UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS

ESPE

EXTENSIÓN LATACUNGA

LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

LEVELS: III

PRE-INTERMEDIATE B1
EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK

GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY

MARCH 2019
 UNIT 1. SPEAKING THE SAME LANGUAGE

GRAMMAR: PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Present Simple Present Continuous

Things which are always true: Things which are happening at the moment of speaking:
 Water boils at 100 degrees.  The water is boiling now, so you can put in the pasta.

Permanent situations (or Temporary situations:

nearly permanent; true for a  Julie is living in Paris for a few months (usually she lives
few years at least): in London).
 Julie lives in London. Situations which are slowly changing:
 I'm getting better and better at speaking English.

Habits or things we do Temporary or new habits:

regularly:  I'm drinking too much coffee these days because I'm so
 I drink coffee every morning. busy at work.
Annoying habits (usually with 'always'):
 My flatmate is always leaving the kitchen in a mess!

Future events which are part Definite future plans:

of a timetable:  I'm meeting John after class today.
 My plane leaves at eight  I am having a party on Friday
tonight.
To talk about the future after
certain words ('when' 'until'
'after' 'before' 'as soon as'):
 I'll call you when I get home.

To talk about what happens

in books, plays and films: To talk about people in pictures and photos:
 At the end of the book, the  In this photo, my mother is walking beside a lake.
detective catches the killer.

Remember: We use the present simple with stative verbs. We can't use any continuous tense
(including the present continuous tense, of course) with stative verbs
VOCABULARY: LANGUAGES AND COUNTRIES
GRAMMAR: QUESTIONS WORDS

ORDER OF WORDS IN WH- QUESTIONS

1. WH-WORD + AUX + S + V + C + ? In Present Simple

WHAT DO YOU STUDY TODAY ?

2. WH-WORD + BE + S + -ING + C + ? In Present continuous

WHERE ARE YOU STUDYING ENGLISH ?

VOCABULARY: FREE TIME

VOCABULARY: COMMUNICATION
UNIT 2. BACK TO NATURE

GRAMMAR: PAST SIMPLE –ED (DID) REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

The PAST TENSE is used for expressing completed actions that are finished

1. A great majority of regular verbs are added the ending –ED to form the Past Tense.
Learned opened talked walked worked
Played stayed obeyed destroyed employed

2. Regular Verbs ending in E; to form the past tense, ending –D is added.

Closed practiced loved lived moved

3. Regular verbs which end in consonant preceded by a stressed vowel, to form the past tense,
duplicate the last consonant and add –ED.

Planned permitted omitted rubbed stopped

4. Regular verbs ending in Y preceded by a consonant. Change letter Y into i and add –ED.

Study – studied copy – copied cry – cried carry – carried

Marry – married worry – worried try – tried dry - dried

PRONUNCIATION OF –ED ENDING

1. VOICED SOUND /d/ /b, v, g, l, m, n, r, (v), z/

Rubbed /d/ loved /d/ hanged /d/ called /d/ calmed /d/
Opened /d/ entered /d/ studied /d/ closed /d/

2. VOICELESS SOUND /t/ /p, k , s, sh, ch, x, f/

Stopped /t/ worked /t/ passed /t/ finished /t/ watched /t/
Fixed /t/ coughed /t/

3. EXTRA SYLLABLE /id/ Verbs ending in: d – t

Needed /id/ rested /id/

Ended /id/ permitted /id/
Extended /id/ planted /id/
Attended/id/ reported /id/
Recorded /id/ attracted /id/
Reminded /id/ admitted /id/
GRAMMAR: PAST TENSE OF IRREGULAR VERBS
In English, the simple past tense is used for finished actions or situations that began and ended
before now. There are three ways to make simple past tense.
One way is what happens with the verb be: am and is changed to was and are changes
to were.
A second way is what happens with regular verbs: most regular verbs add - d or - ed to the
base (simple) form, but some verbs ending in y change i and then add - ed.
The third way is for irregular verbs.
The Simple Past: Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs do not make their past tense by adding - d or - ed or by changing y to i and
adding ed. Instead, they make their past forms in several ways:
1. For some irregular verbs, the simple and past forms are the same. Here are a few
examples:
Simple Past
beat beat
bet bet
burst burst
cost cost
cut cut
hit hit
hurt hurt
let let
put put
set set

