Aircraft Structures Introduction To Shells: University of Liège Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering

University of Liège
Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering
Aircraft Structures
Introduction to Shells
Ludovic Noels
Computational & Multiscale Mechanics of Materials – CM3

http://www.ltas-cm3.ulg.ac.be/
Chemin des Chevreuils 1, B4000 Liège
L.Noels@ulg.ac.be
Aircraft Structures - Shells

Elasticity
• Balance of body B
– Momenta balance
• Linear T
• Angular
– Boundary conditions
• Neumann b
• Dirichlet
n
• Small deformations with linear elastic, homogeneous & isotropic material
– (Small) Strain tensor , or
– Hooke’s law , or
with
– Inverse law l = K - 2m/3 2m
with
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 2

Reissner-Mindlin plate summary
• Deformations (small transformations) E3
– In plane membrane
•
– Curvature E2
• A
E1
– Out-of-plane sliding
Dt
• Dt
E3 t
z qy = Dt1
t
x
-uz,1 E2
g1 A 1/k11
qy = Dt1
1/Dt,1
E1

• Resultant stresses in linear elasticity E3
– Membrane stress
•
– Bending stress ñ22

E2
•
A ñ12
– Out-of-plane shear stress
E1 ñ21
• ñ11 Dt
Dt
E3 t
z qy = Dt1
t
q3 ~
x m22
-uz,1 E2
g1 q3
qy = Dt1 A
~
m12
~ E1 ~ 1/k11
m11 m21

• Resultant Hooke tensor in linear elasticity
– Membrane mode
•
– Bending mode
•
– Shear mode
•

• Resultant equations
– Membrane mode
•
– with
– with
• Clearly, the solution can be directly computed in plane Oxy (constant Hn)
– E3
∂NA
– Boundary conditions A
∂DA n
» Neumann E2
» Dirichlet E1
n0 = na Ea
• Remaining equation along E3:

• Resultant equations (2)
– Bending mode
•
• &
– with
– with
• Solution is obtained by projecting into the plane Oxy (constant Hq, Hm)
– 2 equations (a=1, 2) with 3 unknowns (Dt1, Dt2, u3)
– Use remaining equation

– Bending mode (2)
• 3 equations with 3 unknowns
–
E3
– p
∂NA
• To be completed by BCs A
∂DA T
– Low order constrains E2
» Displacement or E1
n0 = na Ea
» Shearing
E3
p
∂MA
A
∂TA M
– High order
E2
» Rotation or
» Bending E1
n0 = na Ea

– Remarks
• Compare bending equations
–
–
z qy
– With Timoshenko beam equations
qy x
g
• Membrane and bending equations are uncoupled
– No initial curvature
– Small deformations (equilibrium on non curved configuration)

Shear effect
• Kirchhoff assumption
D z qy
– As
•
qy x
g
– Kirchhoff assumption requires

𝐷 1+𝜈 𝐴 ℎ02 𝐴
• = ≪1
𝐿2 𝐸ℎ0 𝐴′ 12𝐿2 1 − 𝜈 𝐴′
• Where L is a characteristic distance

Kirchhoff-Love plate summary
• Membrane mode E3
– On A: ∂NA
A
∂DA n
• With
E2
E1
n0 = na Ea
– Completed by appropriate BCs

• Dirichlet
• Neumann

Kirchhoff-Love plate summary
• Bending mode
– On A:
D
• With
– Completed by appropriate BCs E3

p
• Low order ∂NA
A
∂DA T
– On ∂NA: E2
E1
– On ∂DA: n0 = na Ea
• High order E3
p
∂MA
– On ∂TA: A
∂TA M
with E2
E1
– On ∂MA: n0 = na Ea
Kirchhoff plate summary
• Membrane-bending coupling
E3
– The first order theory is uncoupled
– For second order theory
• On A: ñ22
E2
• Tension increases the bending
A ñ12
stiffness of the plate
E1 ñ21
– In case of small initial curvature (k >>) ñ11
E3
• On A:
u3
• Tension induces bending effect ñ22
j03 E2
• General theories
A ñ12
– For not small initial curvature:
E1 ñ21
• Linear shells ñ11
– To fully account for tension effect

• Non-Linear shells

Introduction to shells
• Shell kinematics
– In the reference frame Ei x2=cst x1=cst
• The shell is described by t0

c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
with S
t
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

