexual intercourse. He also did not worry that he might get
his sexual partner pregnant. When he heard that he will become a father already,
SATISFACTION
1

he accepted it right away and he was even excited over it. He did not know the
hardships of being a teenage father until his child was born. Before, he could do
what he wants and had many vices but when his child was born, he already
matured and changed. He experienced difficulty finding a job because he is just a
high school graduate. Currently, he is working at a local market, helping sell rice
and feeds. He is earning Php 5,000-10,000 a month which he feels is sufficient
only for his family needs. He already separated from his parents and is now living
independently with his spouse and child doing all his best to be a good and
responsible father.
Popoy
Popoy has more than 12 past girlfriends. He started having one when he
was 15 years old. He experienced his first sexual intercourse at the age of 18. He
said that he has many sexual partners before he had a child and the reason why he
engaged in premarital sex was because he is a boy and his body craves for it. He
does not use any contraception in engaging in sexual intercourse. According to
him, he was not worried that he might get his partners pregnant because he was
confident that he knows what he was doing. He was 19 years old when he heard
that he got a girl pregnant. At that time, he was shocked and was in denial. He did
not know how to react and what to do but eventually he accepted it. He had no
doubt that he was the father because the girl was his longtime girlfriend. He is
now 21 years old and has a two and ½ year old daughter. He is not yet married to
the mother of his child rather they are living-in together with his in-laws and the
SATISFACTION
1

siblings of his girlfriend. He finished a vocational course in TESDA and he is
currently employed as a security guard. His income is PhP 10,000 - PhP15,000 a
month that is sufficient only for his family needs and he can hardly save. He said
that he really needs to exert more effort so that he can provide all the needs of his
family.
Mario
Mario first became a father when he was 19 years old. At age 20, he is
now a father to ten month-old identical female twins. Before he had children, he
had three past girlfriends. His first girlfriend was when he was 17 year old, the
same age that he experienced his first sexual intercourse. He had two sexual
partners before he had a child. The reason why he engaged in premarital sex was
because his girlfriend at that time insisted that they should do it. He did not use
any contraception when engaging in sexual intercourse. Furthermore, he was not
worried that he might get his sexual partners pregnant. So when he heard that he
got a girl pregnant he accepted it right away and he was even happy about it. He
is currently living in with the mother of his children together with his in-laws. He
is a high school graduate that is why he has difficulty finding a job. He is
currently a helper/seller in the business of his aunt in the local market. He is
earning PhP5000 a month, which is not sufficient for his family’s needs
considering that he has twins but his in-laws are helping him in providing the
needs of his family. He knows that he cannot depend on his in-laws forever and
so he has plans to be a better provider to his family.

SATISFACTION
1

Jose
Jose was 15 years old when he had his first girlfriend, the same age that he
experienced his first sexual intercourse. He had two past girlfriends and had three
sexual partners before he had a child. He said that he engaged in premarital sex
before because he is a boy and that “he has needs”. He used condom before in
engaging in sexual intercourse because he was worried that he might get his
sexual partners pregnant. His fears came true because he got his last girlfriend
pregnant. He was afraid and did not know what to do when he heard about it.
Abortion crossed their minds but they did not push through with it because they
came to their senses. So he braved it and married the mother of his child and he
accepted the responsibility for his child. He was just 19 then and he was still
studying. His parents took the responsibility of providing the needs of his family.
He is now 23 years old and a criminology graduating student. His son is now
three years old. He is ashamed to his parents because they took responsibility for
providing for his own family. But he said that he is doing his best in school to
graduate so that he can find a job that can provide for the needs of his family.
Shad
Shad was only 15 years old when he had his first girlfriend and first
sexual intercourse. His first sexual intercourse happened in their house. He felt
nervous that time since it was his first time. After the first encounter however, he
eventually had 25 sexual partners which included past girlfriends and one-night
stands. Curiosity is the reason why he engaged in premarital sex. He did not use
SATISFACTION
1

contraceptives every time he engaged in sexual activity. So when he heard that he
got his sexual partner pregnant at the age of 19, he was shocked, although he had
no doubt that it was his child. Shad is 24 years old now. He has a daughter who is
four-years old and currently living with her mother. Despite having a child at a
young age, Shad was able to finish college. He now has his own income. But he
still receives financial support from his parents and in-laws to enable him to better
provide for his child. His estimated income monthly is Php5,000 and according to
him, this income is sufficient only for family needs and he can hardly save.
Rap
Rap is 20 years old now and became a father when he was 19 years old.
According to him, he entered in a relationship when he was 16 years old. He
experienced his first sexual intercourse at the age of 18 with his second girlfriend.
He had three sexual partners before he became a father. He said that he was
carried away by foreplay and romantic activities. He does not use contraceptives
because according to him he is a “happy go lucky man” and “come what may”
sort of person. When he heard that he got the girl pregnant, he was in shock.
Eventually, he realized that he needs to be serious already and find a job. Rap is a
college graduate. He took up computer engineering and is currently working as a
quality assurance specialist in Manila. He is earning PhP20,000-30,000 monthly.
He is working in Manila while his wife and son are living in the province with his
family.
SATISFACTION
1

Kris
Kris became a father at the age of 18. He is 23 years old now and has a
daughter. Kris is married and living with his wife and daughter. He is a college
undergraduate but he finished a vocational course. Currently, he is working as a
bookkeeper and microfinance officer in Cordon, Isabela earning PhP10,000-
15,000 monthly which is sufficient for family needs and he can save. Kris was
only 14 years old when he entered into a romantic relationship. He said he had
two serious relationships and seven flings. He experienced his first sexual
intercourse at the age of 16. According to him, he had five sexual partners before
he became a father. He was pressured by his peers to engage in premarital sex. He
was not bothered that he would get a girl pregnant since he practices safe sex by
using contraceptives. Nevertheless, when he was 18, he got his girlfriend
pregnant. When he heard about it, they openly decided to continue with the
pregnancy and eventually got married.
Je
Je was 20 years old when he became a father. He is 22 years old now and
has a daughter. He is an assistant manager of a fast food chain in Manila and is
earning PhP35,000-40,000 monthly which is very sufficient for the family. It was
in high school when he had his first girlfriend and first sexual intercourse. He had
more than 10 sexual partners before. He feels that he was influenced by the
stories of his friends and out of his curiosity that he engaged in premarital sex.
SATISFACTION
1

His first girlfriend was also his partner in his first sexual intercourse. They did it
in his house. When he heard that he got the girl pregnant he felt scared and
nervous because he did not really like his girlfriend. Je called their marriage a
‘shotgun wedding’because the family of his girlfriend forced him to marry their
daughter. Je is currently living with his sister and mother, while his daughter and
wife are living with his wife’s parents. He feels that they are married only in
paper. However, according to him, despite his complicated relationship with his
wife, he does not forget his obligations to his daughter.
Bry
Bry is now 21 years old and became a father at the age of 19. He was 16
years old when he entered into his first relationship, the same age he experienced
his first sexual intercourse. His first sexual intercourse happened in the house of
his ex-girlfriend. He had 10-15 sexual partners before he became a father and
curiosity was the reason why he engaged in premarital sex. He only uses
withdrawal method when engaging in sexual activity. When he heard that he got
his sexual partner pregnant, he was nervous because he was still studying.
Eventually he accepted his responsibility for his child. But because he was still
studying, his parents decided to allow him to finish school first. Now, he has a
two year-old daughter. Both Bry’s girlfriend (mother of his child) and daughter
are living with his in-laws. He usually just visits them there after school. Bry has
big plans for his family after graduating stating that he will find work
immediately to provide for his daughter and soon-to-be wife.

SATISFACTION
1

Nem
Nem was 16 years old when he had his first girlfriend. This was the same
age when he experienced his first sexual intercourse. His first sexual intercourse
happened at the house of his former girlfriend. He had four sexual partners before
he became a father. He does not use contraceptives, so when he heard that he got
his girlfriend pregnant he was shocked and nervous. He knew his father will be so
angry if he knew about it. However, he loved his girlfriend so he just accepted the
fact that he was going to be a father. Nem is 22 years now and he was only 19
years old when he became a father. He is not yet married but he is living with his
girlfriend and son together with his father. He is working as a service crew in a
fast food chain and he earns PhP5000-10000 a month.
Macoy
He was 16 when he first became a father. Currently he is 25 years old. At
present he has 3 children - all male, and they are aged seven, five and two years
old. They are not living with the mother of his children instead they are living
with his parents because his wife is an OFW. Since he is an elementary
undergraduate, he does not have any work at the present. When asked about his
family, he says that their life is okay and still surviving despite all the hardships.
Macoy only has one past girlfriend. He had his first girlfriend when he was 15
years old. He was 12 when he had his first sexual encounter. At that time, they
did not use any contraception. The encounter occurred at Macoy’s house. When
SATISFACTION
1

asked about his reaction when he heard he got his girlfriend pregnant, he said he
accepted it immediately.
Budoy
Budoy is 23 years old now. He was 17 when he became a father and 13
when he had his first girlfriend. In sum, he only had two past girlfriends. His first
intercourse was not with his past girlfriends, but with an acquaintance. Before he
had his child, he had nine sexual relations which were with friends, acquaintances
and one with a stranger. According to him, he wants to know the feeling of
having sexual intercourse that was why he engaged in it. He also said he was not
worried if he will get his sexual partner pregnant even though he did not use any
contraceptive. At the time that he found that he impregnated a girl, he doubted it
because according to him, he knows that he is not the only one who has had
sexual encounters with the girl. At present he has a son aged five. Together with
his wife, they are living with his parents. His parents are the ones supporting him
since he is a high school undergraduate and does not have financial resources.
Baguito
Baguito is 21 years old, single and has a 5 year old son. He was 15 years
old when he became a father. Baguito has four past girlfriends. He had his first
girlfriend at the age of 13, but he experienced his first sexual intercourse at the
age of 12. He recounted that, “because of my friends, I was pressured to engage
in sexual activities and from then on it became a hobby to have sex with girls”.
SATISFACTION
1

Before he had a child, he had a total of eight sexual partners which were with
girlfriends and acquaintances. They usually held it at the house/boarding house of
his friends. He was worried that he might get a girl pregnant since he did not use
any contraception. And when he was informed that he impregnated a girl he
initially denied it because according to him, “May pakiramdam ako na… hindi sa
akin yun… na sa isa kong kaibigan yun. Siya ang bumuntis sa kanya” (I had a
feeling that it was not mine and it was one of my friends who impregnated her).
Together with his child, they are living with his parents who are supporting them.
He is currently unemployed since he is high school undergraduate and still unable
to find a good job. His family is happy, understanding and supportive despite of
the fact that they were burdened with Baguito’s early engagement in teen
fatherhood.
Pepito
Pepito became a father at the age of 14. He now has two children, a 3 year
old son and a 6 year old daughter. Before having children, he had two past
girlfriends. He was 13 at the time he had his first girlfriend. At the age of 14, he
already had his first sexual intercourse – but not with his girlfriend, rather with
one of his female friends. It occurred at the residence of his female friend. He did
not use any contraception at that time. According to him he was worried that he
would impregnate his friend. And when he heard that his fear came true, he ran
away trying to avoid the responsibility of being a father of the child. He stated,
SATISFACTION
1

“Inaalala ko yung nanay ko baka mapatay niya ako at ayaw ko pa talagang mag
asawa” (I was worried about my mother because I was sure she was going to kill
me and in the first place I did not like to get married). Currently, Pepito is not
living with the mother of his child rather he is living with his mother. He is a high
school undergraduate and currently unemployed. According to him, his parents
are very strict and they are always angry and also always busy at the farm. They
are seven siblings in their family and one of his brothers is also a teenage father.
He grew up very sad because his parents are separated and he always has feelings
of emptiness.
Loriel
Loriel is currently 23 years old and a Catholic by religion. He is a college
undergraduate, and currently working as a cook at a local restaurant. His parents
are separated and they have their separate families. Pedro usually feels that his
parents left him alone in the custody of his grandmother, stating, “I don’t like my
parents. They are not true parents”. He feels sad and alone growing up together
with his grandmother. In sum, he had 11 past girlfriends. He was 11 years old
when he had his first girlfriend. When he turned 12, he experienced his first
sexual intercourse with his girlfriend. According to him he engaged in premarital
sex just for past time. He used contraception that is why he did not worry that he
would impregnate a girl. However, when he learned that he impregnated his
girlfriend, he initially wanted her to abort the child. According to him, he did not
SATISFACTION
1

like to have a family at that time. He also shared, “Ang totoo niyan nandun na
kami noon sa harap ng bahay ng pag papalaglagan ng bata, pero hindi namin
alam… bigla kaming nakonsensya at nagdesisyon na lang kami ng girlfriend ko
na buhayin at alagaan na lang anak namin.” (Actually we are already at the
house of the abortionist. We don’t know, we were knocked by our conscience and
decided to push through with the pregnancy). He was 16 when he became a
father. He has one daughter, aged 6. He is currently living together with the
mother of his child.
Dan
Dan is currently 21 years old and Catholic by religion. He has one son
aged five. He had three past girlfriends and the first time he had a girlfriend was
when he was 13. This was the same age that he had his first sexual intercourse. It
happened with his friend. They did it at his friend’s house without using any
contraception. According to him, he was worried that he would impregnate his
friend. When he heard that he had impregnated the girl, he denied it saying,
“itinanggi ko noong una kasi natakot ako sa masasabi ng magulang ko at nang
girlfriend ko” (I denied at first because I was afraid of my parents’ and
girlfriend’s reaction). Currently, Dan is living with his child’s mother. He is a
high school undergraduate and currently unemployed. According to him, his
parents understand despite the fact that he now has his own family at a young age.
SATISFACTION
1

