PAINT SHOP-
The paint shop can be classified into following sections:
CHASSIS PAINTING AREA
PRE TREATMENT AREA
JOIST PAINTING AREA
FINAL PAINTING AREA
FACILITY OF SONALIKA TRACTORS –
Power Steering
Hydraulic Lift & Hydraulic Brakes
Reverse P.T.O System
Trem 111 System Use To Control The Environment
Pollution
Less Wear Tear
Less Cost Needs For Working
HISTORY-
Sonalika was founded in 1969 as International Tractors
Limited, and is the flagship company of the Sonalika
Group. They began manufacturing tractors desgined
by Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute
(CMERI).
Sonalika has exported tractors throughout
the world, including to Algeria, Australia, Brazzil , Sri
Lanka, Dubai,
Kuwait, USA , Zimbabwe, and other countries.
Sonalika Agro Industries Corporation
Manufactures various agricultural equipement and
combine harvesters.
PARTS OF DEFENSE BOX-
1. SIMPLE LOCK
2. TAIL PINION
3. PTO SHAFT
4. CAGE
5. CROWN WHEEL
6. VP CARRIAR
7. SHIM
DETAIL OF DEFENSE BOX-
[Link] PINION-
It is most important part of Defense box.
It moves all the parts of Defense box. The pinon thread is
specially made on the thread grinder to ensure proper
fitting.
Selective case hardening is done to import
Maximum strength to the maximize wear resistance
2. CROWN WHEEL-
Crown Wheel rotates when pinion rotates. It rotates with
the help of Tail pinion.
It is attached with the Tail pinion. Both
Crown Wheel and Pinion are checked
Thoroughly for high spots that prevents
Premature failure ensuring a noise free
Operation .The backlash is kept with in
0.16-0.26 mm band to keep noise and
Vibration to minimum with an accurate Interface fit.
3. SHIMS-
These Shims are made out of variety of
High tensile material from SAE 1008 to SAE 1080 from
thickness 0.050 mm and
Upwards. Shims are used for Gap adjustments.
4. PTO SHAFT-
A Power Take-OFF or Power Takeoff (PTO) is any of
several methods for taking power from a power source,
such
As a running engines and transmitting it
To an application such as an attached implement or
separate machines.
INTRODUCTION-
International tractors limited is also known as SONALIKA
INTERNATIONAL. Sonalika group is an Indian
Multinational Company headquartered in Hoshiarpur,
Punjab, India and is active mainly in the automobile
sector.
The Sonalika Group is headed by Lakshman
Das Mittal. Sonalika Agro Industries was established in
1969 to support Indian farmers.
Sonalika Group is the major company ,
involved in manufacturing and exporting tractors, farm
equipements and accessories.
4 WEEKS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
INTERNATIONAL CARS & TRACTORS LIMITED
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by-
Ravinderjit Singh – Roll No.130635313630
Rishab Jain - Roll No.130635313631
Ritesh - Roll No.130635313632
M.E-B, 5th Sem .
FOREGOING AND CASTING PROCESS-
Crankshaft can be forged from a steel bar or cast in ductile
iron. Today more and more manufactures tend to favour
the use of forged crankshaft due to their lighter weight,
more compact dimension
And better inherent dampening. These crankshafts tend to
be very expensive due to the large amount of material
removal which needs to be done by using lathes and
milling machines.
CRANKSHAFT-
The crankshaft is the part of an engine which translates
reciprocating linear piston motion into rotary motion. To
convert the reciprocating motion into rotation, the
crankshaft has “crank throws” or “crank pins”.
It typically connects to a flywheel, to
Reduce the pulsation characteristics of
The four stroke cycle.
MAIN PARTS OF TRACTOR-
ENGINE
GEAR BOX
WHEEL
STEERING
BRAKES
RADIATOR
STARTER
FAN
OIL TANK
HYDRAULIC LIFT
OIL FILTER
BATTERY
EXHAUST PIPE
ALTINATOR
AXLE-
A tractor unit has many Axle depending on Axle load
legislation. The most common varieties are those of 4x2,
6x2, and 6x4 types.
Tractors with three axles or more can have more than one
steering axle, which can also be driven. The front two
axles are usually both steer axles. The axle configurations
are usually based on axle load legislation, and maximum
gross vehicle weight ratings (BDM).
The Various Processes Occurs Under Sonalika Tractor Division
Are As Under:
ASSEMBLY SHOP
PAINTING SHOP
HEAT TREATMENT
MACHINE SHOP
ENGINE SHOP
HEAVY MACHINE SHOP
TRACTOR ASSEMBLY-
GEAR BOX SUB ASSEMBLY
M.T.H & GEAR BOX ASSEMBLY
MECHANICAL BREAK ASSEMBLY
GEAR SHIFTING ASSEMBLY
PORTAL/ DIRECT AXLE ASSEMBLY
LIFT MOUNTING
ENGINE MOUNTING
STEERING ASSEMBLY
HYDRAULIC BRAKE & FLOOR ASSEMBLY
PISTON PRE ASSEMBLY-
ENGINE ASSEMBLY-
CRANKSHAFT PRE ASEEMBLY
PISTON PRE ASSEMBLY
CRANKSHAFT ASSEMBLY
LUBRICATION PUMP & PUNCHING
GEAR FITTING
PISTON MOUNTING
LUBRICATION PUMP ASSEMBLY
FLY WHEEL ASSEMBLY
CYLINDER HEAD MOUNTING
WAER ASSEMBLY & FILTER ASSEMBLY
INJECTION PUMP ASSEMBLY
ASSEMBLY SHOP-
ASSEMBLY:
The process of joining various constituents to
form a final product.