– Initial configuration S0 mapping E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
• Neutral plane
A
x2
• Cross section
x1 E2
• Thin body
E1
– Deformed configuration S mapping

• Thin body
– Two-point deformation mapping

• Shell kinematics (2)
– Deformation gradient In frame EI with
• Two-point deformation mapping respect to xI
• Two-point deformation gradient
– Small strain deformation gradient
– It is more convenient to evaluate these tensors in a convected basis

• Example g0I basis convected to S0
– As S0 is described by
– One has with
the convected basis x2=cst
j0,1(x1, x2)
t0
j0,2(x1, x2)
x1=cst S0
– The picture shows the basis for x3 = 0
» g0a (x3=0) = j0,a
• Shell kinematics (3) t0 t0,1
– Convected basis g0I to S0 S0
g01(x1, x2,x3)
j0,1(x1, x2)
– For x3 = 0
• g0a are tangent to the mid-surface x1=cst
x2=cst
• g0a (x3=0) = j0,a
t0
c = F o F0-1
– For x3 ≠0 x1=cst x2=cst
S0
S
• If there is an initial curvature t
g0a depends on x3 F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

• Initial curvature is measured by t0,a E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
x2=cst
• Shell kinematics (4) j0,1(x1, x2)
– Convected basis g0I to S0 (2)
t0
j0,2(x1, x2)
x1=cst S0
• The basis is not orthonormal
– A vector component is still defined as
– So can be written?
» If so which is not consistent
≠dIJ

x2=cst
• Shell kinematics (5) j0,1(x1, x2)
– Convected basis g0I to S0 (3)
t0
j0,2(x1, x2)
x1=cst S0
• The basis is not orthonormal (2)

– A conjugate basis g0I has to be defined
» Such that g02
» So vector components are defined by a2
E2
& g01
» The vector can be represented by g02 a1
as
E1
g0 1
– For plates

Resultant equilibrium equations
• Assumptions x1=cst
x2=cst
– Small deformations/displacements
t0
• c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
• S
t
• with F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
A
x2
– Kirchhoff-Love assumption (no shearing) x1 E2
• Normal is assumed to remain E1
– Planar
– Perpendicular to
the neutral plane
– Reissner-Mindlin (shearing is allowed)
• Normal is assumed to remain planar
• But not perpendicular to neutral plane

Shell equations
• Same idea as for plates x1=cst
x2=cst
– Avoiding discretization on the thickness
t0
• u and t constant on the thickness c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
S
– Equations are integrated on the t
thickness
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)
• Linear momentum equation E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
–
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
– Small transformations assumptions ( , , )
• Using

• Linear momentum equation (2) E3
x2=cst
– Inertial term (2) t0
A
x1=cst S0 x2
x1 E2
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)
E1
• Main idea in shells
– u and t constant on the thickness
– u and t defined in terms of x1 & x2 integrate equations in A x [-h0/2 h0/2]
• To transform an integral on S0 to an integral on A x [-h0/2 h0/2]
– Consider the Jacobian of the mapping:
– Expression of the Jacobian?

• Jacobian x2=cst E3
– Mapping F0 from A x [-h0/2 h0/2] to S0 t0
A
• Jacobian: x1=cst S0 x2
x1 E2
– Gradient of mapping F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)
E1
With &
Laplace formula
as t0 is initially perpendicular to mid-surface

• Mid-surface Jacobian corresponds to the change of mid-plane surface
between the curvilinear frame (x1, x2) and the initial configuration S0

• Linear momentum equation (3)
– Inertial term (3)
• Position of the mid-surface is redefined such that
– Rigorously, integration is not always from –h0/2 to h0/2 as the mid-surface

does not always correspond to the geometrical center
– We will consider r0 constant on the thikcness (but not j0)
– We define the surface density

– Volume loading
• With the surface force
– Stress term
x2=cst x1=cst
t0
c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
S
Divergence in the frame t
linked to S0 (not in EI)
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)
E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
Normal to S0
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
– Stress term (2)
• How to transform surface integral dS in S0 to in surface integral dS in A x h0 ?

