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This lecture covers: Reactions in a perfectly stirred tank. Steady State CSTR.
Batch Continuous
Open system
Steady State
Open system Well mixed
Close system
Steady State
Well mixed
Continuous
Transient
Figure 2. A batch reactor. Figure 1. A plug flow reactor, and continuous stirred
tank reactor.
Mole Balance on Component A
In-Out+Production=Accumulation
FAo − FA + rAV = 0 (steady state)
FAo − FA
V= FA = FAo − X A FAo
−rA
In terms of
conversion, XA?
Da = kτ
Da
⇒ XA =
1 + Da
therefore:
As DaÆ, XAÆ1
As Da∞, XAÆ0 (molecule probably leaves before it can react)
C Ao X A C Ao X A XA
τ= = =
−rA kC Ao 2 (1 − X A ) kC Ao (1 − X A )
2 2
XA =
(1 + 2τ kC Ao ) − 1 + 4τ kC Ao
2τ kC Ao
Cite as: William Green, Jr., course materials for 10.37 Chemical and Biological Reaction Engineering,
Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
kC Ao 2 V
Da = = τ kC Ao
C Ao vo
Thus, conversion can be put in terms of Da.
XA =
(1 + 2 Da ) − 1 + 4 Da
2 Da
How long does it take for a CSTR to reach steady state?
In-Out+Production=Accumulation
dN A
FAo − FA + rAV =
dt
For a liquid at constant density this is:
dC A
C Ao − C A + rAτ = τ
dt
Ænon-dimensionalize
C t
Cˆ A = A tˆ =
C Ao τ
τ C Ao dCˆ A
C Ao − C Ao Cˆ A − kC Ao Cˆ Aτ =
τ dtˆ
dCˆ A ⎛ P ⎞ ˆ
Da
+ ⎜ 1 + kτ ⎟ C A = 1
dtˆ ⎜⎝ ⎟
⎠
dCˆ A
+ (1 + Da ) Cˆ A = 1
dtˆ
with initial conditions:
Cˆ A = 0, tˆ = 0
we have the solution:
Cˆ A =
1
1 + Da
(
1 − e− (1+ Da )t
ˆ
)
In nondimensional terms, it exponentially approaches a new steady state with a
τ
characteristic time .
1 + Da
Cite as: William Green, Jr., course materials for 10.37 Chemical and Biological Reaction Engineering,
Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Cˆ A
1
1 + Da
1
tˆ
1 + Da
Figure 3. Approach to steady state in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR).
The time at which ½ of the steady state concentration of CA is achieved is the half
ln(2)
time: τ
1 + Da
CSTRs in Series
(Liquid and at constant pressure)
CA0
Da1 Da2
CA2
Figure 4. Two tanks in series. The output of the first tank is the input of the second
tank.
1st order reaction kinetics
C A0
C A1 =
1 + Da1
For the second reactorÆ iterate
C A0
C A2 =
(1 + Da1 )(1 + Da2 )
If the CSTRs are identical,
C A0
C An =
(1+ Da )
n
Cite as: William Green, Jr., course materials for 10.37 Chemical and Biological Reaction Engineering,
Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].