Assembly of the tractor in to two sections:
Before paint assembly shop
After paint assembly shop
Before paint assembly shop:
This shop is divided into 5 loops.
Differential loop
Engine loop
Hydraulic rear cover loop
Gearbox loop
Engine coupling loop
MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS-
Facing
Under cutting
Chamfering
Finish turning
Grooving
Knurling
Broaching
Boring
Drilling
Grinding
Hobbing
Shaping
PARTS OF CRANKSHAFT-
ENGINE SHOP-
FRONT COVER
REAR COVER
CAM SHAFT
CONNECTING ROD
ROCKER ARM ASSEMBLY
INJECTION PUMB DRIVE BUSH
CRANK CASE
CYLINDER HEAD
TRACTOR-
A Tractor is a vehicle specifically designed to deliver a
high effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of
hauling a Trailor or machinery used in agriculture or
construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe
a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to
mechanize agricultural tasks, especially tillage but
nowadays a great variety of tasks.
HEAVY MACHINE SHOP-
All the heavy parts of tractor are machined.
Gear box housing
Main transmission housing
Hydraulic lift
Engine
MACHINE SHOP –
UNITS IN MACHINE SHOP-
LIGHT MACHINE SHOP
Gear Manufacturing section
Auto parts section
HEAVY MACHINE SHOP
M.T. housing
Gear box
MACHINING-
Crankshaft can also be machined out of a billet, often using
a bar of high quality vacuum remelted steel. Even though
the fibre flow doesn’t follow the shape of the crankshaft,
this is usually not a problem since higher quality steels
normally are difficult to forge can be used. However ,
since no expensive tooling is required, this production
methods allows small production runs of crankshaft to be
made without high costs.
GEAR BOX-
A Gearbox is a mechanism that changes the input drive
speed to lower or higher output speed or reverses the
direction of rotation. Tractor gear boxes are usually multi-
ratio , with modern ones being of a continuously variables
design (CVT). Also referred to as the transmission, as it
transmits power from the engine to the wheels or other
mechanism’s being driven.
FATIGUE STRENGTH-
The fatigue strength of the crankshaft is usually increased
by using a radius at the ends of each main and crankpin
bearing. The radius itself rduces the stress in these critical
areas, but since the radiuses in most cases are rolled, this
also leaves some compressive residual stress in the surface
which prevents cracks from forming.
HARDENING-
Most production crankshaft use induction hardened
bearing surfaces since that method gives good results with
low costs. It also allows the crankshaft to be reground
without having to redo the hardening. But high
performance crankshaft, billet crankshaft in particular,
tend to use Nitridization instead. The advantage with
nitridization is that it can be done at low temperature, it
produces a very hard surfaces and the process will leave
some compressive residual stress in the surface which is
good for the fatigue properties of the crankshaft. The low
temperature during treatment is advantageous in that it
doesn’t have any negative effect on the steel.
VARIOUS SHOPS IN SONALIKA TRACTORS-
MILLING SHOP
FITTING SHOP
TURNING SHOP
TRACTOR SHOP
ASSEMBLY SHOP
HEAT TREATMENT
LMS SHOP-
INTRODUCTION:-
1. A the shafts, Gears, Bushes which are used in
tractors are manufactured here.
2. Most of machines are of HMT( for gear shaver) and
German (for bevel gear)
Machines used in LMS:-
1. Planer Machine
2. Hand Lathe
3. Universal Milling Machine
4. Grinding Machine
5. Hydraulic Press
COMPONENT MACHINED IN SHOP-
1. Bull pinion shaft (L&R)
2. Bull pinion (L&R)
3. Gears
4. Idler cluster
5. Input shaft
6. Intermediate shaft
7. Lay shaft
8. Internal gear
LIST OF MAJOR COMPONENT MACHINED IN H.M.S:-
Differential hosuing
Gear box
Trumpet housing
Rear axle
DISMANTLING STAGE –
The Dismantling Stage is Divided into 5 stages:
Stage 1:- Altenative, horn, brake rod, brake switch connection,
fan belt.
Stage 2:- Speedometer wire, rear frame, fuel tank, overflow pipe,
felt pad.
Stage 3:- Fan, radiator, hose pipe, dash board & its cover, number
plate.
Stage 4:- Battery, steering wheel, head light, clutch connection,
knob & cover, hook & slide panel, sealing.
Stage 5:- Seat, sheet metal cover, tyre fixing, battery cover, engine
oil pouring & greasing stickers.
REAR COVER-
Rear cover is mounted on the differential assembly & perform
various other operations.
LAYOUT OF REAR COVER ASSEMBLY
REAR COVER ASSEMBLY-
1. Rear cover casting
2. Rocker shaft
3. The cylinder, rocker arm, connecting rod fitted
4. Brackets & levers
5. The response & control valve
6. Sensor tube
7. Testing
GEAR BOX TYPES:-
Selective gearbox:
a) Sliding mesh
b) Constant mesh
c) Synchronous type
Planetary gear transmission
Automatic gearbox