2. For many irregular verbs, the simple and past forms have different vowels. Here
are a few examples:
Simple Past
arise arose
become became
begin began
break broke
choose chose
dig dug
draw drew
eat ate
fall fell
feed fed
find found
fly flew
forget forgot
freeze froze
get got
give gave
 hide hid
hold held
know knew
lead led
lie lay
meet met
ride rode
ring rang
rise rose
take took
tear tore
weave wove

3. For many irregular verbs, the simple verb and the past form have different endings (and
often different vowels):
Simple Past
bend bent
bring brought
build built
buy bought
catch caught
creep crept
do (does) did
feel felt
have (has) had
lose lost
make made
mean meant
pay paid
say said
seek sought
sleep slept
spend spent
stand stood
teach taught
tell told
think thought
Simple Past
dream dreamed, dreamt
fit fit, fitted
kneel knelt, kneeled
leap leaped, leapt
light lit, lighted
shine shone, shined
speed sped, speeded
spit spit, spat
 wake woke, waked

4. A few irregular verbs have more than one past form. Here are a few examples:

5. For a few irregular verbs, one past form tends is more common in American English
and a different one is more common in British English:
Verb American British
burn burned burnt
lean leaned leant
learn learned learnt
smell smelled smelt
spoil spoiled spoilt

6. The common irregular verb go has a completely different past form:

Simple Past
go went
Special Notes:

1. The simple and past forms of read have the same spelling, but they are pronounced
differently:
simple: read (pronounced the same as reed)
past: read (pronounced the same as red)

2. There are no easy rules to help you learn the past forms for irregular verbs quickly.
Unfortunately, you will have to memorize them!
VOCABULARY: GEOGRAPHY
GRAMMAR: PAST CONTINUOUS
VOCABULARY: ANIMALS
GRAMMAR: PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS

PAST SIMPLE –ED (DID) REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

- The PAST TENSE is used for expressing completed shorter actions that are finished in a definite
time.

Affirmative: I went to the United States last year.

Negative: You didn’t go to Argentina last week.
Question: Did he travel to Ibarra yesterday?
Short answers: Yes, he did. No, he didn’t

NOTE: It is possible to use the Past Simple and the Past Continuous in contrast.

- The Past Simple interrupts an action that was in progress.

The phone rang when she was cooking the meal.

The electricity went out when we were watching TV.
He was having dinner when his dad arrived.

PAST CONTINUOUS - (WAS – WERE) + V-ing

- Use the Past Continuous to talk about longer actions in the past which were in progress at a
particular time.

Affirmative: The boy was studying English this year.

My parents were living in Quito.
Negative: The boy wasn’t studying English this year.
My parents weren’t living in Quito.
Questions: Was the boy studying English this year?
Were my parents living in Quito?
Short Answers: Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t
Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
UNIT3. ICONS
GRAMMAR: DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
- A clause is a complex sentence composed by two simple sentences joined by a
connector.
WHO
People
THAT
Things
WHICH
WHEN Time
WHERE Places
WHOSE Owner

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

- A Defining Relative clause is a sentence which provides accurate information.
a) I saw a woman yesterday.
b) The woman was at the bus station.
I saw a woman WHO was at the bus station.
I saw a woman THAT was at the bus station.
a) He brings a computer every day.
b) The computer is small.
He brings a computer THAT is small.
He brings a computer WHICH is small.
a) Peter lives in New York.
b) Peter studies in New York.
Peter lives in New York WHERE he studies.
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
- A Non-defining Relative Clause is a sentence which provides extra or additional
information.
a) The girl is wearing a beautiful dress.
b) The girl is an excellent secretary.
The girl, WHO is wearing a beautiful dress, is an excellent secretary.
a) Latacunga is located in the central part of the country.
b) Latacunga is the capital of the Cotopaxi province.
Latacunga, WHICH is located in the central part of the country, is the capital of the
Cotopaxi province.
VOCABULARY: LANDMARKS