Filipino Young Fathers: A Summary
Young fathers of this study became a parent at the age of 19 and below.
They are at their early 20s now. They have currently one child with most of them
having a son who is in early childhood. Almost all of them are Roman Catholics.
Most of the young fathers are currently living in an extended familial set-up in
which they are not only living with the mother of their child but also living with
his parents or in-laws and other relatives. Half of the young fathers are married.
While most of them are college undergraduates, they were able to find
employment and have their own income. Their income, however, remains low
and often not enough to support himself or his family. With regards their sexual
behavior, the young fathers reported that they engaged in premarital sex as early
as age 12 to 18. Often they engaged into it with their girlfriend with the venue
being in their own residence. Prior to becoming a father, they had several past
girlfriends and sexual partners. When they engaged in sexual intercourse, they
rarely use contraception; nonetheless, they did not fear they would impregnate
their sexual partner. Upon learning that their partner was pregnant, their initial
reaction was acceptance of the circumstance.
Section 2. Young Fathers’ Profile Characteristics
This section presents the quantitative results of the respondents’ profile. It
is meant to describe the collective profile of the respondents across various
demographic, socioeconomic and family-based variables. It also includes a

SATISFACTION
1

discussion of their sexual behavior profile. Results of the quantitative analyses in
tables are shown as an appendix.
From the interview, it was discovered that most of the respondents are
aged 19, or in late adolescence (56%) when they became a father. The youngest
age for when they became a father is 14, with a mean age of 17.72 or 18 years
old. This is supported by the findings of the 1994 Young Adults Fertility and
Sexuality Study (YAFS II) which revealed a large proportion of young people
aged 15-24 years in the Philippines reporting themselves as becoming parents at
an early age(52% among men). In the 2014 YAFS or YAFS 4, almost 4% of the
unmarried teen males reported that they have gotten someone pregnant,
suggesting that there are indeed premarital experiences among this group of
young individuals.
Historically, individuals were allowed to marry at a very young age. In
Ancient Rome, the appropriate minimum age for marriage was 14 for males and
12 for females (Dahl, 2010). This standard was eventually adopted by the
Catholic Church when Rome was Christianized. Hence, in the 19th century,
marriage at age 18 and below was not unusual in the Philippines. Societally,
being married calls for pregnancy and hence it can be assumed that pregnancy
would also occur at a young age. The current findings, however, signal an
alarming trend of early sexual engagement prior to marriage. Natividad (2013)
confirmed this increasing proportion when she reported that premarital sexual
SATISFACTION
1

activity now occurs at much younger age citing the decrease in the stigma of out-
of-wedlock pregnancy as a possible explanation.
Developmental neuroscientists (e.g., Luna & Sweeney; Steinberg, as cited
in Alampay, Dela Cruz & Liwag, 2009) have argued that risk-taking activities is
an intrinsic part of being a teenager simply because brain maturation is still
incomplete by adolescence. Cerebral structures specifically those responsible for
impulse control only reach maturity by adulthood or by age 18. This suggests that
because teenagers’ brain and the cerebral structures responsible for impulse
control are not fully matured, they are prone to engagement in risky behaviors
like premarital or unprotected sex.
All of the respondents, in the current study, are already in their 20s and
most are Catholics (89%). Thirty three percent (33%) of them are 21 years old
and the youngest is 20 years old. The mean age of the respondents is 21.83 or 22
years old. Two out of three fathers (66%) are currently living with the mother of
their child. Most of the respondents currently have only one child (72%). This is
similar to the finding of the YAFS-4 which found that half of married teen males
have at least one child (41%).
Almost 39% of the respondents did not finish college. Only 17%
graduated from college. Despite this, sixty percent have a source of income while
the rest are still depending on their parents or on their in-laws for finances. In
terms of monthly income, 39% of the respondents are earning less than P5,000
monthly. While most did not finish college, there is still a higher educational
SATISFACTION
1

attainment compared to the national statistics provided by the YAFS 4 which
revealed that 49% of the adolescent males 15-19 years old in the Philippines are
only high school undergraduates (YAFS 4, 2014).
The table further shows that most of respondents (38.9%) are married.
Twenty seven percent (27%) are single and the other 28% are living in together.
In the YAFS-4, it was reported that there are more youth (aged 15-24) who are in
a “living-in” arrangement than married. However, in this study there are more
married teen males (39%) than those who are living-in (28%). Furthermore, most
of the respondents’ parents are married (78%).
The results of the quantitative data also show that 56% of the respondents
are currently employed and have their own income. This is consistent with the
nationwide YAFS-4 which reported that most of the male adolescents’ activity
aside from studying was working (23%). In terms of their socioeconomic status, it
can be shown that 44% reported as belonging to low socio-economic status. This
finding is supported by the survey conducted by the Healthy Teen Network
(2004) which showed that young fathers usually have higher rates of
unemployment and lower levels of education than older fathers. Mollborn and
Lovegrove (2011) observed the same when they found out that young fathers
often struggle to provide financially for a child as a result of lower rates of
educational attainment and the resulting difficulties in gaining employment.
Most of the respondents (56%) are currently living in an extended family
set up which means they are living with their parents, in-laws, and grandparents.
SATISFACTION
1

Filipino families are collectivistic; hence, the extended family set-up is very
common. When a son or daughter has already had his/her own family, he/she
together with the new family reside in the same house with his/her parents. Living
in an extended family has apparent advantages with regards paternal nurturance.
Parents and in-laws can help in nurturing or looking after their grandchildren
even on a day-to-day basis. In a 2013 article entitled “The Importance of
Extended Family to Building Strong, Healthy Families” (as cited in Rush,
2016),it was discussed that extended families are sources of emotional and
physical support. More than helping in childcare, they impart encouragement for
parents and help in making children feel loved and appreciated. This results to
lesser burdens particularly among youngfathers who are often inexperienced with
childcare. Young fathers are also given some liberty to look for work, spend time
with friends or engage in leisure since someone is available to attend to his child.
On the other end, however, this circumstance can also lead to
irresponsibility among the young fathers. They may engage in their previous
“bachelor” life, precisely because their children are being looked after anyway.
Furthermore, in a typical extended family, a child’s father or mother will not
always be the primary caregiver. The grandmother or an aunt or sibling may
provide the largest support or child care, even when the spouses are around every
day (Pillitteri, 2010). If this occurs, a father’s time with his child may decrease
which in turn may prevent him from increasing his paternal nurturance and
parental satisfaction.
SATISFACTION
1

Table 2 shows that most of the respondents had many past girlfriends
before they impregnated a girl. The mean number of their past girlfriends is 7.67
or 8. The youngest age for when they had their first girlfriend is 11 and the oldest
is 17, with a mean age of 14.39. When it comes to their age when they had their
first sexual intercourse, most reported that it was at the ages of 15 (22.2%) or 16
(22.2%). The youngest age for first sexual experience was 12 and the oldest age
reported was 18. According to the YAFS-4, there is an increasing proportion of
teen males that are engaging in early sex before age 15 and 18 (YAFS-4, 2014).
In this study, the mean age for first sexual initiation is 15.33 almost similar to the
YAFS-4 study which reported that sexual initiation began at 16 years old.
The results in the sexual behavior of the respondents are also almost
similar to the survey conducted by the nationwide Young Adult Fertility and
Sexuality Study among youth aged 15-24 (YAFS-3) in 2002 which revealed that
23.2% adolescents have had premarital sex (PMS) (31% males and 16% females),
with mean age at first sex of 17 for males and 18 for females. It would appear that
sexual initiation or first sexual experience is increasingly occurring at a much
younger age in the Philippines nowadays suggesting changes in prevalent sexual
behaviors and practices of young people. Natividad (2013) confirms this when
she reported that there is now a rising trend of premarital sexual activity among
young people coupled with an increasing acceptance of premarital sex. This
signify that interventions should be designed to help reverse the trend.
Almost 78% of the respondents had their first sexual intercourse not with
SATISFACTION
1

any person, but with their girlfriend. This is consistent with the YAFS-3 study
which reported that 60% of the teen males also had their first PMS with a
girlfriend.
The mean number of their sexual partners is 7.50 or 8. This is higher when
compared with the YAFS-3 since 4 was the mean number of partners among
sexually active male adolescents (YAFS-3, 2002).
The respondents’ home was the usual venue of their first sexual
intercourse (55.6%). Other respondents reported that it occurred in the girl’s
residence (22.2%), in their friend’s house or boarding house (16.7%) and some
revealed it occurred in a hotel (5.6%).
In addition, most of the respondents (61.10%) were not worried that they
might get the girl pregnant. The YAFS-4 study also found out that almost 4% of
single male teens have gotten someone pregnant. Almost all (77.80%) of the
respondents did not use contraceptives when they engaged in sexual intercourse.
This is confirmed by the YAFS studies which reported among teen males aged
15-24 in the Philippines a very low level of protection during their first premarital
sex (PMS). In the YAFS-3, it reported that only 27.6% males and 14.5% females
used contraception during first PMS.
When asked about their reactions upon learning of the pregnancy of their
sexual partner, most of the respondents (44.4%) stated that they accepted it.
Almost 28%, however, denied it, while16.7% planned to abort the child.
Caritaswissenschaft and Sozialarbeit (2012) argued that society usually has a

SATISFACTION
1

negative image of teen fathers portraying them as “hit and run victimizers”. The
current results however suggest otherwise. In the current study, only one (5.6%)
reported that he initially ran away, whereas another (5.6%) said that he doubted
that it was his child. According to Frias (2008), teenage fathers almost never plan
a pregnancy that is why their initial reactions may be denial, fear, and/or a desire
to escape.
Indeed, young fathers of this study handled theresponsibility of
impregnating their partner. An explanation for this might be because of “hiya”
(shame) or “kahihiyan”. Shame, in this context, refers to “a kind of anxiety, a fear
of being left exposed, unprotected and unaccepted” (Bulatao, as cited in Reyes,
2015). If a young father impregnated someone and did not take responsibility for
it, or he ran away, he is at risk of being labeled as “walang hiya” because he
violated a strong societal expectation.
In the current study, it was found that many of the young fathers engaged
in premarital sex because they are teased by their peers to do it and most of their
peers also engaged in it. For some young fathers who lack familial nurturance
and social acceptance upon learning that they would have a child, their peer group
appears to be their source of companionship, identity, emotional and social
support (Alampay, Dela Cruz & Liwag, 2009). Sadly, if the peer group is engaged
in delinquent activities like gambling, drug and alcohol use, and sexual activities,
it becomes a source of more risky behaviors than social support. Premarital sex is
SATISFACTION
1

more likely when teens have friends who are sexually active (Alampay, Dela
Cruz & Liwag, 2009).
Section 3. Paternal Nurturance
The previous section revealed that the young fathers of this study engaged
in pre-marital sex with some irresponsibility and happy-go-lucky attitude.
However, did this attitude change when they became fathers? This section reveals
that changes occurred among the young fathers after knowing that they now have
a child. This further presents evidence of how the young fathers discover for the
first time how they can nurture their child/ren. Young as they are, teenage fathers
are forced into a position where they have to do parenting roles before they are
ready. How are they able to do that? The following questions were asked to
generate answers regarding paternal nurturance: “Describe yourself as a father”,
“What are your usual activities with your child at home and at school?” and
“How do you show your love to your child?”
Nurturing By Providing. In responding to the question “How do you
show your love to your child?”eight of the respondents said they can show their
love by being a “provider”, as shown in the following statements:
“Binibigay ko lahat ng kailangan niya saka kahit maliit pa siya

ngayon sinisigurado ko na yung kalinga ng isang tatay
nararamdaman niya”(I give him all his needs and even if he is
still young now, I make sure that he feels that I am here for him).
Pedro, 22 yrs old, security guard
SATISFACTION
1