• Nanson’s Formula, for a mapping F0:
x2=cst x1=cst
t0
c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
S
t
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
– Stress term (3)
• As &
x2=cst x1=cst
t0
c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
S
t
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
• Linear momentum equation (7) E3
x2=cst
– Stress term (4) t0
A
• x1=cst S0 x2
x1 E2
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)
E1
• Where N is the normal E3

∂NA
in the reference frame A
∂DA n
• On top/bottom faces N = ± E3 E2
• On lateral surface: N = na Ea
E1
N = na Ea
– Let us define the resultant stresses:

• Linear momentum equation (8) x2=cst E3
– Resultant stresses t0
A
x1=cst S0 x2
x1 E2
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)
for plates we found E1
• Compared to plates
– There is the Jacobian mapping (1 for plates)
– Cauchy stresses have to be projected in the body basis
» ga for shells
» EI for plates
• We can write it in terms of the components in x2=cst
the mid-surface basis
–
t0 j0,1(x1, x2)
j0,2(x1, x2) S0
n1
t0
– From A
x1=cst S0 x2
• x1 E2
F0 = j0 (x1, x2)+x3 t0 (x1, x2)
E1
•
• Applying Gauss theorem on last term leads to
– Resultant linear momentum equation

– Defining t0
A
• Surface density x1=cst S0 x2
x1 E2
F0 = j0 (x1, x2)+x3 t0 (x1, x2)
• Surface loading E1
• Resultant loading
– The linear momentum equation becomes after being

integrated on the volume:
• Is rewritten in the Cosserat plane A as
• With the resultant stresses
• Remark, for plates we found

• Angular momentum equation x1=cst
x2=cst
– t0
c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
S
t
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
A
x2
x1 E2
– Small transformations assumptions
E1
• Using

• Angular momentum equation (2)
– Proceeding as before (see annex 1), leads to
•
• If l is an undefined pressure applied through the thickness, the resultant angular
momentum equation reads
• With
• Remark, for plates:

• Angular momentum equation (3) x2=cst E3
– Resultant bending stresses t0
A
x1=cst S0 x2
•
x1 E2
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)
– There is the Jacobian mapping (1 for plates) x2=cst
» ga for shells
» EI for plates
• We can write it in terms of the components in
t0 j0,1(x1, x2)
j0,2(x1, x2) S0
–
~1
m

• Resultant equations summary
– Linear momentum
•
• Resultant stresses
– Angular momentum
•
• Resultant bending stresses
– Interpretation
• Everything is projected on the convected basis t0 t0,1
• We have the ncoupling S0
traction/bending as for plate g01(x1, x2,x3)
only if no curvature (t0,a=0)
j0,1(x1, x2)
• What happens if initial
curvature?

Material law
• What is missing is the link between the deformations and the stresses
– Idea: as the discretization does not involve the thickness, the deformations
should be evaluated at neutral plane too
– Works only in linear elasticity
– For non-linear materials, Cauchy tensor has to be evaluated through the
thickness

Material law
• Deformations
– Deformation gradient In frame EI with
• Two-point deformation mapping respect to xI
• Two-point deformation gradient
– Small strain deformation gradient

– In terms of convected bases
• We have the reference convected basis x1=cst
x2=cst
t0
c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
S
t
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

• Similarly, the deformed convected basis E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
A
x2
x1 E2
E1

Material law
• Deformations (2)
– Deformation gradient in terms of convected bases
•
• With , &
• As EI . EJ = dIJ
– Remarks:
» As the basis is not orthonormal g3 ≠ g3 = t
» Identity matrix should also be defined in the convected basis
» When g = g0, there is no deformation F=I
• Small deformations

Material law
– Small deformation tensor
•
• If u =j - j0 is the displacement of the mid-surface
x2=cst c = F o F0-1 x1=cst
• With t0
x1=cst x2=cst
S0 u S
t
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
A
x2
x1 E2
E1

Material law
– Small deformation tensor (2)
•
– Remarks: As ||t|| = ||t0|| = 1 Dt

t,1
• t
t0
j,01(x1, x2)
Second u,1
S t0
order S0 t0,1 j,1(x1, x2)
u
j0,1(x1, x2)
•
•

Material law
– Components of the deformation tensor
•
• But a vector can always be expressed in a basis

Material law
– Components of the deformation tensor (2)
•
• If thickness of the shell is reduced compared to the curvature
– Then x3 << k & x3t0,a ~x3/k << j0,a