GRAMMAR: ARTICLES
UNIT 4. AGES AND CHANGES
GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT
 How to form the present perfect

 Learn about USING the present perfect here

 For a list of all the present perfect exercises, click here

To make the positive present perfect tense, use:

 'have' / 'has' + the past participle

 Make the past participle by adding 'ed' to regular verbs (for example, 'play'
becomes 'played')
 There are a few verbs that change their spelling when you add 'ed' (for
example, 'study' becomes 'studied')
 We also have some completely irregular verbs

When do we use the Present Perfect Tense?

1. Unspecified point in the past

 I have been to Spain three times.

(At some unspecified time in the past, I went to Spain).

Compare with the simple past:

 I went to Spain three times in 2005.

(specified time in the past - the year 2005)

2. An action that occurred in the past, but has a result in the present (now)

 We can't find our luggage. Have you seen it?

(The luggage was lost in the past, do you know where it is now?)

3. Talking about general experiences (ever, never)

It usually refers to an event happening at some moment in your life.

 Has she ever tried Chilean wine before? (in her life)
 I've never eaten monkey brains before. (in my life)

4. Events that recently occurred (just)

 Do you want to go to a restaurant with me?

No, thanks. I've just eaten lunch. (I recently ate lunch.)

5. Events that have occurred up to now (yet)

 Are Carlos and Rodrigo here? No, they haven't arrived yet. (they're still not here now)
6. Events that occurred before you expected (already)

 I've already graduated from University. (I expected to graduate at a later date.)

7. Events that began in the past and haven't changed (for, since)

 Mike has worked at Woodward for 3 years.

(Mike started working at Woodward 3 years ago and he still works there now.)
 Julie has worked at Woodward since September last year.
(Julie began working at Woodward in September of last year, and that hasn't changed -
she still works here now.)

Affirmative Sentences
Past
Subject Have Rest of the Sentence
Participle

I have studied for the exam.

You have bought a new computer.
He has eaten my chocolate.
She has written an e-mail.
It has been cold this month.
We have won the championship.
You have tried to learn a lot.
They have forgotten my birthday.

Contractions
 The contracted form of the perfect tense is quite common:

Have Contraction Examples

I have I've I've spent all my money.

You have You've You've worn that dress before.
He has He's He's slept all morning.
She has She's She's lost her purse.
It has It's It's fallen off the wall.
We have We've We've chosen you for the job.
You have You've You've begun to annoy me.
They have They've They've drunk too much.

 We use contractions a lot when we are speaking.

  Negative Sentences
The contraction of the perfect tense in negative form is:
Have not = Haven't
Has not = Hasn't

Past
Subject Have Rest of the Sentence
Participle

I haven't studied for the exam.

You haven't bought a new computer.
He hasn't eaten my chocolate.
She hasn't written an e-mail.
It hasn't been cold this month.
We haven't won the championship.
You haven't tried to learn a lot.
They haven't forgotten my birthday.

 Questions
Past
Have Subject Rest of the Sentence
Participle

Have I been chosen for the team?

Have you bought a new car?
Has he eaten my sandwich?
Has she written the letter?
Has it started on time?
Have we won a trophy?
Have you kept my secret?
Have they driven there?