Yung pagtratrabaho ko para maibigay ko pangangailangan
nila”(I’m working so that I can provide all their needs)
Mario, 20, vendor
“Kung ano ang gusto nila ibinibigay ko pag lumalabas kami at

may tinuturo sila na gusto nila binbigay ko agad sa kanila”(I
give them whatever they want, when we leisurely walk and they
want something, I give it to them immediately.)
Jay, 21 yrs old, construction worker
“Financial support siguro, binibigay ko naman lahat ng kailangan

niya, gatas, diapers ganun”(Maybe financial support, because I
give all what he needs, milk, diapers and the like.)
Jose, 23 yrs old, Student
“Sa pagproprovide lahat ng kailangan niya at gusto

niya”(Providing all his needs and wants)
Rap, 20 yrs old, quality assurance specialist
“Binibigay ko lahat ng pangangailangan ng pamilya ko” (I provide

for all the needs of my family)
Kris, 23 yrs old, book keeper and microfinance
“Pagbigay ko sa mga kailangan niya, pag nagpapabili siya ng

laruan binibili ko agad”(Giving all his needs, if he wants me to
buy toys, I buy it immediately)
Nem, 22 yrs old, crew at fast food chain
“Nagtratrabaho akong mabuti para mapag-aral sila” (I work very

hard so that I can send them to school.
Pepito, 23 yrs old, construction worker
Several of the teen fathers described themselves as a “loving father” who
“will do anything for (the) family”. Indeed being a provider is one of the major
ways by which fathers nurture their children. Teenage fathers may not express
their love to their children in obvious ways like mothers but fathers of this study
expressed their love by fulfilling the “provider” role, and taking on mature roles
by finding work or working to provide for the finances of the family. In the study
SATISFACTION
1

conducted by Bade (2012), the teen fathers discussed having their life plans
drastically changed placing a heavy burden for them to find employment,
increasing their financial responsibility, and their sense of duty for their children.
It appears that finding employment and providing finances for his family or child
is a core dimension of a teenage father’s nurturance. Liwag, Dela Cruz and
Macapagal (1999) claim that the Filipino father’s chief role is that of family
provider and his role as a child caretaker is considered only secondary. However,
Gonzales (2014) reported that the new generation of fathers is now striving to
create an emotional bond with their children. They are much more interested in
being present in their children’s lives and are much less focused on primarily
holding the provider role. This was supported by Rayco (2008) who defined
nurturance as “isang amang nakikinig at tumutugon sa mga pangangailangan ng
kanyang anak at nakakapagbigay ng kapanatagan at lakas ng loob” (Someone
who listens and responds to his child’s needs and makes him or her feel secure
and self-confident) suggesting that the father’s role was not limited to providing
for his children. In the paternal nurturance scale which Rayco (2008) crafted, he
was able to discover that adolescents, who had older fathers usually defined
paternal nurturance in terms of the following: nakikinig/pinapakinggan,
matulungin, pangangailangan, and loob.In the current study, most of the young
fathers’ nurturing style was “pangangailangan” only which suggest that for them,
to be a nurturing father was confined to providing the needs of their children.
Since these fathers are at their young age when they became a father, it is
SATISFACTION
1

apparent that they still lack maturity and still unknowing on how else they can be
involved with their child’s life. Moreover, according to Gallardo (2010) despite
the changes of the times, many fathers are still bound by gender-biased parenting
beliefs and practices which view parenting as solely a mother’s role. For this
matter, fathers need to be educated on the responsibilities and values of parental
nurturance and shared parenting.
Nurturing by Being Involved. Data indicate, however that fulfilling the
provider role is not the only way by which teenage fathers show their love. Most
of them are also actively involved in their children’s life in leisure time, play
time, child care, and school as shown below:
Leisure. Because fathers are expected to be working for their family,
sometimes they no longer have time for the family. Usually they have no time for
their children but if they have time, they make the most out of it. This statement
was strengthened by the working teenage fathers of this study who go out with
their children if they have free time from work. For example:
“Pag day off ko sinasakay ko siya sa motor ko, iniikot ko siya”

(When I’m off from work, I let him ride on my motorcycle and we
go around.)
Pedro, 22 yrs old, bodyguard
“Namamasyal kami pag may oras ako” (If I have time, we go out
for leisure)
Jay, 21 yrs old, construction worker
“Pag nakakasama ko siya pinapasyal ko lang siya (When I’m

with him, we just go out for leisure)
Jose, 23 yrs old, student
SATISFACTION
1

“Unfortunately, I’m always away from home, kapag umuuwi ako
lagi ko siyang pinapasyal ganun”. (When I’m home, I always go
out with him on leisure)
Playtime. Play is one of the significant factors that contribute to the
development of a child. The respondents engaged themselves in the playtime of
their children and in this way they are able to form bonds with their child. Popoy
stated that his activity with his child is “naglalaro ng (playing) badminton”. The
same is through with the other participants who also said that playing with their
child is one of their ways to bond with their children as indicated below:
“(We) watch Frozen then play time tapos kain tapos pasyal [We
watch (the movie) Frozenthen we play then eat and go out]
Shad, 24 years old, security guard
“…kapag umuuwi ako, naglalaro (kami)” (…when I’m home, we

play together)
“naglalaro (kami), nagbi-bike” (we play, we ride the bicycle

together).
Nem, 22 yrs old, crew at fast food chain
Despite the busy schedules of the young father who are employed they
still find time to bond with their child even though they are tired sometimes. This
is evident in Popoy’s statement when he said,“Naglalaan ako ng oras para
makipaglaro sa kanya kahit pagod ako galing sa trabaho.” (I always find time to
play with him even when I’m tired from work).Liwag, Dela Cruz and Macapagal
(1999) cited that Filipino fathers maintained that they were very much involved in
taking care of their children less than a year-old. Relating and playing were the
most frequent activities of the younger fathersto their child while the older
SATISFACTION
1

fathers’activities were mostly going on trips and relating emotionally to their
children.
Childcare. Patriarchal societies expect that the work of a father is to
provide the needs of his family. It is surprising to know that there are some young
fathers who are hands-on in caring for their children, as shown in the following
statements:
“nagaalaga ako ng anak ko”(I take care of my child)

Macoy, 25 yrs old, currently full time father
“Ako na tumatayong ama at ina sa anak ko. Ako na nagaalaga sa

kanya”(I’m already the father and mother of my child. I’m the one
who takes care of him)
Baguito, 21 yrs old, raising his 5 year old son by himself
“Pag dayoff ko, ako nagaalaga sa kanya”(When it’s my day-off

from work, I’m the one who takes care of him)
Pedro, 19 yrs old, body guard
“Inaalagaan ko siya pag nasa bahay na ako pagkatapos ng

trabaho ko”(I take care of her when I’m home already after my
work)
Juan, 21 yrs old, vendor
Some studies reveal that contrary to common belief, teenage fathers are
not always keen to avoiding their responsibilities. Instead, they were often very
eager about the prospect of becoming an involved parent, wanting to learn how to
do the job properly (Rivara, 1986; Speak, 1997). Gonzales (2014) also stated that
fathering today often includes nurturing and caregiving, play activities and
engaging in leisure, providing moral guidance, and taking responsibility for
coordinating their children’s care and activities; as being a father in this
generation of changing family structures and converging gender roles means

SATISFACTION
1

more than bringing home a paycheck or delivering punishment to a misbehaving
child.
School. Since some of the teenage fathers have children who are already
in pre-school, some of them involve themselves in the schooling of their child by
sending and fetching the child from school. Nem mentioned that “Hinahatid ko
siya sa school”(I bring him to school). Also Macoy, Budoy and Baguito stated
that “Sa school naman hatid sundo ko siya” (I bring and fetch him from school);
“Ako naghahatid at nagsusundo sa kanila sa school” (I’m the one who bring and
fetch them from school); “Ako na din ang naghahatid at nagsusundo sa kanila sa
school”(I’m also the one who brings and fetches them from school).
At the moment, school involvement is limited to bringing and fetching the
child from school given that most of the participants’ children are still in pre-
school. The children of the rest of the participants were still toddlers and not
attending school. One participant however indicated that while his child is still in
pre-school, he already is foreseeing how he could provide for his child’s tuition,
saying:
“Ang pinaka-worst ay iyong pag-aaral niya, kung paano ako

makakatulong sa pangtuition niya [The worst (problem I am
facing) is (with regards his) schooling, and on how I can help in
providing for his tuition].
Shad, 24 years old, security guard
This suggests that indeed, fathers are progressively more conscious of
their participation in their children’s lives both at home and in school as the latter
continue to grow and develop. Most researches indicate that young fathers are
SATISFACTION
1

more interested in being involved with their children than previously thought.
And this is very much evident in Shad’s statement when he said, “basta kasama
ko sya, sinusulit ko yung oras na magkasama kami (I make sure that I maximize
my time with him).
For adolescent and young adult fathers, involvement with their children
may help promote the fathers’psychological development and self-esteem, and
may strengthen the father-child relationship (Foster, 2004; Glickman, 2004).
Hence, it is crucial that young fathers, in whatever way they can, should remain
involved in their children’s lives. Catholic social teaching stresses the
significance of both parents within the family. While addressing more generally
the importance of the family for society, Pope John Paul II highlights the
necessity of the father in his encyclical Familiaris Consortio and urges:
“Above all where social and cultural conditions so easily

encourage a father to be less concerned with his family or at any
rate less involved in the work of education, efforts must be made to
restore socially the conviction that the place and task of the father
in and for the family is of unique and irreplaceable importance”.
(p. 42)
In the study conducted by Frias (2008) he found that there are also
hindrances for a young father to be an involved parent. Unemployment and low
educational attainment are among the given factors for why the young father
becomes being uninvolved parent. Low income fathers, who are unable to provide
for their families due to poverty or job loss, seem to have negative or decreased
interactions with their children. This is supported by the findings of Gonzales

SATISFACTION
1

(2014) which found that low socio-economic men may be affected by their
incapacity to perform a fundamental dimension of fatherhood limiting their
capacity to expand their emotional realm of fathering because their paternal
identity is pre-occupied with breadwinning. However, in this study despite the
low socio-economic status and educational attainment of the young fathers they
are still able to be involved in nurturing their child, not just by being a provider
but also by being involved in the life of their children especially in leisure,
playtime, childcare and school.
Culturally in the Philippines, fathers are viewed primarily as breadwinners
(Rayco, 2008). However, in the current study some of the respondents are also
genuinely involved by being hands on and nurturing towards their child.
The results are supported by Ronquillo and de Leon’s (2010) findings
which reported that Filipino fathers, regardless of their demographic
characteristics, give high regard to the roles they play in their children’s lives
whether they see themselves as providers, nurturers, or models of good behavior,
they all believe that being a father is something that has to be taken seriously.
They also found that fathers believe that their role is no longer just confined to
providing for the material needs of the family. Several changes were noted in the
young fathers as shown in the statements below:
Madi ak unay agbisbisyon, nga agbalbaliw nakun ta adda sunan nga

dapat alagaak, nga panpanunutik umuna isuna bago atuy sarilik. (I don’t
usually do my vices anymore, I changed already because I have a child
that I should care for, I think of my child first before myself.)
Juan, 20, Vendor
SATISFACTION
1

Kung noong dati madalas akong umiinom saka nagbabasketball kasama
koiyong mga barkada ko, ngayon hindi na masyado kasi alam kong
pamilyado na ako. (If before I always drink alcohol and play basketball
with my friends, now it’s not like that because I already have a family.)
Jose, 23, Student
Umiiwas na ako. Kapag may nagyaya sa akin na maglaro o lumabas na

mag-inom hindi na ako masyado sumama sa kanila.(If there is someone
who invites me to play or to go out and drink alcohol, I seldom go with
them now.)
Bry, 21, Student
Hindi na ako pwedeng mangchicks kasi may anak na ako. (I can no longer
flirt with other ladies because I already have a child)
Shad, 24, Security Guard
Young fathers of this study are nurturing in a way that they provide the
needs of their child. Since they are still young and beginners as a parent, they still
do not know how to become a father. Many of them still think that to nurture is to
simply provide the material needs of their child. Surprisingly, young fathers of
this study are also nurturing by being involved in their child’s life by engaging
themselves in playtime, leisure, child care and in the schooling of their child. If
previously they are irresponsible, immature and happy-go-lucky, that they only
think of themselves, they do what they want, going out with their peers, doing
their vices, sports and any activities that average teenage boy are doing, now,
having a child changed their attitudes and lifestyles making them more
responsible and nurturing in their own way.

SATISFACTION
1

Section 3: Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy has been defined as the belief in one’s capabilities to execute
one’s course of action. It emphasizes a teenage father’s ability to face difficulties
and solve problems relating to parenthood. In as much as having a child at an
early age has put a stop to most of the activities they were previously doing like
going to school, most of the young fathers are faced with difficulties in the
nurturance of their family. How efficient and effective then are they in meeting
these responsibilities? In this section, respondents’ self-efficacy was revealed by
asking them questions regarding (1) their greatest problems, (2) how they solved
those problems, and (3) their abilities which helped them solve those problems.
Young fathers’ greatest problems. Given the sudden involvement of the
teenage fathers into a situation they were not prepared for, their greatest problems
were on financies, and ignorance and inexperience with fatherhood.
Financial Problems. Financial problems act as risk factors related to a
family's inability to provide sufficient financial resources to meet minimum
needs. Most of the young fathers in this study consider finances as a major
problem as shown in the following statements:
“Siguro yung pera yung panggatas niya pagdiaper pang vitamins.