– An approximation consist in t0 t0,1
S0
considering the mid-surface
g01(x1, x2,x3)
basis in the dyadic products
– g0a → j0,a j0,1(x1, x2)
– g03 → t0 as initially t0 is
perpendicular to the
mid-surface

Material law
•
• Thickness reduced compared to the curvature: g0a → j0,a & g03 → t0

Material law
•
• Defining

Material law
– Deformation mode
•
• Term in
– Corresponds to the relative “in-plane” deformation of the mid-surface plane
– Relative because expressed in the metric of the convected basis at mid-

surface
Dt
t,1
– Remark, for plates we had
t
t0
j,01(x1, x2) u,1 j0,1 j0
. ,1
u,1
S t0
S0 t0,1 j,1(x1, x2)
u
j0,1(x1, x2) Elongation of
mid-surface

Material law
– Deformation mode (2)
•
• Term in
– Corresponds to the relative change in curvature of the mid-surface plane
– Relative because expressed in the metric of the convected basis at mid-

surface
Dt t0,1 Dt,1.j0,1 j0,1
– Remark, for plates we had Dt,1
t t,1
t0
j,01(x1, x2)
S t0
S0 t0,1 j,1(x1, x2)
u
j0,1(x1, x2) Increase of
curvature radius
(negative strain)

Material law
•
Dt
• Term in
t t,1
– Corresponds to the relative t0
average change in j,01(x1, x2)
u,1
neutral plane direction S t0
S0 t0,1 j,1(x1, x2)
– Plate analogy
u
z qy = Dtx
j0,1(x1, x2)
x
-uz,x
g1 Change of the neutral plane
qy = Dtx direction resulting from
1) Bending
2) Out-of-plane shearing

Material law
•
• Term in
– Thickness dependence of the out-of-plane shearing
– For thin structure we consider the average one
neglected
Dt
z qy = Dtx t t,1
t0
j,01(x1, x2)
u,1
S t0
x S0 t0,1 j,1(x1, x2)
-uz,x
g1 u
qy = Dtx j0,1(x1, x2)

Material law
– Deformation modes (5)
•
• With neglected
• Through-the-thickness elongation
– In this model there is no through-the-thickness elongation
– Actually the plate is in plane-s state, meaning there is such a deformation
» To be introduced: x3 t should be substituted by lh(x3) t in the shell

kinematics
» We have to introduce it to get the plane-s effect
» In small deformations this term would lead to second order effects on
other components

Material law
• Hooke’s law
– Hooke’s law in the convected basis metric
• In reference frame:
with
• But here deformations are relative because in the metric of the convected basis
stress components should also be in this metric
– Let us consider a basis aI ,with e components known in this basis
– Component of s in the conjugate basis can be deduced
• Eventually with

Material law
• Hooke’s law (2)
– From
– There are 4 contributions
• Membrane mode
– With
• In the conjugate convected basis j0,a, t0 (abuse of notation):

– As t0 initially perpendicular to j0,a, and ||t0|| = 1
– The non-zero components are

Material law
– From
– There are 4 contributions (2)
• Bending mode
– With
• In the conjugate convected basis j0,a, t0:


Material law
– From
– There are 4 contributions (3) da
• Shearing mode
– With

– The non-zero components are z
Tz+ ∂xTz dx
g dx x
g
– To account for non uniformity of shearing gmax
Tz
dx

Material law
– From
– There are 4 contributions (4)
• Through-the thickness elongation
– With


Material law
• Resultant stresses
– Plane-s state
• Contributions
z z
• Elongation depends on x3
L x
– Part is stretched and h y
part is compressed
– For pure bending the change
of sign is on the neutral axis
• Average trough the thickness elongation
– Depends on the membrane mode only

Material law
• Resultant stresses (2)
– Plane s-stated (2)
• Values ab can now be deduced
with
• Can be rewritten as a through-the-thickness constant term and a linear term

–
– With
• Out-of-plane shearing remains the same

Material law
– From stress fields
•
With &
– Membrane resultant stress
• As

Material law

– Membrane resultant stress (2)
•
With &
– Membrane resultant stress components

• We had previously defined
New term
compared to
plates
• Similarly

Material law
– Membrane resultant stress components (2)
• ?
• Due to the curvature t0,a has components in the basis j0,b

no component along t0 as
• As integration of t0
S0 t0,1
– corresponds to tension
– corresponds to bending
j0,1(x1, x2)
Due to the initial curvature
there is a coupling