VOCABULARY: LIFE STAGES

A preemie = a preemie is baby that is born ‘prematurely’, it’s considered a preemie.
A newborn = a baby that was just born; this term is usually used for the first 4 weeks of life.
An infant / a baby = the first year of life (from birth to 1 year old); an infant is a baby who has
not started talking or walking yet and who needs constant care.
A toddler = a child who is learning to walk; the 2nd year of life (generally between 12 months
and 2 or 3 years old)
A child = There is no set age definition of ‘a child’; ‘childhood’ can be both the time before
someone becomes a teenager and the time before someone become an adult. Most of the time,
it refers to someone younger than a teenager.
Pre-teen / tween = around 10–12 years old; a child who has not yet reached the ‘teenage’
years. “Tween’ is short for ‘in between’!
A teenager = someone who is 13–19 years old (any number with ‘teen’ in it!)
An adolescent = a formal term for the teenage years; someone who is becoming an adult.
A young adult = This is hard to define! Generally someone becomes an ‘adult’ at the age of 18,
Most of the time a young adult is someone between the ages of 18 and 24.
Middle-aged / over the hill (adjectives)
Since people are living longer, ‘middle age’ is changing. Generally, ‘middle–aged’ is the term for
someone in the middle of their life, around 40–50 years old
A senior citizen = a polite way of saying ‘an old person’! The age at which someone becomes a
‘senior citizen’ can vary from country to country: it could be 55 years old, or it could be 65 years
old!
Elderly (adjective) = a polite way of saying that someone is very old!

GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE

VOCABULARY: ACTIVITIES
GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT WITH FOR and SINCE
GRAMMAR: COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
RULES FOR THE COMPARATIVE

1. The comparative of One syllable adjectives is made adding –er + than

Taller than smaller than cheaper than
Cleaner than faster than slower than

2. The comparative of Two syllable adjectives ending in –Y is made by changing letter Y into i
and adding –er + than.
Busy - busier than lazy – lazier than crazy – crazier than
Ugly – uglier than happy – happier than pretty – prettier than

3. The comparative of Two or more syllables adjectives is made using the expression
MORE ………… THAN.
Expensive beautiful interesting important
Intelligent amazing careful comfortable

4. The comparative of adjectives ending in consonant preceded by a stressed vowel is made by

duplicating the last consonant and adding –er + than.
Big – bigger than fat – fatter than thin – thinner than
Hot – hotter than wet – wetter than

5. IRREGULAR COMPARATIVE
Good better than
Bad worse than
Much more than
Far further than
Well better than

THE SUPERLATIVE
1. The superlative of One syllable adjectives is made by adding THE + -est
Tall– the tallest small– the smallest cheap – the cheapest
Clean– the cleanest fast– the fastest slow – the slowest

2. The superlative of Two syllable adjectives ending in –Y is made by changing letter Y into i and
adding The + –est.
Busy -The busiest lazy – The laziest. crazy – The craziest
Ugly – The ugliest. happy – The happiest. pretty–The prettiest.

3. The superlative of Two or more syllables adjectives is made using the expression
THE MOST ………………………
Expensive beautiful interesting important
Intelligent amazing careful extreme

4. The superlative of adjectives ending in consonant preceded by a stressed vowel is made by

duplicating the last consonant and adding
The –est.
Big – The biggest. Fat – The fattest. Thin – The thinnest.
Hot – the hottest wet – The wettest
5. IRREGULAR SUPERLATIVE
Good better than the best
Bad worse than the worst
Much more than the most
Far further than the furthest
Well better than the best

- We use a simple adjective with only one noun.

The English book is cheap

- We use the comparative with two nouns.

The French book is cheaper than the English book

- We use the superlative with three or more nouns.

The Italian book is the cheapest.

(The English book – the French book – The Italian book)

UNIT 5. LEAVE AND LEARN
GRAMMAR: PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND GOING TO
 FORMING THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts - the present tense
of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS IS USED:
 To describe an action that is going on at this moment: You are using the
Internet. You are studying English grammar.
 To describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend: Are
you still working for the same company? More and more people are
becoming vegetarian.
 To describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or
prepared: We're going on holiday tomorrow. I'm meeting my boyfriend
tonight. Are they visiting you next winter?
 To describe a temporary event or situation: He usually plays the drums, but he's
playing bass guitar tonight. The weather forecast was good, but it's raining at the
moment.
 With "always, forever, constantly", to describe and emphasize a continuing series
of repeated actions: Harry and Sally are always arguing! You're constantly
complaining about your mother-in-law!
Continuous verbs
To make continuous verbs add -ing to the base verb:

do becomes doing
ask becomes asking

silent 'e'
When the verb ends with a silent e, drop the e and add -ing:

make becomes making

take becomes taking

one-syllable verbs
For short, one-syllable verbs, that end with consonant + vowel +
consonant (CVC), we must double the last consonant and then add -ing:

swim becomes swimming

run becomes running
w, x and y
For words that end w, x and y, do not double the last consonant; just add -ing:

enjoy becomes enjoying

study becomes studying

two-syllable words
When words have two or more syllables ending in CVC, you must double the
last consonant if the last syllable is stressed. When the last syllable is not
stressed, just add -ing.