Basta lahat ng kailangan niya, hindi ko maibigay noon kasi nga
hindi naman ako nagtratrabaho noong panahon na iyon. Kaya
lahat ng trabaho ginagawa ko, awa ng diyos natanggap akong
security.” (Money for milk, diaper and vitamins everything that my
baby needs I could not provide because at that time I did not have
SATISFACTION
1

work but by God’s grace, I found one and I was accepted as
security guard).
Loriel, 23, unemployed
“Nu agsakit ti anak ko ta haan ko ammu nu ana iti pagalaan iti
kwartai ti pangpaagas. Ammum met nga madi ak nakapalpas awan
iti trabahok nga natinu isu nga problemak met iti pagalaan iti
kwarta idi, kasdiay.” (When my child is sick, I do not know where
to get money. I did not finish my studies, I do not have good paying
job, that is why where to get money is a problem).
Budoy, 23, unemployed
This shows that becoming a father at a young age may result to financial
problems. All of the young fathers were studying, eight were in college already
and the rest were in high school. Getting someone pregnant halted their schooling
and for ten of the respondents, prevented them from securing a degree or
finishing at least high school. This fact caused difficulty in finding and landing a
job and consequently led to financial problems. Teen fatherhood appears to be
associated with negative consequences, both for the father and child that are
similar to those observed among teen mothers. Accordingly, consequences
include reduced educational attainment, greater financial hardship, and less stable
marriage patterns for the teen parent, along with poorer health, educational, and
behavioral outcomes among children born to teen parents (Batten and Stowell
,1996). As Loriel further explains:
“Pagalaan (ku) ti kwarta ta haan nak met nakapalpas. Problema

ko din kung paano na pag-aaral ko noon kung may anak na ako.
Siyempre hindi na ako makakapag-aral kasi kailangan ko na
silang buhayin at saka syempre sa murang edad hindi ko pa
alam kung saan ako kukuha at hahanap ng pera” (Where do I get
money? I did not finish my studies.I was worried about my
studies since I already have a child. Of course I can longer pursue
SATISFACTION
1

my studies already because I need to work for my child. At a
young age I do not know where to get and find money).
Apparently, because they did not finish college, young fathers are much
more likely to hold low prestige jobs. Young fathers in this study are frustrated
about how they can provide for their family. For instance, Nem, 22, a fast food
crew said:
“Yung pang araw-araw na gastos namin noon kasi wala akong

mahingan. Nahihiya naman ako sa parents ko. Meron pa minsan
inuutang ko pa pang gatas nya sa mga barkada ko.”(Our everyday
expenses was a problem before, because we do not have someone
to borrow money from. I was embarrassed (to ask) from my
parents. There was even one time when I had to borrow money
from my friends to buy milk).
Popoy, 21, security guard shared a similar difficulty stating:

“Umaasa pa din kasi kami sa mga magulang naming mag-asawa.
Kulang din kasi yung sweldo ko para sa kanilang dalawa. Ang
hirap kasi maghanap ng trabaho pag high school graduate ka
lang.” (We are still dependent on our parents because our salary is
not enough for the two of them. It’s really hard to look for a job if
you are only a high school graduate.)
These statements show that teenage fatherhood is not an easy situation.
However, it can also be seen in the young fathers’ statements that despite the
hardships, they are trying their best to give their best for their children. This also
shows that young fathers are still doubtful of their abilities to be independent
since they are still dependent on theirparents and/or grandparents. Rhein,
Ginsburg, Schwars, Pinto-Martin, Zhao, Morzan & Slap (1997) found that
financial insecurity was a factor that was likely to lead to disinterest in the rearing
of their child. Interestingly, data of this study say otherwise in that the young
fathers are motivated to look for a job and find money for their children. As said
SATISFACTION
1

earlier, Filipino’s live in an extended familial set up and being collectivists in
nature they often reflect group or family goals. In this arrangement, parents or in-
laws still support their children financially even if their children have their own
family already.
Ignorance and inexperience of fatherhood. The second top problem of
teenage father as stated by the respondents of this study was how to become a
father to their child or children. This means lack of readiness in becoming a father
and being immature in their role as a father. Much of what is known about the
transition to fatherhood may be garnered from relatively older studies that
focused on how couples become parents and negotiate their new father (and
mother) roles. May (1982) found that expectant fathers' perceived readiness for
fatherhood was related to their view of the stability and quality of their marital
relationships, their financial situation, and whether they had accomplished their
life goals in the childless period. As Pedro, 21, security guard said,“Problema ko
noon kung paano ko papanindigan yung baby ko” (My problem before was how
to stand up for my baby). Popoy, in the same light, said “Nung una siguro eh
financial talaga kasi wala pa akong trabaho nun. (Ngayon) yung pagaalaga sa
kanya.”(At first it’s really financial because I did not have work before and now
and how to take care of my child). This proves that having financial resources is
one of the demands and contributory to one’s readiness to fatherhood.

SATISFACTION
1

Indeed the young fathers were not ready to become fathers, such that
several of them wanted to have an abortion upon learning of their partner
pregnancy. Specifically, three out of 18 young fathers in this study reported that
they planned to abort the child. Dacles (2014) said that since they are beginners,
responsibilities experienced by teenage parents are very difficult to deal with.
Abortion came across their minds alsoprobablybecause of fear regarding the
reactions of their family.
Because of their young age, most of the participants were not yet mature
to enter the world of fatherhood that was why most of them were unsure of their
actions. Juan says “Idi umuna ket madik pay ammu ububraik bilang ama ti anak
ko. Madik pay ammu su na nga alagaan idi manu nga bulan na pay lang.” (At
first I did not know what I wasdoing. I did not know how to take care of him in
his early months as a baby). This was similar to Juan and Dan who also pointed
out that they were inexperienced and truly unaware of what they were doing
while caring for their children. Rhein et al. (1997) suggested that apart from a
young father’s financial insecurity, confusion or lack of knowledge about child
care were also likely to lead to disinterest with their child and even
uninvolvement. It is a good thing then that eventually they managed to care for
their children, influencing their children’s behavior then revealing their self-
efficacy. This power of belief in one’s capability is very important because this
impact not only the young fathers’ own behavior and involvement but as well as
their children’s behavior and development.

SATISFACTION
1

The above results highlight that young Filipino fathers actually evaluate
their capacities regarding their parental role. They are trying their best to take on
the parental role despite their inexperience. This suggests that they already put
emphasis on the importance of their role in the molding of their children. This is
supported by Daganzo, Alampay andLansford (2014) who said that parental
efficacy is now a key aspect of Filipino parenting, and apparently, this is true
even for young adolescent fathers. These previously carefree individuals
transformed into young fathers who try their best to prioritize their family and be
genuinely responsible for them. This is an important change in the identity of the
young fathers since this transition into a new and more responsible role of a father
helps improve their parental self-efficacy.
Mario disclosed that “umaasa pa din kasi kami sa mga magulang naming
mag-asawa. Kulang din kasi yung sweldo ko para sa kanilang dalawa.”(We are
still dependent on our parents because my salary is not enough for the two of
them). Mario’s statement reveals the usual support – financial or otherwise - that
Filipino families give to unexpected pregnancies in the family. This contradicts
the result of the study of Sheldrake (2010) which stated that 32% of the 29 fathers
involved in the study received little or no assistance from family members.
Garcia (2012) argued that Philippine societies are collectivist in nature;
hence extended familial support is common. This shows that Filipino families
always want to help and be involved with decisions regarding their sons or
daughters’ problems. However, this circumstance may also be undesirable since

SATISFACTION
1

parents and parents-in-law may interfere with the problems faced by their child
(Dacles, 2014).
How young fathers solved their problems
Finding work. When asked “How were you able to solve such problems”
Pedro, said “Iyon nga yung naghanap talaga ako ng trabaho, lahat ng trabaho na
pwede ginawa ko hanggang sa nakapasok nga ako bilang security guard.”(I
really searched for a job. I tried all jobs that were available until I was hired as a
security guard). This statement shows that fatherhood at a young age is not an
easy job. It requires full effort of a responsible father.
In a family there are times that the child will get sick and sometimes there
will be emergencies. Kris did his best to address such problem as he shared in his
statement “Alam kong may mas malaking responsibilidad na ako ngayon kaya
minsan ginagawan ko ng paraan agad. Parang kapag may kailangan sya at
walang pera nagaadvance ako sa trabaho ko.” (I know I now have a bigger
responsibility that is why if there is a problem I solve it immediately. When he
needs something and I have no money, I get my salary in advance).
Discernment. To become a good father requires accepting such
responsibility of being a father and one of the problems faced by young fathers is
accepting the fact that they are now a father and no longer a single teenager. As
stated by Loriel:
“Noong una hindi ko alam kung paano gagawin ko sa pamilya ko at

sa sarili ko kaya ang una kong ginawa tinanggap ko muna ang mga
nangyari kasi noong una talaga hindi ko tanggap. Hindi ko rin sure
SATISFACTION
1

kung akin yung bata eh at sabi ko na lang sa sarili ko magpapaka-
ama nalang ako kasi si mahal ready naman siyang maging ina eh at
saka naging madiskarte at matiisin nalang din ako sa mga nangyari”.
(At first I did not know what to do with my family and to myself
that’s why the first thing I did was to accept what happened. I did not
know if it is mine or not and I told to myself I will be a father to the
child because my wife is ready to be a mother. I decided to do
something about it and persevered through the situation).
Since young fathers are still at a young age it was not easy for them to
become mature and become responsible. This was shown in Dan’s statement:
“Parang kelan ko lang din na solve yung mga problema na yan kasi
sabi ko nga kanina binata pa ako noon. Kahit may anak na (ako).
Bale realization (na may anak na ako) ang nakatulong sa akin. Kasi
kung hindi ko pa 100% na narealize na (may anak na) ako, siguro
may na-anakan na naman ako.” (I’ve only recently solved this
problem. Even if I already have a son. Realizing that I already have a
son helped me a lot. Because if not, I would have impregnated
another woman again)
This statement shows that his realization of his current situation and his
role as a father helps him a lot in becoming a good father to his children and to
his family, and his realization help him know his priorities and responsibilities.
However, in the statement of Jay “Iniyakan ko lang, iniyakan ko ng ilang
oras tapos wala na ok na ko.” (I just cried on it for hours then after that I was
okay). Jose said, “Binabalewala ko lang, wala pa din naman kasi akong magawa
kasi nga nagaaral pa lang ako.” (I just ignored it because I couldn’t do anything
about it since I was still studying).
Abilities that helped them to solve their problems. This part presents
the specific abilities of the young fathers which would serve as evidence of their
self-efficacy.
SATISFACTION
1

Persevering despite problems. When asked about their abilities that
helped them to solve their problems, the respondents shared:
“Siguro yung pagkapursigido ko na makahanap ng trabaho para

maibigay lahat ng pangangailangan ng anak ko.” (Maybe my
perseverance to look for a job to provide his needs)
Pedro, 21, security guard
“determinasyon. Ayoko kasing magutom ang pamilya ko,”

Nem, 22, fast food crew
“siguro eh pagiging matatag at matiisin kaya nalagpasan ko mga

problema noon hanggang ngayon…saka tiwala lang kay Lord.”
(Maybe being strong and patient that why I overcome all the
problems until now and trust to the Lord)
Pepito, 23, unemployed
“Iyon nga iyong pagiging masipag ko na din siguro saka pagiging

responsable.”(Being industrious and responsible)
Popoy, 21, security guard
“siguro tibay ng loob kasi ngayon ginagawa ko na mga hindi ko

ginagawa dati like pagsasaka agbukid agubra kasdiay kunam
man…hehe”, (determination because I am now doing the things I
am not doing before like farming and working)
Dan, 21, unemployed
This shows that being a teenage father does not mean he cannot be a good
father or that he is incapable of doing his parenting responsibilities. Rather, this
shows how the young fathers truly try to take on their parenting roles by
persevering. Such is the evidence of their self-efficacy. Being a teenage father
deeply imposed challenges on how one can fulfill the role of being a father at a
young age. The challenges are greater for these young parents as compared to
older parents since they have yet to learn other important abilities that will enable
them to become better parents.

SATISFACTION
1

Resourceful. Since they are still young they tried different ways and
means to provide the needs of their family. They did this by being “madiskarte”
or resourceful. For instance, Rap, 20, quality assurance specialist, said:
“Alam kong may mas malaking responsibilidad na ako

ngayon.ginagawan ko lahat ng paraan, para kapag may kailangan
siya at walang pera nagaadvance ako sa trabaho ko.” (I know that
I have now a big responsibility, I advance money from my job to
provide what is needed)
Jay, 21, construction worker, said:
“Iyon nga iyong naghanap talaga ako ng trabaho, lahat ng

trabaho na pwede ginawa ko hanggang sa nakapasok nga ako
bilang security guard” (I really looked for a job, I tried all the jobs
that are available until I was hired as a security guard).
The same experience was seen in Mario, 20, helper in the business,
who said:
“Itininda ko yung kalabaw namin dahil sa financial problem.”

(I sold our carabao because of financial problem).
Accepting responsibilities of a father. Six of the young fathers described
themselves as a “responsible father”. This is unexpected since the society
stereotypes them as “hit and run victimizers”, running away from their
responsibility when they heard that they impregnated a girl.
Popoy, who became a father at the age of 19 and is now 21 years old,
currently a bodyguard, describes himself as a “loving and responsible father” who
works hard for his family. Mario, a father who has twin daughters at the age of 20
stated that “Masasabi ko sigurong naging responsible talaga ako kasi mas iniisip
ko na talaga yung mga anak ko”. Likewise, Macoy and Pedro are responsible
SATISFACTION
1

because they are “providing all the needs of their children in their own”. All five
respondents claimed that they are responsible fathers because they are providing
the needs of their children on their own despite the fact that most of them did not
finish college and they have low-paying jobs.
The consequence of being a teenage father is not easy to handle.
Rauschendorfer (2005), the Manager of the Catholic Charities Programs for
Young Moms and Dads, said that,
"They [teen fathers] do care. And when they're asked, they want to
be responsible men - not all of them, but a lot. It's not easy, and
they often start with a lot of strikes against them - their age, their
own home life, the need to finish school and still be a dad. It takes
strength and guts”. (p. 21)
Instead of enjoying their youth and having good times they are now taking
the big responsibility of a father. Catholic teachings emphasize the importance of
both parents within the family. Pope John Paul II underscores how essential a
father is in his encyclical Familiaris Consortio and encourages society to
advocate for and restore the conviction that a father should remain concerned
with his family and be truly involved in his role in the family. Despite society’s
common notion about them, the young fathers of this study proved that they can
be responsible fathers at their young age.
Self-efficacy can impact one’s own behavior and the behaviors of those
with whom the individual interacts. Young fathers’ self-efficacy is significant in
molding and raising their child as they can influence the behavior of their child
(Raikes &Thompson, 2005). The self-efficacy of the young fathers in this study is
SATISFACTION
1

still low since they are beginners and are only learning how to become good
fathers. They have yet to understand the other facets of childcare or parenting that
they can involve themselves with their children apart from providing their child’s
financial needs. Despite of their young age they are trying to learn and to become
the provider of their family.
Section 5. Parental Satisfaction
To reveal the participants’ level of parental satisfaction, the following
questions were asked: “How satisfied are you with yourself as a father? And
Why?”and “How satisfied are you with your children’s behavior? Why?”
Responses to the former questions revealed that majority of the respondents are
moderately satisfied as a father. When asked to rate themselves from one to ten
(1-10), responses yielded scores in the range of four to eight. Mario said “Kung
numbering siguro from one to ten, nasa eight ganun, eight or nine. Kasi di naman
ako perfect eh.” (If I will rate it from one to ten, maybe it’s eight because I’m not
perfect). Meanwhile, Kris said, “Six lang dahil madami pa kasi akong dapat
patunayan at matutunan. Basic needs pa lang naibibigay ko sa anak ko.” (I will
rate myself as six, since I have a lot to prove and learn. So far I can provide only
the basic needs of my child).
Some respondents said that they are not that satisfied with themselves as a
father because most of their time is still spent working. For instance, Rap said
“kung ire-rate ko (If I will rate it) from one to ten, it’s five because I’m not
physically beside my child”. Je stated “four? Kasi nasusustentuhan ko naman siya