Material law
• Using fields
• Leads to (see annex 2)
• With
See later for

interpretation

Material law
– The resultant Hooke tensors in the shell metric reads (see annex 2)
– Doing the same developments for the bending mode leads to (see annex 2)
• New term
compared to
• With
plates

Summary
• Resultant equations
– Equations
– Resultant stresses
• ,
– Coupling
Initial curvature
• of the shell
– Hookes’law
• with

Summary
• Resultant equations (2) t0
S0 t0,1
– Analysis of coupling
• Force F, mid-plane length L,
curvature radius 1/k, section A j0,1(x1, x2)
• First term of coupling

1/k
k FL/A
F/A F/A
FLk/A
– In general L ~ 1/k for shells (for plates L << 1/k)
• Second term of coupling
k F/A
FL/A FL/A
Fh02k/A
– If h02 << L/k ~1/k2, which was already assumed, this term can be neclected

Summary
• Resultant equations summary
– Equations
– Resultant stresses
• , ,
– Hookes’law
with

Summary
• Membrane equations
– Assuming no external loading, becomes
– This equation can be projected into coupling

(j0,a) plane, and is completed by BCs E3
• Neumann ∂NA
A
∂DA n
• Dirichlet
E2
• For plate we had
E1
N = na Ea
• Remark, for shells j0,ab is not equal to zero

– This equation projected on t0 leads to the shearing equation
• For plate we had

Summary
• Bending equations
– Assuming no external loading, becomes
– This equation can be projected into E3

p
(j0,a) plane, and is completed by BCs ∂NA
A
• Low order or ∂DA T
E2
• High order or
• For plate we had E1
N = na Ea
E3
p
∂MA
A
∂TA M
E2
– With the shearing equation
E1
N = na Ea

Numerical aspect
• Membrane-bending coupling
– If t0,a ≠ 0 (there is a curvature)
• Tension and bending are coupled
• This leads to locking with a FE integration: stiffness of the FE → ∞
• Locking can be avoided by
– Adding internal degrees of freedom (EAS) more expensive
– Using only one Gauss point (reduced integration) hourglass modes
(zero energy spurious deformation modes)
– Both methods lead to complex computational schemes

References
• Lecture notes
– Aircraft Structures for engineering students, T. H. G. Megson, Butterworth-
Heinemann, An imprint of Elsevier Science, 2003, ISBN 0 340 70588 4
• Other references
– Papers
• Simo JC, Fox DD. On a stress resultant geometrically exact shell model. Part I:
formulation and optimal parametrization. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics
and Engineering 1989; 72:267–304.
• Simo JC, Fox DD, Rifai MS. On a stress resultant geometrically exact shell model.
Part II: the linear theory, computational aspects. Computer Methods in Applied
Mechanics and Engineering 1989; 73:53–92.

Annex 1: Resultant equilibrium equations
• Angular momentum equation x1=cst
x2=cst
– t0
c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
S
t
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
A
x2
x1 E2
– Small transformations assumptions
E1
• Using

– Small transformations assumptions (2) t0

A
x1=cst S0 x2
x1 E2
F0 = j0 (x1, x2)+x3 t0 (x1, x2)
E1
• As second order terms can be neglected

– Inertial term
•
• As
– Main idea in plates is to consider u and t constant on the thickness
–
– With

– Loading term
– With the surface loading
x2=cst E3
t0
A
x1=cst S0 x2
x1 E2
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)
E1

– Stress term
•
• Integration by parts
x2=cst x1=cst
t0
c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
S
t
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
– Stress term (2)
• djl as here grad is in S0 frame
as s symmetric
x2=cst x1=cst
• Where n is the normal to the
t0
shell S0 c = F o F0-1
x1=cst x2=cst
S0
S
t
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
– Stress term (2)
•
• Transform surface integral dS in S0 to in surface integral dS in A x h0

• Nanson’s Formula, for a mapping F0:
x2=cst x1=cst
t0
c = F o F0-1 x2=cst
x1=cst S0
• As S
t
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