The last syllable is stressed:

commit becomes committing

The last syllable is not stressed:

whisper becomes whispering

-ie verbs
For verbs that end in -ie, change the ie to y before adding -ing:

die becomes dying

GRAMMAR: MUSTN’T; DON’T HAVE TO (For obligation)

Must or Have to

We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a
logical deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason.

 There's no heating on. You must be freezing.

 You must be worried that she is so late coming home.
 I can't remember what I did with it. I must be getting old.
 It must be nice to live in Florida.

We also use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually
means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the
speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.)

 I must go to bed earlier.

 They must do something about it.
 You must come and see us some time.
 I must say, I don't think you were very nice to him.

We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this
usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.

 I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.

 We have to give him our answer today or lose out on the contract.
 You have to pass your exams or the university will not accept you.
 I have to send a report to Head Office every week.

In British English, we often use 'have got to' to mean the same as 'have to'.

 I've got to take this book back to the library or I'll get a fine.
 We've got to finish now as somebody else needs this room.

We can also use ' will have to' to talk about strong obligations. Like 'must' this
usually means that that some personal circumstance makes the obligation
necessary.

 I'll have to speak to him.

 We'll have to have lunch and catch up on all the gossip.
 They'll have to do something about it.
 I'll have to get back to you on that.
As you can see, the differences between the present forms are sometimes very small
and very subtle. However, there is a huge difference in the negative forms.

 We use 'mustn't' to express strong obligations NOT to do something.

 We mustn't talk about it. It's confidential.
 I mustn't eat chocolate. It's bad for me.
 You mustn't phone me at work. We aren't allowed personal calls.
 They mustn't see us talking or they'll suspect something.

We use 'don't have to' (or 'haven't got to' in British English) to state that there is NO
obligation or necessity.

 We don't have to get there on time. The boss is away today.

 I don't have to listen to this. I'm leaving.
 You don't have to come if you don't want to.
 He doesn't have to sign anything if he doesn't want to at this stage.
 I haven't got to go. Only if I want to

VOCABULARY: -ED and –ING ADJECTIVES

Are you interested in learning more about adjectives but are scared of the
prepositions and infintives that go with them? Don't be ashamed of it! If you
are bad at prepostions, hopefully we can give you somehing to be exicted
about. The prepostions we use with adjectives are similar tomany other areas of
English - the more you study the easier it becomes!

Adjectives are often followed by infinitives or prepositions when we talk about

feelings or how we react to people/things.

Although some adjectives can be followed by more than one preposition, here's
a table of the most common combinations:

Adjectives with infinitives and prepositions

afraid of annoyed about

aware of capable of
certain to different to
good at excited about
famous for fond of
interested in hopeless at
keen on opposed to
pleased with popular with
proud of responsible for
satisfied with scared of
serious about sick of
similar to stupid of
suitable for suspicious of
terrified of wonderful at
 UNIT 6. HELP
GRAMMAR: MODAL VERBS

All the auxiliary verbs except be, do and have are called modals. Unlike other auxiliary verbs modals
only exist in their helping form; they cannot act alone as the main verb in a sentence.
Be, do, and have also differ from the other auxiliaries in that they can also serve as ordinary verbs in
a given sentence.