SATISFACTION
1

pero yung time and presence as a father wala.” (four? I can sustain all his needs
but the time and presence as a father is not there). According to Frias (2008)
children who lived apart from their fathers are more likely to drop out of school,
twice as likely to abuse drugs or alcohol, twice as likely to end up in jail, and two
or three times more likely to need help for emotional or behavioral problems.
This highlights the importance of father’s presence in the child’s life.
In addition, Dan said “Ngayon hindi ko pa masasabing satisfied na ako
kasi parang nag-i-start palang akong maging mabuting ama sa anak ko. Kasi
feeling binata pa lang ako nuon eh.”(For now I can say that I’m not yet satisfied
because I’m still starting to be a good father to my child. Before I was acting like
a teenager - without a child). Fathers who are unable to provide for their families
or children due to being jobless, seem to have a decreased interaction with their
children. This is similar to Bry’s statement who mentioned that, “Parang hindi
pa tatay ang feeling ko ngayon. Lahat ng responsibilidad inako ng parents ko at
ng in-laws ko. Sakanila nanggagaling lahat kasi nga nagaaral pa lang ako.” (It
seems like I don’t feel being a father now. My parents and my in-laws took my
responsibilities as father. They provide everything because I’m still studying).
There were a few who highlighted that they are somehow satisfied
already. For example, Pedro said “Ayos naman kasi alam ko naman sa sarili ko
ko bilang tatay na naibibigay ko mga kailangan (ng anak ko).” (It’s fine because
I know that as a father that I can provide all his needs). Nem had a similar
response stating that “Okay naman, basta ginagawa ko lahat para maibigay ko
SATISFACTION
1

(mga) kailangan nila.” (It’s good, what matters are that I can provide all their
needs).
There were some respondents who said that “love” is the only thing that
they can give for now. Juan said that “Adu pay siguro mapagdaanak habang
padpadakilik isuna ngem aramidik amin tapnu lang madi isuna marigatan ken
maited ko amin nga pangangailangan ken kayat na”. (I still have a lot to go
through while he is growing up. But I am doing everything to provide for his
needs and wants).
Based on the answers of the 18 respondents, in general, they are not yet
satisfied with themselves as a father particularly because they know they have a
lot more to learn and experience as fathers. It is interesting to learn that most of
the respondents stated that they are planning for the future and welfare of their
child, challenging the view that they are “hit and run victimizers”.
In response to the second question of “How satisfied are you with your
children’s behavior, majority of the respondents said that they are satisfied with
the behavior of their children. Rap said “kahit anong behavior niya satisfied na
ako kasi tatay niya ako and he will always be the best for me.” (Whatever will be
his behavior I will be satisfied with it because I’m his father and he will always
be the best for me). Jay shared the same sentiment stating, “maliit pa naman siya
natural na makulit pero sweet siya saka kahit ano pa maging ugali niya tanggap
ko iyon kasi mahal ko siya, sisiguraduhin ko na babantayan ko siya hanggang sa

SATISFACTION
1

paglaki niya.” (She’s still a baby, it’s natural for her to be nagging me, but she’s
sweet. Whatever will be her behavior I’ll accept it because I love her and I’ll
make sure that I will take good care of her until she grows up.)
In the study of Bautista (2013) she noted that single mothers who have
children aged 0-5 years have the highest parenting satisfaction, but there was no
significant difference in their parenting satisfaction when grouped by the ages of
children. This means, regardless of the ages of the children the parenting
satisfaction is the same.
Most of the respondents’ children were either infants or pre-schoolers so it
was natural in their childhood to be so “makulit”. Juan shared that“baby pay
laeng met gamin isuna isu madi ak pay ammu ngem siguradwek met nga
dumakkil iti anak ko iti nasayaat ken nasingpet.” (I don’t know, he is still a baby
but I’ll make sure he will grow up to be a very good kid). Among the 18
respondents, Jose is the only one who was not yet satisfied with his child’s
behavior stating, “Hindi pa (ko satisfied) kasi nga hindi ko pa naman gaanong
naalagaan.”
On the last question of “How satisfied are you with your relationship(s)
with your children?”,majority of the respondents are satisfied with their
relationship(s) with their child/children. Some respondents are really close with
their child. Kris, for instance, said “sobrang ayos naman kami. Pinapakita ko sa
SATISFACTION
1

anak ko na mahal na mahal ko sya.” (We’re very good. I show to my child that I
love him so much).
Surprisingly, if there are single mothers, there are also single fathers who
fulfill the duties of both mother and father. In this study, Baguito stated “aba
masaya kaming dalawa kahit dalawa lang kami kahit wala na yung ina niya!
Sobrang close nga kami eh! Anak ko ang nagpapasaya sa akin.” (Well, we’re
happy even though his mother is not with us. We’re very close! My child makes
me happy).
However, there are young fathers who are not yet satisfied with their
relationship with their child/children because most of their time was spent on
work. Rap stated, “5 (out of 10) din kasi nga hindi ko siya madalas makasama.
Minsan lang din ako umuwi dahil sa trabaho ko.” (It’s 5, out of ten. I rarely have
time to be with him because I’m often at work). Popoy also said “Kulang pa din
iyong oras ko sa kanilang dalawa eh kaya hindi pa siguro ako satisfied.” (My
time for them is still not enough that is why I’m not yet satisfied). Parenting
satisfaction was directly related to the care given to the child, suggesting that for a
parent to attain a certain level of satisfaction, sufficient care, time and nurturance
has to be spent with the child (Bautista, 2013). Other studies suggest that parental
satisfaction is also related to a parental involvement in school (Feuerstein;
LaForett & Mendez, as cited in Danner, 2012). Given that most of the
respondents’ children are still not in grade school, it is therefore not surprising
that parental satisfaction is still low.

SATISFACTION
1

From the above findings, it would appear that a “batang ama” (boy father)
is someone who despite his age and parenting inexperience tries his best to take
on the parental role. He nurtures his child by primarily engaging in a financial
provider role. He deals with parenting problems by finding work and discerning
his responsibilities as a father. He genuinely wants to persevere despite the lack
of resources he currently has, and he is trying his best to assume his paternal or
parental responsibilities. At the moment, his parental satisfaction is still low
because he is still a beginner and generally lacks readiness to be a father. He
generally still gets substantial help from parents and in-laws with regards finances
and child care. Also, a large part of his time is spent on work. These
circumstances somehow prevent an increase in his parental satisfaction. Greater
commitment in his fathering role is needed therefore to ensure that they can
personally fulfill their parenting roles and attain sufficient parental satisfaction.
Moreover, the fact that most of them are forward looking shows that they have
somehow transcended their transition from single happy-go-lucky individuals into
a “batang ama” (boy father). That while the support system is essential to their
carrying out their obligations, their own parents should provide the grounds on
which they can hone their skills of fatherhood. When perhaps these teenage
fathers would have seen the connection of these factors in their lives: self-
efficacy, paternal nurturance, and parental satisfaction, they can look back with
pride for having made the right decision that of being a father to their child.
SATISFACTION
1

Chapter V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the study, the findings and
conclusion and recommendations based on conclusions are made.
Summary
The study was conducted with the following objectives: a) to know who
the young fathers of this study are, b) to determine their demographic profile and,
c) to find out the lived experiences of young fathers in relation to paternal
nurturance, self-efficacy and parental satisfaction. The respondents of this study
were purposively selected young fathers who became a parent at the age of 19
years old and below. They were between the ages of 20-24 at the time of the
study and were residents of the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya, Isabela and Quirino.
The mixed methods design was employed to gather quantitative data regarding
the participants’ demographic and sexual behavior profile and qualitative data
which inquired into their paternal nurturance, self-efficacy, and parental
satisfaction. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.
Findings
1. Young fathers of this study are aged 20-24. They became a father between 14
to 19 yrs old. They accepted their responsibility as a father at a young age by
supporting their child. They were not necessarily living with child or the
child’s mother at the time of the study.

SATISFACTION
1

2. Profile of the participants. Most of the respondents are in late adolescence
when they became a father. The youngest age for when they became a father
was 14 years old and the mean age was 18 years old. All of the respondents
were in their early 20s at the time of the study. Most of them are Roman
Catholics. Most of the respondents currently have only one child. Most have
sons who are in early childhood. Most of them are currently living with the
mother of their child. Most of them are college undergraduates. Most of the
respondents are married. Most of the respondents’ parents are married. Most
of the respondents are employed. Most of the young fathers reported a low
socio-economic status. Most of the respondents are currently living in an
extended family set-up which means they are still living with their parents or
in-laws.
3. Sexual behavior profile. The mean number of the participants’ past
girlfriends is 8. The earliest age for when they had their first girlfriend was
11, and the oldest is 17. Most of them reported that they were aged 15 or 16
when they experienced their first sexual intercourse. The youngest age for
when they experienced their first sexual intercourse was 12 and the oldest was
18.Most of the respondents were not worried that they might get the girl
pregnant even though most of them did not use contraceptives when they
engaged in sexual intercourse. When they learned they impregnated someone,
most of the young fathers accepted it.

SATISFACTION
1

4. Paternal nurturance of the young fathers is manifested not only in being the
provider of the family but also in being involved with childcare, and by being
engaged with his child during playtime, leisure and school.
5. Young fathers of this study experienced challenges in their self-efficacy and
these are related to finances, and their ignorance or inexperience of being a
father. These difficulties actually paved the way for them to evaluate their
paternal roles and transition from a happy-go-lucky teenager to a responsible
young father, consequently affecting their paternal self-efficacy.
6. Most of the young fathers still have low parental satisfaction. This is due to the
fact that they are still new in their parenting role, their children are still young,
and they are still supported and dependent on their parents or in-laws.
Conclusions
1. Filipino young fathers became a parent typically at the age of 19. Despite not
completing a college degree, they were able to find work and have their own
income. Their income, however, remains low and often not enough to support
himself or his family. The young fathers are in an extended familial set-up
where they are living not only with their child and spouse, but also with their
parents or in-laws, and relatives.
2. Young fathers may be characterized as being carefree and happy-go-lucky as
evidenced by their sexual behaviors prior to becoming a father. During their
teenage years, they reported having several pre-marital sexual experiences.
These experiences were done with their girlfriends and were often engaged in
SATISFACTION
1

without fear of impregnating their partner. They engaged in unprotected sex
and the venue was often in their own residence. The most common reaction
for when they found out they got someone pregnant was they immediately
accepted it. They did not run away, but rather took responsibility for the child
and the mother of their child. The low educational attainment of the young
fathers did not serve as a hindrance for them to find a job. However, it led to
financial difficulty since the jobs they landed in were often low-paying. The
young fathers are still doubtful of their paternal abilities since they are still
inexperienced with childcare and are dependent on their parents and/or
grandparents with regards finances.
3. The young fathers expressed paternal nurturance by taking on the provider role
and by being involved with childcare and with their child’s leisure time,
playtime, and schooling.
4. The young fathers’ self-efficacy was challengedby financial difficulty and
ignorance and inexperience of fatherhood. They solved their problems by
persevering to find work and discerning their roles as a father.
5. The young fathers are not yet satisfied with themselves as a father.
Recommendations
1. For Young Fathers. It is recommended that young fathers are open to
opportunities to learn more about how to become a good and responsible
father. They are urged to always be hands-on with child care in spite of
SATISFACTION
1

having parents, relatives and in-laws who help care for their child. They are
also encouraged to be genuinely involved in the continuing education of their
child for these help in increasing their parental satisfaction. It is recommended
that they participate in the different programs and activities like parenting
seminars or trainings offered to them by the school or the government for this
allow them to gain confidence in their parenting role. Moreover, it is highly
recommended that the young fathers continue to carry out their
responsibilities not only to their child but also to the mother of their child for
this helps in transforming their identity from one that is merely a provider to a
resolute parental or husband role.
2. For Families/Parents. It is highly recommended that parents become
continually supportive of their children who become young parents as they as
they are the best source of support which would enable young fathers to grow
and form into responsible and independent young parents. However, they
have to be mindful also that while they are supporting their child, they are not
interfering with the decisions as well as the daily responsibilities (i.e. child
care) that should be handled, determined and resolved by the young father.
3. For Clinicians/Guidance Counselors. Clinicians can use this material as a
guide and basis when crafting programs specifically designed in helping
teenage or young parents. Therapists and counselors can know more about the
specific challenges of young fathers so they will be better prepared in
assisting this group of individuals. They can also help in eradicating negative
SATISFACTION
1

perceptions about young fathers and stigma relating to young pregnancy and
fatherhood. Counselors are recommended to help the youth clarify their
feelings about impending fatherhood and assuming adult responsibilities at an
early age. To help the young fathers feel less isolated, it is recommended that
group guidance sessions among young fathers are conducted to provide an
avenue for sharing feelings, asking questions, and identifying appropriate
interventions within the group.
4. For the Government. One of the problems of the young fathers in this study
is their low socioeconomic status. It is recommended that the government
craft job opportunities specifically for young fathers who are usually college
undergraduates. The government should check the mechanisms and processes
specifically geared to a better distribution of income and assist young parents
financially in fulfilling their desire to form a family. Moreover, given the high
incidence of premarital sexual activity among the young fathers and
premarital sex engagement occurring at an earlier age, it is recommended that
the government create programs to help reverse this trend by discovering the
confluence of factors that account for this. Also, prevention and intervention
efforts must be made to ensure that young parents will not have repeat teen
pregnancy and multiple-partner fertility.
5. For Catholic Institutions. Given that most of the respondents are Catholics,
it is but appropriate that recommendations are also provided to Catholic
institutions. The following recommendations therefore are offered based on

SATISFACTION
1

the Catholic teachings discussed during the 2014-2015 Synods of Bishops on
the family:
 For the Catholic family. The Synod of Bishops noted that in many
countries “an increasing number of people live together in unions that
have not been religiously or civilly recognized”. There are some young
fathers of this study who are in a “living in” or cohabiting arrangement. It
is therefore recommended that Catholic families continue to stress the
importance of marriage for couples in a loving relationship. Its sanctity
can help transform not only the couples, but also the children allowing
them to feel the fullness of marriage and to build a family in conformity
with the Gospel.
 For priests and counselors. Young fathers are still ignorant and
inexperienced with regards fatherhood. Hence, pastoral counseling must
be given to them and it should stress the essential transmission of the
virtues that give form to a Catholic family’s existence. Priest should
encourage the training of parents and the sharing of experiences among
young families in general, and young Catholic fathers in particular.
 For Catholic educational institutions. Catholic schools are important in
the Church's evangelizing mission. In many parts of the world, Catholic
schools are the only schools to provide genuine opportunities for the
children of poor families, especially for young people, offering them an
alternative to poverty and a way to make a real contribution to society.