E3 F = j(x1, x2)+x3 t(x1, x2)
A
x2
x1 E2
E1
– Stress term (3)
•
• Where N is the normal in the reference frame E3

∂NA
– On top/bottom faces: N = ± E3 A
∂DA n
– On lateral surface: N = na Ea
E2
• E1
N = na Ea

– Stress term (4)
•
• Resultant bending stresses & resultant stresses

– ,

– Resultant bending stresses t0
A
x1=cst S0 x2
•
x1 E2
F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)
– There is the Jacobian mapping (1 for plates) x2=cst
» ga for shells
» EI for plates
• We can write it in terms of the components in
t0 j0,1(x1, x2)
j0,2(x1, x2) S0
–
~1
m

– Stress term (5)
•
• Applying Gauss theorem

– From
•
It comes

– Resultant form
•
• But the resultant linear momentum equation reads
• So the angular momentum equation reads

– Resultant form (2)
• Defining the applied torque
• Terms which are preventing from uncoupling the equations are

– Terms
• Let us rewrite the Cauchy stress tensor in terms of its components in the
convected basis:
x2=cst E3
• As Cauchy stress tensor is symmetrical
t0
A
x1=cst S0 x2
x1 E2
F0 = j0 (x1, x2)+x3 t0 (x1, x2)
• As E1
• After integration on the thickness:

– Terms (2)
• Using symmetry of Cauchy stress tensor
– Defining the out-of-plane resultant stress
– As
– Equation

– Resultant form (3)
•
• If l is an undefined pressure applied through the thickness, the resultant angular
momentum equation reads
• With
• Remark, for plates:

Annex 2: Material law
• Resultant stresses closed form
– Membrane resultant stress components
• ,
• As ,
& , for constant density it leads to
With

• Resultant stresses closed form (2)
• ,
with
• As &
with
with
See later for

interpretation
• ,
with
• As
with

– From stress fields
•
With &
– Bending resultant stress
• As

– Bending resultant stress (2)
•
With &
– Bending resultant stress components

• We previously defined
New term
compared to
plates

– Bending resultant stress components (2)
• ?
• Due to the curvature t0,a has component in the basis j0,b

no component along t0 as
t0
S0 t0,1
j0,1(x1, x2)

– Bending resultant stress components (3)
• ,
• As ,
& , and neglecting term in (x3)3 leads to, for constant density,
With

Aircraft Structures Introduction To Shells: University of Liège Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering

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Aircraft Structures Introduction To Shells: University of Liège Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering

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University of Liège

Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering

Computational & Multiscale Mechanics of Materials – CM3

Aircraft Structures - Shells

– (Small) Strain tensor , or

– Inverse law l = K - 2m/3 2m

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 2

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 3

– Bending stress ñ22

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 4

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 5

• Remaining equation along E3:

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 6

– 2 equations (a=1, 2) with 3 unknowns (Dt1, Dt2, u3)

– Use remaining equation

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 7

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 8

• Membrane and bending equations are uncoupled

– Small deformations (equilibrium on non curved configuration)

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 9

– Kirchhoff assumption requires

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 10

– Completed by appropriate BCs

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 11

– Completed by appropriate BCs E3

– To fully account for tension effect

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 13

• The shell is described by t0

F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

– Deformed configuration S mapping

– Two-point deformation mapping

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 14

– Small strain deformation gradient

– It is more convenient to evaluate these tensors in a convected basis

g0a depends on x3 F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

• The basis is not orthonormal

– A vector component is still defined as

» If so which is not consistent

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 17

• The basis is not orthonormal (2)

» The vector can be represented by g02 a1

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 18

• with F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 19

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 20

– Expression of the Jacobian?

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 21

as t0 is initially perpendicular to mid-surface

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 22

• Position of the mid-surface is redefined such that

– Rigorously, integration is not always from –h0/2 to h0/2 as the mid-surface

– We will consider r0 constant on the thikcness (but not j0)

– We define the surface density

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 23

• With the surface force

• How to transform surface integral dS in S0 to in surface integral dS in A x h0 ?

F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

F0 = j0(x1, x2)+x3 t0(x1, x2)

• Where N is the normal E3

– Let us define the resultant stresses:

2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Shells 27

• Applying Gauss theorem on last term leads to

– Resultant linear momentum equation