CAN / COULD / MAY / MIGHT / MUST / SHALL / SHOULD / OUGHT TO / WILL / WOULD
Modal Example Uses
Can They can control their own budgets. Ability / Possibility
We can’t fix it. Inability / Impossibility
Can I smoke here? Asking for permission
Can you help me? Request
Could Could I borrow your dictionary? Asking for permission.
Could you say it again more slowly? Request
We could try to fix it ourselves. Suggestion
I think we could have another Gulf War. Future possibility
He gave up his old job so he could work for us. Ability in the past
May May I have another cup of coffee? Asking for permission
China may become a major economic power. Future possibility
Might We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be Present possibility
eating their dinner now. Future possibility
They might give us a 10% discount.
Must We must say good-bye now. Necessity / Obligation
They mustn’t disrupt the work more than Prohibition
necessary.
Ought to We ought to employ a professional writer. Saying what’s right or correct
Shall Shall I help you with your luggage? Offer
(More Shall we say 2.30 then? Suggestion
common Shall I do that or will you? Asking what to do
in the UK
than the
US)
Should We should sort out this problem at once. Saying what’s right or correct
I think we should check everything again. Recommending action
Profits should increase next year. Uncertain prediction
Will I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk. Instant decisions
I'll do that for you if you like. Offer
I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday. Promise
Profits will increase next year. Certain prediction
Would Would you mind if I brought a colleague with Asking for permission
 me? Request
Would you pass the salt please? Request
Would you mind waiting a moment? Making arrangements
"Would three o`clock suit you?" - "That’d be Invitation
fine." Preferences
Would you like to play golf this Friday?
"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like tea
please."
!Note The modal auxiliary verbs are always followed by the base form.
The verb used to, which is explained here, can also be used like a modal verb.

Modal Verbs
Here's a list of the modal verbs in English:

can could may might will

would must shall should ought to

Modals are different from normal verbs:

1: They don't use an 's' for the third person singular.
2: They make questions by inversion ('she can go' becomes 'can she go?').
3: They are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without 'to').

Probability:
First, they can be used when we want to say how sure we are that something happened /
is happening / will happen. We often call these 'modals of deduction' or 'speculation' or
'certainty' or 'probability'.

For example:
 It's snowing, so it must be very cold outside.
 I don't know where John is. He could have missed the train.
 This bill can't be right. £200 for two cups of coffee!

Ability
We use 'can' and 'could' to talk about a skill or ability. For example:
 She can speak six languages.
 My grandfather could play golf very well.
 I can't drive.

Obligation and Advice

We can use verbs such as 'must' or 'should' to say when something is necessary or
unnecessary, or to give advice. For example:
 Children must do their homework.
 We have to wear a uniform at work.
 You should stop smoking.
Permission
We can use verbs such as 'can', 'could' and 'may' to ask for and give permission. We also
use modal verbs to say something is not allowed. For example:
 Could I leave early today, please?
 You may not use the car tonight.
 Can we swim in the lake?

Habits
We can use 'will' and 'would' to talk about habits or things we usually do, or did in the
past. For example:
 When I lived in Italy, we would often eat in the restaurant next to my flat.
 John will always be late!

Past modals
The past modals 'could have + past participle', 'should have + past participle' and 'would
have + past participle' can be confusing. I explain about them here.

MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS

MODALS SPANISH SITUATION EQUIVALENT PHRASE
CAN Poder Ability Be able to
COULD Capacity
MAY Poder Possibility It’s possible that
MIGHT Permission Have permission to
SHOULD Debería Obligation Ought to
WILL ré, rás, rá, rémos, Future Be going to
rán.
WOULD Ía, ías, íamos, ían Conditional ………………..
MUST Deber Necessity (Have – has) to

NOTES
- Modal auxiliary verbs don’t accept Third Singular Person in the main verb.
She teaches English at ESPE.
She can teach English at ESPE.

- Modal Verbs can’t accept another auxiliary.

The student doesn’t work in the morning.

The student can’t work in the morning.
VOCABULARY: JOBS AND SERVICES
 PREDICTIONS WITH: WILL – MAY and MIGHT

VOCABULARY: SUFFIXES
VOCABULARY: SENSES

VOCABULARY: SENSES

VOCABULARY: HEALTH PROBLEMS