SATISFACTION
1

Catholic schools should be encouraged to pursue their activity in the
poorest communities by serving the less fortunate who are often the ones
that eventually become parents at young age. Also, it is encouraged that
findings of the study be used as an information education campaign (IEC)
material specifically for class instruction. This way young people are able
to grasp the realities affecting their age group and hopefully instill in them
the Catholic values of marriage first before pregnancy, and accepting
consequences for one’s actions.
6. For Educational Institutions. All young fathers of this study were in high
school and college when they impregnated a girl; thus, it is recommended that
age-appropriate sexuality education should begin in the pre-adolescent years
before teenagers leave middle or high school. The high incidence of
premarital sex and the practice of engaging into it without protection suggest
the need for specific sexuality education programs highlighting abstinence,
safe sex and responsible parenthood. Also, educational trainings that teach
young fathers about shared parenting and paternal nurturance should be
provided to this group of individuals.
7. For Future Researchers. It is recommended that there be more exploration
of the experiences of young fathers given that much has yet to be known
about the “batang ama”. Changing the variables is also recommended to
further explore the qualities of a young father. More questions about their
experiences which allowed them to thrive despite difficulties associated with

SATISFACTION
1

young parenthood are also advised. In addition, getting the views of children
and the wife of the young fathers are also recommended for better
understanding of who a “batang ama” is from the perspective of his family.
This study focused on teenage fathers who are living with their children.
Future studies can also focus on the perspectives of fathers who do not live
with their child.

SATISFACTION
1

References
Alampay, L., Liwag, M. E., & Dela Cruz, A. (2009). Risk-Taking among Filipino
adolescents: A review with implications for research. Philippine Journal
of Psychology, 42 (1), 97-138.
Alampay, L., Daganzo, M. A., & Lansford, E. (2014).Filipino mother’s self-

efficacy in managing anger and in parenting and parental rejection as
predictors of child delinquency. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 47
(2),1-26.
Alampay, L. P., Jocson, R. M. (2011) Attributions and Attitudes of Mothers and

Fathers in the Philippines.Parent Science Practice, 11 (2-3), 163-176.
Retrieved last 2015 from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21826132
Applegate, J. S. (1988). Adolescent fatherhood: Developmental perils and

potentials. Child and Adolescent Social Work, 5, 205-217. Retrieved last
2014 from:
http://webs.wichita.edu/depttools/depttoolsmemberfiles/psychology/Labor
atories/Lewis%20Moss/01JAR11_061-083.pdf
Ardelt, M., & Eccles, J. S. (2001).Effects of mother’s parental efficacy beliefs

and promotive parenting strategies on inner-city youth.Journal of Family
Issues, 22, 944-972. Retrieved last 2014 from:
https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/41968/ubc_2012_spring_vand
elft_sari.pdf?sequence=1
Aunola, K., Stattin, H., & Nurmi, J. E. (2000).Parenting styles and adolescents’
achievement strategies.Journal of Adolescence, 23, 205-222. Retrieved
last 2014 from: http://www.kon.org/urc/tiller.pdf
Bade, E. E. (2012).Teen Dad: Young Fathers and Identity

Integration.http://www.fira.ca/cms/documents/29/Effects_of_Father_Invol
vement.pdf
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral

change. Psychology Review, 84(2), 191-215. 155. Retrieved last 2014
from:
https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/41968/ubc_2012_spring_vand
elft_sari.pdf?sequence=1
SATISFACTION
1

Barnes, M. (1984).Preferences in human mate selection.Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 50(3), 559-570. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.321.2372&rep=
rep1&type=pdf
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority.Developmental

Psychology Monograph, 4, 1–103.Retrieved last 2014 from:
file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/ANDREL.NET/My%20Docum
ents/Downloads/grolnick%20baumrind%20commentary%20human%20de
velopment%202012.
Bautista, L. M. (2013) Perceived Self-Efficacy and Parenting Satisfaction. Saint

Mary’s University
Bean, R. A., Bush, K. R., McKenry, P. C., & Wilson, S. M. (2003).The impact of
parental support, behavioral control, and psychological control on the
academic achievement and self-esteem of African American and
European American adolescents.Journal of Adolescent Research, 18(5),
523-541. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.208.6058&rep=
rep1&type=pdf
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (2005).Childhood experience, interpersonal

development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of
socialization. Child Development, 62(4), 647-670. Retrieved last 2014
from:
ents/Downloads/00b7d513f5ba37d178000000.pdf
Bradley, R., & Corwyn, R. (2004).Life satisfaction among European American,

African American, Mexican American, and Dominican American
adolescents.International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 385–
400. doi:10.1080/01650250444000072. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://www.humak.edu/user/martli02/the-many-faces-of-life
satisfaction.pdf
Bunting, L. & McAuley, C. (2004) Teenage pregnancy and parenthood: The role
of fathers. Child and Family Social Work, Vol.9 (3), pp.285-303.
Retrieved last 2014 from:
ents/Downloads/final+thesis+2013+Njambathwa.pdf
SATISFACTION
1

Buri, J. R. (1989). Self-esteem and appraisals of parental behavior.Journal of
Adolescent Research, 4, 33-49. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://www.charis.wlc.edu/publications/symposium_spring02/paul.pdf
Buss, H., Guise, T., Scanlan, T., & Voice, T. (2003). The support needs of
teenage fathers. Retrieved last 2015 from:
http://fatherandchild.org.nz/papers/the-support-needs-of-teenage-fathers/
Caprara G.V., Regalia C., Scabini E., Barbaranelli C. & Bandura A. (2004b).
Assessment of filial, parental, marital, and Collective family efficacy
beliefs.European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 20, 247-261.
Retrieved last 2015 from: http://www.psicothema.com/pdf/3441.pdf
Caritaswissenschaft, A., & Sozialarbeit C. (2012).Serving the needs of teenage

fathers: An analysis of teen father programs in the United States.
http://www.jsl.unifreiburg.de/informationen_fuer_studierende_web/zulass
ungsordnungen/zulassungsordnung_m_a__caritaswissenschaft_05_03_20
12.pdf/
Carunungan-Robles, A. (1986). Perceptions of parental nurturance, punitiveness

and power by selected Filipino primary school children.
PhilippineJournalofPsychology,19,18-28. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://lynchlibrary.pssc.org.ph:8081/bitstream/handle/0/1530/07_Revisitin
g%20the%20Definitions%20and%20Concept%20of%20Filipino%20Fami
ly_%20A%20Psychological%20Perspective.pdf?sequence=1
Chemers, M., Hu, L., & Garcia, B. (2001). Academic self-efficacy and first year
college students performance and adjustment. Journal of Educational
Psychology, 93 (1), 55-64. Retrieved last 2015 from:
http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=2001-16705-
006
Coleman, P.K., & Karraker, K.H. (2003). Maternal self-efficacy beliefs,

competence in parenting, and toddlers’ behavior and developmental
status.Infant Mental Health Journal, 24, 126-148. Retrieved last 2014
from: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17084/1/c17084.pdf
Commission on Population [POPCOM] (2013). Pinoy youth: Making choices,

building voices. State of the Philippine Population Report, 3rd
issue.Manila: Author. Retrieved last 2015 from:
http://rpo2.popcom.gov.ph/
SATISFACTION
1

Cookston, J and Finlay, A. (2006). Father Involvement and Adolescent
Adjustment: Longitudinal Findings from Add Health. Fathering, Vol. 4,
No. 2, 137–158. Retrieved last 2014
from:http://developmentalpsych.sfsu.edu/sites/sites7.sfsu.edu.devpsych/fil
es/assets/Cookstonpapers/Cookston%20&%20Finlay%20(2006)%20final.
pdf
Dacles, D. (2014). Teenage Parenting Experiences on Self-efficacy. Saint Mary’s

University –Unpublished Thesis.
Dallas, C.M., Wilson, T., & Salgado, V. (2000).Gender differences in teen

parents’ perceptions of parental responsibilities.Public Health Nursing,
17(6), 423-433. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11115140
Danzinger, S. K., & Radin, N. (1990). Absent does not equal uninvolved:
Predictors of fathering in teen mother families. Journal of Marriage and
the Family, 52, 636–642. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://www.popcenter.umd.edu/filab/filab/publications/cabrera%20et%20a
l%202008.pdf
Dekovic, M., Janssens, J., & Gerris, J. R. (1991). Factor structure and construct
validity of the Block Child Rearing Practices Report (CRPR).
Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, Vol 3(2), Jun 1991, 182-187. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.3.2.182
Dela Cruz, A., Liwag, M. E., & Macapagal (1999). How we raise our daughters
and sons: Child rearing and gender socialization in the Philippines. United
Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF).
Doña, B. G., Scholz, U., Schwarzer, R., & Sud, S. (2002). Is general self-efficacy
a universal construct? Europian Journal of Psychological Assessment,
18(3), 242-251. doi:10.1027//10155759.18.3.242. Retrieved last 2014
from:http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/self/gse-25countries_2002.pdf
Erkut, S., Szalacha, L.A., & Garcia Coll, C. (2005). A framework for studying
minority youths’ transitions to fatherhood: The case for Puerto Rico
adolescents. Adolescence, 40 (160), 709-727. Retrieved last 2014 from:
SATISFACTION
1

Fatherhood Institute Research Summary: Young Fathers (2013). Retrieved last
2015 from:
http://www.fatherhoodinstitute.org/2013/fatherhood-research-summary-
young-fathers/
Finkenauer, C., Engels, R., & Baumeister, F. R. (2005).Parenting behaviour and

adolescent behavioural and emotional problems: the role of self-
control.International Journal of Behavioural Development, 29(1), 58-69.
http://dspace.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/handle/1871/17280/Finkenauer_Interna
tional%20Journal%20of%20Behavioral%20Development_29(1)_2005_u.
pdf?sequence=2
Flouri, E., & Buchanan, A. (2003a). The role of father involvement and mother
involvement in adolescents’ psychological well-being.British Journal of
Social Work, 33(3), 399-406. Retrieved last 2014 from: Retrieved last
2014 from: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ867143.pdf
Foster, J. (2004). Fatherhood and the meaning of children: An ethnographic study

among Puerto Rican partners of adolescent mothers. Journal of Midwifery
and Women’s Health, 49, 118–125. Retrieved last 2015 from:
ents/Downloads/Lemay.pdf
Frias, Patrick (2008). Filipino Young Adolescent Fathers. Retrieved last 2015
from: http://pinoymindreaders.com
Gallardo, N. (2010). Perceived Paternal nurturance of Filipino fathers. Saint

Mary’s University –Unpublished Thesis.
Garcia, J. (2012). Sexual Hookup Culture: A Review .American Psychological

Association, 16 (2), 161–176. DOI: 10.1037/a0027911. Retrieved last
2015 from: https://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/02/sexual-hookup-
culture.pdf
Gecas, V., & Schwalbe, M. L. (1986).Parental behavior and adolescent self-

esteem.Journal of Marriage and Family, 48, 37-46. Retrieved last 2014
from:
https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/s
ociology/Reading%20Lists/Mental%20Health%20Readings/Gecas-
AnnualReview-1989.pdf
SATISFACTION
1

Glikman, H. (2004). Low-income fathers: Contexts, connections, and self. Social
work, 49(2), 195-205. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://sw.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/2/195.full.pdf
Goncy, E. A., & van Dulmen, M. H. (2010). Fathers do make a difference:

Parental involvement and adolescent alcohol use. Fathering, 8(1), 93-108.
http://mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/FATHERING/article/viewFile/308/
pdf_123
Gonzales, D. M. (2014).Father involvement in the Filipino Context.Saint Louis

University Thesis (Unpublished).
Goodyear, R., Newcomb, M., & Allison, R. (2000). Predictors of Latino men's
paternity in teen pregnancy: Test of a mediational model of childhood
experiences, gender role attitudes, and behaviors. Journal of
CounselingPsychology, 47, 116-128. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/232549065_Predictors_of_Latino
_men's_paternity_in_teen_pregnancy_Test_of_a_mediational_model_of_
childhood_experiences_gender_role_attitudes_and_behaviors
Healthy Teen Network (2004).Fast facts: The unique needs of young fathers.
Retrieved lat 2015 from:
http://www.healthyteennetwork.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={3
EEAA079-A14B-482D-B17D-895AD0CEBFE4}
Hopkins, R. H., & Kline, A. H. (1993). Multi-dimensional self-perception:

linkages to parental nurturance. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 465-
473. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00221325.1993.9914745#.V
OqghNK8AkQ
Hudson, B., Elek, S.M., & Fleck, M.O. (2001).First time mothers’ and fathers’
transition to parenthood: Infant care self-efficacy, parenting satisfaction
and infant sex.Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 24, 31-43.
http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/253363/2009_RCN_re
search_6.3.1.pdf
Huver, R. M., Otten, R., de Vries, H., & Engels, R. C. (2010). Personality and
parenting style in parents of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 395-
ents/Downloads/2010_Personality_and_parenting_style_in_parenting.pdf
SATISFACTION
1

John Paul II (1981): Familiaris Consortio. Retrieved last 2015 from:
http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_exhortations/docu
ments/hf_jp-ii_exh_19811122_familiaris-consortio_en.html, checked on
7/05/2012.
Johnson, C. & Mash, E. J. (1989).A measure of parenting satisfaction and

efficacy.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18(2), 167-175. Retrieved
last 2014 from: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17084/1/c17084.pdf
Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R.J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in
parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical Psychology Review,
25(3), 341-363. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17084/1/c17084.pdf
Katz, J., & Van der Kloet, E. (2010). The first man in her life: Father emotional
responsiveness during adolescence and college women’s sexual refusal
behaviors. The American Journal of the Family Therapy, 23, 344-356.
doi:10.1080/01926187.2010.493474. Retrieved last 2015 from:
http://interpersona.psychopen.eu/article/view/145/html
Keiningham, T. L., Aksoy, L., Andreassen, T. W., & Estrin D. (2006).Does

Parent Satisfaction with a Childcare Provider Matter for
Loyalty?Managing Service Quality, 3(1). Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://home.bi.no/fgl91029/Abstracts/Does%20Parent%20Satisfaction%2
0with%20a%20Childcare%20Provider%20Matter.pdf
Kimball, C. (2004). Teenage father: An Introduction. The Prevention Researchre,

11(4). Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://www.state.nj.us/dcf/providers/notices/Exhibit.I_Young.Fathers.Heal
thy.Teen.Network.pdf
Lemay, C. A., Cashman, S. B., Elfenbein, D. S., & Felice, M. E. (2010).A

qualitative study of the meaning of fatherhood among young urban
fathers.Public Health Nursing, 27(3), 221-231. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-
1446.2010.00847.x. Retrieved last 2014 from:
Locke, L. M., & Prinz, R. J. (2002).Measurement of parental discipline and

nurturance.Clinical Psychology Review, 22(6), 895-
929.http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/tafarodi/Papers/SJP_2010.pdf
SATISFACTION
1

May, K. A. (1982). Factors contributing to first-time fathers’ readiness for
fatherhood: An exploratory study. Family Relations, 31, 353-361.
http://cehdvision2020.umn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/father-
intervention.pdf
Meesters, C., & Muris, P. (2004).Perceived parental rearing behaviours and

coping young adolescents.Personality and Individual Differences, 37(3),
513-522. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608127/index.pdf
Meesters, C., Muris, P., & Esselink, T. (1995).Hostility and perceived parental
rearing behaviour.Personality and Individual Differences,18 , 567-570.
http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608127/index.pdf
Mitchell, K. S., Booth, A., & King, V. (2009). Adolescents with nonresident
fathers: Are daughters more disadvantaged than sons? Journal of
Marriage and Family, 71(3), 650-662. doi:10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2009.00624.x
Moeini, B., Shafil, F., Hidarnia, A., Babail, G.R., Birashk, B., & Allahverdipour,
H. (2008). Adolescent Perceived stress, Self-efficacy, Psychological Well-
being, An International Journal, 36, 257-266. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://medind.nic.in/jak/t09/i2/jakt09i2p227.pdf
Mollborn, S. & Lovegrove, P. J. (2011). How teenage fathers matter for children:
Evidence from the ECLS-B. Journal of Family Issues, 32 (1), 3-30.
doi:10.1177/092513X10370110. Retrieved last 2014
from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172315/
Mowder, B. A., & Shamah, R. (2009).Parent assessment and

intervention.Evidence-Based practice in infant and early childhood
psychology (pp.207-235). Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1916&c
ontext=oa_dissertations
National Demographic and Health Survey, (2013). Retrieved last 2016 from:
https://psa.gov.ph/content/one-ten-young-filipino-women-age-15-19-
already-mother-or-pregnant-first-child-final-results
National Statistics Office, (2011). Retrieved last 2016 from:

https://psa.gov.ph/content/registered-live-births-increased-20-percent-
2008
SATISFACTION
1

Natividad, J. (2013). Teenage pregnancy in the philippines: trends, correlates and
data sources, 28 (1). Retrieved last 2015 from:
htpp://asean-endocrinejournal.org/index.php/JAFES/article/view/49
Nebbitt, V. (2009).Self-efficacy in African American adolescent males living in

urban public housing.Journal of Black Psychology, 35, (3), 295-316.
http://www.cmhtampaconference.com/files/presentations/session5-
nebbitt.pdf
Official Website of the Province of Nueva Vizcaya. Retrieved last 2015 from:
http://nuevavizcaya.gov.ph/
Official Website of the Province of Isabela. Retrieved last 2015 from:

http://provinceofisabela.ph/
Official Website of the Province of Quirino. Retrieved last 2015 from:

http://quirinoprovince.org/
Pajares, F. (2006). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic contexts: An outline.

http://www.emory.edu/EDUCATION/mfp/efftalk.Html
Paschal, A. M., Moss R. K., & Hsiao, T. (2011). Perceived fatherhood roles and
parenting behaviors among African American teen fathers. Journal of
Adolescent Research, 26(1), 61-83. doi: 10.1177/0743558410384733.
http://webs.wichita.edu/depttools/depttoolsmemberfiles/psychology/Labor
atories/Lewis%20Moss/01JAR11_061-083.pdf
Pillitteri, A.(2010). Maternal & Child Health Nursing: Care of the Childbearing &
Childrearing Family. Retrieved from
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=apeLf0mPx1QC&source=gbs_nav
links_s
Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. (2010).Pregnancy and

Childbearing Among U.S. Teens. Retrieved last 2015
from:http://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/.../pregnancy_teens_201001
.pdf
SATISFACTION
1

Pridham, K.F. & Chang, A.S. 1989. What being a parent of a new baby is liked:
revision of an instrument.Research in Nursing and Health 12,323-389.
http://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/66655/978-951-44-8203-
8.pdf?sequence=1
Puustinen, M., Lyyra, A. L., Metsapelto, R. L., & Pulkkinen, L. (2008). Chidren’s
help seeking: the role of parenting. Learning and Instruction, 18, 160-171.
ents/Downloads/Roth%20Ron%20and%20Benita%202009%20JLI571.pd
f
Raikes, H.A., & Thompson, R.A. (2005). Efficacy and social support as
predictors of parenting stress among families in poverty. Infant Mental
Health Journal, 26, 177. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2985&context=etd
Rauschendorfer, J.(2015): Centesimus Annus. Retrieved last 2015 from:

http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf
_jpii_enc_01051991_centesimus-annus_en.html, checked on 15/06/2012.
Rayco, R. R. (2008). A Filipino parental nurturance scale. Philippine Journal of

Psychology, 10(1), 36-43.
Reyes, J. (2015) Asian Philosophy: An International Journal of the Philosophical

Traditions of the East. 25 (2). DOI:10.1080/09552367.2015.1043173
Rhein, L., Ginsburg, K., Schwarz, D., Pinto-Martin, J., Zhao, H., Morgan, A., &
Slap, G., (1997). Teen father participation in child rearing: family
perspectives. US National Library of Medicine National Institute of
Health, 21(4), 244-52. Retrieved last 2015 from:
Rhoden, J. Lynn & Brian E. Robinson. 1997. “Teen Dads: A Generative

Fathering Perspective Versus the Deficit Myth” in Hawkins, Sage
Publications. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://www.jsri.msu.edu/upload/working-papers/wp58.pdf
Rivara, F., Sweeney, P., & Henderson, B., (1986). Black Teenage Fathers: What
happens when the child is born? Pediatrics 78 (1), 151-158. Retrieved last
2015 from:
http://fatherandchild.org.nz/papers/the-support-needs-of-teenage-fathers/
SATISFACTION
1

Rochester Youth Development Study, (n.d) Teenage Fatherhood and Delinquent
Behavior. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Retrieved last 2015 from:
https://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/jjbul2000_1/pitt_study.html
Ronquillo, C. V. U., and De Leon, M. P. E., 2014. “Paternal participation in

school activity in a university laboratory preschool in the Philippines.Asia
Pacific Journal Research, 8(3), 59-79.
Rush, M. (2016). The use of extended families in ethnic child rearing. America’s
World News Site. Retrieved last 2016 from:
http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/use-extended-families-ethnic-child-
rearing-19557.html
Salonen, A.H. (2010). Effectiveness of an internet-based intervention enhancing

Finnish parents parenting satisfaction and parenting self-efficacy during
the post-partum period. Midwifery.doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2010.08.010
Schwartz J., Zamboanga M., Ravert, S.J., Kim L., Weisskirch, C. D., Williams,
A., Bersamin, J. D., & Finley, S. A. (2009). Perceived Parental
Relationships and Health-Risk Behaviors in College-Attending Emerging
Adults.Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(3), 727-
740.doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.0062. Retrieved last 2015 from:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2009.00629.x/abstract
Scott,M.E.,Manlove,J.,&Moore,K.A.(2012). The characteristics and

circumstances of teen fathers: at the birth of their first child and
beyond.Washington,DC:ChildTrends. Retrieved last 2015 from:
http://www.childtrends.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/09/2014-
36MaleInvolvementFamilyPlanning.pdf
Shannon, S. K. S. & Abrams, L. A. (2007). Juvenile offenders as fathers:

Perceptions of fatherhood, crime and becoming an adult. Families in
Society: The Journal ofContemporary Social Services, 88 (2), 183-191.
doi 10.1606/1044-3894.3616. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://www.ce4alliance.com/articles/101110/shannon.pdf
Sheldrake, E. (2010). The Experiences of Being A Teenage Father: An

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. University of Birmingham
Research Archive.Retrieved last 2015 from:
http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/1171/1/Sheldrake10ApEdPsyD1_A1b.pdf
SATISFACTION
1

Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., &
Rogers, R. W. (1982). The Self-Efficacy Scale: Construction and
validation. PsychologicalReports, 51, 663-671. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://www.bwgriffin.com/gsu/courses/edur9131/content/3_FA_general_e
fficacy_p.pdf
Singh B. & Udainiya Rakhi (2009).Self-efficacy and well being of

adolescents.Journal of theIndian Academy of Applied Psychology.35, 227-
http://medind.nic.in/jak/t09/i2/jakt09i2p227.pdf
Somera, R. D. (2000). Kalinga. Kuwento at kultura: Ang antropolohiya ng

pagkalinga at konteksto sa mga dukhang pamilya sa Kamaynilaan.
Ikalawang panayam propesyonal na ginanap sa Ortigas Seminar Room.
Philippine Journal of Psychology.
Speak, S., Cameron, S., & Gilroy, R. (1997). Young, single, non-residential
fathers: their involvement in fatherhood. Centre for research in European
Urban Environments at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Retrieved
last 2015 from: http://fatherandchild.org.nz/papers/the-support-needs-of-
teenage-fathers/
Synods of Bishops (2015). http://www.lancasterdiocese.org.uk/wp-

content/uploads/2015/11/Final-Relatio15-Final.pdf.
Tan, A. L. (2002a). Choices Through the Life Cycle. Forty Years in Philippine
Psychology. Psychological Association of the Philippines. pp. 398-407.
Teti, D.M., & Gelfand, D.M. (1991). Behavioral competence among mothers of
infants in the first year: The meditational role of maternal self-efficacy.
Child Development, 62,918,929. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/41968/ubc_2012_spring_vandel
ft_sari.pdf?sequence=1
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), (2011). Adolescent Pregnancy: A

review of the evidence. Retrieved last 2015 from:
http://www.unfpa.org/adolescent-pregnancy
Van Schaick, K., &Stolberg, A. L. (2001).The impact of paternal involvement

and parental divorce on young adults’ intimate relationships.Journal of
Divorce&Remarriage, 36(1-2), 99-122. Retrieved last 2015 from:
http://www.trunity.net/files/58401_58500/58481/file_58481.pdf
SATISFACTION
1
Weinman, M. L., Smith, P. B., & Buzi, R. S. (2002). Young Fathers: An Analysis
of Risk Behaviors and Service Needs. In Child and Adolescent Social
Work Journal 19 (6), 437–453. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1021193629472#page-
1
Weinraub, M., & Wolf, B. (1983).Effects of stress and social supports on mother-
child interaction in single and two parent families.Child Development
Report, 54, 1297-131 I. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792580/
Wilkinson, D. L., Magora, A., Garcia, M. & Khurana, A. (2009).Fathering at the

margins of society: Reflections from young, minority, crime-involved
fathers.Journal of FamilyIssues, 30 (7), 945-967.
doi:10.1177/0192513X09332354. Retrieved last 2014
from:http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/30/7/945.abstract
Wolfradt, U., Hempel, S., Jeremy N.V. & Miles J. N. (2003).Personality and
Individual Differences, 34, 521–532. Retrieved last 2014 from:
http://www.jeremymiles.co.uk/mestuff/publications/p17.pdf
Young Adults Fertility and Sexuality Study (YAFS II), (1994). Retrieved last
2014 from:
http://www.drdf.org.ph/sites/default/files/PinoyYouthToday%20%20(1)%
20About%20YAFS.pdf
Young Adults Fertility and Sexuality Study (YAFS III), (2002). Retrieved last
2016 from: http://www.drdf.org.ph/yafs3
Young Adults Fertility and Sexuality Study (YAFS IV), (2014). Retrieved last
2016 from:
http://www.drdf.org.ph/sites/default/files/PinoyYouthToday%20-
%20%281%29%20About%20YAFS.pdf
Young, S. L., (2011). Exploring the relationship between parental self-efficacy

and social support systems. Graduate Thesis and Dissertations Iowa state
University. Retrieved last 2015
from:http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2985&context=et
d
SATISFACTION
1

Department of Psychology and Guidance
Consent Form
Date:______________
Dear Respondent,
The undersigned is a student’s of the Psychology and Guidance & Counseling

Department of Saint Mary’s University currently conducting a thesis entitled,
“Batang Ama: Young Fathers Experiences on Self Efficacy, Paternal Nurturance
and Parental Satisfaction”. The study aims to draw out the experiences on self-
efficacy, parental nurturance and parental satisfaction of young fathers. You have
been chosen as one of the respondents of this study. Please answer honestly the
questionnaire. Your responses will be treated with utmost confidentiality. Your
name will not appear on the researchers’ final paper instead they will use a code
name. Thank you!
Sincerely, Noted:
Loreto G. Cadiente Mrs. Florence Nawew-Bahni, MAed, RPm

Abegail B. Montañez Research Teacher
Janine Vallary Tiam
Researchers
Mrs. Pearl Via S. Coballes, RGC, RPm

Research Adviser
SATISFACTION
1

Department of Psychology and Guidance
Informed Consent for the Participation in a Research Project

Please read the following information carefully. You can also request a copy for
future reference.
Title: “Batang Ama: Young Fathers Experiences on Self Efficacy, Paternal

Nurturance and Parental Satisfaction
Researchers: Loreto G. Cadiente
Abegail B. Montañez
Janine Vallary Tiam
Contact Numbers: 09051548594
I voluntarily agree to participate in this study. I understand that I may

withdraw from the study at any point.
I understand that I will be asked to give my time on __________________
for the research. I also understand that I will be asked to participate in a semi-
structured interview which involved answering profile questionnaire and
questions about my experiences on self-efficacy, paternal nurturance and parental
satisfaction. I’ am aware that the whole interview will be audio recorded. Finally,
I do understand that I will be following all the instructions the researchers will tell
me from the day of the research.
_______________________________________ _______________
Participant’s signature over printed name Date
SATISFACTION
1

Part I: Demographic Profile of the Respondents
These questions will be asked orally and will be stated in the vernacular. A
semi-structured interview format will be used. The entire interview will be
audio recorded.
Name: __________________________________________
1. How old where you when you first became a father? ________
2. What is your current age? _______
3. What is your religion? ____ Catholic ____ Non-Catholic
4. How many children do you have now? ______
5. What is the age and sex of your child/ren?
Sex Current Age
st
1 child
2nd child
3rd child
4th child
5th child
6th child
6. Are you currently living with the mother of your child?
[ ] Yes
[ ] No
7. What is the source of your finances?
[ ] own income
[ ] parents/ parents in-laws
[ ] others ________________
8. What is your monthly income?
[ ] 0-5,000
[ ] 5,000-10,000
[ ] 10,000-15,000
[ ] 15,000-20,000
[ ] 20,000-30,000
[ ] 30,000-40,000
[ ] 40,000 and above
9. What is your highest educational attainment?
[ ] Elementary Undergraduate
[ ] Elementary Graduate
[ ] High School Undergraduate
[ ] High School Graduate
[ ] College Undergraduate
[ ] College Graduate
SATISFACTION
1

10. What is your civil status?
[ ] Married
[ ] Single
[ ] Live In
[ ] Separated
[ ] Remarried
[ ] Widowed
11. What is the civil status of your parents?
[ ] Married
[ ] Separated
12. Are you currently employed?
[ ] Yes
[ ] No
If yes, what is your job/occupation? _________________________
13. What is your socio-economic status?
[ ] I have much money and properties that I need; can buy
whatever I like
[ ] Income is very sufficient for family needs; can save.
[ ] Income is sufficient only for family needs; can hardly
save.
[ ] Income is little, sometimes not enough for the family.
[ ] Income is very little, not always enough for my family.
14. With whom are you currently living with?
[ ] with child/ren and spouse
[ ] with child/ren, spouse, in laws, own parents, grand
parents
[ ] others, please specify __________________
SATISFACTION
1

Part 2: Profile of the Respondents in their Sexual Behavior asYoungrs
1. How many past girlfriends did you have? ______

2. How old where you when you had your first girlfriend? _______
3. How old where you when you had your first sexual intercourse? _______
4. Was your first sexual intercourse with your girlfriend?
[ ] Yes
[ ] No
5. If not, with whom?
[ ] friend
[ ] acquaintance
6. How many sexual partners have you had before you had a child?
________
7. What was the reason why you engage in premarital sex?
___________________________________________________________
_____________
8. Where did your first sexual intercourse happen?
[ ] own residence
[ ] residence of the girl
[ ] friends’ house/boarding house
[ ] hotel/motel
[ ] public place
[ ] others, please specify
_____________________________
9. At that time, were you worried that you might get the girlpregnant? How
about for the rest of the girls you had sexual intercourse with?
[ ] Yes
[ ] No
10. Did you use contraception in engaging in sexual intercourse before?
[ ] Yes
[ ] No
11. So, what was your reaction when you heard that you got a girl pregnant?
 Did you deny it?
 Did you doubt that it’s from you?
 Did you plan to abort the child?
 Did you run away?
 Did you accept it?
SATISFACTION
1

Semi-Structured Interview
These questions will be asked orally. It is in semi-structured format to probe

the respondents to elaborate their answers. The entire interview will be
audio recorded.
Parental Nurturance Questions

1. Describe yourself as a father.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. What are your usual daily activities with your child at home? And at
school?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. How do you show your love to your child?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Self-Efficacy Questions
1. What three greatest problems did/do you experience as a young father?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. How were you able to solve such problems?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. What do you think are your abilities that help you to solve such problems?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
SATISFACTION
1

Parental Satisfaction Questions
1. How satisfied are you with yourself as a parent?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. How satisfied are you with your children’s behavior?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. How satisfied are you with your relationship(s) with your children?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
SATISFACTION
1

Table 1.Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Profile Variables
Profile Category Frequency Percent Mean
Age when they 14 1 5.60 17.72
became a father 15 2 11.10
16 2 11.10
17 1 5.60
18 2 11.10
19 10 55.60
Total 18 100
Current age 20 3 16.70 21.83
21 6 33.30
22 3 16.70
23 4 22.20
24 1 5.60
25 1 5.60
Total 18 100
Sex of children Male 9 50.0
Female 8 44.40
Male and Female 1 5.60
Total 18 100
Age of children 10 mos 2 10
2 4 20
3 5 25
4 3 15
5 3 15
6 2 10
7 1 5
Total 20 100
Religion Catholic 16 88.89
Non-Catholic 2 11.11
Total 18 100
Number of 1 13 72.20
children 2 4 22.20
3 1 5.60
Total 18 100
Currently living Yes 12 66.70
with the mother No 6 33.30
of the child Total 18 100
Source of Own income 11 61.10
finances Parents/parents 7 38.90
in-laws
SATISFACTION
1
Profile Category Frequency Percent

Monthly income 0 1 5.60
0-5000 7 38.90
5000-10000 3 16.70
10000-15000 2 11.10
15000-20000 1 5.60
20000-30000 1 5.60
30000-40000 1 5.60
Not applicable 2 11.10
Total 18 100
Highest Elementary undergraduate 1 5.60
educational High school undergraduate 5 27.80
attainment High school graduate 2 11.10
College undergraduate 7 38.90
College graduate 3 16.70
Total 18 100
Civil status Married 7 38.90
Single 5 27.80
Live in 5 27.80
Separated 1 5.60
Total 18 100
Civil status of Married 14 77.80
parents Separated 4 22.20
Total 18 100
Currently No 8 44.40
employed Yes 10 55.60
Total 18 100
Socio-economic High 1 5.60
status Average 4 22.20
Low 8 44.40
Very low 5 27.80
Total 18 100
Living Living with child/ren and spouse 4 22.20
arrangement Living with children, spouse, in- 10 55.60
laws, own parents, or
grandparents
Others 4 22.20
Total 18 100
SATISFACTION
1

Table 2.Respondents’ Sexual Behavior Profile
Profile Frequency Percent Mean

Number of past girlfriends
1 1 5.60 7.67
2 3 16.70
3 2 11.10
4 3 16.70
5 1 5.60
10 3 16.70
11 1 5.60
12 1 5.60
14 1 5.60
20 1 5.60
21 1 5.60
Total 18 100
Age when they had their first girlfriend
11 1 5.60 14.39
12 1 5.60
13 5 27.80
14 1 5.60
15 4 22.20
16 5 27.80
17 1 5.60
Total 18 100
Age at first sexual intercourse
12 2 11.10 15.33
13 2 11.10
14 1 5.60
15 4 22.20
16 4 22.20
17 2 11.10
18 3 16.70
Total 18 100
Was your first sexual intercourse with your girlfriend
No 4 22.20
Yes 14 77.80
Total 18 100
SATISFACTION
1

Number of sexual partners
1 2 11.10 7.50
2 1 5.60
3 3 16.70
4 1 5.60
5 2 11.10
6 1 5.60
8 1 5.60
9 1 5.60
10 3 16.70
15 2 11.10
25 1 5.60
Total 18 100
Venue of first sexual experience
Own residence 10 55.60
Residence of the girl 4 22.20
Friend’s house/boarding house 3 16.70
Hotel/motel 1 5.60
Total 18 100
Worried that they might get the girl pregnant
No 11 61.10
Yes 7 38.90
Total 18 100
Used contraception
No 14 77.80
Yes 4 22.20
Total 18 100
Reaction when they found out that they got a girl pregnant
Denied it Yes 5 27.8
No 13 72.2
Doubted that it was Yes 1 5.6
his No 17 94.4
Planned to abort it Yes 3 16.7
No 15 83.3
Ran away Yes 1 5.6
No 17 94.4
Accepted it Yes 8 44.4
immediately No 10 55.6
Total 18 100.0

Tatay Na Si Totoy Final Paper For Book Bind

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tatay Na Si Totoy Final Paper For Book Bind

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TATAY NA SI TOTOY: YOUNG FILIPINO FATHERS’ EXPERIENCES ON

PATERNAL NURTURANCE SELF-EFFICACY AND PARENTAL

Saint Mary’s University

Tatay na si Totoy: Young Filipino Fathers’ Experiences on

Janine Vallary Tiam

Saint Mary’s University

Saint Mary’s University

This research paper hereto entitled:

Tatay na si Totoy: Young Filipino Fathers Experiences on Paternal

prepared and submitted by Abegail B. Montañez, Janine Vallary Tiam and

APPROVED by the Committee of Oral Examination held on February 1, 2016.

MR. EDWIN MANIA, EdD, RGC

MRS. MA. TERESA TAYABAN, PhD

MRS. FLORENCE NAWEW-BAHNI, RPm

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the course requirements for the degrees

MRS. FLORENCE N. BAHNI DR. MA. TERESA B. TAYABAN

Saint Mary’s University

We dedicate this research work to our family

Saint Mary’s University

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our research adviser,

support and encouragement that kept us on track.

To our research panelists and instructor, Mrs. Florence N. Bahni, Mr.

feedbacks and brilliant opinions.

To our parents, who are always there to support us.

Saint Mary’s University

Keywords: self-efficacy, paternal nurturance, parental satisfaction, self-efficacy,

Saint Mary’s University

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background……………………………………..1

Purpose of the Study……………………………………………………..

Scope and Delimitations………………………………………………

Significance of the Study…………………………………………………

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies……………………………

Subjects of the Study………………………………………………………

Saint Mary’s University

Chapter 4: Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis of Findings…………………

Section 1. Participant’s Narratives…………………………………………

Section 2. Young Father’s Profile Characteristics…………………………

Section 3. Paternal Nurturance………………………………………

Section 5. Parental Satisfaction……………………………………….80

Chapter 5: Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations…………86

Saint Mary’s University

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

In today’s generation, many are engaged in teenage parenting. According

youngest reproductive ages. The number of births born to teenage mothers

Tracking the incidence of teen pregnancy in the country reveals an

Philippines where the rate is increasing. It is decreasing in other countries in the

Saint Mary’s University

about young fathers and their parenting experiences.

people (we) receive an integral education, which enables (us) to grow

harmoniously in personal maturity”. Therefore, parents should teach their

In today’s socio-cultural crisis, the family, the basic human community, is

vulnerable (Synod of Bishops, 2015).

Saint Mary’s University

contributions to children’s development. In the Philippines, Filipino fathers and

child’s activities (Carunungan-Robles, 1986). Nevertheless, Black (2002) argued

challenges associated with early parenthood because they may experience

“developmental double jeopardy” as they try to cope with the normative

biological, social and psychological changes and challenges associated with

normative father development.

Saint Mary’s University

more likely to be from disadvantaged homes, complete fewer years in schooling,

experience abuse, live in violent neighborhoods, be unemployed, and have

younger, uneducated parents who have low educational expectations of them.